1
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Mohty R, Alotaibi S, Gadd M, Luo Y, Parrondo R, Qin H, Kharfan-Dabaja MA. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: What is the supporting evidence so far? Clin Hematol Int 2023; 5:33-46. [PMID: 38817957 PMCID: PMC10688414 DOI: 10.46989/001c.88382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
While acknowledging that newer therapies have improved survival rates in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), patients with high-risk disease features are at an increased risk of treatment failure. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) was traditionally offered as front-line consolidation in high-risk CLL; however, with the emergence of targeted therapies like Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitors, the role of allo-HCT has been relegated to later stages of the disease. Patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) CLL who have failed both BTK and BCL-2 inhibitors represent a therapeutic challenge owing to a poor prognosis. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapies targeting CD19 have improved response rates and overall survival in various types of R/R B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. For CLL, no approved CAR T-cell therapies are yet available. Emerging data appear to show a therapeutic benefit of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with R/R CLL, even after failing an allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Mohty
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immune Therapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Fl, USA
| | - Shaykha Alotaibi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Martha Gadd
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo Parrondo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Hong Qin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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2
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Li Y, Shen H, Zhang R, Ji C, Wang Y, Su C, Xiao J. Immunoglobulin M perception by FcμR. Nature 2023; 615:907-912. [PMID: 36949194 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05835-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first antibody to emerge during embryonic development and the humoral immune response1. IgM can exist in several distinct forms, including monomeric, membrane-bound IgM within the B cell receptor (BCR) complex, pentameric and hexameric IgM in serum and secretory IgM on the mucosal surface. FcμR, the only IgM-specific receptor in mammals, recognizes different forms of IgM to regulate diverse immune responses2-5. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here we delineate the structural basis of the FcμR-IgM interaction by crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. We show that two FcμR molecules interact with a Fcμ-Cμ4 dimer, suggesting that FcμR can bind to membrane-bound IgM with a 2:1 stoichiometry. Further analyses reveal that FcμR-binding sites are accessible in the context of IgM BCR. By contrast, pentameric IgM can recruit four FcμR molecules to bind on the same side and thereby facilitate the formation of an FcμR oligomer. One of these FcμR molecules occupies the binding site of the secretory component. Nevertheless, four FcμR molecules bind to the other side of secretory component-containing secretory IgM, consistent with the function of FcμR in the retrotransport of secretory IgM. These results reveal intricate mechanisms of IgM perception by FcμR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chenggong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, P. R. China.
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3
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Kubagawa H, Clark C, Skopnik CM, Mahmoudi Aliabadi P, Al-Qaisi K, Teuber R, Jani PK, Radbruch A, Melchers F, Engels N, Wienands J. Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of IgM Fc Receptor (FcµR) Isoforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065728. [PMID: 36982860 PMCID: PMC10058298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IgM is the first antibody to emerge during phylogeny, ontogeny, and immune responses and serves as a first line of defense. Effector proteins interacting with the Fc portion of IgM, such as complement and its receptors, have been extensively studied for their functions. IgM Fc receptor (FcµR), identified in 2009, is the newest member of the FcR family and is intriguingly expressed by lymphocytes only, suggesting the existence of distinct functions as compared to the FcRs for switched Ig isotypes, which are expressed by various immune and non-hematopoietic cells as central mediators of antibody-triggered responses by coupling the adaptive and innate immune responses. Results from FcµR-deficient mice suggest a regulatory function of FcµR in B cell tolerance, as evidenced by their propensity to produce autoantibodies of both IgM and IgG isotypes. In this article, we discuss conflicting views about the cellular distribution and potential functions of FcµR. The signaling function of the Ig-tail tyrosine-like motif in the FcµR cytoplasmic domain is now formally shown by substitutional experiments with the IgG2 B cell receptor. The potential adaptor protein associating with FcµR and the potential cleavage of its C-terminal cytoplasmic tail after IgM binding are still enigmatic. Critical amino acid residues in the Ig-like domain of FcµR for interacting with the IgM Cµ4 domain and the mode of interaction are now defined by crystallographic and cryo-electron microscopic analyses. Some discrepancies on these interactions are discussed. Finally, elevated levels of a soluble FcµR isoform in serum samples are described as the consequence of persistent B cell receptor stimulation, as seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and probably in antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caren Clark
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Teuber
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter K Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Chatzidavid S, Kontandreopoulou CN, Diamantopoulos PT, Giannakopoulou N, Katsiampoura P, Stafylidis C, Dryllis G, Kyrtsonis MC, Dimou M, Panayiotidis P, Viniou NA. The Clinical and Prognostic Significance of Ribonucleotide Reductase Subunits RRM1 and RRM2 mRNA Levels in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Hematol Int 2023:10.1007/s44228-023-00033-x. [PMID: 36811764 DOI: 10.1007/s44228-023-00033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) converts ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides required for DNA replication and repair. RNR consists of subunits M1 and M2. It has been studied as a prognostic factor in several solid tumors and in chronic hematological malignancies, but not in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Peripheral blood samples were collected from 135 CLL patients. M1/M2 gene mRNA levels were measured and expressed as a RRM1-2/GAPDH ratio. M1 gene promoter methylation was studied in a patients' subgroup. M1 mRNA expression was higher in patients without anemia (p = 0.026), without lymphadenopathy (p = 0.005) and 17p gene deletion (p = 0.031). Abnormal LDH (p = 0.022) and higher Rai stage (p = 0.019) were associated with lower M1 mRNA levels. Higher M2 mRNA levels were found in patients without lymphadenopathy (p = .048), Rai stage 0 (p = 0.025) and Trisomy 12 (p = 0.025). The correlation between RNR subunits and clinic-biological characteristics in CLL patients demonstrate RNR's potential role as a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevastianos Chatzidavid
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christina-Nefeli Kontandreopoulou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis T Diamantopoulos
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Nefeli Giannakopoulou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Katsiampoura
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Stafylidis
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Dryllis
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
| | - Marie-Christine Kyrtsonis
- Hematology Section of the First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimou
- Hematology Section of the First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Panayiotidis
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nora-Athina Viniou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17 Agiou Thoma Street, Athens, Greece
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5
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Melcher C, Yu J, Duong VHH, Westphal K, Helmi Siasi Farimany N, Shaverskyi A, Zhao B, Strowig T, Glage S, Brand K, Chan AC, Föger N, Lee KH. B cell-mediated regulatory mechanisms control tumor-promoting intestinal inflammation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111051. [PMID: 35830810 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying tumor-promoting inflammatory processes in colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) remain largely elusive. Here, we provide genetic evidence for distinct B cell-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms that protect from chronic colitis versus CAC. We demonstrate an inherent capacity of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin A (IgA) plasma cells (PCs) upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Our data show that B cell-derived IL-10 is essential to limit pathogenic T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th17 T cell responses during chronic colitis, while IgA PCs derived from IL-10+ B cells are being implicated in restraining tumorigenesis during CAC. Formation of a tumor-protective intestinal environment was associated with clonal expansion of specific types of colonic IgA PCs and development of an altered microbiota that attenuated CAC. We thus propose that regulatory B cell-mediated immunomodulation entails temporal release of IL-10, which is superseded by the generation of specific IgA affecting the microbial community, thereby controlling chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis in a distinctive but interrelated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Melcher
- Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jinbo Yu
- Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vu Huy Hoang Duong
- Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Westphal
- Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Noushin Helmi Siasi Farimany
- Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anton Shaverskyi
- Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bei Zhao
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Experimental Pathology, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Korbinian Brand
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrew C Chan
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Niko Föger
- Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kyeong-Hee Lee
- Inflammation Research Group, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Mahmoudi Aliabadi P, Teuber R, Jani PK, Wilson L, Enghard P, Barnes S, Chiorazzi N, Radbruch A, Melchers F, Kubagawa H. Soluble Fc Receptor for IgM in Sera From Subsets of Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia as Determined by a New Mouse Monoclonal Antibody. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863895. [PMID: 35784336 PMCID: PMC9245419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The FcR for IgM (FcµR) is the newest member of the FcR family, selectively expressed by lymphocytes, and distinct from FcRs for switched Ig isotypes that are expressed by various immune cell types and non-hematopoietic cells. From studies of Fcmr-ablated mice, FcµR was shown to have a regulatory function in B-cell tolerance, as evidenced by high serum titers of autoantibodies of the IgM and IgG isotypes in mutant mice. In our previous studies, both cell-surface and serum FcµR levels were elevated in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), where antigen-independent self-ligation of BCR is a hallmark of the neoplastic B cells. This was assessed by sandwich ELISA using two different ectodomain-specific mAbs. To determine whether the serum FcµR is derived from cleavage of its cell-surface receptor (shedding) or its alternative splicing to skip the transmembrane exon resulting in a 70-aa unique hydrophilic C-terminus (soluble), we developed a new mouse IgG1κ mAb specific for human soluble FcμR (solFcμR) by taking advantages of the unique nature of transductant stably producing His-tagged solFcµR and of an in vivo differential immunization. His-tagged solFcμR attached to exosomes and plasma membranes, allowing immunization and initial hybridoma screening without purification of solFcμR. Differential immunization with tolerogen (membrane FcμR) and immunogen (solFcμR) also facilitated to generate solFcμR-specific hybridomas. The resultant solFcμR-specific mAb reacted with serum FcµR in subsets of CLL patients. This mAb, along with another ectodomain-specific mAb, will be used for verifying the hypothesis that the production of solFcµR is the consequence of chronic stimulation of BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Teuber
- Humoral Immune Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- Lymphocyte Development, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Landon Wilson
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Philipp Enghard
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Cell Biology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Lymphocyte Development, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiromi Kubagawa
- Humoral Immune Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Hiromi Kubagawa,
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7
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Loss of synergistic transcriptional feedback loops drives diverse B-cell cancers. EBioMedicine 2021; 71:103559. [PMID: 34461601 PMCID: PMC8403728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most common B-cell cancers, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma (CLL), follicular and diffuse large B-cell (FL, DLBCL) lymphomas, have distinct clinical courses, yet overlapping “cell-of-origin”. Dynamic changes to the epigenome are essential regulators of B-cell differentiation. Therefore, we reasoned that these distinct cancers may be driven by shared mechanisms of disruption in transcriptional circuitry. Methods We compared purified malignant B-cells from 52 patients with normal B-cell subsets (germinal center centrocytes and centroblasts, naïve and memory B-cells) from 36 donor tonsils using >325 high-resolution molecular profiling assays for histone modifications, open chromatin (ChIP-, FAIRE-seq), transcriptome (RNA-seq), transcription factor (TF) binding, and genome copy number (microarrays). Findings From the resulting data, we identified gains in active chromatin in enhancers/super-enhancers that likely promote unchecked B-cell receptor signaling, including one we validated near the immunoglobulin superfamily receptors FCMR and PIGR. More striking and pervasive was the profound loss of key B-cell identity TFs, tumor suppressors and their super-enhancers, including EBF1, OCT2(POU2F2), and RUNX3. Using a novel approach to identify transcriptional feedback, we showed that these core transcriptional circuitries are self-regulating. Their selective gain and loss form a complex, iterative, and interactive process that likely curbs B-cell maturation and spurs proliferation. Interpretation Our study is the first to map the transcriptional circuitry of the most common blood cancers. We demonstrate that a critical subset of B-cell TFs and their cognate enhancers form self-regulatory transcriptional feedback loops whose disruption is a shared mechanism underlying these diverse subtypes of B-cell lymphoma. Funding National Institute of Health, Siteman Cancer Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital Foundation, Doris Duke Foundation.
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8
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Beckmann L, Berg V, Dickhut C, Sun C, Merkel O, Bloehdorn J, Robrecht S, Seifert M, da Palma Guerreiro A, Claasen J, Loroch S, Oliverio M, Underbayev C, Vaughn L, Thomalla D, Hülsemann MF, Tausch E, Fischer K, Fink AM, Eichhorst B, Sickmann A, Wendtner CM, Stilgenbauer S, Hallek M, Wiestner A, Zahedi RP, Frenzel LP. MARCKS affects cell motility and response to BTK inhibitors in CLL. Blood 2021; 138:544-556. [PMID: 33735912 PMCID: PMC8377477 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are highly active drugs for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To understand the response to BTK inhibitors on a molecular level, we performed (phospho)proteomic analyses under ibrutinib treatment. We identified 3466 proteins and 9184 phosphopeptides (representing 2854 proteins) in CLL cells exhibiting a physiological ratio of phosphorylated serines (pS), threonines (pT), and tyrosines (pY) (pS:pT:pY). Expression of 83 proteins differed between unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region (IGHV) CLL (UM-CLL) and mutated IGHV CLL (M-CLL). Strikingly, UM-CLL cells showed higher basal phosphorylation levels than M-CLL samples. Effects of ibrutinib on protein phosphorylation levels were stronger in UM-CLL, especially on phosphorylated tyrosines. The differentially regulated phosphopeptides and proteins clustered in pathways regulating cell migration, motility, cytoskeleton composition, and survival. One protein, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), showed striking differences in expression and phosphorylation level in UM-CLL vs M-CLL. MARCKS sequesters phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, thereby affecting central signaling pathways and clustering of the B-cell receptor (BCR). Genetically induced loss of MARCKS significantly increased AKT signaling and migratory capacity. CD40L stimulation increased expression of MARCKS. BCR stimulation induced phosphorylation of MARCKS, which was reduced by BTK inhibitors. In line with our in vitro findings, low MARCKS expression is associated with significantly higher treatment-induced leukocytosis and more pronounced decrease of nodal disease in patients with CLL treated with acalabrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beckmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valeska Berg
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clarissa Dickhut
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften (ISAS) eV, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Clare Sun
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Robrecht
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra da Palma Guerreiro
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Claasen
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Loroch
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften (ISAS) eV, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matteo Oliverio
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chingiz Underbayev
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lauren Vaughn
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel Thomalla
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Malte F Hülsemann
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eugen Tausch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kirsten Fischer
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Fink
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Eichhorst
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften (ISAS) eV, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Clemens M Wendtner
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften (ISAS) eV, Dortmund, Germany
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute and
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, QC, Canada; and
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lukas P Frenzel
- Department I of Internal Medicine and
- Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf (ABCD), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Zhang YR, Yu Z, Xiong WJ, Liu XX, Liu HM, Cui R, Wang Q, Chen WM, Qiu LG, Yi SH. TOSO interacts with SYK and enhances BCR pathway activation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 133:2090-2097. [PMID: 32784334 PMCID: PMC7478576 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TOSO, also named Fas inhibitory molecule 3 (FAIM3), has recently been identified as an immunoglobulin M (IgM) Fc receptor (FcμR). Previous studies have shown that TOSO is specifically over-expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the functions of TOSO in CLL remain unknown. The B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway has been reported to be constitutively activated in CLL. Here, we aimed to investigate the functions of TOSO in the BCR signaling pathway and the pathogenesis of CLL. Methods We over-expressed TOSO in B-cell lymphoma cell lines (Granta-519 and Z138) by lentiviral transduction and knocked down TOSO by siRNA in primary CLL cells. The over-expression and knockdown of TOSO were confirmed at the RNA level by polymerase chain reaction and protein level by Western blotting. Co-immunoprecipitation with TOSO antibody followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (IP/LCMS) was used to identify TOSO interacting proteins. Western blotting was performed to detect the activation status of BCR signaling pathways as well as B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2). Flow cytometry was used to examine the apoptosis of TOSO-over-expressing B lymphoma cell lines and TOSO-down-regulated CLL cells via the staining of Annexin V and 7-AAD. One-way analyses of variance were used for intergroup comparisons, while independent samples t tests were used for two-sample comparisons. Results From IP/LCMS, we identified spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) as a crucial candidate of TOSO-interacting protein and confirmed it by co-immunoprecipitation. After stimulation with anti-IgM, TOSO over-expression increased the phosphorylation of SYK, and subsequently activated the BCR signaling pathway, which could be reversed by a SYK inhibitor. TOSO knockdown in primary CLL cells resulted in reduced SYK phosphorylation as well as attenuated BCR signaling pathway. The apoptosis rates of the Granta-519 and Z138 cells expressing TOSO were (8.46 ± 2.90)% and (4.20 ± 1.21)%, respectively, significantly lower than the rates of the control groups, which were (25.20 ± 4.60)% and (19.72 ± 1.10)%, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). The apoptosis rate was reduced after knocking down TOSO in the primary CLL cells. In addition, we also found that TOSO down-regulation in primary cells from CLL patients led to decreased expression of BCL-2 as well as lower apoptosis, and vice versa in the cell line. Conclusions TOSO might be involved in the pathogenesis of CLL by interacting with SYK, enhancing the BCR signaling pathway, and inducing apoptosis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte 91010, CA, USA
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Rui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.,Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Lu-Gui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Shu-Hua Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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10
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Priebe V, Sartori G, Napoli S, Chung EYL, Cascione L, Kwee I, Arribas AJ, Mensah AA, Rinaldi A, Ponzoni M, Zucca E, Rossi D, Efremov D, Lenz G, Thome M, Bertoni F. Role of ETS1 in the Transcriptional Network of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma of the Activated B Cell-Like Type. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071912. [PMID: 32679859 PMCID: PMC7409072 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogenous disease that has been distinguished into at least two major molecular entities, the germinal center-like B cell (GCB) DLBCL and activated-like B cell (ABC) DLBCL, based on transcriptome expression profiling. A recurrent ch11q24.3 gain is observed in roughly a fourth of DLBCL cases resulting in the overexpression of two ETS transcription factor family members, ETS1 and FLI1. Here, we knocked down ETS1 expression by siRNA and analyzed expression changes integrating them with ChIP-seq data to identify genes directly regulated by ETS1. ETS1 silencing affected expression of genes involved in B cell signaling activation, B cell differentiation, cell cycle, and immune processes. Integration of RNA-Seq (RNA sequencing) data and ChIP-Seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing) identified 97 genes as bona fide, positively regulated direct targets of ETS1 in ABC-DLBCL. Among these was the Fc receptor for IgM, FCMR (also known as FAIM3 or Toso), which showed higher expression in ABC- than GCB-DLBCL clinical specimens. These findings show that ETS1 is contributing to the lymphomagenesis in a subset of DLBCL and identifies FCMR as a novel target of ETS1, predominantly expressed in ABC-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemar Priebe
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
| | - Giulio Sartori
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
| | - Sara Napoli
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
| | - Elaine Yee Lin Chung
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Kwee
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), 6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Jesus Arribas
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Afua Adjeiwaa Mensah
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Dimitar Efremov
- Molecular Hematology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Georg Lenz
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; (V.P.); (G.S.); (S.N.); (E.Y.L.C.); (L.C.); (I.K.); (A.J.A.); (A.A.M.); (A.R.); (E.Z.); (D.R.)
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-91-8200-367; Fax: +41-91-8200-397
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11
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Chang LS, Guo MMH, Yan JH, Huang YH, Lo MH, Kuo HC. Low FCMR mRNA expression in leukocytes of patients with Kawasaki disease six months after disease onset. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31:554-559. [PMID: 32073687 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin (Ig) M plays an important role in immune regulation. FCMR-encoded FcμR is a receptor of IgM. Previous research has suggested that IgM levels may be involved in the coronary artery lesions of Kawasaki syndrome or Kawasaki disease (KD). In this study, we aimed to explore the roles of mRNA expressions of IgM receptors, particularly FCMR, in KD patients. FCMR encodes the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin M receptor. METHODS We enrolled 60 KD patients and 55 non-KD controls. Whole-blood leukocytes were isolated, and the mRNA expression for FCMR was determined. Each mRNA consisted of a sample taken before intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was administered (acute, KD1) and those taken at three weeks, six months, and one year later (KD3, KD4, KD5). Paired KD subjects were analyzed from both the acute and convalescent phases (n = 28). RESULTS After six months and one year of treatment, KD patients still apparently have lower FCMR compared with controls (P = .004). FCMR expressions were downregulated in male patients with KD prior to IVIG administration (P = .044). The FCMR of paired KD patients who received IVIG treatments after six months was significantly lower than before undergoing IVIG treatment (P = .044). Expressions in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes were similar to those in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CONCLUSION The unique data supported that FCMR is expressed by granulocytes at RNA levels in humans and demonstrated lower FCMR six months after the onset of KD. The findings remind us of the need to track the health of children with KD over the long term, even if we think patients have fully recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Sai Chang
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mindy Ming-Huey Guo
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Huei Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hung Lo
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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12
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Meryk A, Pangrazzi L, Hagen M, Hatzmann F, Jenewein B, Jakic B, Hermann-Kleiter N, Baier G, Jylhävä J, Hurme M, Trieb K, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Fcμ receptor as a Costimulatory Molecule for T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2681-2691.e5. [PMID: 30840890 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc receptor for IgM (FcμR)-deficient mice display dysregulated function of neutrophils, dendritic cells, and B cells. The relevance of FcμR to human T cells is still unknown. We show that FcμR is mostly stored inside the cell and that surface expression is tightly regulated. Decreased surface expression on T cells from elderly individuals is associated with alterations in the methylation pattern of the FCMR gene. Binding and internalization of IgM stimulate transport of FcμR to the cell surface to ensure sustained IgM uptake. Concurrently, IgM accumulates within the cell, and the surface expression of other receptors increases, among them the T cell receptor (TCR) and costimulatory molecules. This leads to enhanced TCR signaling, proliferation, and cytokine release, in response to low, but not high, doses of antigen. Our findings indicate that FcμR is an important regulator of T cell function and reveal an additional mode of interaction between B and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Meryk
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Luca Pangrazzi
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Magdalena Hagen
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Hatzmann
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Jenewein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bojana Jakic
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Juulia Jylhävä
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikko Hurme
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Klemens Trieb
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Wels-Grieskirchen, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Regulation of Humoral Immune Responses and B Cell Tolerance by the IgM Fc Receptor (FcμR). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:75-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Blandino R, Baumgarth N. Secreted IgM: New tricks for an old molecule. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1021-1034. [PMID: 31302940 PMCID: PMC6803036 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0519-161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted IgM (sIgM) is a multifunctional evolutionary conserved antibody that is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the development of fully protective humoral responses to pathogens. Constitutive secretion of self- and polyreactive natural IgM, produced mainly by B-1 cells, provides a circulating antibody that engages with autoantigens as well as invading pathogens, removing apoptotic and other cell debris and initiating strong immune responses. Pathogen-induced IgM production by B-1 and conventional B-2 cells strengthens this early, passive layer of IgM-mediated immune defense and regulates subsequent IgG production. The varied effects of secreted IgM on immune homeostasis and immune defense are facilitated through its binding to numerous different cell types via different receptors. Recent studies identified a novel function for pentameric IgM, namely as a transporter for the effector protein ″apoptosis-inhibitor of macrophages″ (AIM/CD5L). This review aims to provide a summary of the known functions and effects of sIgM on immune homeostasis and immune defense, and its interaction with its various receptors, and to highlight the many critical immune regulatory functions of this ancient and fascinating immunoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Blandino
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
- Center for Comparative Medicine and University of California, Davis
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
- Center for Comparative Medicine and University of California, Davis
- Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis
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15
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Kubagawa H, Honjo K, Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S, Radbruch A, Melchers F, Jani PK. Functional Roles of the IgM Fc Receptor in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:945. [PMID: 31130948 PMCID: PMC6509151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now evident from studies of mice unable to secrete IgM that both non-immune “natural” and antigen-induced “immune” IgM are important for protection against pathogens and for regulation of immune responses to self-antigens. Since identification of its Fc receptor (FcμR) by a functional cloning strategy in 2009, the roles of FcμR in these IgM effector functions have begun to be explored. Unlike Fc receptors for switched Ig isotypes (e.g., FcγRs, FcεRs, FcαR, Fcα/μR, pIgR, FcRn), FcμR is selectively expressed by lymphocytes: B, T, and NK cells in humans and only B cells in mice. FcμR may have dual signaling ability: one through a potential as yet unidentified adaptor protein non-covalently associating with the FcμR ligand-binding chain via a His in transmembrane segment and the other through its own Tyr and Ser residues in the cytoplasmic tail. FcμR binds pentameric and hexameric IgM with a high avidity of ~10 nM in solution, but more efficiently binds IgM when it is attached to a membrane component via its Fab region on the same cell surface (cis engagement). Four different laboratories have generated Fcmr-ablated mice and eight different groups of investigators have examined the resultant phenotypes. There have been some clear discrepancies reported that appear to be due to factors including differences in the exons of Fcmr that were targeted to generate the knockouts. One common feature among these different mutant mice, however, is their propensity to produce autoantibodies of both IgM and IgG isotypes. In this review, we briefly describe recent findings concerning the functions of FcμR in both mice and humans and propose a model for how FcμR plays a regulatory role in B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhito Honjo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Naganari Ohkura
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Peter K Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Ben Mkaddem S, Benhamou M, Monteiro RC. Understanding Fc Receptor Involvement in Inflammatory Diseases: From Mechanisms to New Therapeutic Tools. Front Immunol 2019; 10:811. [PMID: 31057544 PMCID: PMC6481281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc receptors (FcRs) belong to the ITAM-associated receptor family. FcRs control the humoral and innate immunity which are essential for appropriate responses to infections and prevention of chronic inflammation or auto-immune diseases. Following their crosslinking by immune complexes, FcRs play various roles such as modulation of the immune response by released cytokines or of phagocytosis. Here, we review FcR involvement in pathologies leading notably to altered intracellular signaling with functionally relevant consequences to the host, and targeting of Fc receptors as therapeutic approaches. Special emphasis will be given to some FcRs, such as the FcαRI, the FcγRIIA and the FcγRIIIA, which behave like the ancient god Janus depending on the ITAM motif to inhibit or activate immune responses depending on their targeting by monomeric/dimeric immunoglobulins or by immune complexes. This ITAM duality has been recently defined as inhibitory or activating ITAM (ITAMi or ITAMa) which are controlled by Src family kinases. Involvement of various ITAM-bearing FcRs observed during infectious or autoimmune diseases is associated with allelic variants, changes in ligand binding ability responsible for host defense perturbation. During auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or immune thrombocytopenia, the autoantibodies and immune complexes lead to inflammation through FcR aggregation. We will discuss the role of FcRs in autoimmune diseases, and focus on novel approaches to target FcRs for resolution of antibody-mediated autoimmunity. We will finally also discuss the down-regulation of FcR functionality as a therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL8252, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Site Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris, France.,Service d'Immunologie, DHU Fire, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique de Paris, Paris, France
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17
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Liu J, Wang Y, Xiong E, Hong R, Lu Q, Ohno H, Wang JY. Role of the IgM Fc Receptor in Immunity and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2019; 10:529. [PMID: 30967868 PMCID: PMC6438924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) M is the first antibody isotype to appear during evolution, ontogeny and immune responses. IgM not only serves as the first line of host defense against infections but also plays an important role in immune regulation and immunological tolerance. For many years, IgM is thought to function by binding to antigen and activating complement system. With the discovery of the IgM Fc receptor (FcμR), it is now clear that IgM can also elicit its function through FcμR. In this review, we will describe the molecular characteristics of FcμR, its role in B cell development, maturation and activation, humoral immune responses, host defense, and immunological tolerance. We will also discuss the functional relationship between IgM-complement and IgM-FcμR pathways in regulating immunity and tolerance. Finally, we will discuss the potential involvement of FcμR in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ermeng Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongjian Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Yu J, Duong VHH, Westphal K, Westphal A, Suwandi A, Grassl GA, Brand K, Chan AC, Föger N, Lee KH. Surface receptor Toso controls B cell-mediated regulation of T cell immunity. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1820-1836. [PMID: 29461978 DOI: 10.1172/jci97280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is tightly controlled by regulatory processes that allow for the elimination of invading pathogens, while limiting immunopathological damage to the host. In the present study, we found that conditional deletion of the cell surface receptor Toso on B cells unexpectedly resulted in impaired proinflammatory T cell responses, which led to impaired immune protection in an acute viral infection model and was associated with reduced immunopathological tissue damage in a chronic inflammatory context. Toso exhibited its B cell-inherent immunoregulatory function by negatively controlling the pool of IL-10-competent B1 and B2 B cells, which were characterized by a high degree of self-reactivity and were shown to mediate immunosuppressive activity on inflammatory T cell responses in vivo. Our results indicate that Toso is involved in the differentiation/maintenance of regulatory B cells by fine-tuning B cell receptor activation thresholds. Furthermore, we showed that during influenza A-induced pulmonary inflammation, the application of Toso-specific antibodies selectively induced IL-10-competent B cells at the site of inflammation and resulted in decreased proinflammatory cytokine production by lung T cells. These findings suggest that Toso may serve as a novel therapeutic target to dampen pathogenic T cell responses via the modulation of IL-10-competent regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Yu
- Inflammation Research Group.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, and
| | | | - Katrin Westphal
- Inflammation Research Group.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, and
| | - Andreas Westphal
- Inflammation Research Group.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, and
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andrew C Chan
- Research, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Niko Föger
- Inflammation Research Group.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, and
| | - Kyeong-Hee Lee
- Inflammation Research Group.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, and
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19
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Kubagawa H, Skopnik CM, Zimmermann J, Durek P, Chang HD, Yoo E, Bertoli LF, Honjo K, Radbruch A. Authentic IgM Fc Receptor (FcμR). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 408:25-45. [PMID: 28702710 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the bona fide Fc receptor for IgM antibody (FcµR) was identified eight years ago, much progress has been made in defining its biochemical nature, cellular distribution, and effector function. However, there are clearly conflicting results, especially about the cellular distribution and function of murine FcµR. In this short article, we will discuss recent findings from us and other investigators along with our interpretations and comments that may help to resolve the existing puzzles and should open new avenues of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kubagawa
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Kazuhito Honjo
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35209, USA
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum in Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting Fc μ receptor selectively eliminate CLL cells while sparing healthy B cells. Blood 2016; 128:1711-22. [PMID: 27535994 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-692046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells targeting CD19 induced lasting remission of this refractory disease in a number of patients. However, the treatment is associated with prolonged "on-target off-tumor" toxicities due to the targeted elimination of healthy B cells demanding more selectivity in targeting CLL cells. We identified the immunoglobulin M Fc receptor (FcμR), also known as the Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule-3 or TOSO, as a target for a more selective treatment of CLL by CAR T cells. FcμR is highly and consistently expressed by CLL cells; only minor levels are detected on healthy B cells or other hematopoietic cells. T cells with a CAR specific for FcμR efficiently responded toward CLL cells, released a panel of proinflammatory cytokines and lytic factors, like soluble FasL and granzyme B, and eliminated the leukemic cells. In contrast to CD19 CAR T cells, anti-FcμR CAR T cells did not attack healthy B cells. T cells with anti-FcμR CAR delayed outgrowth of Mec-1-induced leukemia in a xenograft mouse model. T cells from CLL patients in various stages of the disease, modified by the anti-FcμR CAR, purged their autologous CLL cells in vitro without reducing the number of healthy B cells, which is the case with anti-CD19 CAR T cells. Compared with the currently used therapies, the data strongly imply a superior therapeutic index of anti-FcμR CAR T cells for the treatment of CLL.
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21
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Planells-Ferrer L, Urresti J, Coccia E, Galenkamp KMO, Calleja-Yagüe I, López-Soriano J, Carriba P, Barneda-Zahonero B, Segura MF, Comella JX. Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecules: more than death-receptor antagonists in the nervous system. J Neurochem 2016; 139:11-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Planells-Ferrer
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Jorge Urresti
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Coccia
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Koen M. O. Galenkamp
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Calleja-Yagüe
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Joaquín López-Soriano
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Paulina Carriba
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Bruna Barneda-Zahonero
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel F. Segura
- Group of Translational Research in Childhood and Adolescent Cancer; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan X. Comella
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group; Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron (VHIR); Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Neurociències; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Facultat de Medicina; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Madrid Spain
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22
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Alhourani E, Aroutiounian R, Harutyunyan T, Glaser A, Schlie C, Pohle B, Liehr T. Interphase Molecular Cytogenetic Detection Rates of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia-Specific Aberrations Are Higher in Cultivated Cells Than in Blood or Bone Marrow Smears. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:495-501. [PMID: 27315825 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416655086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Banding cytogenetics is still the gold standard in many fields of leukemia diagnostics. However, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), GTG-banding results are hampered by a low mitotic rate of the corresponding malignant lymphatic cells. Thus, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH) for the detection of specific cytogenetic aberrations is done nowadays as a supplement to or even instead of banding cytogenetics in many diagnostic laboratories. These iFISH studies can be performed on native blood or bone marrow smears or in nuclei after cultivation and stimulation by a suitable mitogen. As there are only few comparative studies with partially conflicting results for the detection rates of aberrations in cultivated and native cells, this question was studied in 38 CLL cases with known aberrations in 11q22.2, 11q22.3, 12, 13q14.3, 14q32.33, 17p13.1, or 18q21.32. The obtained results implicate that iFISH directly applied on smears is in general less efficient for the detection of CLL-specific genetic abnormalities than for cultivated cells. This also shows that applied cell culture conditions are well suited for malignant CLL cells. Thus, to detect malignant aberrant cells in CLL, cell cultivation and cytogenetic workup should be performed and the obtained material should be subjected to banding cytogenetics and iFISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Alhourani
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (EA, AG, CS, BP, TL)
| | - Rouben Aroutiounian
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia (RA, TH)
| | - Tigran Harutyunyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia (RA, TH)
| | - Anita Glaser
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (EA, AG, CS, BP, TL)
| | - Cordula Schlie
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (EA, AG, CS, BP, TL)
| | - Beate Pohle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (EA, AG, CS, BP, TL)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany (EA, AG, CS, BP, TL)
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23
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van Attekum M, Terpstra S, Reinen E, Kater AP, Eldering E. Macrophage-mediated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival is independent of APRIL signaling. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16020. [PMID: 27551513 PMCID: PMC4979474 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells is mainly driven by interactions within the lymph node (LN) microenvironment with bystander cells such as T cells or cells from the monocytic lineage. Although the survival effect by T cells is largely governed by the TNFR ligand family member CD40L, the exact mechanism of monocyte-derived cell-induced survival is not known. An important role has been attributed to the TNFR ligand, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), although the exact mechanism remained unclear. Since we detected that APRIL was expressed by CD68+ cells in CLL LN, we addressed its relevance in various aspects of CLL biology, using a novel APRIL overexpressing co-culture system, recombinant APRIL, and APRIL reporter cells. Unexpectedly, we found, that in these various systems, APRIL had no effect on survival of CLL cells, and activation of NF-κB was not enhanced on APRIL stimulation. Moreover, APRIL stity mulation did not affect CLL proliferation, neither as single stimulus nor in combination with known CLL proliferation stimuli. Furthermore, the survival effect conveyed by macrophages to CLL cells was not affected by transmembrane activator and CAML interactor-Fc, an APRIL decoy receptor. We conclude that the direct role ascribed to APRIL in CLL cell survival might be overestimated due to application of supraphysiological levels of recombinant APRIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mha van Attekum
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Terpstra
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Reinen
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A P Kater
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Eldering
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Kubagawa Y, Honjo K, Kang DW, Kubagawa H. Monoclonal antibodies specific for human IgM Fc receptor inhibit ligand-binding activity. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 33:393-400. [PMID: 25545208 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A panel of six different murine hybridoma clones secreting IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the human IgM Fc receptor (FcμR) was generated. All MAbs specifically precipitated a major protein of ∼60 kDa from membrane lysates of FcμR-bearing, but not FcμR-negative, cells as did IgM-ligands. Pre-incubation of membrane lysate of FcμR-bearing cells with these MAbs completely removed the ∼60 kDa IgM-reactive protein. By using recombinant human/mouse chimeric FcμR proteins, the epitope recognized by HM7 and HM10 MAbs was mapped to the Ig-like domain of human FcμR, whereas the other MAbs recognized the stalk region. Pre-incubation of FcμR(+) cells with the Ig-like domain-specific MAbs, but not with others, markedly inhibited subsequent IgM-ligand binding. A similar, but much weaker, inhibition was also observed when the incubation order was reversed. When FcμR(+) cells were simultaneously incubated with both IgM-ligands and MAbs, HM7 MAb efficiently competed with IgM for FcμR binding. Unlike control Jurkat cells, FcμR-bearing cells were resistant to apoptosis induced by agonistic IgM anti-Fas MAb (CH11); however, addition of the HM7 MAb inhibited the interaction of the Fc portion of CH11 MAb with FcμR, thereby promoting apoptosis of FcμR-bearing Jurkat cells. The variable regions of the HM7 MAb were composed of Ighv14-3, Ighd1-2, and Ighj2 for the γ2b heavy chain and Igk3-4 and Igkj2 for the κ light chain. These findings suggest that HM7 MAb efficiently blocks the ligand-binding activity of FcμR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kubagawa
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Alabama
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25
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Lapke N, Tartz S, Lee KH, Jacobs T. The application of anti-Toso antibody enhances CD8(+) T cell responses in experimental malaria vaccination and disease. Vaccine 2015; 33:6763-70. [PMID: 26597034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Toso is a molecule highly expressed on B cells. It influences their survival and was identified as an IgM binding molecule. B cells and natural antibodies play a role in vaccination-induced CD8(+) T cell responses. We investigated the impact of an anti-Toso antibody on vaccination efficiency in a malaria vaccination model. In this model, CD8(+) T cells exert antiparasitic functions on infected hepatocytes in the liver stage of the disease. In vaccinated anti-Toso treated mice, more antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells were induced than in control mice and after infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) sporozoites, the liver parasite burden was lower. In B cell deficient mice, the anti-Toso antibody did not stimulate the CD8(+) T cell response, indicating that B cells were mediating this effect. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of anti-Toso treatment on non-vaccinated mice in the PbA infection model, in which CD8(+) T cells cause brain pathology. Anti-Toso treatment increased cerebral pathology and the accumulation of CD8(+) T cells in the brain. Thus, anti-Toso treatment enhanced the CD8(+) T cell response against PbA in a vaccination and in an infection model. Our findings indicate that Toso may be a novel target to boost vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lapke
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Tartz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kyeong-Hee Lee
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Inflammation Research, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Vire B, Skarzynski M, Thomas JD, Nelson CG, David A, Aue G, Burke TR, Rader C, Wiestner A. Harnessing the fcμ receptor for potent and selective cytotoxic therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7510-7520. [PMID: 25344228 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy in need of new, effective, and safe therapies. The recently identified IgM receptor FcμR is overexpressed on malignant B cells in CLL and mediates the rapid internalization and lysosomal shuttling of IgM via its Fc fragment (Fcμ). To exploit this internalization and trafficking pathway for targeted drug delivery, we engineered an IgM-derived protein scaffold (Fcμ) and linked it with the cytotoxic agent monomethylauristatin F. This Fcμ-drug conjugate was selectively toxic for FcμR-expressing cell lines in vitro and for CLL cells but not autologous normal T cells ex vivo. Notably, the cytotoxic activity of the Fcμ-drug conjugate was maintained in CLL cells carrying a 17p deletion, which predicts resistance to standard chemotherapy. Next, we tested the possible therapeutic application of the Fcμ-drug conjugate in immunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγ(null) (NSG) mice engrafted with peripheral blood cells from patients with leukemia. Three intravenous injections of the Fcμ-drug conjugate over a 10-day period were well tolerated and selectively killed the human CLL cells but not the coengrafted autologous human T cells. In summary, we developed a novel strategy for targeted cytotoxic therapy of CLL based on the unique properties of FcμR. FcμR-targeted drug delivery showed potent and specific therapeutic activity in CLL, thus providing proof of concept for FcμR as a valuable therapeutic target in CLL and for IgM-based antibody-drug conjugates as a new targeting platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Vire
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin Skarzynski
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua D Thomas
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alexandre David
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Georg Aue
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Toso regulates differentiation and activation of inflammatory dendritic cells during persistence-prone virus infection. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:164-73. [PMID: 25257173 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During virus infection and autoimmune disease, inflammatory dendritic cells (iDCs) differentiate from blood monocytes and infiltrate infected tissue. Following acute infection with hepatotropic viruses, iDCs are essential for re-stimulating virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and therefore contribute to virus control. Here we used the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model system to identify novel signals, which influence the recruitment and activation of iDCs in the liver. We observed that intrinsic expression of Toso (Faim3, FcμR) influenced the differentiation and activation of iDCs in vivo and DCs in vitro. Lack of iDCs in Toso-deficient (Toso(-/-)) mice reduced CD8(+) T-cell function in the liver and resulted in virus persistence. Furthermore, Toso(-/-) DCs failed to induce autoimmune diabetes in the rat insulin promoter-glycoprotein (RIP-GP) autoimmune diabetes model. In conclusion, we found that Toso has an essential role in the differentiation and maturation of iDCs, a process that is required for the control of persistence-prone virus infection.
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28
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The long elusive IgM Fc receptor, FcμR. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34 Suppl 1:S35-45. [PMID: 24793544 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
IgM exists as both a monomer on the surface of B cells and a pentamer secreted by plasma cells. Both pre-immune "natural" and antigen-induced "immune" IgM antibodies are important for protective immunity and for immune regulation of autoimmune processes by recognizing pathogens and self-antigens. Effector proteins interacting with the Fc portion of IgM, such as complement and complement receptors, have thus far been proposed but fail to fully account for the IgM-mediated protection and regulation. A major reason for this deficit in our understanding of IgM function seems to be lack of data on a long elusive Fc receptor for IgM (FcμR). We have recently identified a bona fide FcμR in both humans and mice. In this article we briefly review what we have learned so far about FcμR.
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29
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Anti-TOSO antibody treatment promotes T cell activation-induced cell death (AICD) in vitro and in vivo. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Toso controls encephalitogenic immune responses by dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1060-5. [PMID: 24398517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323166111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to mount a strong immune response against pathogens is crucial for mammalian survival. However, excessive and uncontrolled immune reactions can lead to autoimmunity. Unraveling how the reactive versus tolerogenic state is controlled might point toward novel therapeutic strategies to treat autoimmune diseases. The surface receptor Toso/Faim3 has been linked to apoptosis, IgM binding, and innate immune responses. In this study, we used Toso-deficient mice to investigate the importance of Toso in tolerance and autoimmunity. We found that Toso(-/-) mice do not develop severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. Toso(-/-) dendritic cells were less sensitive to Toll-like receptor stimulation and induced significantly lower levels of disease-associated inflammatory T-cell responses. Consistent with this observation, the transfer of Toso(-/-) dendritic cells did not induce autoimmune diabetes, indicating their tolerogenic potential. In Toso(-/-) mice subjected to EAE induction, we found increased numbers of regulatory T cells and decreased encephalitogenic cellular infiltrates in the brain. Finally, inhibition of Toso activity in vivo at either an early or late stage of EAE induction prevented further disease progression. Taken together, our data identify Toso as a unique regulator of inflammatory autoimmune responses and an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Involvement of Toso in activation of monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2593-8. [PMID: 23359703 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222264110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid activation of immune responses is necessary for antibacterial defense, but excessive immune activation can result in life-threatening septic shock. Understanding how these processes are balanced may provide novel therapeutic potential in treating inflammatory disease. Fc receptors are crucial for innate immune activation. However, the role of the putative Fc receptor for IgM, known as Toso/Faim3, has to this point been unclear. In this study, we generated Toso-deficient mice and used them to uncover a critical regulatory function of Toso in innate immune activation. Development of innate immune cells was intact in the absence of Toso, but Toso-deficient neutrophils exhibited more reactive oxygen species production and reduced phagocytosis of pathogens compared with controls. Cytokine production was also decreased in Toso(-/-) mice compared with WT animals, rendering them resistant to septic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide. However, Toso(-/-) mice also displayed limited cytokine production after infection with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes that was correlated with elevated presence of Listeria throughout the body. Accordingly, Toso(-/-) mice succumbed to infections of L. monocytogenes, whereas WT mice successfully eliminated the infection. Taken together, our data reveal Toso to be a unique regulator of innate immune responses during bacterial infection and septic shock.
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Scupoli MT, Pizzolo G. Signaling pathways activated by the B-cell receptor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2012; 5:341-8. [PMID: 22780213 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, several features of the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex have emerged as major markers for prognostic classification of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). In particular, the absence of somatic mutations within the immunoglobulin variable heavy chain genes (IGHV), the presence of ZAP-70 and a higher ability of the BCR to translate signals within the cell have been associated with an aggressive clinical course. Indeed, the stratification of patients with B-CLL based on BCR features suggests that heterogeneity of B-CLL clinical courses may reflect BCR signaling differences that have arisen during the evolution of leukemia. Therefore, characterizing BCR signaling profiles may help to identify signaling markers useful for patient stratification, disease monitoring and therapeutic targeting in B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Scupoli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Actinomycin D induces p53-independent cell death and prolongs survival in high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 26:2508-16. [PMID: 22743622 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent lymphoid malignancy in the elderly of the Western world. Although treatment options have improved over the past two decades, 10-15% of patients still have a poor prognosis and are often resistant to therapy. Aberrations in the p53 pathway, such as a deleted (del17p13) or mutated p53 gene, are highly enriched in this class of patients. In an extensive screen for p53-independent apoptosis inducers, actinomycin D was identified from 1496 substances and shown to induce apoptosis in primary CLL cells derived from high-risk patients including those with aberrant p53, revealing a novel p53-independent mechanism of action. Both pro-survival genes BCL2 and MCL1 are targeted by actinomycin D, in contrast to fludarabine the backbone of current treatment schedules. In the well-established TCL1 transgenic mouse model for high-risk CLL, actinomycin D treatment was more effective in reducing tumor load than fludarabine, with no evidence of resistance after three treatment cycles and an overall survival increase of over 300%. Tumor load reduction was coupled to BCL2 downregulation. Our results identify the clinically approved compound actinomycin D as a potentially valuable treatment option for CLL high-risk patients.
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Vire B, David A, Wiestner A. TOSO, the Fcmicro receptor, is highly expressed on chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells, internalizes upon IgM binding, shuttles to the lysosome, and is downregulated in response to TLR activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4040-50. [PMID: 21908732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TOSO/FAIM3 recently has been identified as the long-sought-after FcR for IgM (FcμR). FcμR is expressed on human CD19(+) B cells, CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells, and CD56(+)/CD3(-) NK cells and has been shown to be overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. CLL is a malignancy of mature IgM(+) B lymphocytes that display features of polyreactive, partially anergized B cells related to memory B cells. In this article, we report that FcμR is O-glycosylated in its extracellular domain and identify the major sites of O-glycosylation. By using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we found that FcμR localized to the cell membrane but also found that large pools of FcμR accumulate in the trans-Golgi network. Aggregation of FcμR on CLL cells by IgM prompted rapid internalization of both IgM and FcμR, reaching half-maximal internalization of cell-bound IgM within 1 min. Upon internalization, FcμR transported IgM through the endocytic pathway to the lysosome, where it was degraded. Using a series of FcμR deletion mutants, we identified a proline-rich domain essential for cell surface expression of FcμR and a second domain, containing a YXXΦ motif, that controls internalization. Although it has been reported that BCR activation increases FcμR expression, we found that activation of TLRs strongly downregulated FcμR at both the mRNA and protein levels. Through internalization of IgM bound immune complexes, FcμR may play a role in immune surveillance and contribute to B cell activation. In addition, FcμR deserves study as a potential pathway for the delivery of therapeutic Ab-drug conjugates into CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Vire
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Enhanced levels of both the membrane-bound and soluble forms of IgM Fc receptor (FcμR) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2011; 118:4902-9. [PMID: 21908424 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-350793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of an IgM-Fc receptor (FcμR) with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was suggested more than 30 years ago, but its authenticity has never been formally addressed. We examined the expression of the recently identified FcμR by B and T cells in CLL patients using receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies. CLL B cells (CD5(+)/CD19(+)) expressed much higher levels of FcμR on their cell surface than B cells from healthy donors. Such enhanced expression was more evident in immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV)-mutated, CD38(-) or early Rai-stage CLL than in IGHV-unmutated, CD38(+), or advanced Rai-stage CLL. Intriguingly, surface FcμR levels also were significantly elevated in the non-CLL B cells (CD5(-)/CD19(+)) and T cells (CD5(+)/CD19(-)), especially in IGHV-mutated CLL. CLL patients also had high serum titers of FcμR compared with healthy donors, and serum FcμR levels correlated significantly with circulating lymphocyte numbers but not with the IGHV mutation status or Rai stage. The serum FcμR was resolved as an ∼ 40-kDa protein, distinct from the cell surface FcμR of ∼ 60 kDa, and it was produced by both CLL B and non-CLL B cells. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the serum FcμR is a soluble form of the receptor encoded by an alternatively spliced FcμR transcript. These findings indicate enhanced levels of both membrane-bound and soluble forms of FcμR in CLL patients.
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Toso regulates the balance between apoptotic and nonapoptotic death receptor signaling by facilitating RIP1 ubiquitination. Blood 2011; 118:598-608. [PMID: 21613257 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-313643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cellular survival and apoptosis is of critical importance for the immune system to maintain immune homeostasis and to establish tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that the immune specific cell surface molecule Toso exhibits antiapoptotic effects on death receptor signaling by a novel regulatory mechanism involving the adaptor kinase RIP1. The antiapoptotic function of Toso depends on RIP1 ubiquitination and involves the recruitment of the death adaptor FADD to a Toso/RIP1 protein complex. In response to CD95L and TNFα, Toso promotes the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Because of this relative augmentation of survival versus apoptotic signals, Toso raises the threshold for death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Our analysis of Toso-deficient mice revealed that Toso is essential for TNFα-mediated liver damage. Furthermore, the antiapoptotic function of Toso could be blocked by a Toso-specific monoclonal antibody, opening up new therapeutic prospects for the treatment of immune disorders and hematologic malignancies.
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Hancer VS, Diz-Kucukkaya R, Aktan M. Overexpression of Fc mu receptor (FCMR, TOSO) gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1068-72. [PMID: 21264533 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rai and Binet staging systems that have been used as a standard method for evaluating the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have some restrictions in distinguishing the early stage CLL patients that will progress rapidly. To solve this shortcoming, prognostic parameters other than staging have become important in the recent years. Intracellular upregulation of Fc mu receptor (FCMR, FAIM3/TOSO) gene in the leukemic lymphocytes of the patients with CLL may be an important parameter in predicting the progression of the disease. In this study, FCMR mRNA expression levels were evaluated in 50 CLL patients and in 50 healthy controls. FCMR mRNA expression was found to be significantly higher in CLL patients than in healthy controls. We, then, evaluated FCMR mRNA levels according to the stages of CLL. Rai stage 0, I, II cases were compared with stage III and IV, and Binet A was compared with Binet B and C according to FCMR mRNA levels. In cases with higher risks, Rai stage III, IV and Binet stage B and C, FCMR mRNA levels were also significantly higher. In addition, overexpression of the FCMR seems to be promoting the chromosomal abnormalities. As a result, we found that the mRNA levels of FCMR in the CLL patients are 23-fold higher than that of the control group and this may suggest that it can be associated with the disease progression and survival. For this reason and because of the simplicity of analyzing with Q-PCR, it can be a useful clinical parameter, after its importance has been shown in larger and multi-variate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Sabri Hancer
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Bilim University, Buyukdere Cad No:120 Esentepe, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Yi S, Yu Z, Zhou K, Wang Y, An G, Li Z, Zou D, Qi J, Zhao Y, Chan WC, Qiu L. TOSO is overexpressed and correlated with disease progression in Chinese patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 52:72-8. [PMID: 21133733 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.531411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a gene named TOSO was identified as being overexpressed and associated with the anti-apoptotic characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the association of TOSO expression with clinical features of CLL has not been fully described, especially in Chinese patients. TOSO expression was detected by quantitative RT-PCR in CD19+ sorted cells in a cohort of 81 untreated patients with CLL. The results showed that the expression of TOSO in CLL was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (p = 0.027) and other B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (p = 0.033). The expression level of TOSO was significantly correlated with Binet staging, IGVH mutation status, age, and time to treatment in CLL. A negative correlation was observed between age and TOSO expression (Spearman's, p = 0.025). No correlation was observed between the expression of TOSO and CD38 or ZAP-70. Cox regression analysis indicated that high expression of TOSO (more than 8.4) was an independent indicator for shorter treatment-free survival in CLL. We conclude that TOSO is specifically overexpressed and associated with progressive disease, and might be an important prognostic factor in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yi
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
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Packham G, Stevenson F. The role of the B-cell receptor in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:391-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Frenzel LP, Patz M, Pallasch CP, Brinker R, Claasen J, Schulz A, Hallek M, Kashkar H, Wendtner CM. Novel X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis inhibiting compound as sensitizer for TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with poor prognosis. Br J Haematol 2010; 152:191-200. [PMID: 21091905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Given that aggressive DNA damaging chemotherapy shows suboptimal efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), alternative therapeutic approaches are needed. Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is able to induce tumour-specific apoptosis. However, apoptosis might be inhibited by elevated levels of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP). Use of XIAP-inhibiting compounds might sensitize primary CLL cells towards TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. A novel small molecule, compound A (CA), an inhibitor of XIAP, was used in combination with TRAIL to induce apoptosis in primary CLL cells (n = 48). XIAP was significantly more highly expressed in primary CLL cells (n = 28) compared to healthy B cells (n = 16) (P = 0·02). Our data obtained by specific knock-down of XIAP by siRNA identified XIAP as the key factor conferring resistance to TRAIL in CLL. Combined treatment with CA/TRAIL significantly increased apoptosis compared to untreated (P = 8·5 × 10⁻¹⁰), solely CA (P = 4·1 × 10⁻¹²) or TRAIL treated (P = 4·8 × 10⁻¹⁰) CLL cells. CA rendered 40 of 48 (83·3%) primary CLL samples susceptible to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. In particular, cells derived from patients with poor prognosis CLL (ZAP-70(+) , IGHV unmutated, 17p-) were highly responsive to this drug combination. Our highly-effective XIAP inhibitor CA, in concert with TRAIL, shows potential for the treatment of CLL cases with poor prognosis and therefore warrants further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas P Frenzel
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany.
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41
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Kruse U, Pallasch CP, Bantscheff M, Eberhard D, Frenzel L, Ghidelli S, Maier SK, Werner T, Wendtner CM, Drewes G. Chemoproteomics-based kinome profiling and target deconvolution of clinical multi-kinase inhibitors in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2010; 25:89-100. [PMID: 20944678 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological induction of apoptosis in neoplastic B cells presents a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We profiled a panel of clinical multi-kinase inhibitors for their ability to induce apoptosis in primary CLL cells. Whereas inhibitors targeting a large number of receptor and intracellular tyrosine kinases including c-KIT, FLT3, BTK and SYK were comparatively inactive, the CDK inhibitors BMS-387032 and flavopiridol showed marked efficacy similar to staurosporine. Using the kinobeads proteomics method, kinase expression profiles and binding profiles of the inhibitors to target protein complexes were quantitatively monitored in CLL cells. The targets most potently affected were CDK9, cyclin T1, AFF3/4 and MLLT1, which may represent four subunits of a deregulated positive transcriptional elongation factor (p-TEFb) complex. Albeit with lower potency, both drugs also bound the basal transcription factor BTF2/TFIIH containing CDK7. Staurosporine and geldanamycin do not affect these targets and thus seem to exhibit a different mechanism of action. The data support a critical role of p-TEFb inhibitors in CLL that supports their future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kruse
- Cellzome AG, Heidelberg, Germany
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Frenzel LP, Claus R, Plume N, Schwamb J, Konermann C, Pallasch CP, Claasen J, Brinker R, Wollnik B, Plass C, Wendtner CM. Sustained NF-kappaB activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is independent of genetic and epigenetic alterations in the TNFAIP3 (A20) locus. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2495-500. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lopez-Guerra M, Colomer D. NF-kappaB as a therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:275-88. [PMID: 20148715 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003598930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD NF-kappaB includes a family of transcription factors that play a critical role in the biology of normal lymphocytes and it is aberrantly activated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Here, we review the role of constitutive NF-kappaB activation in CLL pathogenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target for CLL treatment. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review highlights the different strategies reported to inhibit NF-kappaB signaling in CLL cells. They include both IkappaB kinase inhibitors and several natural compounds that act at different steps of the pathway. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Targeting NF-kappaB leads to apoptosis of CLL cells, corroborating the role of NF-kappaB in the survival and clonal expansion of these tumoral cells. Moreover, several studies confirmed a synergistic effect between NF-kappaB inhibitors and other antitumoral agents and that inhibition of NF-kappaB could overcome the microenvironmental protection of CLL cells. TAKE HOME MESSAGE NF-kappaB is a relevant target in CLL and inhibitors of this prosurvival pathway, alone or in combination, represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Lopez-Guerra
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Shima H, Takatsu H, Fukuda S, Ohmae M, Hase K, Kubagawa H, Wang JY, Ohno H. Identification of TOSO/FAIM3 as an Fc receptor for IgM. Int Immunol 2009; 22:149-56. [PMID: 20042454 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc receptors specifically bind to the Fc region of Igs to mediate the unique functions to each class of Igs. To identify a novel Fc receptor for IgM, we searched expressed sequence tag database for molecules containing Ig domains with homology to those of known Fc receptors for IgM, Fcalpha/muR and polymeric Ig receptor. As a result, we identified TOSO/Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 3 (FAIM3) as a possible Fc receptor for IgM. HeLa cells transfected with a TOSO/FAIM3-expression vector bound to IgM but not IgG and were able to internalize IgM-conjugated beads but not IgG-conjugated beads, suggesting that TOSO/FAIM3 is indeed a receptor for IgM (FcmuR). FcmuR protein was expressed predominantly on B-lineage cells; expression of the Fcmr transcripts was observed from the pre-B-cell stage and maintained thereafter during B-cell development. These results identify TOSO/FAIM3 as a receptor for IgM and suggest that FcmuR may serve as an uptake receptor for IgM-opsonized antigens by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shima
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Kubagawa H, Oka S, Kubagawa Y, Torii I, Takayama E, Kang DW, Gartland GL, Bertoli LF, Mori H, Takatsu H, Kitamura T, Ohno H, Wang JY. Identity of the elusive IgM Fc receptor (FcmuR) in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2779-93. [PMID: 19858324 PMCID: PMC2806608 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although Fc receptors (FcRs) for switched immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes have been extensively characterized, FcR for IgM (FcμR) has defied identification. By retroviral expression and functional cloning, we have identified a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding a bona fide FcμR in human B-lineage cDNA libraries. FcμR is defined as a transmembrane sialoglycoprotein of ∼60 kD, which contains an extracellular Ig-like domain homologous to two other IgM-binding receptors (polymeric Ig receptor and Fcα/μR) but exhibits an exclusive Fcμ-binding specificity. The cytoplasmic tail of FcμR contains conserved Ser and Tyr residues, but none of the Tyr residues match the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation, inhibitory, or switch motifs. Unlike other FcRs, the major cell types expressing FcμR are adaptive immune cells, including B and T lymphocytes. After antigen-receptor ligation or phorbol myristate acetate stimulation, FcμR expression was up-regulated on B cells but was down-modulated on T cells, suggesting differential regulation of FcμR expression during B and T cell activation. Although this receptor was initially designated as Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 3, or TOSO, our results indicate that FcμR per se has no inhibitory activity in Fas-mediated apoptosis and that such inhibition is only achieved when anti-Fas antibody of an IgM but not IgG isotype is used for inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kubagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Richter GHS, Mollweide A, Hanewinkel K, Zobywalski C, Burdach S. CD25 blockade protects T cells from activation-induced cell death (AICD) via maintenance of TOSO expression. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:206-15. [PMID: 19703010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
CD25 monoclonal antibody binding to the alpha-chain of the Interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, blocks high-affinity IL-2 binding, thereby preventing complete T-cell activation and being of ample importance in transplantation medicine and potentially the treatment of autoimmune disease. However, CD25 antibodies do not only block T-cell activation but also prevent activation-induced cell death (AICD) attributing a dual function to IL-2. In this study, the modulation of the genomic expression profile of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with therapeutic concentrations of humanized anti-CD25 mAb was investigated. PBMC were stimulated with CD3 antibody OKT-3 together with recombinant IL-2 in the absence or presence of anti-CD25 mAb. RNA was extracted and subjected to microarray analysis on U133A microarrays (Affymetrix). Anti-CD25 treatment inhibited several genes typically expressed during T-cell activation including granzyme B, signalling lymphocyte activation molecule, family member 1 (SLAMF1), CD40-Ligand (CD40-L), IL-9 and interferon (IFN)-gamma. Interestingly, anti-CD25 mAb also blocked the expression of several genes important for susceptibility to apoptosis, such as death receptor 6 (DR6) or reversed IL-2-mediated repression of anti-apoptotic genes, such as Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 3 (FAIM3)/TOSO. Functional significance of DR6 and TOSO expression in IL-2-dependent T-cell activation was subsequently evaluated by RNA interference in AICD: While siRNA specifically directed against DR6 did not modulate FAS-L-mediated apoptosis induction in primary T cells, down-regulation of TOSO significantly increased susceptibility to apoptosis, emphasizing an important role for TOSO in IL-2-mediated AICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H S Richter
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics and Transplantation Biology, Department of Pediatrics and Children's Cancer Research Center, Technische Universität München, 81664 München, Germany.
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Pallasch CP, Wendtner CM. Overexpression of the Fas-inhibitory molecule TOSO–a novel antiapoptotic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:498-501. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190902763491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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