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Yepes M. Reprint of: Fibrinolytic and Non-fibrinolytic Roles of Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator in the Ischemic Brain. Neuroscience 2024; 550:21-29. [PMID: 38964373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is assembled by endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes, and encased by a basement membrane (BM) surveilled by microglia and surrounded by perivascular astrocytes (PVA), which in turn are in contact with synapses. Cerebral ischemia induces the rapid release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from endothelial cells, perivascular astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Owning to its ability to catalyze the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, in the intravascular space tPA functions as a fibrinolytic enzyme. In contrast, the release of astrocytic, microglial and neuronal tPA have a plethora of effects that not always require the generation of plasmin. In the ischemic brain tPA increases the permeability of the NVU, induces microglial activation, participates in the recycling of glutamate, and has various effects on neuronal survival. These effects are mediated by different receptors, notably subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). Here we review data on the role of tPA in the NVU under non-ischemic and ischemic conditions, and analyze how this knowledge may lead to the development of potential strategies for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Yepes M. Fibrinolytic and Non-fibrinolytic Roles of Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator in the Ischemic Brain. Neuroscience 2024; 542:69-80. [PMID: 37574107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is assembled by endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes, and encased by a basement membrane (BM) surveilled by microglia and surrounded by perivascular astrocytes (PVA), which in turn are in contact with synapses. Cerebral ischemia induces the rapid release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from endothelial cells, perivascular astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Owning to its ability to catalyze the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, in the intravascular space tPA functions as a fibrinolytic enzyme. In contrast, the release of astrocytic, microglial and neuronal tPA have a plethora of effects that not always require the generation of plasmin. In the ischemic brain tPA increases the permeability of the NVU, induces microglial activation, participates in the recycling of glutamate, and has various effects on neuronal survival. These effects are mediated by different receptors, notably subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). Here we review data on the role of tPA in the NVU under non-ischemic and ischemic conditions, and analyze how this knowledge may lead to the development of potential strategies for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Yao ZM, Sun XR, Huang J, Chen L, Dong SY. Astrocyte-Neuronal Communication and Its Role in Stroke. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:2996-3006. [PMID: 37329448 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system. These cells are an important hub for intercellular communication. They participate in various pathophysiological processes, including synaptogenesis, metabolic transformation, scar production, and blood-brain barrier repair. The mechanisms and functional consequences of astrocyte-neuron signaling are more complex than previously thought. Stroke is a disease associated with neurons in which astrocytes also play an important role. Astrocytes respond to the alterations in the brain microenvironment after stroke, providing required substances to neurons. However, they can also have harmful effects. In this review, we have summarized the function of astrocytes, their association with neurons, and two paradigms of the inflammatory response, which suggest that targeting astrocytes may be an effective strategy for treating stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Meng Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shu-Ying Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
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Faissner A. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) in the glial lineage modulates neuronal excitability. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1190240. [PMID: 37383546 PMCID: PMC10293750 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1190240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein related protein receptor 1 (LRP1), also known as CD91 or α-Macroglobulin-receptor, is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with more than 40 known ligands. It plays an important biological role as receptor of morphogens, extracellular matrix molecules, cytokines, proteases, protease inhibitors and pathogens. In the CNS, it has primarily been studied as a receptor and clearance agent of pathogenic factors such as Aβ-peptide and, lately, Tau protein that is relevant for tissue homeostasis and protection against neurodegenerative processes. Recently, it was found that LRP1 expresses the Lewis-X (Lex) carbohydrate motif and is expressed in the neural stem cell compartment. The removal of Lrp1 from the cortical radial glia compartment generates a strong phenotype with severe motor deficits, seizures and a reduced life span. The present review discusses approaches that have been taken to address the neurodevelopmental significance of LRP1 by creating novel, lineage-specific constitutive or conditional knockout mouse lines. Deficits in the stem cell compartment may be at the root of severe CNS pathologies.
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5
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Garcia E, Camps-Renom P, Puig N, Fernández-Leon A, Aguilera-Simón A, Benitez-Amaro A, Solé A, Vilades D, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Martí-Fàbregas J, Jiménez-Xarrié E, Benitez S, Llorente-Cortés V. Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 as a surrogate marker of carotid plaque inflammation assessed by 18F-FDG PET in patients with a recent ischemic stroke. J Transl Med 2023; 21:131. [PMID: 36805772 PMCID: PMC9940334 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) identifies carotid plaque inflammation and predicts stroke recurrence. AIM Our aim was to evaluate the performance of soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (sLRP1) as an indicator of carotid plaque inflammation. METHODS A prospective study was conducted among adult patients with recent (< 7 days) anterior circulation ischemic stroke and at least one atherosclerotic plaque in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. Patients underwent an early (< 15 days from inclusion) 18F-FDG PET, and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) within the plaque was measured. sLRP1 levels were measured in plasma samples by ELISA. The association of sLRP1 with SUVmax was assessed using bivariate and multivariable linear regression analyses. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated with Cox regression to evaluate the association between circulating sLRP1 and stroke recurrence. RESULTS The study was conducted with 64 participants, of which 57.8% had ≥ 50% carotid stenosis. The multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses showed that sLRP1 was independently associated with (i) SUVmax within the plaque (β = 0.159, 95% CI 0.062-0.257, p = 0.002) and (ii) a probability of presenting SUVmax ≥ 2.85 g/mL (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.00-1.01, p = 0.046), respectively. Participants with stroke recurrence showed higher sLRP1 levels at baseline [6447 ng/mL (4897-11163) vs. 3713 ng/mL (2793-4730); p = 0.018]. CONCLUSIONS sLRP1 was independently associated with carotid plaque inflammation as measured by 18F-FDG PET in patients with recent ischemic stroke and carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Garcia
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Building M, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Leon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Aguilera-Simón
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Building M, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleyda Benitez-Amaro
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Solé
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Vilades
- Cardiac Imaging Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Jiménez-Xarrié
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB SANT PAU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortés
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Sant Quintí 77-79, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER of Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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He Q, Ma Y, Fang C, Deng Z, Wang F, Qu Y, Yin M, Zhao R, Zhang D, Guo F, Yang Y, Chang J, Guo ZN. Remote ischemic conditioning attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment via reducing PDGF-CC. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106641. [PMID: 36587812 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is associated with increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and hemorrhagic transformation. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has demonstrated neuroprotective effects against acute ischemic stroke. However, whether and how RIC regulates rtPA-associated BBB disruption remains unclear. Here, a rodent model of thromboembolic stroke followed by rtPA thrombolysis at different time points was performed with or without RIC. Brain infarction, neurological outcomes, BBB permeability, and intracerebral hemorrhage were assessed. The platelet-derived growth factor CC (PDGF-CC)/PDGFRα pathway in the brain tissue, PDGF-CC levels in the skeletal muscle and peripheral blood were also measured. Furthermore, impact of RIC on serum PDGF-CC levels were measured in healthy subjects and AIS patients. Our results showed that RIC substantially reduced BBB injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and neurological deficits after stroke, even when rtPA was administrated in a delayed therapeutic time window. Mechanistically, RIC significantly decreased PDGFRα activation in ischemic brain tissue and reduced blood PDGF-CC levels, which partially resulted from PDGF-CC reduction in the skeletal muscle of RIC-applied hindlimbs and platelets. Intravenous or intraventricular recombinant PDGF-CC supplementation abolished RIC protective effects on BBB integrity. Moreover, similar changes of PDGF-CC in serum by RIC were also observed in healthy humans and acute ischemic stroke patients. Together, our study demonstrates that RIC can attenuate rtPA-aggravated BBB disruption after ischemic stroke via reducing the PDGF-CC/PDGFRα pathway and thus supports RIC as a potential approach for BBB disruption prevention or treatment following thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinzhong Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijun Deng
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Meifang Yin
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Dianhui Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Junlei Chang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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7
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Fang X, Zhou Y, Chen S, Xu X, Ke J, Zhou Y, Wei H, Fu B. Natural killer cells promote intra-cellular-infected trophoblasts survival via APOD-LRP1 axis. Immunology 2022. [PMID: 36562137 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known for their potent ability to kill stressed cells, whereas host cells infected with intra-cellular bacteria may also be benefit from the selective killing function of NK cells and survive. The mechanism of how NK cells protect host cells infected with intra-cellular bacteria is still unclear. Here, we discovered that decidual NK (dNK) cells cannot only eliminate intra-cellular bacteria which infected trophoblasts, but can also synthesize more lipids and transport lipids to trophoblasts to avoid their apoptosis. Mechanically, NK cells synthesize more lipids accompanied by increasing expression of apolipoprotein APOD. Lipids in NK cells can be delivered to trophoblast cells through APOD, maintaining adequate lipid droplet content and lipid metabolism homeostasis in trophoblasts. Blocking the APOD receptor LRP1 abolished lipid transport from NK cells to trophoblasts, and the reduction of lipid droplets caused by bacterial infection in trophoblast cells could not be restored, culminating in cell apoptosis. Our study provides new evidence for the immune surveillance and protective effect of NK cells on embryos during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Siao Chen
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiuxiu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jieqi Ke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Qiu L, Cai Y, Geng Y, Yao X, Wang L, Cao H, Zhang X, Wu Q, Kong D, Ding D, Shi Y, Wang Y, Wu J. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate tPA-induced blood-brain barrier disruption in murine ischemic stroke models. Acta Biomater 2022; 154:424-442. [PMID: 36367475 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage following blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption resulting from thrombolysis of ischemic stroke with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains a critical clinical problem. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are promising nanotherapeutic agents that have the potential to repair the BBB after ischemic stroke; however, whether they can attenuate BBB disruption and hemorrhagic transformation after tPA thrombolysis is largely unknown. Here, we observed that MSC-EVs efficiently passed through the BBB and selectively accumulated in injured brain regions in ischemic stroke model mice in real time using aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), which exhibit better tracking ability than the commercially available tracer DiR. Moreover, tPA administration promoted the homing of MSC-EVs to the ischemic brain and increased the uptake of MSC-EVs by astrocytes. Furthermore, the accumulated MSC-EVs attenuated the tPA-induced disruption of BBB integrity and alleviated hemorrhage by inhibiting astrocyte activation and inflammation. Mechanistically, miR-125b-5p delivered by MSC-EVs played an indispensable role in maintaining BBB integrity by targeting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inhibiting nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling in astrocytes. This study provides a noninvasive method for real-time tracking of MSC-EVs in the ischemic brain after tPA treatment and highlights the potential of MSC-EVs as thrombolytic adjuvants for ischemic stroke. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Although tPA thrombolysis is the most effective pharmaceutical strategy for acute ischemic stroke, its clinical application and therapeutic efficacy are challenged by tPA-induced BBB disruption and hemorrhagic transformation. Our study demonstrated that MSC-EVs can act as an attractive thrombolytic adjuvant to repair the BBB and improve thrombolysis in a mouse ischemic stroke model. Notably, by labeling MSC-EVs with AIEgens, we achieved accurate real-time imaging of MSC-EVs in the ischemic brain and therapeutic visualization. MSC-EVs inhibit astrocyte activation and associated inflammation through miR-125b-5p/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Consequently, we revealed that MSC-EVs combined with tPA thrombolysis may be a promising approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yanqin Geng
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lanxing Wang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiaoli Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Deling Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, The College of Life Science, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dan Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, The College of Life Science, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, The College of Life Science, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yuebing Wang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300071, China; Institute of Transplant Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Jialing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China.
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9
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Shared pathophysiology: Understanding stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 218:107306. [PMID: 35636382 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Diaz A, Woo Y, Martin-Jimenez C, Merino P, Torre E, Yepes M. Tissue-type plasminogen activator induces TNF-α-mediated preconditioning of the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:667-682. [PMID: 34796748 PMCID: PMC9051146 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic tolerance is a phenomenon whereby transient exposure to a non-injurious preconditioning stimulus triggers resistance to a subsequent lethal ischemic insult. Despite the fact that not only neurons but also astrocytes and endothelial cells have a unique response to preconditioning stimuli, current research has been focused mostly on the effect of preconditioning on neuronal death. Thus, it is unclear if the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can be preconditioned independently of an effect on neuronal survival. The release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from perivascular astrocytes in response to an ischemic insult increases the permeability of the BBB. In line with these observations, treatment with recombinant tPA increases the permeability of the BBB and genetic deficiency of tPA attenuates the development of post-ischemic edema. Here we show that tPA induces ischemic tolerance in the BBB independently of an effect on neuronal survival. We found that tPA renders the BBB resistant to an ischemic injury by inducing TNF-α-mediated astrocytic activation and increasing the abundance of aquaporin-4-immunoreactive astrocytic end-feet processes in the neurovascular unit. This is a new role for tPA, that does not require plasmin generation, and with potential therapeutic implications for patients with cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Diaz
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yena Woo
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Martin-Jimenez
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paola Merino
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Enrique Torre
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes
National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology & Center for Neurodegenerative
Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Bian W, Tang M, Jiang H, Xu W, Hao W, Sui Y, Hou Y, Nie L, Zhang H, Wang C, Li N, Wang J, Qin J, Wu L, Ma X, Chen J, Wang W, Li X. Low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 1 mediates Notch pathway activation. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2902-2919.e8. [PMID: 34626540 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway controls cell growth, differentiation, and fate decisions, and its dysregulation has been linked to various human genetic disorders and cancers. To comprehensively understand the global organization of the Notch pathway and identify potential drug targets for Notch-related diseases, we established a protein interaction landscape for the human Notch pathway. By combining and analyzing genetic and phenotypic data with bioinformatics analysis, we greatly expanded this pathway and identified many key regulators, including low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). We demonstrated that LRP1 mediates the ubiquitination chain linkage switching of Delta ligands, which further affects ligand recycling, membrane localization, and stability. LRP1 inhibition led to Notch signaling inhibition and decreased tumorigenesis in leukemia models. Our study provides a glimpse into the Notch pathway interaction network and uncovers LRP1 as one critical regulator of the Notch pathway, as well as a possible therapeutic target for Notch-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanyu Hao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Science, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Sui
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingnan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lianfeng Wu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Science, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xianjue Ma
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Thiebaut AM, Buendia I, Ginet V, Lemarchand E, Boudjadja MB, Hommet Y, Lebouvier L, Lechevallier C, Maillasson M, Hedou E, Déglon N, Oury F, Rubio M, Montaner J, Puyal J, Vivien D, Roussel BD. Thrombolysis by PLAT/tPA increases serum free IGF1 leading to a decrease of deleterious autophagy following brain ischemia. Autophagy 2021; 18:1297-1317. [PMID: 34520334 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1973339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a pathology involving a cascade of cellular mechanisms, leading to the deregulation of proteostasis, including macroautophagy/autophagy, and finally to neuronal death. If it is now accepted that cerebral ischemia induces autophagy, the effect of thrombolysis/energy recovery on proteostasis remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of thrombolysis by PLAT/tPA (plasminogen activator, tissue) on autophagy and neuronal death. In two in vitro models of hypoxia reperfusion and an in vivo model of thromboembolic stroke with thrombolysis by PLAT/tPA, we found that ischemia enhances neuronal deleterious autophagy. Interestingly, PLAT/tPA decreases autophagy to mediate neuroprotection by modulating the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathways both in vitro and in vivo. We identified IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor I receptor; a tyrosine kinase receptor) as the effective receptor and showed in vitro, in vivo and in human stroke patients and that PLAT/tPA is able to degrade IGFBP3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3) to increase IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) bioavailability and thus IGF1R activation.Abbreviations: AKT/protein kinase B: thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; Hx: hypoxia; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF1R: insulin-like growth factor I receptor; IGFBP3: insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3; Ka: Kainate; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: MTOR complex 1; OGD: oxygen and glucose deprivation; OGDreox: oxygen and glucose deprivation + reoxygentation; PepA: pepstatin A1; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PLAT/tPA: plasminogen activator, tissue; PPP: picropodophyllin; SCH77: SCH772984; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; Wort: wortmannin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Thiebaut
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France
| | - Izaskun Buendia
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France
| | - Vanessa Ginet
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Women, Mother and Child, University Hospital Center of Vaud, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eloise Lemarchand
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Yannick Hommet
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France
| | - Laurent Lebouvier
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France
| | - Charlotte Lechevallier
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; LabEx IGO, Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, CHU Nantes, SFR Santé, FED 4203Inserm UMS 016, CNRS, UMS 3556, IMPACT Platform, Nantes, France
| | - Elodie Hedou
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Oury
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), Team 14, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marina Rubio
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France
| | - Joan Montaner
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julien Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,CURML, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denis Vivien
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France.,Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Benoit D Roussel
- Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Normandy University, UNICAEN, INSERM, UMR-S U1237, Caen, France
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13
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Jeon MT, Kim KS, Kim ES, Lee S, Kim J, Hoe HS, Kim DG. Emerging pathogenic role of peripheral blood factors following BBB disruption in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 68:101333. [PMID: 33774194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The responses of central nervous system (CNS) cells such as neurons and glia in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) suggest that regulation of neuronal and glial functions could be a strategy for ND prevention and/or treatment. However, attempts to develop such therapeutics for NDs have been hindered by the challenge of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and continued constitutive neuronal loss. These limitations indicate the need for additional perspectives for the prevention/treatment of NDs. In particular, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that accompanies NDs allows brain infiltration by peripheral factors, which may stimulate innate immune responses involved in the progression of neurodegeneration. The accumulation of blood factors like thrombin, fibrinogen, c-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components in the brain has been observed in NDs and may activate the innate immune system in the CNS. Thus, strengthening the integrity of the BBB may enhance its protective role to attenuate ND progression and functional loss. In this review, we describe the innate immune system in the CNS and the contribution of blood factors to the role of the CNS immune system in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Tae Jeon
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jieun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Chen J, Su Y, Pi S, Hu B, Mao L. The Dual Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 in Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682389. [PMID: 34124208 PMCID: PMC8192809 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic and signaling receptor belonging to the LDL receptor (LDLR) gene family and that is widely expressed in several tissues. LRP1 comprises a large extracellular domain (ECD; 515 kDa, α chain) and a small intracellular domain (ICD; 85 kDa, β chain). The deletion of LRP1 leads to embryonic lethality in mice, revealing a crucial but yet undefined role in embryogenesis and development. LRP1 has been postulated to participate in numerous diverse physiological and pathological processes ranging from plasma lipoprotein homeostasis, atherosclerosis, tumor evolution, and fibrinolysis to neuronal regeneration and survival. Many studies using cultured cells and in vivo animal models have revealed the important roles of LRP1 in vascular remodeling, foam cell biology, inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, its role in atherosclerosis remains controversial. LRP1 not only participates in the removal of atherogenic lipoproteins and proatherogenic ligands in the liver but also mediates the uptake of aggregated LDL to promote the formation of macrophage- and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived foam cells, which causes a prothrombotic transformation of the vascular wall. The dual and opposing roles of LRP1 may also represent an interesting target for atherosclerosis therapeutics. This review highlights the influence of LRP1 during atherosclerosis development, focusing on its dual role in vascular cells and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Plasminogen Activators in Neurovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094380. [PMID: 33922229 PMCID: PMC8122722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a dynamic structure assembled by endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia and neurons. A carefully coordinated interplay between these cellular and non-cellular components is required to maintain normal neuronal function, and in line with these observations, a growing body of evidence has linked NVU dysfunction to neurodegeneration. Plasminogen activators catalyze the conversion of the zymogen plasminogen into the two-chain protease plasmin, which in turn triggers a plethora of physiological events including wound healing, angiogenesis, cell migration and inflammation. The last four decades of research have revealed that the two mammalian plasminogen activators, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), are pivotal regulators of NVU function during physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we will review the most relevant data on their expression and function in the NVU and their role in neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
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16
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From the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 to neuropathic pain: a potentially novel target. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e898. [PMID: 33981930 PMCID: PMC8108589 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 plays a major role in the regulation of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, neuroregeneration, neuropathic pain, and deficient cognitive functions. This review describes the roles of the low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP-1) in inflammatory pathways, nerve nerve degeneration and -regeneration and in neuropathic pain. Induction of LRP-1 is able to reduce the activation of the proinflammatory NFκB-mediated pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 signaling pathways, in turn decreasing the production of inflammatory mediators. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 activation also decreases reactive astrogliosis and polarizes microglial cells and macrophages from a proinflammatory phenotype (M1) to an anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2), attenuating the neuroinflammatory environment. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 can also modulate the permeability of the blood–brain barrier and the blood–nerve barrier, thus regulating the infiltration of systemic insults and cells into the central and the peripheral nervous system, respectively. Furthermore, LRP-1 is involved in the maturation of oligodendrocytes and in the activation, migration, and repair phenotype of Schwann cells, therefore suggesting a major role in restoring the myelin sheaths upon injury. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 activation can indirectly decrease neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain by attenuation of the inflammatory environment. Moreover, LRP-1 agonists can directly promote neural cell survival and neurite sprouting, decrease cell death, and attenuate pain and neurological disorders by the inhibition of MAPK c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38-pathway and activation of MAPK extracellular signal–regulated kinase pathway. In addition, activation of LRP-1 resulted in better outcomes for neuropathies such as Alzheimer disease, nerve injury, or diabetic peripheral neuropathy, attenuating neuropathic pain and improving cognitive functions. To summarize, LRP-1 plays an important role in the development of different experimental diseases of the nervous system, and it is emerging as a very interesting therapeutic target.
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17
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Mineo C. Lipoprotein receptor signalling in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1254-1274. [PMID: 31834409 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The founding member of the lipoprotein receptor family, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a major role in the atherogenesis through the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL particles and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Since the discovery of the LDLR, many other structurally and functionally related receptors have been identified, which include low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)1, LRP5, LRP6, very low-density lipoprotein receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor 2. The scavenger receptor family members, on the other hand, constitute a family of pattern recognition proteins that are structurally diverse and recognize a wide array of ligands, including oxidized LDL. Among these are cluster of differentiation 36, scavenger receptor class B type I and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. In addition to the initially assigned role as a mediator of the uptake of macromolecules into the cell, a large number of studies in cultured cells and in in vivo animal models have revealed that these lipoprotein receptors participate in signal transduction to modulate cellular functions. This review highlights the signalling pathways by which these receptors influence the process of atherosclerosis development, focusing on their roles in the vascular cells, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and platelets. Human genetics of the receptors is also discussed to further provide the relevance to cardiovascular disease risks in humans. Further knowledge of the vascular biology of the lipoprotein receptors and their ligands will potentially enhance our ability to harness the mechanism to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
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18
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Janigro D, Bailey DM, Lehmann S, Badaut J, O'Flynn R, Hirtz C, Marchi N. Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts. Front Neurol 2021; 11:577312. [PMID: 33613412 PMCID: PMC7890078 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.577312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) operates as a key cerebrovascular interface, dynamically insulating the brain parenchyma from peripheral blood and compartments. Increased BBB permeability is clinically relevant for at least two reasons: it actively participates to the etiology of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and it enables the diagnosis of neurological disorders based on the detection of CNS molecules in peripheral body fluids. In pathological conditions, a suite of glial, neuronal, and pericyte biomarkers can exit the brain reaching the peripheral blood and, after a process of filtration, may also appear in saliva or urine according to varying temporal trajectories. Here, we specifically examine the evidence in favor of or against the use of protein biomarkers of NVU damage and BBB permeability in traumatic head injury, including sport (sub)concussive impacts, seizure disorders, and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. We further extend this analysis by focusing on the correlates of human extreme physiology applied to the NVU and its biomarkers. To this end, we report NVU changes after prolonged exercise, freediving, and gravitational stress, focusing on the presence of peripheral biomarkers in these conditions. The development of a biomarker toolkit will enable minimally invasive routines for the assessment of brain health in a broad spectrum of clinical, emergency, and sport settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Janigro
- Department of Physiology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,FloTBI Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Brain Molecular Imaging Lab, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Robin O'Flynn
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Hirtz
- IRMB, INM, UFR Odontology, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS-U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
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19
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Soluble Receptors Affecting Stroke Outcomes: Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031108. [PMID: 33498620 PMCID: PMC7865279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble receptors are widely understood to be freestanding moieties formed via cleavage from their membrane-bound counterparts. They have unique structures, are found among various receptor families, and have intriguing mechanisms of generation and release. Soluble receptors’ ability to exhibit pleiotropic action by receptor modulation or by exhibiting a dual role in cytoprotection and neuroinflammation is concentration dependent and has continually mystified researchers. Here, we have compiled findings from preclinical and clinical studies to provide insights into the role of soluble/decoy receptors, focusing on the soluble cluster of differentiation 36, the soluble cluster of differentiation 163, and soluble lipoprotein-related protein 1 (sCD36, sCD163, and sLRP1, respectively) and the functions they could likely serve in the management of stroke, as they would notably regulate the bioavailability of the hemoglobin and heme after red blood cell lysis. The key roles that these soluble receptors play in inflammation, oxidative stress, and the related pharmacotherapeutic potential in improving stroke outcomes are described. The precise pleiotropic physiological functions of soluble receptors remain unclear, and further scientific investigation/validation is required to establish their respective role in diagnosis and therapy.
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20
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Auderset L, Pitman KA, Cullen CL, Pepper RE, Taylor BV, Foa L, Young KM. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) Is a Negative Regulator of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Differentiation in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564351. [PMID: 33282858 PMCID: PMC7691426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a large, endocytic cell surface receptor that is highly expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and LRP1 expression is rapidly downregulated as OPCs differentiate into oligodendrocytes (OLs). We report that the conditional deletion of Lrp1 from adult mouse OPCs (Pdgfrα-CreER :: Lrp1fl/fl) increases the number of newborn, mature myelinating OLs added to the corpus callosum and motor cortex. As these additional OLs extend a normal number of internodes that are of a normal length, Lrp1-deletion increases adult myelination. OPC proliferation is also elevated following Lrp1 deletion in vivo, however, this may be a secondary, homeostatic response to increased OPC differentiation, as our in vitro experiments show that LRP1 is a direct negative regulator of OPC differentiation, not proliferation. Deleting Lrp1 from adult OPCs also increases the number of newborn mature OLs added to the corpus callosum in response to cuprizone-induced demyelination. These data suggest that the selective blockade of LRP1 function on adult OPCs may enhance myelin repair in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kimberley A Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Renee E Pepper
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Lisa Foa
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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21
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Liu C, Xie J, Sun S, Li H, Li T, Jiang C, Chen X, Wang J, Le A, Wang J, Li Z, Wang J, Wang W. Hemorrhagic Transformation After Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:621-646. [PMID: 33125600 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication after thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in ischemic stroke. In this article, recent research progress of HT in vivo and in vitro studies was reviewed. We have discussed new potential mechanisms and possible experimental models of HT development, as well as possible biomarkers and treatment methods. Meanwhile, we compared and analyzed rodent models, large animal models and in vitro BBB models of HT, and the limitations of these models were discussed. The molecular mechanism of HT was investigated in terms of BBB disruption, rt-PA neurotoxicity and the effect of neuroinflammation, matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species. The clinical features to predict HT were represented including blood biomarkers and clinical factors. Recent progress in neuroprotective strategies to improve HT after stroke treated with rt-PA is outlined. Further efforts need to be made to reduce the risk of HT after rt-PA therapy and improve the clinical prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Liu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Anh Le
- Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Zhanfei Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Si W, Li Z, Huang Z, Ye S, Li X, Li Y, Kuang W, Chen D, Zhu M. RNA Binding Protein Motif 3 Inhibits Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis Through Promoting Stress Granules Formation in PC12 Cells and Rat Primary Cortical Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:559384. [PMID: 32982696 PMCID: PMC7492797 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.559384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sensitive cold-shock protein, RNA binding protein motif 3 (RBM3) exhibits a neuroprotective function in the condition of brain injury. However, how RBM3 is involved in acute ischemic stroke by affecting stress granules (SGs) remains unclear. Here, we established an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in rat primary cortical neurons and PC12 cells to explore the potential mechanism between RBM3 and SG formation in acute ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) condition. The immunofluorescence results showed that the SG formation significantly decreased in rat primary cortical neurons and PC12 cells during the reperfusion period after 6 h of OGD stimulation. The western blot results, flow cytometry analysis, and cell viability assessment showed that the RBM3 expression and ratio of cell viability significantly decreased, while the rate of apoptosis increased in PC12 cells during the reperfusion period after 6 h of OGD stimulation. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescence indicated that RBM3 and GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) colocalized cytoplasm of PC12 cells after 6 h of OGD stimulation when the SGs formation reached the highest level. Besides, overexpression and knockdown of the RBM3 were achieved via plasmid transfection and CRISPR-Cas9 technology, respectively. The results of overexpression and knockdown of RBM3 gene illustrated the pivotal role of RBM3 in affecting SG formation and apoptosis level in OGD-treated PC12 cells. In conclusion, RBM3 could combine with G3BP1 resulted in increasing stress granules generation in rat primary cortical neurons and PC12 cells after 6 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury, which ultimately reduced the apoptosis in OGD-induced cells. Our study may enable a new promising target for alleviating ischemia-reperfusion injury in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Si
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Group), Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Huang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shanyu Ye
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Kuang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Key Laboratory of Research and Development of New Medical Materials of Guangdong Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Chinese medicine Tongxinluo capsule protects against blood-brain barrier disruption after ischemic stroke by inhibiting the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 pathway in mice. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105071. [PMID: 32807473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese medicine Tongxinluo capsule (TXL) has been extensively used to treat ischemic stroke in China, and one of its mechanisms is to protect against blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption after stroke. However, the underlying protective mechanisms are not fully illuminated. It is reported that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is involved in BBB disruption after brain ischemia. In this study, we explored whether TXL could downregulate LRP-1 expression and subsequently protect against BBB disruption after stroke using permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in mice. METHODS The animal model of ischemic stroke was induced by pMCAO in male adult C57BL/6J mice. The mice were orally administered TXL (3.0 g/kg) at 1, 3 and 21 h after pMCAO. Meanwhile, the LRP-1 antagonist receptor associated protein (RAP) was intracerebroventricularly injected at 1 and 21 h after stroke. We measured the following parameters at 6 and 24 h: LRP-1 protein level, BBB leakage, and the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins including occludin, claudin-5 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). RESULTS Our results showed that TXL downregulated LRP-1 level, upregulated these TJ proteins level, and reduced BBB leakage in peri-infarct regions after pMCAO. Further study found that the inhibitor RAP played the same role as did TXL in upregulating these TJ proteins level and reducing BBB leakage after stroke. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that TXL protects against BBB disruption after stroke via inhibiting the LRP-1 pathway.
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24
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Evaluation of long-term rt-PA effects on bEnd.3 endothelial cells under ischemic conditions; changes in ZO-1 expression and glycosylation of the bradykinin B2 receptor. Thromb Res 2020; 187:1-8. [PMID: 31935582 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) has proven effective in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, despite the increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT), its major associated complication. Although it is known that HT is related to blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, the underlying mechanisms are not well established. We assessed time-dependent effects of rt-PA on the bEnd.3 murine brain endothelial cell line subjected either to normoxia or to 2.5 h of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD), evaluating a longer period than has previously been done, beyond 6 h post-reoxygenation. Parameters of cell viability, metabolic activity, ionic and transcellular permeability, as well as levels of claudin-5, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) protein expression were analyzed at 24, 48 and 72 h post-reoxygenation with or without the administration of rt-PA. rt-PA treatment increased both the ionic and transcellular permeability until 72 h and did not modify cell viability or metabolic activity or the expression of claudin-5, ZO-1 and B2R under normoxia at any analyzed time. Under OGD conditions, rt-PA exacerbated OGD effects on metabolic activity from 48 to 72 h, increased transcellular permeability from 24 to 72 h, significantly decreased ZO-1 protein levels at the plasma membrane and increased B2R glycosylation at 72 h post-reoxygenation. Our findings suggest that a long-term analysis is necessary to elucidate time-dependent molecular mechanisms associated to BBB breakdown due to rt-PA administration under ischemia. Thus, protective BBB therapies after ischemic stroke and rt-PA treatment should be explored at least until 72 h after OGD and rt-PA administration.
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25
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Yang E, Cai Y, Yao X, Liu J, Wang Q, Jin W, Wu Q, Fan W, Qiu L, Kang C, Wu J. Tissue plasminogen activator disrupts the blood-brain barrier through increasing the inflammatory response mediated by pericytes after cerebral ischemia. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10167-10182. [PMID: 31740626 PMCID: PMC6914411 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes, important elements of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), play critical roles in maintaining BBB integrity and modulating hemostasis, angiogenesis, inflammation and phagocytic function. We investigated whether pericytes are involved in the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA)-induced inflammatory response, which disrupts the BBB, and investigated the potential mechanisms. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were employed to mimic hypoxic-ischemic conditions. Rt-PA was intravenously injected into mice 1 h after 1 h MCAO, and Rt-PA was added to the culture medium after 4 h OGD. Rt-PA treatment aggravated the disruption of the BBB compared with hypoxia treatment, and etanercept (TNF-α inhibitor) combined with rt-PA alleviated the rt-PA-induced BBB disruption in vivo and in vitro. Rt-PA treatment increased the TNF-α and MCP-1 levels and decreased the TGF-β, p-Smad2/3 and PDGFR-β levels compared with hypoxia treatment in vivo and vitro. TGF-β combined with rt-PA decreased TNF-α and MCP-1 secretion and alleviated BBB disruption compared with rt-PA; these changes were abrogated by TPO427736 HCL (a TGF-β/p-Smad2/3 pathway inhibitor) cotreatment in vitro. Rt-PA did not decrease TGF-β and p-Smad2/3 expression in PDGFR-β-overexpressing pericytes after OGD. These findings identify PDGFR-β/TGF-β/p-Smad2/3 signaling in pericytes as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of rt-PA-induced BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryan Yang
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weili Jin
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiaoli Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weijia Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lina Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunsheng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation, and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jialing Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
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26
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Role of the protease-activated receptor 1 in regulating the function of glial cells within central and peripheral nervous system. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1259-1271. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Zhu J, Wan Y, Xu H, Wu Y, Hu B, Jin H. The role of endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator in neuronal survival after ischemic stroke: friend or foe? Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1489-1506. [PMID: 30656378 PMCID: PMC11105644 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has highly efficient fibrinolytic activity and its recombinant variants alteplase and tenecteplase are established as highly effective thrombolytic drugs for ischemic stroke. Endogenous tPA is constituted of five functional domains through which it interacts with a variety of substrates, binding proteins and receptors, thus having enzymatic and cytokine-like effects to act on all cell types of the brain. In the past 2 decades, numerous studies have explored the clinical relevance of endogenous tPA in neurological diseases, especially in ischemic stroke. tPA is released from many cells within the brain parenchyma exposed to ischemia conditions in vitro and in vivo, which is believed to control neuronal fate. Some studies proved that tPA could induce blood-brain barrier disruption, neural excitotoxicity and inflammation, while others indicated that tPA also has anti-excitotoxic, neurotrophic and anti-apoptotic effects on neurons. Therefore, more work is needed to elucidate how tPA mediates such opposing functions that may amplify tPA from a therapeutic means into a key therapeutic target in endogenous neuroprotection after stroke. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics and pleiotropic functions of tPA in the brain. Then we focus on possible hypotheses about why and how endogenous tPA mediates ischemic neuronal death and survival. Finally, we analyze how endogenous tPA affects neuron fate in ischemic stroke in a comprehensive view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Hexiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yulang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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28
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Bres EE, Faissner A. Low Density Receptor-Related Protein 1 Interactions With the Extracellular Matrix: More Than Meets the Eye. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:31. [PMID: 30931303 PMCID: PMC6428713 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a biological substrate composed of collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins that ensures proper cell migration and adhesion and keeps the cell architecture intact. The regulation of the ECM composition is a vital process strictly controlled by, among others, proteases, growth factors and adhesion receptors. As it appears, ECM remodeling is also essential for proper neuronal and glial development and the establishment of adequate synaptic signaling. Hence, disturbances in ECM functioning are often present in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, mutations in ECM molecules are found in some forms of epilepsy and malfunctioning of ECM-related genes and pathways can be seen in, for example, cancer or ischemic injury. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp1) is a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family. Lrp1 is involved not only in ligand uptake, receptor mediated endocytosis and lipoprotein transport—functions shared by low density lipoprotein receptor family members—but also regulates cell surface protease activity, controls cellular entry and binding of toxins and viruses, protects against atherosclerosis and acts on many cell signaling pathways. Given the plethora of functions, it is not surprising that Lrp1 also impacts the ECM and is involved in its remodeling. This review focuses on the role of Lrp1 and some of its major ligands on ECM function. Specifically, interactions with two Lrp1 ligands, integrins and tissue plasminogen activator are described in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa E Bres
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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29
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Diaz A, Jeanneret V, Merino P, McCann P, Yepes M. Tissue-type plasminogen activator regulates p35-mediated Cdk5 activation in the postsynaptic terminal. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs224196. [PMID: 30709918 PMCID: PMC6432712 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal depolarization induces the synaptic release of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) is a member of the family of cyclin-dependent kinases that regulates cell migration and synaptic function in postmitotic neurons. Cdk5 is activated by its binding to p35 (also known as Cdk5r1), a membrane-anchored protein that is rapidly degraded by the proteasome. Here, we show that tPA prevents the degradation of p35 in the synapse by a plasminogen-dependent mechanism that requires open synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We show that tPA treatment increases the abundance of p35 and its binding to Cdk5 in the postsynaptic density (PSD). Furthermore, our data indicate that tPA-induced p35-mediated Cdk5 activation does not induce cell death, but instead prevents NMDA-induced ubiquitylation of postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95; also known as Dlg4) and the removal of GluR1 (also known as Gria1)-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) receptors from the PSD. These results show that the interaction between tPA and synaptic NMDA receptors regulates the expression of AMPA receptor subunits in the PSD via p35-mediated Cdk5 activation. This is a novel role for tPA as a regulator of Cdk5 activation in cerebral cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Diaz
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Valerie Jeanneret
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Paola Merino
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Patrick McCann
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
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30
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Schubert K, Collins LE, Green P, Nagase H, Troeberg L. LRP1 Controls TNF Release via the TIMP-3/ADAM17 Axis in Endotoxin-Activated Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1501-1509. [PMID: 30659107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The metalloproteinase ADAM17 plays a pivotal role in initiating inflammation by releasing TNF from its precursor. Prolonged TNF release causes many chronic inflammatory diseases, indicating that tight regulation of ADAM17 activity is essential for resolution of inflammation. In this study, we report that the endogenous ADAM17 inhibitor TIMP-3 inhibits ADAM17 activity only when it is bound to the cell surface and that cell surface levels of TIMP-3 in endotoxin-activated human macrophages are dynamically controlled by the endocytic receptor LRP1. Pharmacological blockade of LRP1 inhibited endocytic clearance of TIMP-3, leading to an increase in cell surface levels of the inhibitor that blocked TNF release. Following LPS stimulation, TIMP-3 levels on the surface of macrophages increased 4-fold within 4 h and continued to accumulate at 6 h, before a return to baseline levels at 8 h. This dynamic regulation of cell surface TIMP-3 levels was independent of changes in TIMP-3 mRNA levels, but correlated with shedding of LRP1. These results shed light on the basic mechanisms that maintain a regulated inflammatory response and ensure its timely resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schubert
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E Collins
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Green
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Hideaki Nagase
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
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31
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Salama Y, Lin SY, Dhahri D, Hattori K, Heissig B. The fibrinolytic factor tPA drives LRP1-mediated melanoma growth and metastasis. FASEB J 2018; 33:3465-3480. [PMID: 30458112 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801339rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional endocytic receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)1 has recently been identified as a hub within a biomarker network for multicancer clinical outcome prediction. The mechanism how LRP1 modulates cancer progression is poorly understood. In this study we found that LRP1 and one of its ligands, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), are expressed in melanoma cells and control melanoma growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanistic studies were performed on 2 melanoma cancer cell lines, B16F10 and the B16F1 cells, both of which form primary melanoma tumors, but only B16F10 cells metastasize to the lungs. Tumor-, but not niche cell-derived tPA, enhanced melanoma cell proliferation in tPA-/- mice. Gain-of-function experiments revealed that melanoma LRP1 is critical for tumor growth, recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the tumor bed, and metastasis. Melanoma LRP1 was found to enhance ERK activation, resulting in increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 RNA, protein, and secreted activity, a well-known modulator of melanoma metastasis. Restoration of LRP1 and tPA in the less aggressive, poorly metastatic B16F1 tumor cells enhanced tumor cell proliferation and led to massive lung metastasis in murine tumor models. Antimelanoma drug treatment induced tPA and LRP1 expression. tPA or LRP1 knockdown enhanced chemosensitivity in melanoma cells. Our results identify the tPA-LRP1 pathway as a key switch that drives melanoma progression, in part by modulating the cellular composition and proteolytic makeup of the tumor niche. Targeting this pathway may be a novel treatment strategy in combination treatments for melanoma.-Salama, Y., Lin, S.-Y., Dhahri, D., Hattori, K., Heissig, B. The fibrinolytic factor tPA drives LRP1-mediated melanoma growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Salama
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Shiou-Yuh Lin
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Douaa Dhahri
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hattori
- Center for Genome and Regenerative Medicine Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Beate Heissig
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Atopy (Allergy) Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cryoprecipitate augments the global transduction of the adeno-associated virus serotype 9 after a systemic administration. J Control Release 2018; 286:415-424. [PMID: 30107215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been successfully used for transgene delivery in clinical trials. A systemic administration of AAV vectors has been proposed in order to achieve global transduction, which requires that the AAV vector is capable of crossing the blood vessels. It has been demonstrated that serum proteins are able to directly interact with AAV virions to enhance liver transduction. In this study, we investigate whether the serum proteins have the potential to increase the capacity of AAV to diffuse through the endothelial cells and deliver the transgene into the whole body. First, we found that the direct interaction of serum with AAV9 virions increased the epithelial cell permeability of AAV9 in vitro. Several serum proteins with a potential effect on AAV vascular permeability have been identified from mass spectrometry analysis, including fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor (vWF), platelet factor 4, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and plasminogen. The incubation of these serum proteins with AAV9 enhanced the global transduction in mice after a systemic administration. To apply these findings in clinical practice, we demonstrated that the clinical product cryoprecipitate (mainly containing fibrinogen and vWF) augmented AAV9 global transduction. The mechanism study revealed that cryoprecipitate slowed down the clearance of AAV9 vectors in the blood so that the AAV9 vectors had sufficient time to travel to the peripheral organs. In summary, the results from this study suggests that serum proteins interact with AAV virions and enhance the AAV9 vascular permeability for global transduction, and, more importantly, cryoprecipitate can be immediately applied for clinical patients who need the systemic administration of AAV vectors for global transduction.
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Kuriakose M, Rama Rao KV, Younger D, Chandra N. Temporal and Spatial Effects of Blast Overpressure on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Brain Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8681. [PMID: 29875451 PMCID: PMC5989233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a “signature wound” in soldiers during training and in combat and has also become a major cause of morbidity in civilians due to increased insurgency. This work examines the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption as a result of both primary biomechanical and secondary biochemical injury mechanisms in bTBI. Extravasation of sodium fluorescein (NaF) and Evans blue (EB) tracers were used to demonstrate that compromise of the BBB occurs immediately following shock loading, increases in intensity up to 4 hours and returns back to normal in 24 hours. This BBB compromise occurs in multiple regions of the brain in the anterior-posterior direction of the shock wave, with maximum extravasation seen in the frontal cortex. Compromise of the BBB is confirmed by (a) extravasation of tracers into the brain, (b) quantification of tight-junction proteins (TJPs) in the brain and the blood, and (c) tracking specific blood-borne molecules into the brain and brain-specific proteins into the blood. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the BBB compromise occurs as a part of initial biomechanical loading and is a function of increasing blast overpressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kuriakose
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
| | - Daniel Younger
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
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Plasma Hemopexin ameliorates murine spinal cord injury by switching microglia from the M1 state to the M2 state. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:181. [PMID: 29415995 PMCID: PMC5833847 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating type of central nervous system (CNS) trauma with limited therapeutic treatments. The polarization of microglia into the M1 or M2 state has been documented to play important roles in the pathogenesis of SCI, although the complete repertoire of underlying factors has not been identified. Interestingly, the time point at which hematomyelia (intramedullary spinal cord hemorrhage) is alleviated coincides with a decrease in the number of M2 microglia. Here the function of Hemopexin (Hpx), a hematogenous glycoprotein, was examined in the crush model of SCI. Hpx levels were elevated at the lesion site during hematomyelia and were synchronously correlated with the level of the M2 marker Arginase-1 (Arg-1). Ablation of Hpx in vivo affected the polarization state of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia, as mirrored by a lower percentage of M2 microglia and a higher percentage of M1 microglia in the lesion site, which delayed the recovery and exacerbated the behavioral dysfunction after SCI. However, Hpx induced a rapid switch from the M1 to M2 phenotype in LPS-stimulated primary cultured microglia in a heme scavenging-independent manner. The supernant of Hpx-treated microglia ameliorated neuronal degeneration, alleviated demyelination, and promoted oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) maturation. This modulatory effect of Hpx on microglia polarization was at least partially mediated by the LRP-1 receptor. Based on these results, Hpx is considered a novel modulator of the polarization of microglia during the pathogenesis of SCI and may play a crucial role in the recovery from SCI.
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El Amki M, Wegener S. Improving Cerebral Blood Flow after Arterial Recanalization: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy in Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122669. [PMID: 29232823 PMCID: PMC5751271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by a disruption in blood supply to a region of the brain. It induces dysfunction of brain cells and networks, resulting in sudden neurological deficits. The cause of stroke is vascular, but the consequences are neurological. Decades of research have focused on finding new strategies to reduce the neural damage after cerebral ischemia. However, despite the incredibly huge investment, all strategies targeting neuroprotection have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Today, treatment for stroke consists of dealing with the cause, attempting to remove the occluding blood clot and recanalize the vessel. However, clinical evidence suggests that the beneficial effect of post-stroke recanalization may be hampered by the occurrence of microvascular reperfusion failure. In short: recanalization is not synonymous with reperfusion. Today, clinicians are confronted with several challenges in acute stroke therapy, even after successful recanalization: (1) induce reperfusion, (2) avoid hemorrhagic transformation (HT), and (3) avoid early or late vascular reocclusion. All these parameters impact the restoration of cerebral blood flow after stroke. Recent advances in understanding the molecular consequences of recanalization and reperfusion may lead to innovative therapeutic strategies for improving reperfusion after stroke. In this review, we will highlight the importance of restoring normal cerebral blood flow after stroke and outline molecular mechanisms involved in blood flow regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Amki
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Susanne Wegener
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Niego B, Broughton BRS, Ho H, Sobey CG, Medcalf RL. LDL receptor blockade reduces mortality in a mouse model of ischaemic stroke without improving tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced brain haemorrhage: towards pre-clinical simulation of symptomatic ICH. Fluids Barriers CNS 2017; 14:33. [PMID: 29157263 PMCID: PMC5696777 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-017-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH) following tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) administration is the most feared and lethal complication of thrombolytic therapy for ischaemic stroke, creating a significant obstacle for a broader uptake of this beneficial treatment. rt-PA also undermines cerebral vasculature stability in a multimodal process which involves engagement with LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), potentially underlying the development of sICH. Aims and methods We aimed to simulate rt-PA-induced haemorrhagic transformation (HT) in a mouse model of stroke and to assess if it drives symptomatic neurological deterioration and whether it is attenuated by LDL receptor blockade. rt-PA (10 mg/kg) or its vehicle, with or without the LDL receptor antagonist, receptor-associated protein (RAP; 2 mg/kg), were intravenously injected at reperfusion after 0.5 or 4 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Albumin and haemoglobin content were measured in the perfused mouse brains 24 h post MCAo as indications of blood–brain barrier (BBB) compromise and HT, respectively. Results rt-PA did not elevate brain albumin and haemoglobin levels in sham mice or in mice subjected to 0.5 h MCAo. In contrast, administration of rt-PA after prolonged MCAo (4 h) caused a marked increase in HT (but similar changes in brain albumin) compared to vehicle, mimicking the clinical shift from a safe to detrimental intervention. Interestingly, this HT did not correlate with functional deficit severity at 24 h, suggesting that it does not play a symptomatic role in our mouse stroke model. Co-administration of RAP with or without rt-PA reduced mortality and neurological scores but did not effectively decrease brain albumin and haemoglobin levels. Conclusion Despite the proven causative relationship between severe HT and neurological deterioration in human stroke, rt-PA-triggered HT in mouse MCAo does not contribute to neurological deficit or simulate sICH. Model limitations, such as the long duration of occlusion required, the type of HT achieved and the timing of deficit assessment may account for this mismatch. Our results further suggest that blockade of LDL receptors improves stroke outcome irrespective of rt-PA, blood–brain barrier breakdown and HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Be'eri Niego
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 4 Burnet Building, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, VIC, Australia.
| | - Brad R S Broughton
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 4 Burnet Building, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Level 4 Burnet Building, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, VIC, Australia
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Hu P, Li Y, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Scesa G, Bi Y, Pan D, Moore D, Bongarzone ER, Sands MS, Miller R, Kafri T. Hematopoietic Stem cell transplantation and lentiviral vector-based gene therapy for Krabbe's disease: Present convictions and future prospects. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1152-68. [PMID: 27638600 PMCID: PMC5027985 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, presymtomatic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell transplantation (HSPCT) is the only therapeutic modality that alleviates Krabbe's disease (KD)‐induced central nervous system damage. However, all HSPCT‐treated patients exhibit severe deterioration in peripheral nervous system function characterized by major motor and expressive language pathologies. We hypothesize that a combination of several mechanisms contribute to this phenomenon, including 1) nonoptimal conditioning protocols with consequent inefficient engraftment and biodistribution of donor‐derived cells and 2) insufficient uptake of donor cell‐secreted galactocerebrosidease (GALC) secondary to a naturally low expression level of the cation‐independent mannose 6‐phosphate‐receptor (CI‐MPR). We have characterized the effects of a busulfan (Bu) based conditioning regimen on the efficacy of HSPCT in prolonging twi mouse average life span. There was no correlation between the efficiency of bone marrow engraftment of donor cells and twi mouse average life span. HSPCT prolonged the average life span of twi mice, which directly correlated with the aggressiveness of the Bu‐mediated conditioning protocols. HSPC transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying the GALC cDNA under control of cell‐specific promoters were efficiently engrafted in twi mouse bone marrow. To facilitate HSPCT‐mediated correction of GALC deficiency in target cells expressing low levels of CI‐MPR, a novel GALC fusion protein including the ApoE1 receptor was developed. Efficient cellular uptake of the novel fusion protein was mediated by a mannose‐6‐phosphate‐independent mechanism. The novel findings described here elucidate some of the cellular mechanisms that impede the cure of KD patients by HSPCT and concomitantly open new directions to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of HSPCT protocols for KD. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirong Hu
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yedda Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nana Nikolaishvili-Feinberg
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Giuseppe Scesa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yanmin Bi
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dao Pan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dominic Moore
- Biostatistics Core Facility, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and of Neurology, Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Tal Kafri
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Microglial-mediated PDGF-CC activation increases cerebrovascular permeability during ischemic stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:585-604. [PMID: 28725968 PMCID: PMC5587628 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with the thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can significantly improve neurological outcomes; however, thrombolytic therapy is associated with an increased risk of intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Previously, we demonstrated that during stroke tPA acting on the parenchymal side of the neurovascular unit (NVU) can increase blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and ICH through activation of latent platelet-derived growth factor-CC (PDGF-CC) and signaling by the PDGF receptor-α (PDGFRα). However, in vitro, activation of PDGF-CC by tPA is very inefficient and the mechanism of PDGF-CC activation in the NVU is not known. Here, we show that the integrin Mac-1, expressed on brain microglia/macrophages (denoted microglia throughout), acts together with the endocytic receptor LRP1 in the NVU to promote tPA-mediated activation of PDGF-CC. Mac-1-deficient mice (Mac-1−/−) are protected from tPA-induced BBB permeability but not from permeability induced by intracerebroventricular injection of active PDGF-CC. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrates that Mac-1, LRP1, and the PDGFRα all localize to the NVU of arterioles, and following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) Mac-1−/− mice show significantly less PDGFRα phosphorylation, BBB permeability, and infarct volume compared to wild-type mice. Bone-marrow transplantation studies indicate that resident CD11b+ cells, but not bone-marrow-derived leukocytes, mediate the early activation of PDGF-CC by tPA after MCAO. Finally, using a model of thrombotic stroke with late thrombolysis, we show that wild-type mice have an increased incidence of spontaneous ICH following thrombolysis with tPA 5 h after MCAO, whereas Mac-1−/− mice are resistant to the development of ICH even with late tPA treatment. Together, these results indicate that Mac-1 and LRP1 act as co-factors for the activation of PDGF-CC by tPA in the NVU, and suggest a novel mechanism for tightly regulating PDGFRα signaling in the NVU and controlling BBB permeability.
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Liu S, Feng X, Jin R, Li G. Tissue plasminogen activator-based nanothrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 15:173-184. [PMID: 28944694 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1384464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thrombolysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA approved treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke, but its use is limited by narrow therapeutic window, selective efficacy, and hemorrhagic complication. In the past two decades, extensive efforts have been undertaken to extend its therapeutic time window and explore alternative thrombolytic agents, but both show little progress. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising strategy to improve the efficacy and safety of tPA. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the biology, thrombolytic mechanism, and pleiotropic functions of tPA in the brain and discussed current applications of various nanocarriers intended for the delivery of tPA for treatment of ischemic stroke. Current challenges and potential further directions of t-PA-based nanothrombolysis in stroke therapy are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Using nanocarriers to deliver tPA offers many advantages to enhance the efficacy and safety of tPA therapy. Further research is needed to characterize the physicochemical characteristics and in vivo behavior of tPA-loaded nanocarriers. Combination of tPA based nanothrombolysis and neuroprotection represents a promising treatment strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Theranostic nanocarriers co-delivered with tPA and imaging agents are also promising for future stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Pharmaceutics Department , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xiaozhou Feng
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Rong Jin
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Guohong Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
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Can the benefits of rtPA treatment for stroke be improved? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:566-571. [PMID: 28797689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease well known to promote fibrinolysis. This is why: its recombinant form (rtPA) can be used, either alone or combined with thrombectomy, to promote recanalization/reperfusion following ischemic stroke. However, its overall benefits are counteracted by some of its side-effects, including incomplete lysis of clots, an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation and the possibility of neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, better understanding of the mechanisms by which tPA influences brain function and promotes its alteration may help in the design of new strategies to improve stroke therapy.
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Armstead WM, Hekierski H, Yarovoi S, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. tPA variant tPA-A 296-299 Prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation and necrosis of hippocampal neurons after stroke by inhibiting upregulation of ET-1. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:128-137. [PMID: 28703856 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is neurotoxic and exacerbates uncoupling of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism after stroke, yet it remains the sole FDA-approved drug for treatment of ischemic stroke. Upregulation of c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) after stroke contributes to tPA-mediated impairment of autoregulation, but the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is unknown. Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale, impaired autoregulation is linked to adverse outcomes after TBI, but correlation with hippocampal histopathology after stroke has not been established. We propose that given after stroke, tPA activates N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) and upregulates ET-1 in a JNK dependent manner, imparing autoregulation and leading to histopathology. After stroke, CBF was reduced in the hippocampus and reduced further during hypotension, which did not occur in hypotensive sham pigs, indicating impairment of autoregulation. Autoregulation and necrosis of hippocampal CA1 and CA3 neurons were further impaired by tPA, but were preserved by the ET-1 antagonist BQ 123 and tPA-A,296-299 a variant that is fibrinolytic but does not bind to NMDA-Rs. Expression of ET-1 was increased by stroke and potentiated by tPA but returned to sham levels by tPA-A296-299 and the JNK antagonist SP600125. Results show that JNK releases ET-1 after stroke. Tissue-type plasminogen activator -A296-299 prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation and histopathology after stroke by inhibiting upregulation of ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04
| | - Hugh Hekierski
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04
| | - Serge Yarovoi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04
| | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Douglas B Cines
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, l9l04
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Annexin A2 Plus Low-Dose Tissue Plasminogen Activator Combination Attenuates Cerebrovascular Dysfunction After Focal Embolic Stroke of Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:549-559. [PMID: 28580536 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed recombinant annexin A2 (rA2) in combination with low-dose tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) improved thrombolytic efficacy and long-term neurological outcomes after embolic focal ischemia in rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the combination in early BBB integrity and cerebrovascular patency in the rat focal embolic stroke model. Ischemic brain infarct volume and hemorrhagic transformation were quantified at 24 h after stroke. At an earlier time point, 16 h after stroke, BBB integrity was evaluated by IgG extravasation, and the involved mechanisms were assessed for tight junction ZO-1 and adhesion junction ve-cadherin protein expression, matrix metalloproteinase activation, extracellular matrix collagen IV and endothelial barrier antigen expression, and activation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. While at the same time point, cerebrovascular patency was assessed by intravascular fibrin and platelet depositions. At 24 h after stroke, the combination showed significant reduction in brain infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage. At 16 h after stroke onset, the combination therapy significantly reduced BBB disruption, and improved preservation of the junction proteins ZO-1 and ve-cadherin, decreased activation of matrix metalloproteinase, inhibited degradation of extracellular matrix collagen IV and endothelial barrier antigen, and reduced microglia/macrophage and astrocytes activations. Meanwhile, the combination also significantly improved cerebrovascular patency by reducing intravascular fibrin and platelet depositions in the peri-infarct brain tissues. These results suggest the beneficial effects of the rA2 plus low-dose tPA combination may be mediated in part by the amelioration of BBB disruption and improvement of cerebrovascular patency.
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FXII promotes proteolytic processing of the LRP1 ectodomain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2088-2098. [PMID: 28552561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor XII (FXII) is a serine protease that is involved in activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation, the kallikrein-kinin system and the complement cascade. Although the binding of FXII to the cell surface has been demonstrated, the consequence of this event for proteolytic processing of membrane-anchored proteins has never been described. METHODS The effect of FXII on the proteolytic processing of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) ectodomain was tested in human primary lung fibroblasts (hLF), alveolar macrophages (hAM) and in human precision cut lung slices (hPCLS). The identity of generated LRP1 fragments was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS. Activity of FXII and gelatinases was measured by S-2302 hydrolysis and zymography, respectively. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate a new function of FXII, namely its ability to process LRP1 extracellular domain. Incubation of hLF, hAM, or hPCLS with FXII resulted in the accumulation of LRP1 ectodomain fragments in conditioned media. This effect was independent of metalloproteases and required FXII proteolytic activity. Binding of FXII to hLF surface induced its conversion to FXIIa and protected FXIIa against inactivation by a broad spectrum of serine protease inhibitors. Preincubation of hLF with collagenase I impaired FXII activation and, in consequence, LRP1 cleavage. FXII-triggered LRP1 processing was associated with the accumulation of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in conditioned media. CONCLUSIONS FXII controls LRP1 levels and function at the plasma membrane by modulating processing of its ectodomain. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE FXII-dependent proteolytic processing of LRP1 may exacerbate extracellular proteolysis and thus promote pathological tissue remodeling.
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Horie K, Watanabe M, Chanbora C, Awada T, Kunimatsu R, Uchida T, Takata T, Tanimoto K. Bovine lactoferrin reduces extra-territorial facial allodynia/hyperalgesia following a trigeminal nerve injury in the rat. Brain Res 2017; 1669:89-96. [PMID: 28465227 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent clinical need for an effective therapeutic agent to treat neuropathic pain. This study explored whether intrathecal administration of bovine lactoferrin (bLF), in combination with signal transduction pathway inhibition or an inflammatory cytokine production, results in reduced allodynia/hyperalgesia in the whisker pad area following mental nerve transection (MNT) in rats. Rats were intrathecally infused with bLF, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS), an antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), or interleukin (IL)-18 binding protein (BP). bLF attenuated allodynia/hyperalgesia and blocked upregulation of phosphorylated (p)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p-nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, p-IκB kinase, and IL-18 in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). Microglia expressed p-p38 and astrocytes expressed p-NF-κB p65 in the Vc following MNT. LPS-RS had the same effects as bLF, except for attenuation of p-NF-κB p65. IL-18BP attenuated allodynia/hyperalgesia and IL-18 upregulation in the Vc. These results suggest that bLF suppresses IL-18 production, which is involved in allodynia/hyperalgesia following MNT, by inhibiting TLR4-derived p38 MAPK activation in microglia. Additionally, binding of bLF to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 might result in inhibition of p38 MAPK and NF-κB activation. The findings suggest that bLF could serve as a potent therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Horie
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mineo Watanabe
- Department of Oral Biology, Basic Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Chea Chanbora
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Basic Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Awada
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ryo Kunimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Uchida
- Department of Oral Biology, Basic Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Takata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Basic Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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Cheon SY, Kim SY, Kam EH, Lee JH, Kim JM, Kim EJ, Kim TW, Koo BN. Isoflurane preconditioning inhibits the effects of tissue-type plasminogen activator on brain endothelial cell in an in vitro model of ischemic stroke. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:425-433. [PMID: 28539818 PMCID: PMC5441034 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.18037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only treatment for ischemic stroke. However, tPA could induce the intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), which is the main cause of death in ischemic stroke patient after tPA treatment. At present, there is no treatment strategy to ameliorate tPA-induced brain injury after ischemia. Therefore, we investigated the effect of pre-treated isoflurane, which is a volatile anesthetic and has beneficial effects on neurological dysfunction, brain edema and infarct volume in ischemic stroke model. In this study, we used oxygen/glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) condition to mimic an ischemic stroke in vitro. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activity was measured in endothelial cell media. Also, neuronal cell culture was performed to investigate the effect of pretreated isoflurane on the neuronal cell survival after tPA-induced injury during OGD/R. Isoflurane pretreatment prevented tPA-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity and suppressed tPA-triggered LRP/NF-κB/Cox-2 signaling after OGD/R. Neuronal cells, incubated with endothelial cell conditioned medium (EC-CM) after tPA + OGD/R, showed upregulation of pro-apoptotic molecules. However, neurons incubated with isoflurane-pretreated EC-CM showed increased anti-apoptotic molecules. Our findings suggest that isoflurane pretreatment could attenuate tPA-exaggerated brain ischemic injury, by reducing tPA-induced LRP/NF-κB/Cox-2 in endothelial cells, endothelial MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation, and subsequent pro-apoptotic molecule in neurons after OGD/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Cheon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Whan Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Nyeo Koo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hyperfibrinolysis increases blood–brain barrier permeability by a plasmin- and bradykinin-dependent mechanism. Blood 2016; 128:2423-2434. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-705384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Hydrodynamic transfection of plasmids encoding for plasminogen activators leads to a hyperfibrinolytic state in mice. Hyperfibrinolysis increases BBB permeability via a plasmin- and bradykinin-dependent mechanism.
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47
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Lesept F, Chevilley A, Jezequel J, Ladépêche L, Macrez R, Aimable M, Lenoir S, Bertrand T, Rubrecht L, Galea P, Lebouvier L, Petersen KU, Hommet Y, Maubert E, Ali C, Groc L, Vivien D. Tissue-type plasminogen activator controls neuronal death by raising surface dynamics of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2466. [PMID: 27831563 PMCID: PMC5260909 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ion channels whose synaptic versus extrasynaptic localization critically influences their functions. This distribution of NMDARs is highly dependent on their lateral diffusion at the cell membrane. Each obligatory subunit of NMDARs (GluN1 and GluN2) contains two extracellular clamshell-like domains with an agonist-binding domain and a distal N-terminal domain (NTD). To date, the roles and dynamics of the NTD of the GluN1 subunit in NMDAR allosteric signaling remain poorly understood. Using single nanoparticle tracking in mouse neurons, we demonstrate that the extracellular neuronal protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), well known to have a role in the synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, leads to a selective increase of the surface dynamics and subsequent diffusion of extrasynaptic NMDARs. This process explains the previously reported ability of tPA to promote NMDAR-mediated calcium influx. In parallel, we developed a monoclonal antibody capable of specifically blocking the interaction of tPA with the NTD of the GluN1 subunit of NMDAR. Using this original approach, we demonstrate that the tPA binds the NTD of the GluN1 subunit at a lysine in position 178. Accordingly, when applied to mouse neurons, our selected antibody (named Glunomab) leads to a selective reduction of the tPA-mediated surface dynamics of extrasynaptic NMDARs, subsequent signaling and neurotoxicity, both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, we demonstrate that the tPA is a ligand of the NTD of the obligatory GluN1 subunit of NMDAR acting as a modulator of their dynamic distribution at the neuronal surface and subsequent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Lesept
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Chevilley
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Julie Jezequel
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Ladépêche
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Richard Macrez
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Margaux Aimable
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Sophie Lenoir
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Thomas Bertrand
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Lebouvier
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | | | - Yannick Hommet
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Eric Maubert
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS IINS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
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Goldstein J, Carden TR, Perez MJ, Taira CA, Höcht C, Gironacci MM. Angiotensin-(1-7) protects from brain damage induced by shiga toxin 2-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R1173-R1185. [PMID: 27681328 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00467.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-producing enterohemorrhagic induced brain damage. Since a cerebroprotective action was reported for angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7), our aim was to investigate whether Ang-(1-7) protects from brain damage induced by Stx2-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli The anterior hypothalamic area of adult male Wistar rats was injected with saline solution or Stx2 or Stx2 plus Ang-(1-7) or Stx2 plus Ang-(1-7) plus A779. Rats received a single injection of Stx2 at the beginning of the experiment, and Ang-(1-7), A779, or saline was administered daily in a single injection for 8 days. Cellular ultrastructural changes were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Stx2 induced neurodegeneration, axonal demyelination, alterations in synapse, and oligodendrocyte and astrocyte damage, accompanied by edema. Ang-(1-7) prevented neuronal damage triggered by the toxin in 55.6 ± 9.5% of the neurons and the Stx2-induced synapse dysfunction was reversed. In addition, Ang-(1-7) blocked Stx2-induced demyelination in 92 ± 4% of the axons. Oligodendrocyte damage caused by Stx2 was prevented by Ang-(1-7) but astrocytes were only partially protected by the peptide (38 ± 5% of astrocytes were preserved). Ang-(1-7) treatment resulted in 50% reduction in the number of activated microglial cells induced by Stx2, suggesting an anti-inflammatory action. All these beneficial effects elicited by Ang-(1-7) were blocked by the Mas receptor antagonist and thus it was concluded that Ang-(1-7) protects mainly neurons and oligodendrocytes, and partially astrocytes, in the central nervous system through Mas receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Goldstein
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica "Houssay"-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás R Carden
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - María J Perez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Carlos A Taira
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Höcht
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
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49
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Zhao Y, Li D, Zhao J, Song J, Zhao Y. The role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP-1) in regulating blood-brain barrier integrity. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:623-34. [PMID: 27206317 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective structure that helps maintaining the homeostasis in cerebral microenvironment by limiting the passage of molecules into the brain. BBB is formed by closely conjugated endothelial cells, with astrocytic endfeet surrounded and extracellular matrix (ECM) consolidated. Numerous neurological diseases can cause disturbance of BBB, leading to brain edema and neurological dysfunctions. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor–related protein 1 (LRP-1), a member of the LDL receptor gene family, is involved in a lot of important processes in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions. As a membrane receptor, LRP-1 interacts with a variety of ligands and mediates the internalization of several important substances. LRP-1 is found responsible for inducing the opening of BBB following ischemic attack. It has also been reported that LRP-1 regulates several tight junction proteins and mediates the clearance of major ECM-degrading proteinases. In this review, we briefly discussed the role of LRP-1 in regulating BBB integrity by modulating tight junction proteins, endothelial cells and the remodeling of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’, and Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dandong Li
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’, and Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinning Song
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’, and Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yonglin Zhao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’, and Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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50
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Macrez R, Ortega MC, Bardou I, Mehra A, Fournier A, Van der Pol SMA, Haelewyn B, Maubert E, Lesept F, Chevilley A, de Castro F, De Vries HE, Vivien D, Clemente D, Docagne F. Neuroendothelial NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain 2016; 139:2406-19. [PMID: 27435092 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is among the most common causes of neurological disability in young adults. Here we provide the preclinical proof of concept of the benefit of a novel strategy of treatment for multiple sclerosis targeting neuroendothelial N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors. We designed a monoclonal antibody against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, which targets a regulatory site of the GluN1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor sensitive to the protease tissue plasminogen activator. This antibody reverted the effect of tissue plasminogen activator on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function without affecting basal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity (n = 21, P < 0.01). This antibody bound N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on the luminal surface of neurovascular endothelium in human tissues and in mouse, at the vicinity of tight junctions of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Noteworthy, it reduced human leucocyte transmigration in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (n = 12, P < 0.05). When injected during the effector phase of MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (n = 24), it blocked the progression of neurological impairments, reducing cumulative clinical score (P < 0.001) and mean peak score (P < 0.001). This effect was observed in wild-type animals but not in tissue plasminogen activator knock-out animals (n = 10). This therapeutic effect was associated to a preservation of the blood-spinal cord barrier (n = 6, P < 0.001), leading to reduced leucocyte infiltration (n = 6, P < 0.001). Overall, this study unveils a critical function of endothelial N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in multiple sclerosis, and highlights the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting the protease-regulated site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Macrez
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Maria C Ortega
- 4 Grupo de Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos - Toledo, Spain
| | - Isabelle Bardou
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Anupriya Mehra
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Antoine Fournier
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Susanne M A Van der Pol
- 5 Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benoit Haelewyn
- 6 Centre Universitaire de Ressources Biologiques, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Eric Maubert
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Arnaud Chevilley
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Fernando de Castro
- 4 Grupo de Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos - Toledo, Spain 7 Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe. Instituto Cajal. CSIC - Madrid, Spain
| | - Helga E De Vries
- 5 Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Vivien
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
| | - Diego Clemente
- 4 Grupo de Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos - Toledo, Spain 8 Grupo de Neuroimmuno-reparación. Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos - Toledo, Spain
| | - Fabian Docagne
- 1 INSERM, INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 2 Universite' de Caen BasseNormandie, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France 3 GIP Cyceron, Caen, F-14074 France
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