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Lee JS, Paintsil E, Gopalakrishnan V, Ghebremichael M. A comparison of machine learning techniques for classification of HIV patients with antiretroviral therapy-induced mitochondrial toxicity from those without mitochondrial toxicity. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019; 19:216. [PMID: 31775643 PMCID: PMC6882363 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced HIV-related morbidity and mortality. However, therapeutic benefit of ART is often limited by delayed drug-associated toxicity. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are the backbone of ART regimens. NRTIs compete with endogenous deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) in incorporation into elongating DNA chain resulting in their cytotoxic or antiviral effect. Thus, the efficacy of NRTIs could be affected by direct competition with endogenous dNTPs and/or feedback inhibition of their metabolic enzymes. In this paper, we assessed whether the levels of ribonucleotides (RN) and dNTP pool sizes can be used as biomarkers in distinguishing between HIV-infected patients with ART-induced mitochondrial toxicity and HIV-infected patients without toxicity. METHODS We used data collected through a case-control study from 50 subjects. Cases were defined as HIV-infected individuals with clinical and/or laboratory evidence of mitochondrial toxicity. Each case was age, gender, and race matched with an HIV-positive without evidence of toxicity. We used a range of machine learning procedures to distinguish between patients with and without toxicity. Using resampling methods like Monte Carlo k-fold cross validation, we compared the accuracy of several machine learning algorithms applied to our data. We used the algorithm with highest classification accuracy rate in evaluating the diagnostic performance of 12 RN and 14 dNTP pool sizes as biomarkers of mitochondrial toxicity. RESULTS We used eight classification algorithms to assess the diagnostic performance of RN and dNTP pool sizes distinguishing HIV patients with and without NRTI-associated mitochondrial toxicity. The algorithms resulted in cross-validated classification rates of 0.65-0.76 for dNTP and 0.72-0.83 for RN, following reduction of the dimensionality of the input data. The reduction of input variables improved the classification performance of the algorithms, with the most pronounced improvement for RN. Complex tree-based methods worked the best for both the deoxyribose dataset (Random Forest) and the ribose dataset (Classification Tree and AdaBoost), but it is worth noting that simple methods such as Linear Discriminant Analysis and Logistic Regression were very competitive in terms of classification performance. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of changes in RN and dNTP pools in participants with mitochondrial toxicity validates the importance of dNTP pools in mitochondrial function. Hence, levels of RN and dNTP pools can be used as biomarkers of ART-induced mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soo Lee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA USA
| | - Elijah Paintsil
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Vivek Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Ragon Institute of Harvard, MGH and MIT, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02129 USA
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Gustafsson NMS, Färnegårdh K, Bonagas N, Ninou AH, Groth P, Wiita E, Jönsson M, Hallberg K, Lehto J, Pennisi R, Martinsson J, Norström C, Hollers J, Schultz J, Andersson M, Markova N, Marttila P, Kim B, Norin M, Olin T, Helleday T. Targeting PFKFB3 radiosensitizes cancer cells and suppresses homologous recombination. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3872. [PMID: 30250201 PMCID: PMC6155239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycolytic PFKFB3 enzyme is widely overexpressed in cancer cells and an emerging anti-cancer target. Here, we identify PFKFB3 as a critical factor in homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA double-strand breaks. PFKFB3 rapidly relocates into ionizing radiation (IR)-induced nuclear foci in an MRN-ATM-γH2AX-MDC1-dependent manner and co-localizes with DNA damage and HR repair proteins. PFKFB3 relocalization is critical for recruitment of HR proteins, HR activity, and cell survival upon IR. We develop KAN0438757, a small molecule inhibitor that potently targets PFKFB3. Pharmacological PFKFB3 inhibition impairs recruitment of ribonucleotide reductase M2 and deoxynucleotide incorporation upon DNA repair, and reduces dNTP levels. Importantly, KAN0438757 induces radiosensitization in transformed cells while leaving non-transformed cells unaffected. In summary, we identify a key role for PFKFB3 enzymatic activity in HR repair and present KAN0438757, a selective PFKFB3 inhibitor that could potentially be used as a strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M S Gustafsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Katarina Färnegårdh
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Box 1030, S-171 21, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nadilly Bonagas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Huguet Ninou
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | - Petra Groth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisee Wiita
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kenth Hallberg
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden
- Sprint Bioscience, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jemina Lehto
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rosa Pennisi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 446 00146 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jessica Hollers
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Johan Schultz
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Petra Marttila
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, 02447, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Martin Norin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Olin
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Science Park, 171 48, Solna, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Sheffield Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK.
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3
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Gaspar I, Wippich F, Ephrussi A. Enzymatic production of single-molecule FISH and RNA capture probes. RNA 2017; 23:1582-1591. [PMID: 28698239 PMCID: PMC5602115 DOI: 10.1261/rna.061184.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of singly labeled short oligonucleotides that hybridize to a specific target revolutionized RNA biology, enabling quantitative, single-molecule microscopy analysis and high-efficiency RNA/RNP capture. Here, we describe a simple and efficient method that allows flexible functionalization of inexpensive DNA oligonucleotides by different fluorescent dyes or biotin using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and custom-made functional group conjugated dideoxy-UTP. We show that (i) all steps of the oligonucleotide labeling-including conjugation, enzymatic synthesis, and product purification-can be performed in a standard biology laboratory, (ii) the process yields >90%, often >95% labeled product with minimal carryover of impurities, and (iii) the oligonucleotides can be labeled with different dyes or biotin, allowing single-molecule FISH, RNA affinity purification, and Northern blot analysis to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Gaspar
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Frank Wippich
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Anne Ephrussi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg 69117, Germany
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4
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Goetze RW, Kim DH, Schinazi RF, Kim B. A CRISPR/Cas9 approach reveals that the polymerase activity of DNA polymerase β is dispensable for HIV-1 infection in dividing and nondividing cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14016-14025. [PMID: 28684413 PMCID: PMC5572920 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrovirus integration into the host genome relies on several host enzymes, potentially including DNA polymerase β (Pol β). However, whether human Pol β is essential for lentivirus replication in human cells is unclear. Here, we abolished DNA polymerase β (Pol β) expression by targeting its DNA polymerase domain with CRISPR/Cas9 in human monocytic THP-1 cells to investigate the role of Pol β in HIV-1 transduction in both dividing and nondividing macrophage stages of THP-1 cells. Pol β-knock-out was confirmed by enhanced sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate-induced DNA damage. Of note, nuclear extracts from Pol β-knock-out THP-1 cells prepared from both dividing and nondividing stages displayed significantly reduced capability to repair the gapped HIV-1 integration intermediate DNA substrate in a biochemical simulation. However, nuclear extract from both dividing and nondividing stages of the Pol β-KO cells had detectable gap repair activity, suggesting that other host DNA polymerases also repair gapped HIV-1 DNA, particularly in dividing cells. Next, when we compared transduction using HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus in control and Pol β-KO cells, the loss of the Pol β expression did not affect transduction efficiency of these lentiviruses in both dividing and nondividing stages. Finally, the gap repair assay indicated that limited cellular dNTP pools, but not Pol β expression, are a primary factor for HIV-1 DNA gap repair, particularly in nondividing cells. These data support the idea that Pol β polymerase activity is dispensable for HIV-1 infection in both dividing and nondividing stages of human cells targeted by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Goetze
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, 2447 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Baek Kim
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Drug Discovery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,; School of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, 2447 Seoul, South Korea; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30329.
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5
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Kim S, Park J, Na J, Jung GY, Hwang J. Simultaneous Determination of Multiple microRNA Levels Utilizing Biotinylated Dideoxynucleotides and Mass Spectrometry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153201. [PMID: 27380276 PMCID: PMC4933350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene translation and have been suggested as potent biomarkers in various disease states. In this study, we established an efficient method for simultaneous determination of multiple miRNA levels, employing the previously developed SPC-SBE (solid phase capture-single base extension) approach and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). In this approach, we first perform reverse transcription of miRNAs extracted using stem-loop primers. Then the cDNA is co-amplified with competitors, synthetic oligonucleotides whose sequences precisely match cDNA except for one base, and the amplicons serve as templates for a multiplexed SBE reaction. Extension products are isolated using SPC and quantitatively analyzed with MALDI-TOF MS to determine multiple miRNA levels. Here we demonstrated concurrent analysis of four miRNA levels utilizing the approach. Furthermore, we showed the presented method significantly facilitated MS analysis of peak area ratio owing to SPC. The SPC process allowed effective removal of irrelevant reaction components prior to MS and promoted MS sample purification. Data obtained in this study was verified with RT-qPCR and agreement was shown on one order of magnitude scale, suggesting the SPC-SBE and MS approach has strong potential as a viable tool for high throughput miRNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobin Kim
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (JH)
| | - Jungyun Park
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongkyeong Na
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Sciences and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Jungwook Hwang
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SK); (JH)
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Huber AD, Michailidis E, Schultz ML, Ong YT, Bloch N, Puray-Chavez MN, Leslie MD, Ji J, Lucas AD, Kirby KA, Landau NR, Sarafianos SG. SAMHD1 has differential impact on the efficacies of HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:4915-9. [PMID: 24867973 PMCID: PMC4136039 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02745-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile alpha motif- and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) limits HIV-1 replication by hydrolyzing deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) necessary for reverse transcription. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are components of anti-HIV therapies. We report here that SAMHD1 cleaves NRTI triphosphates (TPs) at significantly lower rates than dNTPs and that SAMHD1 depletion from monocytic cells affects the susceptibility of HIV-1 infections to NRTIs in complex ways that depend not only on the relative changes in dNTP and NRTI-TP concentrations but also on the NRTI activation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Huber
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan L Schultz
- Microbiology Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yee T Ong
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicolin Bloch
- Microbiology Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maritza N Puray-Chavez
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Maxwell D Leslie
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Juan Ji
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Anthony D Lucas
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Karen A Kirby
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Microbiology Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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7
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Canugovi C, Shamanna RA, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Base excision DNA repair levels in mitochondrial lysates of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1293-300. [PMID: 24485507 PMCID: PMC5576885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a senile dementia with increased incidence in older subjects (age >65 years). One of the earliest markers of AD is oxidative DNA damage. Recently, it has been reported that preclinical AD patient brains show elevated levels of oxidative damage in both nuclear and mitochondrial nucleic acids. Moreover, different oxidative lesions in mitochondrial DNA are between 5- and 10-fold higher than in nuclear DNA in both control and AD postmortem brains. We previously showed that there is a significant loss of base excision repair (BER) components in whole tissue extracts of AD and mild cognitive impairment subjects relative to matched control subjects. However, comprehensive analysis of specific steps in BER levels in mitochondrial extracts of AD patient brains is not available. In this study, we mainly investigated various components of BER in mitochondrial extracts of AD and matched control postmortem brain samples. We found that the 5-hydroxyuracil incision and ligase activities are significantly lower in AD brains, whereas the uracil incision, abasic site cleavage, and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate incorporation activities are normal in these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrika Canugovi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Lori F, De Forni D, Katabira E, Baev D, Maserati R, Calarota SA, Cahn P, Testori M, Rakhmanova A, Stevens MR. VS411 reduced immune activation and HIV-1 RNA levels in 28 days: randomized proof-of-concept study for antiviral-hyperactivation limiting therapeutics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47485. [PMID: 23094055 PMCID: PMC3477169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A new class of antiretrovirals, AntiViral-HyperActivation Limiting Therapeutics (AV-HALTs), has been proposed as a disease-modifying therapy to both reduce Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels and the excessive immune activation now recognized as the major driver of not only the continual loss of CD4+ T cells and progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), but also of the emergence of both AIDS-defining and non-AIDS events that negatively impact upon morbidity and mortality despite successful (ie, fully suppressive) therapy. VS411, the first-in-class AV-HALT, combined low-dose, slow-release didanosine with low-dose hydroxycarbamide to accomplish both objectives with a favorable toxicity profile during short-term administration. Five dose combinations were administered as VS411 to test the AV-HALT Proof-of-Concept in HIV-1-infected subjects. Methods Multinational, double-blind, 28-day Phase 2a dose-ranging Proof-of-Concept study of antiviral activity, immunological parameters, safety, and genotypic resistance in 58 evaluable antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected adults. Randomization and allocation to study arms were carried out by a central computer system. Results were analyzed by ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, ANCOVA, and two-tailed paired t tests. Results VS411 was well-tolerated, produced significant reductions of HIV-1 RNA levels, increased CD4+ T cell counts, and led to significant, rapid, unprecedented reductions of immune activation markers after 28 days despite incomplete viral suppression and without inhibiting HIV-1-specific immune responses. The didanosine 200 mg/HC 900 mg once-daily formulation demonstrated the greatest antiviral efficacy (HIV-1 RNA: −1.47 log10 copies/mL; CD4+ T cell count: +135 cells/mm3) and fewest adverse events. Conclusions VS411 successfully established the Proof-of-Concept that AV-HALTs can combine antiviral efficacy with rapid, potentially beneficial reductions in the excessive immune system activation associated with HIV-1 disease. Rapid reductions in markers of immune system hyperactivation and cellular proliferation were obtained despite the fact that VS411 did not attain maximal suppression of HIV RNA, suggesting this effect was due to the HALT component. Trial Registration ITEudraCT 2007-002460-98
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Rower JE, Meditz A, Gardner EM, Lichtenstein K, Predhomme J, Bushman LR, Klein B, Zheng JH, MaWhinney S, Anderson PL. Effect of HIV-1 infection and sex on the cellular pharmacology of the antiretroviral drugs zidovudine and lamivudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3011-9. [PMID: 22391541 PMCID: PMC3370731 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06337-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular pharmacology of zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) in vivo is not completely understood. This prospective longitudinal study investigated the relationship between HIV-1 serostatus, sex, race, and time on therapy with intracellular and plasma ZDV and 3TC concentrations. Of 20 HIV-seronegative and 23 HIV-seropositive volunteers enrolled, 16 (8 women) and 21 (5 women) completed all 12 study days, respectively. Volunteers began ZDV-3TC therapy (plus a third active drug in HIV-seropositive volunteers), and steady-state concentrations (C(ss)) were determined after days 1, 3, 7, and 12. A repeated-measures mixed model was utilized. HIV-seronegative status was associated with 22% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0%, 50%) and 37% (15%, 67%) higher C(ss) estimates compared to those of HIV-seropositive individuals for intracellular ZDV-TP and 3TC-TP levels, respectively. African-Americans had 36% (8%, 72%) higher ZDV-TP estimates than non-African-Americans. Sex was not associated with ZDV-TP or 3TC-TP (P > 0.19). Women had 36% (4%, 78%) higher plasma ZDV, but the effect was lessened when normalized by lean body weight (5% [-19%, 38%]; P = 0.68). Plasma 3TC was 19% (0%, 41%) higher in HIV-seropositive volunteers and 22% (0%, 48%) higher in African American volunteers, but these effects were not significant when corrected for creatinine clearance (7% [-9%, 20%] and -5% [-26%, 12%] for HIV serostatus and race, respectively; P > 0.35). These results suggest that HIV-seropositive status decreases and African American race elevates the cellular triphosphates of ZDV and 3TC. This information extends knowledge of ZDV and 3TC cellular pharmacology in vivo and provides new leads for future cellular pharmacology studies aimed at optimizing HIV prevention/treatment with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Rower
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amie Meditz
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward M. Gardner
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Denver Public Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth Lichtenstein
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Department of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Julie Predhomme
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lane R. Bushman
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brandon Klein
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jia-Hua Zheng
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha MaWhinney
- University of Colorado Denver, Colorado School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter L. Anderson
- University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Dahlmann HA, Vaidyanathan VG, Sturla SJ. Investigating the biochemical impact of DNA damage with structure-based probes: abasic sites, photodimers, alkylation adducts, and oxidative lesions. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9347-59. [PMID: 19757831 PMCID: PMC2789562 DOI: 10.1021/bi901059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA sustains a wide variety of damage, such as the formation of abasic sites, pyrimidine dimers, alkylation adducts, or oxidative lesions, upon exposure to UV radiation, alkylating agents, or oxidative conditions. Since these forms of damage may be acutely toxic or mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic, it is of interest to gain insight into how their structures impact biochemical processing of DNA, such as synthesis, transcription, and repair. Lesion-specific molecular probes have been used to study polymerase-mediated translesion DNA synthesis of abasic sites and TT dimers, while other probes have been developed for specifically investigating the alkylation adduct O(6)-Bn-G and the oxidative lesion 8-oxo-G. In this review, recent examples of lesion-specific molecular probes are surveyed; their specificities of incorporation opposite target lesions compared to unmodified nucleotides are discussed, and limitations of their applications under physiologically relevant conditions are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shana J. Sturla
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ; Phone: 612-626-0496; Fax: 612-624-0139
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Roy S, Roy Choudhury S, Mukherjee SK, Sengupta DN. Tobacco proliferating cell nuclear antigen binds directly and stimulates both activity and processivity of ddNTP-sensitive mungbean DNA polymerase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 468:22-31. [PMID: 17945180 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PCNA is well known as a component of DNA replication system and plays important roles in multiple cellular pathways in addition to replication and repair. In this work we have demonstrated the physical and functional interaction between tobacco PCNA and mungbean ddNTP-sensitive DNA polymerase which shares many physicochemical properties with family X-DNA polymerases except with the moderately processive mode of nucleotide incorporation. We have shown here that recombinant PCNA binds directly to mungbean DNA polymerase as revealed in affinity chromatography, pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation approaches. In vitro DNA polymerase activity assay and processivity analyses indicated recombinant PCNA specifically stimulates both activity and processivity of mungbean DNA polymerase. These observations lead to interesting speculation about the functional significance of the ddNTP-sensitive enzyme in replication event in higher plants since the enzyme has been shown to be active and expressed at an elevated level during the endoreduplication stages in developing mungbean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700-009, West Bengal, India
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Paintsil E, Dutschman GE, Hu R, Grill SP, Lam W, Baba M, Tanaka H, Cheng YC. Intracellular metabolism and persistence of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine, a novel thymidine analog. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:3870-9. [PMID: 17724147 PMCID: PMC2151449 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00692-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of current antiretroviral therapy are limited by the evolution of drug-resistant virus and long-term toxicity. Novel antiretroviral compounds with activity against drug-resistant viruses are needed. 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxy-4'-ethynylthymidine (4'-Ed4T), a novel thymidine analog, has potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, maintains considerable activity against multidrug-resistant HIV strains, and is less inhibitory to mitochondrial DNA synthesis in cell culture than its progenitor stavudine (D4T). We investigated the intracellular metabolism and anti-HIV activity of 4'-Ed4T. The profile of 4'-Ed4T metabolites was qualitatively similar to that for zidovudine (AZT), with the monophosphate metabolite as the major metabolite, in contrast to that for D4T, with relatively poor formation of total metabolites. The first phosphorylation step for 4'-Ed4T in cells was more efficient than that for D4T but less than that for AZT. The amount of 4'-Ed4T triphosphate (4'-Ed4TTP) was higher than that of AZTTP at 24 h in culture. There was a dose-dependent accumulation of 4'-Ed4T diphosphate and 4'-Ed4TTP on up-regulation of thymidylate kinase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase expression in Tet-On RKO cells, respectively. The anti-HIV activity of 4'-Ed4T in cells persisted even after 48 h of drug removal from culture in comparison with AZT, D4T, and nevirapine (NVP). The order of increasing persistence of anti-HIV activity of these compounds after drug removal was 4'-Ed4T > D4T > AZT > NVP. In conclusion, with the persistence of 4'-Ed4TTP and persistent anti-HIV activity in cells, we anticipate less frequent dosing and fewer patient compliance issues than for D4T. 4'-Ed4T is a promising antiviral candidate for HIV type 1 chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Paintsil
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, SHM B226, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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