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Toy HI, Karakülah G, Kontou PI, Alotaibi H, Georgakilas AG, Pavlopoulou A. Investigating Molecular Determinants of Cancer Cell Resistance to Ionizing Radiation Through an Integrative Bioinformatics Approach. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620248. [PMID: 33898418 PMCID: PMC8058375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of cancer cells through exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation (IR) is a widely used therapeutic strategy in the clinical setting. However, in many cases, cancer cells can develop remarkable resistance to radiation. Radioresistance represents a prominent obstacle in the effective treatment of cancer. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and pathways related to radioresistance in cancer cells is of paramount importance. In the present study, an integrative bioinformatics approach was applied to three publicly available RNA sequencing and microarray transcriptome datasets of human cancer cells of different tissue origins treated with ionizing radiation. These data were investigated in order to identify genes with a significantly altered expression between radioresistant and corresponding radiosensitive cancer cells. Through rigorous statistical and biological analyses, 36 genes were identified as potential biomarkers of radioresistance. These genes, which are primarily implicated in DNA damage repair, oxidative stress, cell pro-survival, and apoptotic pathways, could serve as potential diagnostic/prognostic markers cancer cell resistance to radiation treatment, as well as for therapy outcome and cancer patient survival. In addition, our findings could be potentially utilized in the laboratory and clinical setting for enhancing cancer cell susceptibility to radiation therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Ibrahim Toy
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Panagiota I Kontou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | - Hani Alotaibi
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Zografou, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.,Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Zhao L, Li R, Qiu JZ, Yu JB, Cao Y, Yuan RT. YY1-mediated PTEN dephosphorylation antagonizes IR-induced DNA repair contributing to tongue squamous cell carcinoma radiosensitization. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 53:101577. [PMID: 32334006 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) confers a survival advantage in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), however, IR resistance limits its efficacy. Although Yin Yang 1 (YY1) has been reported to play a role in genotoxic drug resistance by accelerating DNA repair, its role in TSCC radioresistance remains unclear. In this study, we examined YY1 mRNA and protein expression in human tongue cancer samples using qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. DNA array data identified YY1 mRNA expression in IR sensitivity or resistance cell lines and tissues. Tongue carcinoma primary cells and CAL27 cells with YY1 stably overexpressed or knocked-down were exposed to IR and evaluated for cell proliferation and apoptosis by CCK8-assay and caspase-3 assay, respectively. We also examined DNA damage- or repair-related indicators, such as YY1, p-H2AX, nuclear PTEN, p-PTEN, and Rad51 through Western blot analysis. Additionally, we explored the mechanism of IR-induced PTEN nuclear translocation by introducing a series of PTEN phosphorylation site mutations and co-IP assay. We observed that YY1 mRNA and protein are highly expressed in TSCC tissues, which was correlated with worse overall survival. Moreover, higher expression of YY1 and Rad51 was observed in radioresistant cells and tissues, overexpression of YY1 led to IR resistance in TSCC cells, whereas YY1 knockdown sensitized TSCC cells to IR. The underlying mechanism showed that the overexpression of YY1 upregulated nuclear PTEN and Rad51 expression, which is essential for DNA repair. IR upregulated YY1, nuclear PTEN, and Rad51; thus, knockdown of YY1 completely blocked IR-induced upregulation of nuclear PTEN/Rad51. IR upregulated PTEN phosphorylation, and mutation of the phosphorylation site of Ser380 nearly completely blocked IR-induced PTEN nuclear translocation. Furthermore, the phosphatase PP2A negatively regulated pS380-PTEN, and knockdown of YY1 completely blocked IR-induced pS380-PTEN through PP2A. In conclusion, knockdown of YY1 enhanced TSCC radiosensitivity through PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of PTEN Ser380; thus, antagonizing the IR-induced nuclear PTEN/Rad51 axis and targeting YY1 may reverse IR resistance in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Center of Oral Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, #5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, #19 JiangSu Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Weifang Medical University Affiliated Qingdao Stomatological Hospital, #17 Dexian Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China
| | - Jian-Zhong Qiu
- Center of Oral Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, #5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, #19 JiangSu Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China
| | - Jiang-Bo Yu
- Center of Oral Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, #5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, #19 JiangSu Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China
| | - Yang Cao
- Center of Oral Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, #5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, #19 JiangSu Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China
| | - Rong-Tao Yuan
- Center of Oral Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, #5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, #19 JiangSu Road, Qingdao, 266000, PR China.
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3
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Ibrahim OM, As Sobeai HM, Grant SG, Latimer JJ. Nucleotide excision repair is a predictor of early relapse in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:95. [PMID: 30376844 PMCID: PMC6208034 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) is a major pathway of mammalian DNA repair that is associated with drug resistance and has not been well characterized in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The objective of this study was to explore the role of NER in relapsed ALL patients. We hypothesized that increased expression of NER genes was associated with drug resistance and relapse in ALL. METHODS We performed secondary data analysis on two sets of pediatric ALL patients that all ultimately relapsed, and who had matched diagnosis-relapse gene expression microarray data (GSE28460 and GSE18497). GSE28460 included 49 precursor-B-ALL patients, and GSE18497 included 27 precursor-B-ALL and 14 T-ALL patients. Microarray data were processed using the Plier 16 algorithm and the 20 canonical NER genes were extracted. Comparisons were made between time of diagnosis and relapse, and between early and late relapsing subgroups. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate whether NER gene expression was altered at the level of the entire pathway and individual gene expression was compared using t-tests. RESULTS We found that gene expression of the NER pathway was significantly increased upon relapse in patients that took 3 years or greater to relapse (late relapsers, P = .007), whereas no such change was evident in patients that relapsed in less than 3 years (early relapsers, P = .180). Moreover, at diagnosis, the NER gene expression of the early relapsing subpopulation was already significantly elevated over that of the late relapsing group (P < .001). This pattern was validated by an 'NER score' established by averaging the relative expression of the 20 canonical NER genes. The NER score at diagnosis was found to be significantly associated with disease-free survival in precursor-B-ALL (P < .001). CONCLUSION Patients are over two times more likely to undergo early relapse if they have a high NER score at diagnosis, hazard ratio 2.008, 95% CI (1.256-3.211). The NER score may provide a underlying mechanism for "time to remission", a known prognostic factor in ALL, and a rationale for differential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328 USA
- AutoNation Institute for Breast and Solid Tumor Cancer Research, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
| | - Homood M. As Sobeai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328 USA
- AutoNation Institute for Breast and Solid Tumor Cancer Research, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2475, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen G. Grant
- AutoNation Institute for Breast and Solid Tumor Cancer Research, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
- Department of Public Health, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328 USA
| | - Jean J. Latimer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 3200 S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328 USA
- AutoNation Institute for Breast and Solid Tumor Cancer Research, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA
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Gustafsson NMS, Färnegårdh K, Bonagas N, Ninou AH, Groth P, Wiita E, Jönsson M, Hallberg K, Lehto J, Pennisi R, Martinsson J, Norström C, Hollers J, Schultz J, Andersson M, Markova N, Marttila P, Kim B, Norin M, Olin T, Helleday T. Targeting PFKFB3 radiosensitizes cancer cells and suppresses homologous recombination. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3872. [PMID: 30250201 PMCID: PMC6155239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic PFKFB3 enzyme is widely overexpressed in cancer cells and an emerging anti-cancer target. Here, we identify PFKFB3 as a critical factor in homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks. PFKFB3 rapidly relocates into ionizing radiation (IR)-induced nuclear foci in an MRN-ATM-γH2AX-MDC1-dependent manner and co-localizes with DNA damage and HR repair proteins. PFKFB3 relocalization is critical for recruitment of HR proteins, HR activity, and cell survival upon IR. We develop KAN0438757, a small molecule inhibitor that potently targets PFKFB3. Pharmacological PFKFB3 inhibition impairs recruitment of ribonucleotide reductase M2 and deoxynucleotide incorporation upon DNA repair, and reduces dNTP levels. Importantly, KAN0438757 induces radiosensitization in transformed cells while leaving non-transformed cells unaffected. In summary, we identify a key role for PFKFB3 enzymatic activity in HR repair and present KAN0438757, a selective PFKFB3 inhibitor that could potentially be used as a strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M S Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Katarina Färnegårdh
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Box 1030, S-171 21, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nadilly Bonagas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Huguet Ninou
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | - Petra Groth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisee Wiita
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kenth Hallberg
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden
- Sprint Bioscience, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jemina Lehto
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rosa Pennisi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 446 00146 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jessica Hollers
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Johan Schultz
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Petra Marttila
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, 02447, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Martin Norin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Sheffield Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK.
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5
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Weston VJ, Wei W, Stankovic T, Kearns P. Synergistic action of dual IGF1/R and MEK inhibition sensitizes childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells to cytotoxic agents and involves downregulation of STAT6 and PDAP1. Exp Hematol 2018; 63:52-63.e5. [PMID: 29656114 PMCID: PMC6371922 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dual insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1/R) + mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibition synergistically sensitize apoptosis-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Dual IGF1/R + MEK inhibition potentiates chemotherapy-induced killing of ALL cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and platelet-derived growth factor-associated protein 1 (PDAP1) are downregulated differentially by this synergistic action. STAT6 and PDAP1 are predicted to act in a putative STAT6–ERK–nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) survival network. Targeting this network may be useful for sensitizing ALL to chemotherapy agents.
Heterogeneous upregulation of multiple prosurvival pathways underlies resistance to damage-induced apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells despite normal p53 responses. Here, we show that the dual combination of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)/IGF1 receptor (IGF1/R) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibition using AG1024 + U0126 can sensitize apoptosis-resistant ALL cells to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage irrespective of effect of single pathway inhibition in vitro. This AG1024 + U0126 combination also significantly potentiates the ability of the core chemotherapy compounds vincristine, dexamethasone, and daunorubicin to kill ALL cells in vitro. Evidence of the synergistic action of AG1024 + U0126 in samples with variable basal levels of phosphorylated IGF1/Rβ and ERK1/2 suggested additional targets of this drug combination. Consistent with this, gene expression profiling identified 32 “synergy genes” differentially targeted by IGF1/R + MEK inhibition and, among these, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and platelet-derived growth factor-associated protein 1 (PDAP1) were the most differentially downregulated cluster. Pearson correlation analysesrevealed that STAT6 and PDAP1 display significant expression codependency and a common expression pattern linked with other key “synergy” genes, supporting their predicted role in an STAT6–ERK–nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) network. Knockdown studies revealed that loss of STAT6, but not PDAP1, impinges on the cell cycle, causing reduced numbers of viable cells. In combination with daunorubicin, STAT6 loss has an additive effect on cell killing, whereas PDAP1 loss is synergistic, indicating an important role of PDAP1 in the cellular response to this anthracycline. Inhibition of STAT6 or PDAP1 may therefore represent a potential novel therapeutic strategy for resistant ALL by enhancing sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Weston
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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6
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Bainer RO, Trendowski MR, Cheng C, Pei D, Yang W, Paugh SW, Goss KH, Skol AD, Pavlidis P, Pui CH, Gilliam TC, Evans WE, Onel K. A p53-regulated apoptotic gene signature predicts treatment response and outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Manag Res 2017; 9:397-410. [PMID: 28979163 PMCID: PMC5602435 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s139864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene signatures have been associated with outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other malignancies. However, determining the molecular drivers of these expression changes remains challenging. In ALL blasts, the p53 tumor suppressor is the primary regulator of the apoptotic response to genotoxic chemotherapy, which is predictive of outcome. Consequently, we hypothesized that the normal p53-regulated apoptotic response to DNA damage would be altered in ALL and that this alteration would influence drug response and treatment outcome. To test this, we first used global expression profiling in related human B-lineage lymphoblastoid cell lines with either wild type or mutant TP53 to characterize the normal p53-mediated transcriptional response to ionizing radiation (IR) and identified 747 p53-regulated apoptotic target genes. We then sorted these genes into six temporal expression clusters (TECs) based upon differences over time in their IR-induced p53-regulated gene expression patterns, and found that one cluster (TEC1) was associated with multidrug resistance in leukemic blasts in one cohort of children with ALL and was an independent predictor of survival in two others. Therefore, by investigating p53-mediated apoptosis in vitro, we identified a gene signature significantly associated with drug resistance and treatment outcome in ALL. These results suggest that intersecting pathway-derived and clinically derived expression data may be a powerful method to discover driver gene signatures with functional and clinical implications in pediatric ALL and perhaps other cancers as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew R Trendowski
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | | | - Steven W Paugh
- Hematological Malignancy Program, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Andrew D Skol
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Pavlidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Hematological Malignancy Program, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.,Department of Oncology
| | | | - William E Evans
- Hematological Malignancy Program, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kenan Onel
- Division of Human Genetics and Genomics.,Division of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
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7
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Pournazari P, Padmore RF, Kosari F, Scalia P, Shahbani-Rad MT, Shariff S, Demetrick DJ, Bosch M, Mansoor A. B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: overexpression of nuclear DNA repair protein PARP-1 correlates with antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and complex chromosomal abnormalities. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1582-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Appels R, Nystrom-Persson J, Keeble-Gagnere G. Advances in genome studies in plants and animals. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 14:1-9. [PMID: 24626952 PMCID: PMC3968518 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The area of plant and animal genomics covers the entire suite of issues in biology because it aims to determine the structure and function of genetic material. Although specific issues define research advances at an organism level, it is evident that many of the fundamental features of genome structure and the translation of encoded information to function share common ground. The Plant and Animal Genome (PAG) conference held in San Diego (California), in January each year provides an overview across all organisms at the genome level, and often it is evident that investments in the human area provide leadership, applications, and discoveries for researchers studying other organisms. This mini-review utilizes the plenary lectures as a basis for summarizing the trends in the genome-level studies of organisms, and the lectures include presentations by Ewan Birney (EBI, UK), Eric Green (NIH, USA), John Butler (NIST, USA), Elaine Mardis (Washington, USA), Caroline Dean (John Innes Centre, UK), Trudy Mackay (NC State University, USA), Sue Wessler (UC Riverside, USA), and Patrick Wincker (Genoscope, France). The work reviewed is based on published papers. Where unpublished information is cited, permission to include the information in this manuscript was obtained from the presenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Appels
- Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia,
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9
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Uckun FM, Qazi S. Spleen tyrosine kinase as a molecular target for treatment of leukemias and lymphomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 10:1407-18. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Uckun FM, Qazi S. SYK as a New Therapeutic Target in B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:124-131. [PMID: 24851191 PMCID: PMC4026065 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2014.51015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of SYK as a master regulator of apoptosis controlling the activation of the PI3-K/AKT, NFκB, and STAT3 pathways—three major anti-apoptotic signaling pathways in B-lineage leukemia/lymphoma cells—prompts the hypothesis that rationally designed inhibitors targeting SYK may overcome the resistance of malignant B-lineage lymphoid cells to apoptosis and thereby provide the foundation for more effective multi-modality treatment regimens for poor prognosis B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BPL). In recent preclinical proof-of-concept studies, a liposomal nanoparticle (LNP) formulation of a SYK substrate-binding site inhibitor, known as C61, has been developed as a nanomedicine candidate against poor prognosis and relapsed BPL. This nanoscale formulation of C61 exhibited a uniquely favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profile in mice, induced apoptosis in radiation-resistant primary leukemic cells taken directly from BPL patients as well as in vivo clonogenic BPL xenograft cells, destroyed the leukemic stem cell fraction of BPL blasts, and exhibited potent in vivo anti-leukemic activity in xenograft models of aggressive BPL. Further development of C61-LNP may provide the foundation for new and effective treatment strategies against therapy-refractory BPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih M Uckun
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA ; Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, CHLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sanjive Qazi
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, CHLA, Los Angeles, USA
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11
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BET inhibition as a single or combined therapeutic approach in primary paediatric B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e126. [PMID: 23872705 PMCID: PMC3730202 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Paediatric B-precursor ALL is a highly curable disease, however, treatment resistance in some patients and the long-term toxic effects of current therapies pose the need for more targeted therapeutic approaches. We addressed the cytotoxic effect of JQ1, a highly selective inhibitor against the transcriptional regulators, bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of proteins, in paediatric ALL. We showed a potent in vitro cytotoxic response of a panel of primary ALL to JQ1, independent of their prognostic features but dependent on high MYC expression and coupled with transcriptional downregulation of multiple pro-survival pathways. In agreement with earlier studies, JQ1 induced cell cycle arrest. Here we show that BET inhibition also reduced c-Myc protein stability and suppressed progression of DNA replication forks in ALL cells. Consistent with c-Myc depletion and downregulation of pro-survival pathways JQ1 sensitised primary ALL samples to the classic ALL therapeutic agent dexamethasone. Finally, we demonstrated that JQ1 reduces ALL growth in ALL xenograft models, both as a single agent and in combination with dexamethasone. We conclude that targeting BET proteins should be considered as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of paediatric ALL and particularly those cases that exhibit suboptimal responses to standard treatment.
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12
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Mar BG, Bullinger L, Basu E, Schlis K, Silverman LB, Döhner K, Armstrong SA. Sequencing histone-modifying enzymes identifies UTX mutations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:1881-3. [PMID: 22377896 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Radiation treatment and chemotherapy can both cause DNA damage to tumor cells. Tumor cells have specific self-protecting mechanisms to escape death. In this study, we explored the effects of polo-like kinase 1 on the DNA damage recovery system in lymphoma cell lines. DNA damage caused inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 activity and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Once the DNA damage was repaired, polo-like kinase 1 activity was restored and cell cycle arrest was removed. Unexpectedly, polo-like kinase 1 depletion hampered the cell cycle progress of cells recovered from DNA damage, and induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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14
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Uckun FM, Ozer Z, Qazi S, Tuel-Ahlgren L, Mao C. Polo-like-kinase 1 (PLK1) as a molecular target to overcome SYK-mediated resistance of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells to oxidative stress. Br J Haematol 2010; 148:714-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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STAT3 is a substrate of SYK tyrosine kinase in B-lineage leukemia/lymphoma cells exposed to oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2902-7. [PMID: 20133729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909086107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We provide unprecedented genetic and biochemical evidence that the antiapoptotic transcription factor STAT3 serves as a substrate for SYK tyrosine kinase both in vitro and in vivo. Induction of SYK in an ecdysone-inducible mammalian expression system results in STAT3 activation, as documented by tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, as well as amplified expression of several STAT3 target genes. STAT3 activation after oxidative stress (OS) is strongly diminished in DT40 chicken B-lineage lymphoma cells rendered SYK-deficient by targeted disruption of the syk gene. Introduction of a wild-type, C-terminal or N-terminal SH2 domain-mutated, but not a kinase domain-mutated, syk gene into SYK-deficient DT40 cells restores OS-induced enhancement of STAT-3 activity. Thus, SYK plays an important and indispensable role in OS-induced STAT3 activation and its catalytic SH1 domain is critical for this previously unknown regulatory function. These results provide evidence for the existence of a novel mode of cytokine-independent cross-talk that operates between SYK and STAT3 pathways and regulates apoptosis during OS. We further provide experimental evidence that SYK is capable of associating with and phosphorylating STAT3 in human B-lineage leukemia/lymphoma cells challenged with OS. In agreement with a prerequisite role of SYK in OS-induced STAT3 activation, OS does not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 in SYK-deficient human proB leukemia cells. Notably, inhibition of SYK with a small molecule drug candidate prevents OS-induced activation of STAT3 and overcomes the resistance of human B-lineage leukemia/lymphoma cells to OS-induced apoptosis.
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Infection of bovine dendritic cells by rinderpest or measles viruses induces different changes in host transcription. Virology 2009; 395:223-31. [PMID: 19854460 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The morbilliviruses are a closely related genus which are very similar in their sequences and share a common receptor, but nevertheless show significant restriction in the host species in which they cause disease. One contribution to this restriction might be the nature of the hosts' responses to infection. We have used microarrays to study the changes in the transcriptome of bovine dendritic cells after infection with wild-type (pathogenic) and vaccine (apathogenic) strains of rinderpest virus (RPV), a bovine pathogen, and a wild-type isolate of measles virus (MV), a morbillivirus that causes disease only in humans and some other primates. We found that, as previously observed in human cells, MV induces a rapid interferon response, while that induced by RPV was delayed and much reduced in magnitude. Pathogenic and apathogenic RPV also showed significant differences, with the latter inducing a slightly higher interferon response as well as significant effects on transcription of genes involved in cell cycle regulation.
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