1
|
K. Bhanumathy K, Balagopal A, Vizeacoumar FS, Vizeacoumar FJ, Freywald A, Giambra V. Protein Tyrosine Kinases: Their Roles and Their Targeting in Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020184. [PMID: 33430292 PMCID: PMC7825731 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism that controls a wide variety of cellular responses. This process is catalysed by the members of the protein kinase superfamily that are classified into two main families based on their ability to phosphorylate either tyrosine or serine and threonine residues in their substrates. Massive research efforts have been invested in dissecting the functions of tyrosine kinases, revealing their importance in the initiation and progression of human malignancies. Based on these investigations, numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been included in clinical protocols and proved to be effective in targeted therapies for various haematological malignancies. In this review, we provide insights into the role of tyrosine kinases in leukaemia and discuss their targeting for therapeutic purposes with the currently available inhibitory compounds. Abstract Protein kinases constitute a large group of enzymes catalysing protein phosphorylation and controlling multiple signalling events. The human protein kinase superfamily consists of 518 members and represents a complicated system with intricate internal and external interactions. Protein kinases are classified into two main families based on the ability to phosphorylate either tyrosine or serine and threonine residues. Among the 90 tyrosine kinase genes, 58 are receptor types classified into 20 groups and 32 are of the nonreceptor types distributed into 10 groups. Tyrosine kinases execute their biological functions by controlling a variety of cellular responses, such as cell division, metabolism, migration, cell–cell and cell matrix adhesion, cell survival and apoptosis. Over the last 30 years, a major focus of research has been directed towards cancer-associated tyrosine kinases owing to their critical contributions to the development and aggressiveness of human malignancies through the pathological effects on cell behaviour. Leukaemia represents a heterogeneous group of haematological malignancies, characterised by an uncontrolled proliferation of undifferentiated hematopoietic cells or leukaemia blasts, mostly derived from bone marrow. They are usually classified as chronic or acute, depending on the rates of their progression, as well as myeloid or lymphoblastic, according to the type of blood cells involved. Overall, these malignancies are relatively common amongst both children and adults. In malignant haematopoiesis, multiple tyrosine kinases of both receptor and nonreceptor types, including AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), Mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (MET), proto-oncogene c-Src (SRC), Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and pro-oncogenic Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1 (ABL1) mutants, are implicated in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of practically all types of leukaemia. The role of ABL1 kinase mutants and their therapeutic inhibitors have been extensively analysed in scientific literature, and therefore, in this review, we provide insights into the impact and mechanism of action of other tyrosine kinases involved in the development and progression of human leukaemia and discuss the currently available and emerging treatment options based on targeting these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana K. Bhanumathy
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (V.G.); Tel.: +1-(306)-716-7456 (K.K.B.); +39-0882-416574 (V.G.)
| | - Amrutha Balagopal
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
| | - Frederick S. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (F.S.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Cancer Research Department, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (F.S.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Giambra
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (V.G.); Tel.: +1-(306)-716-7456 (K.K.B.); +39-0882-416574 (V.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Targeted Inhibition of the NUP98-NSD1 Fusion Oncogene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102766. [PMID: 32993115 PMCID: PMC7600396 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary NUP98-NSD1-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) frequently shows an additional mutation in Neuroblastoma rat sarcoma (NRAS). However, the synergistic effect of NUP98-NSD1 and NRASG12D in leukemic transformation remained unclear. In addition, NUP98-NSD1 positive AML patients respond poorly to chemotherapy and lack a targeted therapeutic option. Our study aimed to identify the cooperation of NUP98-NSD1 fusion and NRASG12D mutation and to develop a novel therapeutic approach for this AML. We found that NUP98-NSD1 alone can cause leukemia with long latency, and NRASG12D contributes to the aggressiveness of this AML. Additionally, we validated a novel NUP98-NSD1-targeting siRNA/lipid nanoparticle formulation that significantly prolonged the survival of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice with NUP98-NSD1-positive AML. Abstract NUP98-NSD1-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a poor prognostic subgroup that is frequently diagnosed in pediatric cytogenetically normal AML. NUP98-NSD1-positive AML often carries additional mutations in genes including FLT3, NRAS, WT1, and MYC. The purpose of our study was to characterize the cooperative potential of the fusion and its associated Neuroblastoma rat sarcoma (NRAS) mutation. By constitutively expressing NUP98-NSD1 and NRASG12D in a syngeneic mouse model and using a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model from a NUP98-NSD1-positive AML patient, we evaluated the functional role of these genes and tested a novel siRNA formulation that inhibits the oncogenic driver NUP98-NSD1. NUP98-NSD1 transformed murine bone marrow (BM) cells in vitro and induced AML in vivo. While NRASG12D expression was insufficient to transform cells alone, co-expression of NUP98-NSD1 and NRASG12D enhanced the leukemogenicity of NUP98-NSD1. We developed a NUP98-NSD1-targeting siRNA/lipid nanoparticle formulation that significantly prolonged the survival of the PDX mice. Our study demonstrates that mutated NRAS cooperates with NUP98-NSD1 and shows that direct targeting of the fusion can be exploited as a novel treatment strategy in NUP98-NSD1-positive AML patients.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite advances in therapy over the past decades, overall survival for children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not exceeded 70%. In this review, we highlight recent insights into risk stratification for patients with pediatric AML and discuss data driving current and developing therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in cytogenetics and molecular profiling, as well as improvements in detection of minimal residual disease after induction therapy, have informed risk stratification, which now relies heavily on these elements. The treatment of childhood AML continues to be based primarily on intensive, conventional chemotherapy. However, recent trials focus on limiting treatment-related toxicity through the identification of low-risk subsets who can safely receive fewer cycles of chemotherapy, allocation of hematopoietic stem-cell transplant to only high-risk patients and optimization of infectious and cardioprotective supportive care. SUMMARY Further incorporation of genomic and molecular data in pediatric AML will allow for additional refinements in risk stratification to enable the tailoring of treatment intensity. These data will also dictate the incorporation of molecularly targeted therapeutics into frontline treatment in the hope of improving survival while decreasing treatment-related toxicity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Skayneh H, Jishi B, Hleihel R, Hamieh M, Darwiche N, Bazarbachi A, El Sabban M, El Hajj H. A Critical Review of Animal Models Used in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Pathophysiology. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E614. [PMID: 31412687 PMCID: PMC6722578 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most frequent, complex, and heterogeneous hematological malignancies. AML prognosis largely depends on acquired cytogenetic, epigenetic, and molecular abnormalities. Despite the improvement in understanding the biology of AML, survival rates remain quite low. Animal models offer a valuable tool to recapitulate different AML subtypes, and to assess the potential role of novel and known mutations in disease progression. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of select available AML animal models. These include the non-mammalian Zebrafish and Drosophila models as well as the mammalian rodent systems, comprising rats and mice. The suitability of each animal model, its contribution to the advancement of knowledge in AML pathophysiology and treatment, as well as its advantages and limitations are discussed. Despite some limitations, animal models represent a powerful approach to assess toxicity, and permit the design of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Skayneh
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Batoul Jishi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rita Hleihel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Maguy Hamieh
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arabanian LS, Johansson P, Staffas A, Nilsson T, Rouhi A, Fogelstrand L, Palmqvist L. The endothelin receptor type A is a downstream target of Hoxa9 and Meis1 in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2018; 75:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
6
|
Kaushal T, Srivastava G, Sharma A, Singh Negi A. An insight into medicinal chemistry of anticancer quinoxalines. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:16-35. [PMID: 30502116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxalines are benzopyrazines containing benzene and pyrazine rings fused together. In the recent past, quinoxalines have attracted Medicinal Chemists considerably for their syntheses and chemistry due to their distinct pharmacological activities. Diverse synthetic protocols have been developed via multicomponent reactions, single pot synthesis and combinatorial approach using efficient catalysts, reagents, and nano-composites etc. Further, the versatility of the quinoxaline core and its reasonable chemical simplicity devise it extremely promising source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, a wide variety of bioactive quinoxalines has been realised as antitumour, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral agents. Already, a few of them are clinical drugs while many more are under various phases of clinical trials. Present review focuses on chemistry and pharmacology (both efficacy and safety) of quinoxalines and also provides some insight in to their structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Kaushal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Gaurava Srivastava
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, UP, India
| | - Arvind Singh Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, Lucknow 226 015, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng J, Qu L, Wang J, Cheng L, Wang Y. High expression of FLT3 is a risk factor in leukemia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2885-2892. [PMID: 29257272 PMCID: PMC5783504 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that internal tandem duplication (ITD) of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) can result in the failure of leukemia treatment and contribute to a poor prognosis. However, the role of the overexpression of FLT3 in leukemia remains to be fully elucidated. By mining public database, the present study first identified that the expression of FLT3 in leukemia was markedly higher, compared with that in other types of tumor and cell lines, indicating that FLT3 is important in leukemia. In leukemia, FLT3 was found to be significantly upregulated in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and a high expression of FLT3 contributed to reduced survival rates. By analyzing Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas data, it was found that genetic alterations and modification of DNA methylation increased the expression of FLT3 in leukemia. FLT3-ITD and FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain point mutations increased the expression of FLT3 in four independent datasets. In addition, the status of FLT3 gene methylation was negatively correlated with the expression of FLT3, and haploinsufficiency of DNA methyltransferase 1 increased the expression of Flt3 in mouse leukemia cells. By analyzing the enrichment of differentially-expressed genes in chemical and genetic perturbation datasets, it was found that genes, which were upregulated in the FLT3 high expression group had myeloid lymphoid leukemia- and nucleophosmin 1-like signatures, indicating that the overexpression of FLT3 may use the same mechanism to promote leukemia. Collectively, the results of the present study showed that the overexpression of FLT3 is a potential risk factor in leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Lemei Cheng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grauers Wiktorin H, Nilsson T, Aydin E, Hellstrand K, Palmqvist L, Martner A. Role of NOX2 for leukaemic expansion in a murine model of BCR-ABL1 + leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2017; 182:290-294. [PMID: 28542840 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Grauers Wiktorin
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tina Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ebru Aydin
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Hellstrand
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Palmqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Martner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mohr S, Doebele C, Comoglio F, Berg T, Beck J, Bohnenberger H, Alexe G, Corso J, Ströbel P, Wachter A, Beissbarth T, Schnütgen F, Cremer A, Haetscher N, Göllner S, Rouhi A, Palmqvist L, Rieger MA, Schroeder T, Bönig H, Müller-Tidow C, Kuchenbauer F, Schütz E, Green AR, Urlaub H, Stegmaier K, Humphries RK, Serve H, Oellerich T. Hoxa9 and Meis1 Cooperatively Induce Addiction to Syk Signaling by Suppressing miR-146a in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:549-562.e11. [PMID: 28399410 PMCID: PMC5389883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Meis1 drives myeloid leukemogenesis in the context of Hox gene overexpression but is currently considered undruggable. We therefore investigated whether myeloid progenitor cells transformed by Hoxa9 and Meis1 become addicted to targetable signaling pathways. A comprehensive (phospho)proteomic analysis revealed that Meis1 increased Syk protein expression and activity. Syk upregulation occurs through a Meis1-dependent feedback loop. By dissecting this loop, we show that Syk is a direct target of miR-146a, whose expression is indirectly regulated by Meis1 through the transcription factor PU.1. In the context of Hoxa9 overexpression, Syk signaling induces Meis1, recapitulating several leukemogenic features of Hoxa9/Meis1-driven leukemia. Finally, Syk inhibition disrupts the identified regulatory loop, prolonging survival of mice with Hoxa9/Meis1-driven leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mohr
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Doebele
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Federico Comoglio
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Tobias Berg
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Beck
- Chronix Biomedical, Goetheallee 8, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanibal Bohnenberger
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jasmin Corso
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Astrid Wachter
- Institute of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Beissbarth
- Institute of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schnütgen
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anjali Cremer
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nadine Haetscher
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Göllner
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Halle, Ernst-Grube-Street 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Arefeh Rouhi
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lars Palmqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Su sahlgrenska, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Halvard Bönig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University, Sandhofstraße 1, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Halle, Ernst-Grube-Street 40, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Florian Kuchenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Anthony R Green
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bioanalytics, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - R Keith Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
MLL is essential for NUP98-HOXA9-induced leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 31:2200-2210. [PMID: 28210005 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangements involving the NUP98 gene resulting in fusions to several partner genes occur in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. This study demonstrates that the second FG repeat domain of the NUP98 moiety of the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion protein is important for its cell immortalization and leukemogenesis activities. We demonstrate that NUP98-HOXA9 interacts with mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) via this FG repeat domain and that, in the absence of MLL, NUP98-HOXA9-induced cell immortalization and leukemogenesis are severely inhibited. Molecular analyses indicate that MLL is important for the recruitment of NUP98-HOXA9 to the HOXA locus and for NUP98-HOXA9-induced HOXA gene expression. Our data indicate that MLL is crucial for NUP98-HOXA9 leukemia initiation.
Collapse
|
11
|
RNA binding protein MSI2 positively regulates FLT3 expression in myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2017; 54:47-54. [PMID: 28107692 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
FLT3 is frequently mutated and overexpressed in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and other hematologic malignancies. Although signaling events downstream of FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase have been studied in depth, molecular mechanisms of how FLT3 expression is regulated at the post-transcriptional level in particular remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the roles of an RNA binding protein MSI2 as a regulator of FLT3 expression. MSI2 and FLT3 are significantly co-regulated in human AML and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (BC-CML). Genetic loss of MSI2 leads to down-regulation of the FLT3 receptor in both AML and BC-CML cells and concomitant impairment of clonogenic growth potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MSI2 protein is physically bound to FLT3 mRNA transcripts, suggesting post-transcriptional control of FLT3 expression. Collectively, these results reveal a novel mode of FLT3 regulation essential for leukemia growth, which may aid in designing a targeted therapy to treat human myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
|
12
|
Upregulation of Flt3 is a passive event in Hoxa9/Meis1-induced acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Oncogene 2016; 36:1516-1524. [PMID: 27617578 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HOXA9, MEIS1 and FLT3 are genes frequently upregulated in human acute myeloid leukemia. Hoxa9 and Meis1 also cooperate to induce aggressive AML with high Flt3 expression in mice, suggesting an important role for Flt3 in Hoxa9/Meis1-induced leukemogenesis. To define the role of Flt3 in AML with high Hoxa9/Meis1, we treated mice with Hoxa9/Meis1-induced AML with the Flt3 inhibitor AC220, used an Flt3-ligand (FL-/-) knockout model, and investigated whether overexpression of Flt3 could induce leukemia together with overexpression of Hoxa9. Flt3 inhibition by AC220 did not delay AML development in mice transplanted with bone marrow cells overexpressing Hoxa9 and Meis1. In addition, Hoxa9/Meis1 cells induced AML in FL-/- mice as rapid as in wild-type mice. However, FL-/- mice had reduced organ infiltration compared with wild-type mice, suggesting some Flt3-dependent effect on leukemic invasiveness. Interestingly, leukemic Hoxa9/Meis1 cells from sick mice expressed high levels of Flt3 regardless of presence of its ligand, showing that Flt3 is a passive marker on these cells. In line with this, combined engineered overexpression of Flt3 and Hoxa9 did not accelerate the progression to AML. We conclude that the Hoxa9- and Meis1-associated upregulation of Flt3 is not a requirement for leukemic progression induced by Hoxa9 and Meis1.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abraham A, Kim YS, Zhao H, Humphries K, Persons DA. Increased Engraftment of Human Short Term Repopulating Hematopoietic Cells in NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull Mice by Lentiviral Expression of NUP98-HOXA10HD. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147059. [PMID: 26761813 PMCID: PMC4711970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques to expand human hematopoietic stem cells ex-vivo could be beneficial to the fields of clinical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy targeted at hematopoietic stem cells. NUP98-HOXA10HD is a relatively newly discovered fusion gene that in mouse transplant experiments has been shown to increase numbers of hematopoietic stem cells. We evaluated whether this fusion gene could be used to expand engrafting human primitive CD34+ cells in an immunodeficient mouse model. Gene transfer was achieved using a lentiviral based vector. The engraftment of mobilized peripheral blood human CD34+ cells grown in culture for one week after gene transfer was evaluated 3–4 months after transplant and found to be 2–3 fold higher in the NUP98-HOXA10HD groups as compared to controls. These data suggest an expansive effect at least at the short term human repopulating cell level. Further evaluation in long term repopulating models and investment in a NUP98-HOXA10HD protein seems worthy of consideration. Additionally, the results here provide strong impetus to utilize NUP98-HOXA10HD as a tool to search for underlying genes and pathways involved in hematopoietic stem cell expansion that can be enhanced and have an even more potent expansive effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allistair Abraham
- Division of Experimental Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoon-Sang Kim
- Division of Experimental Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Huifen Zhao
- Division of Experimental Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Keith Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Derek A. Persons
- Division of Experimental Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burillo-Sanz S, Morales-Camacho RM, Caballero-Velázquez T, Vargas MT, García-Lozano JR, Falantes JF, Prats-Martín C, Bernal R, Pérez-Simón JA. NUP98-HOXA9 bearing therapy-related myeloid neoplasm involves myeloid-committed cell and induces HOXA5, EVI1, FLT3, and MEIS1 expression. Int J Lab Hematol 2015; 38:64-71. [PMID: 26418229 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chromosomal rearrangements involving NUP98 gene have been associated with human leukemias such as de novo AML, therapy-related AML (t-AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Genetic fusion NUP98-HOXA9, caused by t(7;11)(p15;p15), is a recurrent cytogenetic alteration in de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) usually found in young Asian patients and its description in therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) is rare. Only one Asian case with molecular demonstration of the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion has been reported in therapy-related leukemia. NUP98-HOXA9 leukemogenic mechanism is derived from the transcription factor activity of the chimeric protein, which enhances the expression of genes related to cellular differentiation arrest and proliferation. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied a Caucasian woman with a therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia after Ewing's sarcoma. Molecular demonstration of the genetic fusion NUP98-HOXA9 was performed by RT-PCR, and gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR, including four AML patients with MLL rearrangements for comparative analysis. Cytologic and flow cytometric analysis was also carried out. RESULTS After cytologic and flow cytometric analysis diagnostics was therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (t-MN). The major component of blasts in the acute leukemia was with neutrophilic differentiation, but 13% erythroid lineage blasts were also found. Cytogenetic and FISH analysis revealed t(7;11)(p15;p15) and NUP98-HOXA9 fusion gene was demonstrated. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of EVI1 and MEIS1 in the index patient, both of them previously related to a worst outcome. CONCLUSION In this work, we include a detailed molecular, clinical, cytological, and cytometric study of the second t-AML bearing NUP98-HOXA9 genetic fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Burillo-Sanz
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - R M Morales-Camacho
- Department of Hematology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - T Caballero-Velázquez
- Department of Hematology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M T Vargas
- Department of Hematology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J R García-Lozano
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J F Falantes
- Department of Hematology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - C Prats-Martín
- Department of Hematology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - R Bernal
- Department of Hematology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J A Pérez-Simón
- Department of Hematology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jayavelu AK, Müller JP, Bauer R, Böhmer SA, Lässig J, Cerny-Reiterer S, Sperr WR, Valent P, Maurer B, Moriggl R, Schröder K, Shah AM, Fischer M, Scholl S, Barth J, Oellerich T, Berg T, Serve H, Frey S, Fischer T, Heidel FH, Böhmer FD. NOX4-driven ROS formation mediates PTP inactivation and cell transformation in FLT3ITD-positive AML cells. Leukemia 2015; 30:473-83. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
16
|
Cardona ME, Simonson OE, Oprea II, Moreno PMD, Silva-Lara MF, Mohamed AJ, Christensson B, Gahrton G, Dilber MS, Smith CIE, Arteaga HJ. A murine model of acute myeloid leukemia with Evi1 overexpression and autocrine stimulation by an intracellular form of GM-CSF in DA-3 cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:183-92. [PMID: 25907616 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1043547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The poor treatment response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) overexpressing high-risk oncogenes such as EVI1, demands specific animal models for new treatment evaluations. Evi1 is a common site of activating integrations in murine leukemia virus (MLV)-induced AML and in retroviral and lentiviral gene-modified HCS. Still, a model of overt AML induced by Evi1 has not been generated. Cell lines from MLV-induced AML are growth factor-dependent and non-transplantable. Hence, for the leukemia maintenance in the infected animals, a growth factor source such as chronic immune response has been suggested. We have investigated whether these leukemias are transplantable if provided with growth factors. We show that the Evi1(+)DA-3 cells modified to express an intracellular form of GM-CSF, acquired growth factor independence and transplantability and caused an overt leukemia in syngeneic hosts, without increasing serum GM-CSF levels. We propose this as a general approach for modeling different forms of high-risk human AML using similar cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Cardona
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Oscar E Simonson
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Iulian I Oprea
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Pedro M D Moreno
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Maria F Silva-Lara
- b Departament of Basic Science, Medical School, Universidad Industrial de Santander , Colombia
| | - Abdalla J Mohamed
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden.,e Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam , Negara Brunei Darussalam , Brunei
| | - Birger Christensson
- c Department of Laboratory Medicine , Division of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - Gösta Gahrton
- d Department of Medicine , Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - M Sirac Dilber
- d Department of Medicine , Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden
| | - H Jose Arteaga
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden.,b Departament of Basic Science, Medical School, Universidad Industrial de Santander , Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wiktorin HG, Nilsson T, Jansson A, Palmqvist L, Martner A. Mutated NPM1 in combination with overexpression of Meis1 or Hoxa9 is not sufficient to induce acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 5:25. [PMID: 27525194 PMCID: PMC4982317 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) carrying nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutations (NPMc+) is regarded as a separate entity of myeloid neoplasms due to its distinct biological and clinical features. However, NPMc+ alone displays low leukemogenic activity and cooperating events appear crucial for AML to develop. Dysregulation of homeobox genes, such as HOXA9 and MEIS1, is a common transcriptional signature of NPMc+ AML. Furthermore, the pathogenic role for NPMc+ in AML remains incompletely understood. Aim To elucidate if NPMc+ collaborates with Meis1 or Hoxa9 in the evolvement of AML. Methods Murine bone marrow cells were genetically engineered to express mutated NPM1 variant A in combination with overexpression of Meis1 or Hoxa9. The capacity of the transduced cells to transform in vitro and to cause leukemia in vivo was then assessed. Findings and conclusion There was no synergy between NPMc+ and Meis1 or Hoxa9 in causing leukemogenic transformation of murine bone marrow cells, or in inducing AML in a transplantation model. Hence, overexpression of Meis1 or Hoxa9 in combination with NPMc+ expression was not sufficient to generate an NPMc+ AML mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Grauers Wiktorin
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tina Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Jansson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Palmqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Martner
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
NUP98/NSD1 and FLT3/ITD coexpression is more prevalent in younger AML patients and leads to induction failure: a COG and SWOG report. Blood 2014; 124:2400-7. [PMID: 25145343 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-570929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NUP98/NSD1 has recently been reported in association with poor outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Previous studies also observed a high overlap between NUP98/NSD1 and FLT3/ITD, raising the question as to whether the reported poor outcome is due to NUP98/NSD1 or caused by the co-occurrence of these 2 genetic lesions. We aimed to determine the prognostic significance of NUP98/NSD1 in the context of FLT3/ITD AML. A total of 1421 patients enrolled in 5 consecutive Children's Oncology Group/Children's Cancer Group and SWOG trials were evaluated. NUP98/NSD1 was found in 15% of FLT3/ITD and 7% of cytogenetically normal (CN)-AML. Those with dual FLT3/ITD and NUP98/NSD1 (82% of NUP98/NSD1 patients) had a complete remission rate of 27% vs 69% in FLT3/ITD without NUP98/NSD1 (P < .001). The corresponding 3-year overall survival was 31% vs 48% (P = .011), respectively. In CN-AML, patients with concomitant NUP98/NSD1 and FLT3/ITD had a worse outcome than those harboring NUP98/NSD1 only. In multivariate analysis, the dual NUP98/NSD1 and FLT3/ITD remained an independent predictor of poor outcome, and NUP98/NSD1 without FLT3/ITD lost its prognostic significance. Our study demonstrates that it is the interaction between NUP98/NSD1 and FLT3/ITD that determines the poor outcome of patients with NUP98/NSD1 disease.
Collapse
|
19
|
Takeda A, Yaseen NR. Nucleoporins and nucleocytoplasmic transport in hematologic malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:3-10. [PMID: 24657637 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are often associated with chromosomal rearrangements that lead to the expression of chimeric fusion proteins. Rearrangements of the genes encoding two nucleoporins, NUP98 and NUP214, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of hematologic malignancies, particularly acute myeloid leukemia. NUP98 rearrangements result in fusion of an N-terminal portion of NUP98 to one of numerous proteins. These rearrangements often follow treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors and tend to occur in younger patients. They have been shown to induce leukemia in mice and to enhance proliferation and disrupt differentiation in primary human hematopoietic precursors. NUP214 has only a few fusion partners. DEK-NUP214 is the most common NUP214 fusion in AML; it tends to occur in younger patients and is usually associated with FLT3 internal tandem duplications. The leukemogenic activity of NUP214 fusions is less well characterized. Normal nucleoporins, including NUP98 and NUP214, have important functions in nucleocytoplasmic transport, transcription, and mitosis. These functions and their disruptions by oncogenic nucleoporin fusions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takeda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, United States.
| | - Nabeel R Yaseen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Differential requirement for wild-type Flt3 in leukemia initiation among mouse models of human leukemia. Exp Hematol 2013; 42:192-203.e1. [PMID: 24269847 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
FLT3 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in acute leukemias. However, the role in leukemogenesis of wild-type (wt) FLT3, which is highly expressed in many hematologic malignancies, is unclear. We show here that in mouse models established by retroviral transduction of leukemic fusion proteins, deletion of Flt3 strongly inhibits MLL-ENL and to lesser extent p210(BCR-ABL)-induced leukemogenesis, but has no effect in MLL-AF9 or AML1-ETO9a models. Flt3 acts at the level of leukemic stem cells (LSCs), as a fraction of LSCs in MLL-ENL, but not in MLL-AF9-induced leukemia, expressed Flt3 in vivo, and Flt3 expression on LSCs was associated with leukemia development in this model. Furthermore, efficiency of MLL-ENL, but not of MLL-AF9-induced leukemia induction was significantly enhanced after transduction of Flt3(+) compared to Flt3(-) wt myeloid progenitors. However, Flt3 is not required for immortalization of bone marrow cells in vitro by MLL-ENL and does not affect colony formation by MLL-ENL LSCs in vitro, suggesting that in vitro models do not reflect the in vivo biology of MLL-ENL leukemia with respect to Flt3 requirement. We conclude that wt Flt3 plays a role in leukemia initiation in vivo, which is, however, not universal.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mupo A, Celani L, Dovey O, Cooper JL, Grove C, Rad R, Sportoletti P, Falini B, Bradley A, Vassiliou GS. A powerful molecular synergy between mutant Nucleophosmin and Flt3-ITD drives acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Leukemia 2013; 27:1917-20. [PMID: 23478666 PMCID: PMC3768110 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
The homeobox (HOX) genes are a highly conserved family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors that specify cell identity in early development and, subsequently, in a number of adult processes including hematopoiesis. The dysregulation of HOX genes is associated with a number of malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), where they have been shown to support the immortalization of leukemic cells both as chimeric partners in fusion genes and when overexpressed in their wild-type form. This review covers our current understanding of the role of HOX genes in normal hematopoiesis, AML and ALL, with particular emphasis on the similarities and differences of HOX function in these contexts, their hematopoietic downstream gene targets and implications for therapy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Novak RL, Harper DP, Caudell D, Slape C, Beachy SH, Aplan PD. Gene expression profiling and candidate gene resequencing identifies pathways and mutations important for malignant transformation caused by leukemogenic fusion genes. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:1016-27. [PMID: 22885519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) and CALM-AF10 (CA10) are oncogenic fusion proteins produced by recurrent chromosomal translocations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Transgenic mice that express these fusions develop AML with a long latency and incomplete penetrance, suggesting that collaborating genetic events are required for leukemic transformation. We employed genetic techniques to identify both preleukemic abnormalities in healthy transgenic mice as well as collaborating events leading to leukemic transformation. Candidate gene resequencing revealed that 6 of 27 (22%) CA10 AMLs spontaneously acquired a Ras pathway mutation and 8 of 27 (30%) acquired an Flt3 mutation. Two CA10 AMLs acquired an Flt3 internal-tandem duplication, demonstrating that these mutations can be acquired in murine as well as human AML. Gene expression profiles revealed a marked upregulation of Hox genes, particularly Hoxa5, Hoxa9, and Hoxa10 in both NHD13 and CA10 mice. Furthermore, mir196b, which is embedded within the Hoxa locus, was overexpressed in both CA10 and NHD13 samples. In contrast, the Hox cofactors Meis1 and Pbx3 were differentially expressed; Meis1 was increased in CA10 AMLs but not NHD13 AMLs, whereas Pbx3 was consistently increased in NHD13 but not CA10 AMLs. Silencing of Pbx3 in NHD13 cells led to decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and decreased colony formation in vitro, suggesting a previously unexpected role for Pbx3 in leukemic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Novak
- Leukemia Biology Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Knock-in of a FLT3/ITD mutation cooperates with a NUP98-HOXD13 fusion to generate acute myeloid leukemia in a mouse model. Blood 2012; 119:2883-94. [PMID: 22323452 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-382283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of FLT3 by internal tandem duplication (ITD) is one of the most common molecular alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). FLT3/ITD mutations have also been observed in myelodysplastic syndrome patients both before and during progression to AML. Previous work has shown that insertion of an FLT3/ITD mutation into the murine Flt3 gene induces a myeloproliferative neoplasm, but not progression to acute leukemia, suggesting that additional cooperating events are required. We therefore combined the FLT3/ITD mutation with a model of myelodysplastic syndrome involving transgenic expression of the Nup98-HoxD13 (NHD13) fusion gene. Mice expressing both the FLT3/ITD and NHD13 transgene developed AML with 100% penetrance and short latency. These leukemias were driven by mutant FLT3 expression and were susceptible to treatment with FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We also observed a spontaneous loss of the wild-type Flt3 allele in these AMLs, further modeling the loss of the heterozygosity phenomenon that is seen in human AML with FLT3-activating mutations. Because resistance to FLT3 inhibitors remains an important clinical issue, this model may help identify new molecular targets in collaborative signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Structural chromosomal rearrangements of the Nucleoporin 98 gene (NUP98), primarily balanced translocations and inversions, are associated with a wide array of hematopoietic malignancies. NUP98 is known to be fused to at least 28 different partner genes in patients with hematopoietic malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis, myelodysplastic syndrome, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and bilineage/biphenotypic leukemia. NUP98 gene fusions typically encode a fusion protein that retains the amino terminus of NUP98; in this context, it is important to note that several recent studies have demonstrated that the amino-terminal portion of NUP98 exhibits transcription activation potential. Approximately half of the NUP98 fusion partners encode homeodomain proteins, and at least 5 NUP98 fusions involve known histone-modifying genes. Several of the NUP98 fusions, including NUP98-homeobox (HOX)A9, NUP98-HOXD13, and NUP98-JARID1A, have been used to generate animal models of both lymphoid and myeloid malignancy; these models typically up-regulate HOXA cluster genes, including HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, and HOXA10. In addition, several of the NUP98 fusion proteins have been shown to inhibit differentiation of hematopoietic precursors and to increase self-renewal of hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, providing a potential mechanism for malignant transformation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Heuser M, Yun H, Berg T, Yung E, Argiropoulos B, Kuchenbauer F, Park G, Hamwi I, Palmqvist L, Lai CK, Leung M, Lin G, Chaturvedi A, Thakur BK, Iwasaki M, Bilenky M, Thiessen N, Robertson G, Hirst M, Kent D, Wilson NK, Göttgens B, Eaves C, Cleary ML, Marra M, Ganser A, Humphries RK. Cell of origin in AML: susceptibility to MN1-induced transformation is regulated by the MEIS1/AbdB-like HOX protein complex. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:39-52. [PMID: 21741595 PMCID: PMC3951989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathways defining susceptibility of normal cells to oncogenic transformation may be valuable therapeutic targets. We characterized the cell of origin and its critical pathways in MN1-induced leukemias. Common myeloid (CMP) but not granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMP) could be transformed by MN1. Complementation studies of CMP-signature genes in GMPs demonstrated that MN1-leukemogenicity required the MEIS1/AbdB-like HOX-protein complex. ChIP-sequencing identified common target genes of MN1 and MEIS1 and demonstrated identical binding sites for a large proportion of their chromatin targets. Transcriptional repression of MEIS1 targets in established MN1 leukemias demonstrated antileukemic activity. As MN1 relies on but cannot activate expression of MEIS1/AbdB-like HOX proteins, transcriptional activity of these genes determines cellular susceptibility to MN1-induced transformation and may represent a promising therapeutic target.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genes, Dominant/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor Cells/metabolism
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor Cells/pathology
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heuser
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Haiyang Yun
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Berg
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Eric Yung
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Florian Kuchenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Medical Center, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gyeongsin Park
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Iyas Hamwi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Palmqvist
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Courteney K. Lai
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Malina Leung
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Grace Lin
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Anuhar Chaturvedi
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Masayuki Iwasaki
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mikhail Bilenky
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nina Thiessen
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Gordon Robertson
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - David Kent
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nicola K. Wilson
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bertie Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Connie Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Michael L. Cleary
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Marco Marra
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - R. Keith Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Quéré R, Andradottir S, Brun ACM, Zubarev RA, Karlsson G, Olsson K, Magnusson M, Cammenga J, Karlsson S. High levels of the adhesion molecule CD44 on leukemic cells generate acute myeloid leukemia relapse after withdrawal of the initial transforming event. Leukemia 2010; 25:515-26. [PMID: 21116281 PMCID: PMC3072510 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genetic hits are detected in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To investigate this further, we developed a tetracycline-inducible mouse model of AML, in which the initial transforming event, overexpression of HOXA10, can be eliminated. Continuous overexpression of HOXA10 is required to generate AML in primary recipient mice, but is not essential for maintenance of the leukemia. Transplantation of AML to secondary recipients showed that in established leukemias, ∼80% of the leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) in bone marrow stopped proliferating upon withdrawal of HOXA10 overexpression. However, the population of LICs in primary recipients is heterogeneous, as ∼20% of the LICs induce leukemia in secondary recipients despite elimination of HOXA10-induced overexpression. Intrinsic genetic activation of several proto-oncogenes was observed in leukemic cells resistant to inactivation of the initial transformation event. Interestingly, high levels of the adhesion molecule CD44 on leukemic cells are essential to generate leukemia after removal of the primary event. This suggests that extrinsic niche-dependent factors are also involved in the host-dependent outgrowth of leukemias after withdrawal of HOXA10 overexpression event that initiates the leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Quéré
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Linkage of the potent leukemogenic activity of Meis1 to cell-cycle entry and transcriptional regulation of cyclin D3. Blood 2010; 115:4071-82. [PMID: 20237320 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-06-225573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MEIS1 is a three-amino acid loop extension class homeodomain-containing homeobox (HOX) cofactor that plays key roles in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Expression of Meis1 is rate-limiting in MLL-associated leukemias and potently interacts with Hox and NUP98-HOX genes in leukemic transformation to promote self-renewal and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors. The oncogenicity of MEIS1 has been linked to its transcriptional activation properties. To further reveal the pathways triggered by Meis1, we assessed the function of a novel engineered fusion form of Meis1, M33-MEIS1, designed to confer transcriptional repression to Meis1 target genes that are otherwise up-regulated in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Retroviral overexpression of M33-Meis1 resulted in the rapid and complete eradication of M33-Meis1-transduced normal and leukemic cells in vivo. Cell-cycle analysis showed that M33-Meis1 impeded the progression of cells from G(1)-to-S phase, which correlated with significant reduction of cyclin D3 levels and the inhibition of retinoblastoma (pRb) hyperphosphorylation. We identified cyclin D3 as a direct downstream target of MEIS1 and M33-MEIS1 and showed that the G(1)-phase accumulation and growth suppression induced by M33-Meis1 was partially relieved by overexpression of cyclin D3. This study provides strong evidence linking the growth-promoting activities of Meis1 to the cyclin D-pRb cell-cycle control pathway.
Collapse
|
29
|
FLT3-ITD up-regulates MCL-1 to promote survival of stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia via FLT3-ITD-specific STAT5 activation. Blood 2009; 114:5034-43. [PMID: 19808698 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-12-196055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) is an essential survival factor for hematopoiesis. In humans, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) express MCL-1 at the highest level in response to FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) signaling. We here show that this FLT3-dependent stem cell maintenance system also plays a critical role in survival of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The CD34(+)CD38(-) LSC fraction expresses high levels of FLT3 as well as MCL-1, even compared with normal HSCs. Treatment with FLT3 ligand induced further MCL-1 up-regulation in LSCs in all AML cases tested. Interestingly, the group of samples expressing the highest levels of MCL-1 constituted AML with FLT3-internal tandem duplications (ITD). In FLT3-ITD AML cell lines, cells expressed a high level of MCL-1, and an inhibition of MCL-1 induced their apoptotic cell death. A tyrosine kinase inhibitor suppressed MCL-1 expression, and induced apoptosis that was reversed by the enforced MCL-1 expression. Finally, transduction of FLT3-ITD into HSCs strongly activated MCL-1 expression through its signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)-docking domains. This effect was completely abrogated when STAT5 activation was blocked. Thus, the acquisition of FLT3-ITD ensures LSC survival by up-regulating MCL-1 via constitutive STAT5 activation that is independent of wild-type FLT3 signaling.
Collapse
|
30
|
Tosić N, Stojiljković M, Colović N, Colović M, Pavlović S. Acute myeloid leukemia with NUP98-HOXC13 fusion and FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutation: case report and literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 193:98-103. [PMID: 19665070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The NUP98 gene at chromosome band 11p15 is known to be fused to a number of different partners in various hematological malignancies. The most frequently observed fusion partners of NUP98 are the homeobox family of transcriptional factors (HOX genes). We report a case of de novo AML M4 subtype, with a t(11;12)(p15;q13) translocation, generating a NUP98-HOXC13 chimeric transcript. Molecular analysis showed that the exon 16 of NUP98 was fused in frame with exon 2 of HOXC13. The patient was also positive for FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD), another molecular marker for the disease. Comparative study of data on the fusion of HOXC cluster and NUP98 gene revealed that it is a rare event, found exclusively in AML patients. To our knowledge, this is the first case of t(11;12)(p15;q13) in de novo AML-M4 in association with FLT3 ITD mutation. Coexistence of NUP98-HOXC13 fusion and FLT3 ITD mutation is likely relevant in the process of leukemogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Tosić
- Laboratory for Molecular Hematology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Komeno Y, Kitaura J, Kitamura T. Molecular bases of myelodysplastic syndromes: lessons from animal models. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:529-34. [PMID: 19259975 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder of hematopietic stem cells characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenia, morphologic dysplasia, and susceptibility to acute myeloid leukemia. Several mechanisms have been suggested as causes of MDS: unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities reflecting a gain or loss of chromosomal material, point mutations of transcription factors, and inactivation of p53. However, appropriate animal models that mimic MDS have long been lacking. We recently reported a novel murine model of MDS that recapitulates trilineage dysplasia and transformation to AML. In this review, we summarize the animal models of MDS and discuss the molecular bases of MDS as well as those of leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 529-534, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Komeno
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Xu S, Powers MA. Nuclear pore proteins and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:620-30. [PMID: 19577736 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules, a highly specific and tightly regulated process, occurs exclusively through the nuclear pore complex. This immense structure is assembled from approximately 30 proteins, termed nucleoporins. Here we discuss the four nucleoporins that have been linked to cancers, either through elevated expression in tumors (Nup88) or through involvement in chromosomal translocations that encode chimeric fusion proteins (Tpr, Nup98, Nup214). In each case we consider the normal function of the nucleoporin and its translocation partners, as well as what is known about their mechanistic contributions to carcinogenesis, particularly in leukemias. Studies of nucleoporin-linked cancers have revealed novel mechanisms of oncogenesis and in the future, should continue to expand our understanding of cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songli Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Reindl C, Quentmeier H, Petropoulos K, Greif PA, Benthaus T, Argiropoulos B, Mellert G, Vempati S, Duyster J, Buske C, Bohlander SK, Humphries KR, Hiddemann W, Spiekermann K. CBL exon 8/9 mutants activate the FLT3 pathway and cluster in core binding factor/11q deletion acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2238-47. [PMID: 19276253 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CBL is a negative regulator of activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). In this study, we determined the frequency of CBL mutations in acute leukemias and evaluated the oncogenic potential of mutant CBL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The cDNA of 300 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients and 82 human leukemic cell lines was screened for aberrations in the linker and RING finger domain of CBL. The oncogenic potential of identified mutants was evaluated in hematopoietic cells. RESULTS We identified 3 of 279 AML/MDS patients expressing CBL exon 8/9 deletion mutants. Three of four cases at diagnosis expressed deleted transcripts missing exon 8 or exon 8/9. In remission samples a weak or no expression of mutant CBL was detected. No aberrations were found in normal hematopoietic tissues. One of 116 sequenced AML/MDS cases carried a R420G missense mutation. All AML/MDS patients with identified CBL mutants belonged to the core binding factor and 11q deletion AML subtypes. Functionally, CBL negatively regulated FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) activity and interacted with human FLT3 via the autophosphorylation sites Y589 and Y599 and colocalized in vivo. Expression of CBLDeltaexon8 and CBLDeltaexon8+9 in FLT3-WT-Ba/F3 cells induced growth factor-independent proliferation associated with autophosphorylation of FLT3 and activated the downstream targets signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and protein kinase B (AKT). FLT3 ligand-dependent hyperproliferation of CBL mutant cells could be abrogated by treatment with the FLT3 PTK inhibitor PKC412 (midostaurin). CONCLUSION CBL exon8/9 mutants occur in genetically defined AML/MDS subtypes and transform hematopoietic cells by constitutively activating the FLT3 pathway. This phenotype resembles the one of mutated RTKs and suggests that CBL mutant AML patients might benefit from treatment with FLT3 PTK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Reindl
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Enhanced expression of the EVI1 gene in NUP98/HOXA-expressing leukemia cells. Int J Hematol 2009; 89:253-256. [PMID: 19241117 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-009-0267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
35
|
Argiropoulos B, Palmqvist L, Yung E, Kuchenbauer F, Heuser M, Sly LM, Wan A, Krystal G, Humphries RK. Linkage of Meis1 leukemogenic activity to multiple downstream effectors including Trib2 and Ccl3. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:845-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
We have studied a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and t(10;11)(q23;p15) as the sole cytogenetic abnormality. Molecular analysis revealed a translocation involving nucleoporin 98 (NUP98) fused to the DNA-binding domain of the hematopoietically expressed homeobox gene (HHEX). Expression of NUP98/HHEX in murine bone marrow cells leads to aberrant self-renewal and a block in normal differentiation that depends on the integrity of the NUP98 GFLG repeats and the HHEX homeodomain. Transplantation of bone marrow cells expressing NUP98/HHEX leads to transplantable acute leukemia characterized by extensive infiltration of leukemic blasts expressing myeloid markers (Gr1(+)) as well as markers of the B-cell lineage (B220(+)). A latency period of 9 months and its clonal character suggest that NUP98/HHEX is necessary but not sufficient for disease induction. Expression of EGFP-NUP98/HHEX fusions showed a highly similar nuclear localization pattern as for other NUP98/homeodomain fusions, such as NUP98/HOXA9. Comparative gene expression profiling in primary bone marrow cells provided evidence for the presence of common targets in cells expressing NUP98/HOXA9 or NUP98/HHEX. Some of these genes (Hoxa5, Hoxa9, Flt3) are deregulated in NUP98/HHEX-induced murine leukemia as well as in human blasts carrying this fusion and might represent bona fide therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
37
|
Argiropoulos B, Yung E, Humphries RK. Unraveling the crucial roles of Meis1 in leukemogenesis and normal hematopoiesis. Genes Dev 2007; 21:2845-9. [PMID: 18006680 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1619407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob Argiropoulos
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Heuser M, Argiropoulos B, Kuchenbauer F, Yung E, Piper J, Fung S, Schlenk RF, Dohner K, Hinrichsen T, Rudolph C, Schambach A, Baum C, Schlegelberger B, Dohner H, Ganser A, Humphries RK. MN1 overexpression induces acute myeloid leukemia in mice and predicts ATRA resistance in patients with AML. Blood 2007; 110:1639-47. [PMID: 17494859 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractOverexpression of wild-type MN1 is a negative prognostic factor in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with normal cytogenetics. We evaluated whether MN1 plays a functional role in leukemogenesis. We demonstrate using retroviral gene transfer and bone marrow (BM) transplantation that MN1 overexpression rapidly induces lethal AML in mice. Insertional mutagenesis and chromosomal instability were ruled out as secondary aberrations. MN1 increased resistance to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)–induced cell-cycle arrest and differentiation by more than 3000-fold in vitro. The differentiation block could be released by fusion of a transcriptional activator (VP16) to MN1 without affecting the ability to immortalize BM cells, suggesting that MN1 blocks differentiation by transcriptional repression. We then evaluated whether MN1 expression levels in patients with AML (excluding M3-AML) correlated with resistance to ATRA treatment in elderly patients uniformly treated within treatment protocol AMLHD98-B. Strikingly, patients with low MN1 expression who received ATRA had a significantly prolonged event-free (P = .008) and overall (P = .04) survival compared with patients with either low MN1 expression and no ATRA, or high MN1 expression with or without ATRA. MN1 is a unique oncogene in hematopoiesis that both promotes proliferation/self-renewal and blocks differentiation, and may become useful as a predictive marker in AML treatment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Chromosomal Instability/genetics
- Disease-Free Survival
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/drug effects
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65/biosynthesis
- Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/drug effects
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/genetics
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Retroviridae
- Risk Factors
- Survival Rate
- Trans-Activators
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tretinoin/administration & dosage
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heuser
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cannon GM, Balasudramani M, Getzenberg RH. Characterization of nuclear matrix protein alterations associated with renal cell carcinoma. Urology 2007; 69:1227-30. [PMID: 17572229 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs), which constitute the nuclear skeleton, play a role in regulating gene expression and are thought to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Five NMPs specific to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been previously identified, RCCA 1 to 5. Our aim was to identify the sequence of these novel NMPs that are associated with RCC. METHODS NMPs were extracted from five conventional clear cell RCC specimens from patients undergoing surgical excision for presumed RCC. The RCCA proteins identified were analyzed by matrix-assisted light desorption ionization mass spectrometry to determine their peptide mass fingerprint. This fingerprint was then analyzed by searching the Mascot and National Institutes of Health BLAST (basic local alignment search tool) databases to determine protein identification. RESULTS Only RCCA-1 and RCCA-2 were able to be consistently identified from each tumor specimen by the reverse staining method necessary to perform mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry peptide mass fingerprinting revealed that RCCA-1 appears to be a differentially spliced form of nucleoporin p54 that has been identified in endometrial carcinoma. RCCA-2 was identified as an albumin-like protein. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of nucleoporin p54 and albumin alterations in RCC. The identification of an abnormal nucleoporin in RCC suggests that alterations in nuclear transport might play a role in the development of this disease. The alterations in these NMPs suggest future areas for investigation in identifying diagnostic markers of, or therapeutic targets for, RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Cannon
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3232, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Palmqvist L, Pineault N, Wasslavik C, Humphries RK. Candidate genes for expansion and transformation of hematopoietic stem cells by NUP98-HOX fusion genes. PLoS One 2007; 2:e768. [PMID: 17712416 PMCID: PMC1942085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hox genes are implicated in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regulation as well as in leukemia development through translocation with the nucleoporin gene NUP98. Interestingly, an engineered NUP98-HOXA10 (NA10) fusion can induce a several hundred-fold expansion of HSCs in vitro and NA10 and the AML-associated fusion gene NUP98-HOXD13 (ND13) have a virtually indistinguishable ability to transform myeloid progenitor cells in vitro and to induce leukemia in collaboration with MEIS1 in vivo. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS These findings provided a potentially powerful approach to identify key pathways mediating Hox-induced expansion and transformation of HSCs by identifying gene expression changes commonly induced by ND13 and NA10 but not by a NUP98-Hox fusion with a non-DNA binding homedomain mutation (N51S). The gene expression repertoire of purified murine bone marrow Sca-1+Lin- cells transduced with retroviral vectors encoding for these genes was established using the Affymetrix GeneChip MOE430A. Approximately seventy genes were differentially expressed in ND13 and NA10 cells that were significantly changed by both compared to the ND13(N51S) mutant. Intriguingly, several of these potential Hox target genes have been implicated in HSC expansion and self-renewal, including the tyrosine kinase receptor Flt3, the prion protein, Prnp, hepatic leukemia factor, Hlf and Jagged-2, Jag2. Consistent with these results, FLT3, HLF and JAG2 expression correlated with HOX A cluster gene expression in human leukemia samples. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion this study has identified several novel Hox downstream target genes and provides important new leads to key regulators of the expansion and transformation of hematopoietic stem cells by Hox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Palmqvist
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carina Wasslavik
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - R. Keith Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hidaka E, Tanaka M, Matsuda K, Ishikawa-Matsumura M, Yamauchi K, Sano K, Honda T, Wakui K, Yanagisawa R, Nakazawa Y, Sakashita K, Shiohara M, Ishii E, Koike K. A complex karyotype, including a three-way translocation generating a NUP98-HOXD13 transcript, in an infant with acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 176:137-43. [PMID: 17656257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of an infant with acute myeloblastic leukemia who had the abnormal karyotype 46,XX,t(2;11;9)(q31;p15;q22),t(6;11;15)(q21;q23;q22),t(8;10)(q13;q22). At relapse, a different three-way translocation emerged. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay detected the NUP98-HOXD13 fusion gene in bone marrow cells of the patient at diagnosis and at relapse. Sequence analysis showed that exon 12 of NUP98 was fused in-frame with exon 2 of HOXD13. The patient had neither a rearrangement of the MLL gene nor aberrations for FLT3, KIT, NRAS, KRAS, or PTPN11. The NUP98-HOXD13 fusion transcript created by t(2;11;9)(q31;p15;q22) may play an important role in the leukemogenesis in this case.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Female
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Hidaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Moore MAS, Chung KY, Plasilova M, Schuringa JJ, Shieh JH, Zhou P, Morrone G. NUP98 Dysregulation in Myeloid Leukemogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1106:114-42. [PMID: 17442773 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1392.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoporin 98 (NUP98) is a component of the nuclear pore complex that facilitates mRNA export from the nucleus. It is mapped to 11p15.5 and is fused to a number of distinct partners, including nine members of the homeobox family as a consequence of leukemia-associated chromosomal translocations. NUP98-HOXA9 is associated with the t(7;11)(p15;p15) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome, and blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Expression of NUP98-HOXA9 in murine bone marrow resulted in a myeloproliferative disease progressing to AML by 7-8 months. Transduction of NUP98 fusion genes into human CD34(+) cells confers a proliferative advantage in long-term cytokine-stimulated and stromal cocultures and in NOD-SCID engrafted mice, associated with a five- to eight-fold increase in hematopoietic stem cells. NUP98-HOXA9 expression inhibited erythroid and myeloid differentiation but enhanced serial progenitor replating. NUP98-HOXA9 upregulated a number of homeobox genes of the A and B cluster as well as MEIS1 and Pim-1, and downmodulated globin genes and C/EBPalpha. The HOXA9 component of the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion protein was protected from cullin-4A-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation. In NUP98-HOX-transduced CD34(+) cells and cells from AML patients with t(7;11)(p15;p15) NUP98 was no longer associated with the nuclear pore complex but formed intranuclear aggregation bodies. Analysis of NUP98 allelic expression in AML and myelodysplastic syndrome showed loss of heterozygosity observed in 29% of the former and 8% of the latter. This was associated with poor prognosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/metabolism
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A S Moore
- Moore Laboratory, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Slape C, Chung YJ, Soloway PD, Tessarollo L, Aplan PD. Mouse embryonic stem cells that express a NUP98-HOXD13 fusion protein are impaired in their ability to differentiate and can be complemented by BCR-ABL. Leukemia 2007; 21:1239-48. [PMID: 17377591 PMCID: PMC2063470 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) fusions have been identified in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis. We generated 'knock-in' mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells that express a NHD13 fusion gene from the endogenous murine NUP98 promoter, and used an in vitro differentiation system to differentiate the ES cells to hematopoietic colonies. Replating assays demonstrated that the partially differentiated NHD13 ES cells were immortal, and two of these cultures were transferred to liquid culture. These cell lines are partially differentiated immature hematopoietic cells, as determined by morphology, immunophenotype and gene expression profile. Despite these characteristics, they were unable to differentiate when exposed to high concentrations of erythropoietin (Epo), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The cell lines are incompletely transformed, as evidenced by their dependence on interleukin 3 (IL-3), and their failure to initiate tumors when injected into immunodeficient mice. We attempted genetic complementation of the NHD13 gene using IL-3 independence and tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice as markers of transformation, and found that BCR-ABL successfully transformed the cell lines. These findings support the hypothesis that expression of a NHD13 fusion gene impairs hematopoietic differentiation, and that these cell lines present a model system to study the nature of this impaired differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Slape
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jin G, Yamazaki Y, Takuwa M, Takahara T, Kaneko K, Kuwata T, Miyata S, Nakamura T. Trib1 and Evi1 cooperate with Hoxa and Meis1 in myeloid leukemogenesis. Blood 2007; 109:3998-4005. [PMID: 17227832 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-041202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative activation of Meis1 and Hoxa9 perturbs myeloid differentiation and eventually leads myeloid progenitors to leukemia, yet it remains to be clarified what kinds of subsequent molecular processes are required for development of overt leukemia. To understand the molecular pathway in Hoxa9/Meis1-induced leukemogenesis, retroviral insertional mutagenesis was applied using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. The mice that received Hoxa9/Meis1-transduced bone marrow cells developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and Trib1, Evi1, Ahi1, Raralpha, Pitpnb, and AK039950 were identified as candidate cooperative genes located near common retroviral integration sites. Trib1 and Evi1 were up-regulated due to retroviral insertions, and coexpression of these genes significantly accelerated the onset of Hoxa9/Meis1-induced AML, suggesting that Trib1 and Evi1 are the key collaborators. Furthermore, Trib1 by itself is a novel myeloid oncogene, enhancing phosphorylation of ERK, resulting in inhibition of apoptosis. These results demonstrate the importance of specific oncogene interaction in myeloid leukemogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Jin
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Genome Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-10-6 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Abstract
HOX genes, MEIS1, and FLT3 are frequently up-regulated in human myeloid leukemias. Meis1 cooperates with Hox genes to induce leukemias in mice, hypothetically the consequence of Meis1-induced Flt3 overexpression. To test this, we compared the properties of Flt3−/− and Flt3+/+ progenitors transduced with Hoxa9 or Hoxa9/Meis1. In a myeloid clonogenic assay, Meis1 greatly enhanced the proliferation of Hoxa9-expressing cells, massively up-regulating Flt3 protein. However, the transforming potential of Hoxa9/Meis1 was unaltered in Flt3−/− cells. All mice that received Hoxa9/Meis1-transduced progenitors succumbed to rapid acute myeloid leukemias regardless of Flt3 genotype. Flt3 expression levels in leukemic blasts did not correlate with parameters reflecting their proliferative rate or their impaired differentiation. Furthermore, analysis of c-Myb expression levels in Hoxa9/Meis1-transformed cells showed that the up-regulation of this critical downstream effector was independent of Flt3. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Flt3 is dispensable to the oncogenic cooperation of Meis1 with Hoxa9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Morgado
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7151, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rizo A, Vellenga E, de Haan G, Schuringa JJ. Signaling pathways in self-renewing hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells: do all stem cells need a niche? Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15 Spec No 2:R210-9. [PMID: 16987886 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adult tissue stem cells, such as the cells of the hematopoietic system, gastrointestinal epithelium, brain, epidermis, mammary gland and lung have now been identified, all of them fulfilling a crucial role in supplying organisms with mature cells during normal homeostasis as well as in times of tissue generation or repair. Two unique features characterize adult stem cells: the ability to generate new pluripotent stem cells (to self-renew) and the ability to give rise to differentiated progeny that has lost its self-renewal capacity. Our understanding of the mechanisms that determine whether, where and when a stem cell will self-renew or differentiate is still limited, but recent advances have indicated that the stem cell microenvironment, or niche, provides essential cues that direct these cell fate decisions. Moreover, loss of control over these cell fate decisions might lead to cellular transformation and cancer. This review addresses the current understandings of the molecular mechanisms that regulate hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal in the niche and how leukemic transformation might change the dependency of leukemic stem cells on their microenvironment for self-renewal and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rizo
- Department of Cell Biology, Section Stem Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|