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Campbell E, Luxton T, Kohl D, Goodchild SA, Walti C, Jeuken LJC. Chimeric Protein Switch Biosensors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:1-35. [PMID: 38273207 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Rapid detection of protein and small-molecule analytes is a valuable technique across multiple disciplines, but most in vitro testing of biological or environmental samples requires long, laborious processes and trained personnel in laboratory settings, leading to long wait times for results and high expenses. Fusion of recognition with reporter elements has been introduced to detection methods such as enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA), with enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies removing one of the many incubation and wash steps. Chimeric protein switch biosensors go further and provide a platform for homogenous mix-and-read assays where long wash and incubation steps are eradicated from the process. Chimeric protein switch biosensors consist of an enzyme switch (the reporter) coupled to a recognition element, where binding of the analyte results in switching the activity of the reporter enzyme on or off. Several chimeric protein switch biosensors have successfully been developed for analytes ranging from small molecule drugs to large protein biomarkers. There are two main formats of chimeric protein switch biosensor developed, one-component and multi-component, and these formats exhibit unique advantages and disadvantages. Genetically fusing a recognition protein to the enzyme switch has many advantages in the production and performance of the biosensor. A range of immune and synthetic binding proteins have been developed as alternatives to antibodies, including antibody mimetics or antibody fragments. These are mainly small, easily manipulated proteins and can be genetically fused to a reporter for recombinant expression or manipulated to allow chemical fusion. Here, aspects of chimeric protein switch biosensors will be reviewed with a comparison of different classes of recognition elements and switching mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Campbell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Timothy Luxton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Declan Kohl
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Christoph Walti
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lars J C Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Guo Y, Nan X, Zhang X, Wang G, Ren Y, Wang Y, Fu Y, Hou J. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) thbs2 in response to lymphocystis disease virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:183-190. [PMID: 31330254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, a matricellular protein, thrombospondin 2 (Thbs2) has been reported to play important roles in modulating cell-matrix interactions, vascular integrity and thrombosis formation. However, the role of gene, thbs2 has not yet been studied in teleost. In the present study, this novel fish gene from Japanese flounder was cloned and its function in resistant to lymphocystis disease virus was elucidated. The Japanese flounder thbs2 encoded a 1176-amino acid protein with 91% identity to medaka. Amino acid sequence indicated that Japanese flounder Thbs2 contained 10 typical conserved domains. The thbs2 was expressed in all stages of embryo development, and in hatched larva stage, its expression was significantly higher than that in other stages (P < 0.05). The relative expression level of thbs2 was significantly higher in the head kidney, liver, blood, gill, and heart of the lymphocystis disease virus resistant fish than in sensitive fish (P < 0.05); and in muscle, this difference was at highly significant (P < 0.01). Additionally, the distribution of Thbs2 in tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Subcellular localization analysis showed that Thbs2 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cells. Taken together, our results provide new basic data for thbs2 function, especially its role in anti-lymphocystis disease virus immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding Genetics, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100141, China
| | - Xingyu Nan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding Genetics, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Beidaihe Central Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qinhuangdao, 066100, China
| | - Guixing Wang
- Beidaihe Central Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qinhuangdao, 066100, China
| | - Yuqin Ren
- Beidaihe Central Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qinhuangdao, 066100, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- Beidaihe Central Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qinhuangdao, 066100, China
| | - Yuanshuai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding Genetics, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Jilun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100141, China; Beidaihe Central Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qinhuangdao, 066100, China.
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Kaushal M, Byrnes C, Khademian Z, Duncan N, Luban NLC, Miller JL, Fasano RM, Meier ER. Examination of Reticulocytosis among Chronically Transfused Children with Sickle Cell Anemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153244. [PMID: 27116614 PMCID: PMC4845996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited hemolytic anemia with compensatory reticulocytosis. Recent studies have shown that increased levels of reticulocytosis during infancy are associated with increased hospitalizations for SCA sequelae as well as cerebrovascular pathologies. In this study, absolute reticulocyte counts (ARC) measured prior to transfusion were analysed among a cohort of 29 pediatric SCA patients receiving chronic transfusion therapy (CTT) for primary and secondary stroke prevention. A cross-sectional flow cytometric analysis of the reticulocyte phenotype was also performed. Mean duration of CTT was 3.1 ± 2.6 years. Fifteen subjects with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) -vasculopathy had significantly higher mean ARC prior to initiating CTT compared to 14 subjects without MRA-vasculopathy (427.6 ± 109.0 K/μl vs. 324.8 ± 109.2 K/μl, p<0.05). No significant differences in hemoglobin or percentage sickle hemoglobin (HbS) were noted between the two groups at baseline. Reticulocyte phenotyping further demonstrated that the percentages of circulating immature [CD36(+), CD71(+)] reticulocytes positively correlated with ARC in both groups. During the first year of CTT, neither group had significant reductions in ARC. Among this group of children with SCA, cerebrovasculopathy on MRA at initiation of CTT was associated with increased reticulocytosis, which was not reduced after 12 months of transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kaushal
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Health System, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Colleen Byrnes
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zarir Khademian
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Natalie Duncan
- Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Naomi L. C. Luban
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Health System, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jeffery L. Miller
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ross M. Fasano
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Health System, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Emily Riehm Meier
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s National Health System, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang Y, Koo S, Xia Y, Venkatraman S, Neu B. Non-Adsorbing Macromolecules in Plasma Induce Erythrocyte Adhesion to the Endothelium. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2989-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Colombo G, Margosio B, Ragona L, Neves M, Bonifacio S, Annis DS, Stravalaci M, Tomaselli S, Giavazzi R, Rusnati M, Presta M, Zetta L, Mosher DF, Ribatti D, Gobbi M, Taraboletti G. Non-peptidic thrombospondin-1 mimics as fibroblast growth factor-2 inhibitors: an integrated strategy for the development of new antiangiogenic compounds. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8733-42. [PMID: 20056600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.085605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis, such as thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), are promising sources of therapeutic agents to treat angiogenesis-driven diseases, including cancer. TSP-1 regulates angiogenesis through different mechanisms, including binding and sequestration of the angiogenic factor fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), through a site located in the calcium binding type III repeats. We hypothesized that the FGF-2 binding sequence of TSP-1 might serve as a template for the development of inhibitors of angiogenesis. Using a peptide array approach followed by binding assays with synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins, we identified a FGF-2 binding sequence of TSP-1 in the 15-mer sequence DDDDDNDKIPDDRDN. Molecular dynamics simulations, taking the full flexibility of the ligand and receptor into account, and nuclear magnetic resonance identified the relevant residues and conformational determinants for the peptide-FGF interaction. This information was translated into a pharmacophore model used to screen the NCI2003 small molecule databases, leading to the identification of three small molecules that bound FGF-2 with affinity in the submicromolar range. The lead compounds inhibited FGF-2-induced endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and affected angiogenesis induced by FGF-2 in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay. These small molecules, therefore, represent promising leads for the development of antiangiogenic agents. Altogether, this study demonstrates that new biological insights obtained by integrated multidisciplinary approaches can be used to develop small molecule mimics of endogenous proteins as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Colombo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan 20131, Italy
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Jakobsen CG, Rasmussen N, Laenkholm AV, Ditzel HJ. Phage display derived human monoclonal antibodies isolated by binding to the surface of live primary breast cancer cells recognize GRP78. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9507-17. [PMID: 17909061 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against cell-surface markers have yielded encouraging therapeutic results in several cancer types. Generally, however, anticancer antibodies are only efficient against a subpopulation of cancers, and there is a strong need for identification of novel targets and human antibodies against them. We have isolated single-chain human mAbs from a large naïve antibody phage display library by panning on a single-cell suspension of freshly isolated live cancer cells from a human breast cancer specimen, and these antibodies were shown to specifically recognize cancer-associated cell-surface proteins. One of the isolated human antibody fragments, Ab39, recognizes a cell-surface antigen expressed on a subpopulation of cancer cell lines of different origins. Immunohistochemical analysis of a large panel of cancerous and normal tissues showed that Ab39 bound strongly to several cancers, including 45% breast carcinomas, 35% lung cancers, and 86% melanomas, but showed no or weak binding to normal tissues. A yeast two-hybrid screen of a large human testis cDNA library identified the glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa (GRP78) as the antigen recognized by Ab39. The interaction was confirmed by colocalization studies and antibody competition experiments that also mapped the epitope recognized by Ab39 to the COOH terminus of GRP78. The expression of GRP78 on the surface of cancer cells, but not normal cells, makes it an attractive target for cancer therapies including mAb-based immunotherapy. Our results suggest that the human antibody Ab39 may be a useful starting point for further genetic optimization that could render it a useful diagnostic and therapeutic reagent for a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G Jakobsen
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Margosio B, Rusnati M, Bonezzi K, Cordes BLA, Annis DS, Urbinati C, Giavazzi R, Presta M, Ribatti D, Mosher DF, Taraboletti G. Fibroblast growth factor-2 binding to the thrombospondin-1 type III repeats, a novel antiangiogenic domain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:700-9. [PMID: 17996481 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1, an antiangiogenic matricellular protein, binds with high affinity to the angiogenic fibroblast growth factor-2, affecting its bioavailability and activity. The present work aimed at further locating the fibroblast growth factor-2 binding site of thrombospondin-1 and investigating its activity, using recombinant thrombospondin-1 proteins. Only recombinant constructs containing the thrombospondin-1 type III repeats bound fibroblast growth factor-2, whereas other domains, including the known anti-angiogenic type I repeats, were inactive. Binding was specific and inhibited by the anti thrombospondin-1 monoclonal antibody B5.2. Surface plasmon resonance analysis on BIAcore revealed a binding affinity (K(d)) of 310nM for the type III repeats and 11nM for intact thrombospondin-1. Since the type III repeats bind calcium, the effect of calcium on thrombospondin-1 binding to fibroblast growth factor-2 was investigated. Binding was modulated by calcium, as thrombospondin-1 or the type III repeats bound to fibroblast growth factor-2 only in calcium concentrations <0.3mM. The type III repeats inhibited binding of fibroblast growth factor-2 to endothelial cells, fibroblast growth factor-2-induced endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane assay in vivo, thus indicating the antiangiogenic activity of the domain. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the fibroblast growth factor-2 binding site of thrombospondin-1 is located in the type III repeats. The finding that this domain is active in inhibiting angiogenesis indicates that the type III repeats represent a novel antiangiogenic domain of thrombospondin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Margosio
- Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
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Dohmen SE, Verhagen OJHM, de Groot SM, Stott LM, Aalberse RC, Urbaniak SJ, van der Schoot CE. The analysis and quantification of a clonal B cell response in a hyperimmunized anti-D donor. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 144:223-32. [PMID: 16634795 PMCID: PMC1809647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy volunteers are hyperimmunized with RhD-positive red cells in order to obtain plasma containing high titres of anti-D immunoglobulin, which is used for the prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. We analysed the anti-D immune response in a donor who had been hyperimmunized for 7 years and who showed declining anti-D titres despite re-immunization. A phage display library representing the complete immunorepertoire and a second library representing the IGHV3 superspecies family genes (IGHV3s) repertoire in the donor were constructed and analysed. A clonal Ig-gene rearrangement was quantified in the peripheral blood by limiting dilution polymerase chain reaction (PCR) All RhD-binding phages from both libraries, except one, had heavy chains with IGH-VDJ rearrangements of the same clonal origin, but with different patterns of somatic mutations and joined with different light chains. Limiting dilution PCR performed on mRNA and genomic DNA showed a frequency of 1 clonal B cell in 2000 IgG1/3-positive B cells. We show the presence of clonally related RhD-specific B cells in a hyperimmunized anti-D donor who had declining anti-D titres and who was unresponsive to re-immunization. Furthermore, we found a high frequency of clonal B cells. These results contribute to the understanding of the immune response against RhD in hyperimmunized anti-D donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dohmen
- Sanquin Research, Amsterdam and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 125, 10066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Smith KA, Nelson PN, Warren P, Astley SJ, Murray PG, Greenman J. Demystified...recombinant antibodies. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:912-7. [PMID: 15333649 PMCID: PMC1770420 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.014407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are important tools for biomedical research and are increasingly being used as clinical diagnostic/therapeutic reagents. In this article, a background to humanized antibodies is given, together with details of the generation of antibody fragments--for example, single chain Fv fragments. Phage antibody fragments are fast becoming popular and can be generated by simple established methods of affinity enrichment from libraries derived from immune cells. Phage display methodology can also be used for the affinity enrichment of existing antibody fragments to provide a reagent with a higher affinity. Here, phage antibodies are demystified to provide a greater understanding of the potential of these reagents and to engage clinicians and biomedical scientists alike to think about potential applications in pathology and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Smith
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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Degl'Innocenti D, Taddei N, Ramazzotti M, Stefani M, Chiti F, Ramponi G. Selection of antibody fragments specific for an alpha-helix region of acylphosphatase. J Mol Recognit 2004; 17:62-6. [PMID: 14872538 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The native state of common-type acylphosphatase (AcP) elicits two alpha-helices spanning residues 22-32 and 55-67 in the protein sequence. A peptide corresponding to the second alpha-helix (helix-2) of the protein was used to select phage antibodies consisting of a single chain fragment variable. The selection was performed in the presence of trifluoroethanol, a cosolvent known to induce the formation of helical structure in peptides and proteins. Phage scFv antibodies capable of binding the peptide specifically in a trifluoroethanol-induced alpha-helical conformation were isolated by affinity selection (biopanning). Some of these scFvs were also able to bind the native protein but not the peptide in a non-helical unstructured state. This indicates that the structural determinant recognized by the selected antibodies is the alpha-helical conformation of this specific region, rather than simply its amino acid sequence. This study shows that phage display libraries can be used to raise antibodies one can use as reagents able to target regions of a protein with a specific native-like secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Degl'Innocenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 50, Firenze 50134, Italy.
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