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Schmid VK, Hobeika E. B cell receptor signaling and associated pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1339620. [PMID: 38469232 PMCID: PMC10926848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1339620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is a key driver of growth and survival in both normal and malignant B cells. Several lines of evidence support an important pathogenic role of the BCR in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The significant improvement of CLL patients' survival with the use of various BCR pathway targeting inhibitors, supports a crucial involvement of BCR signaling in the pathogenesis of CLL. Although the treatment landscape of CLL has significantly evolved in recent years, no agent has clearly demonstrated efficacy in patients with treatment-refractory CLL in the long run. To identify new drug targets and mechanisms of drug action in neoplastic B cells, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of leukemic transformation as well as CLL cell survival is required. In the last decades, studies of genetically modified CLL mouse models in line with CLL patient studies provided a variety of exciting data about BCR and BCR-associated kinases in their role in CLL pathogenesis as well as disease progression. BCR surface expression was identified as a particularly important factor regulating CLL cell survival. Also, BCR-associated kinases were shown to provide a crosstalk of the CLL cells with their tumor microenvironment, which highlights the significance of the cells' milieu in the assessment of disease progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the major findings of recent CLL mouse as well as patient studies in regard to the BCR signalosome and discuss its relevance in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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2
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Vergani S, Bagnara D, Agathangelidis A, Ng AKY, Ferrer G, Mazzarello AN, Palacios F, Yancopoulos S, Yan XJ, Barrientos JC, Rai KR, Stamatopoulos K, Chiorazzi N. CLL stereotyped B-cell receptor immunoglobulin sequences are recurrent in the B-cell repertoire of healthy individuals: Apparent lack of central and early peripheral tolerance censoring. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1112879. [PMID: 37007084 PMCID: PMC10063922 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1112879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe leukemic cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are often unique, expressing remarkably similar IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ gene rearrangements, “stereotyped BCRs”. The B-cell receptors (BCRs) on CLL cells are also distinctive in often deriving from autoreactive B lymphocytes, leading to the assumption of a defect in immune tolerance.ResultsUsing bulk and single-cell immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable domain sequencing, we enumerated CLL stereotype-like IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ sequences (CLL-SLS) in B cells from cord blood (CB) and adult peripheral blood (PBMC) and bone marrow (BM of healthy donors. CLL-SLS were found at similar frequencies among CB, BM, and PBMC, suggesting that age does not influence CLL-SLS levels. Moreover, the frequencies of CLL-SLS did not differ among B lymphocytes in the BM at early stages of development, and only re-circulating marginal zone B cells contained significantly higher CLL-SLS frequencies than other mature B-cell subpopulations. Although we identified CLL-SLS corresponding to most of the CLL major stereotyped subsets, CLL-SLS frequencies did not correlate with those found in patients. Interestingly, in CB samples, half of the CLL-SLS identified were attributed to two IGHV-mutated subsets. We also found satellite CLL-SLS among the same normal samples, and they were also enriched in naïve B cells but unexpectedly, these were ~10-fold higher than standard CLL-SLS. In general, IGHV-mutated CLL-SLS subsets were enriched among antigen-experienced B-cell subpopulations, and IGHV-unmutated CLL-SLS were found mostly in antigen-inexperienced B cells. Nevertheless, CLL-SLS with an IGHV-mutation status matching that of CLL clones varied among the normal B-cell subpopulations, suggesting that specific CLL-SLS could originate from distinct subpopulations of normal B cells. Lastly, using single-cell DNA sequencing, we identified paired IGH and IGL rearrangements in normal B lymphocytes resembling those of stereotyped BCRs in CLL, although some differed from those in patients based on IG isotype or somatic mutation.DiscussionCLL-SLS are present in normal B-lymphocyte populations at all stages of development. Thus, despite their autoreactive profile they are not deleted by central tolerance mechanisms, possibly because the level of autoreactivity is not registered as dangerous by deletion mechanisms or because editing of L-chain variable genes occurred which our experimental approach could not identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vergani
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anita Kar Yun Ng
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andrea N. Mazzarello
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Florencia Palacios
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Jaqueline C. Barrientos
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Chiorazzi,
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Del Padre M, Marrapodi R, Minafò YA, Piano Mortari E, Radicchio G, Bocci C, Gragnani L, Camponeschi A, Colantuono S, Stefanini L, Basili S, Carsetti R, Fiorilli M, Casato M, Visentini M. Dual stimulation by autoantigen and CpG fosters the proliferation of exhausted rheumatoid factor-specific CD21 low B cells in hepatitis C virus-cured mixed cryoglobulinemia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1094871. [PMID: 36845129 PMCID: PMC9945227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) by driving clonal expansion of B cells expressing B cell receptors (BCRs), often encoded by the VH1-69 variable gene, endowed with both rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-HCV specificity. These cells display an atypical CD21low phenotype and functional exhaustion evidenced by unresponsiveness to BCR and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) stimuli. Although antiviral therapy is effective on MC vasculitis, pathogenic B cell clones persist long thereafter and can cause virus-independent disease relapses. Methods Clonal B cells from patients with HCV-associated type 2 MC or healthy donors were stimulated with CpG or heath-aggregated IgG (as surrogate immune complexes) alone or in combination; proliferation and differentiation were then evaluated by flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of AKT and of the p65 NF-kB subunit were measured by flow cytometry. TLR9 was quantified by qPCR and by intracellular flow cytometry, and MyD88 isoforms were analyzed using RT-PCR. Discussion We found that dual triggering with autoantigen and CpG restored the capacity of exhausted VH1-69pos B cells to proliferate. The signaling mechanism for this BCR/TLR9 crosstalk remains elusive, since TLR9 mRNA and protein as well as MyD88 mRNA were normally expressed and CpG-induced phosphorylation of p65 NF-kB was intact in MC clonal B cells, whereas BCR-induced p65 NF-kB phosphorylation was impaired and PI3K/Akt signaling was intact. Our findings indicate that autoantigen and CpG of microbial or cellular origin may unite to foster persistence of pathogenic RF B cells in HCV-cured MC patients. BCR/TLR9 crosstalk might represent a more general mechanism enhancing systemic autoimmunity by the rescue of exhausted autoreactive CD21low B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Del Padre
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramona Marrapodi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ylenia A. Minafò
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- B cell unit, Immunology Research Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Radicchio
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bocci
- B cell unit, Immunology Research Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Gragnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefania Colantuono
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B cell unit, Immunology Research Area, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Fiorilli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Milvia Casato
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Visentini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Jaffe DB, Shahi P, Adams BA, Chrisman AM, Finnegan PM, Raman N, Royall AE, Tsai F, Vollbrecht T, Reyes DS, Hepler NL, McDonnell WJ. Functional antibodies exhibit light chain coherence. Nature 2022; 611:352-357. [PMID: 36289331 PMCID: PMC9607724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate adaptive immune system modifies the genome of individual B cells to encode antibodies that bind particular antigens1. In most mammals, antibodies are composed of heavy and light chains that are generated sequentially by recombination of V, D (for heavy chains), J and C gene segments. Each chain contains three complementarity-determining regions (CDR1-CDR3), which contribute to antigen specificity. Certain heavy and light chains are preferred for particular antigens2-22. Here we consider pairs of B cells that share the same heavy chain V gene and CDRH3 amino acid sequence and were isolated from different donors, also known as public clonotypes23,24. We show that for naive antibodies (those not yet adapted to antigens), the probability that they use the same light chain V gene is around 10%, whereas for memory (functional) antibodies, it is around 80%, even if only one cell per clonotype is used. This property of functional antibodies is a phenomenon that we call light chain coherence. We also observe this phenomenon when similar heavy chains recur within a donor. Thus, although naive antibodies seem to recur by chance, the recurrence of functional antibodies reveals surprising constraint and determinism in the processes of V(D)J recombination and immune selection. For most functional antibodies, the heavy chain determines the light chain.
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Lan X, Ruminy P, Bohers E, Marchand V, Viennot M, Viailly PJ, Etancelin P, Tilly H, Mihailescu S, Bouclet F, Leprêtre S, Jardin F. 5’ Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5’RACE): A simpler method to analyze immunoglobulin genes and discover the value of the light chain in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2022; 123:106952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2022.106952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Datta M, Jumaa H. Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence as an Inherited and Acquired Risk Factor for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133045. [PMID: 35804817 PMCID: PMC9264995 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent among adult leukemias. Over the years, several research efforts discovered a lot of intricate details about the cause of the disease, its mechanism, and the prognostic factors that help to understand the progression and outcome of the disease. Mutations in the immunoglobulin gene sequences in B cells are the most important prognostic factor for CLL. The cells having no to very less mutations show aggressive disease, while those having more mutations are either fairly indolent or non-aggressive. In this review, we discussed the current gain of knowledge about these mutations and their effects in the overall disease pathology. Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disease characterized by the accumulation of CD5+ CD19+ malignant B cells. Autonomous ligand-independent B-cell signaling is a key process involved in the development of CLL pathogenesis. Together with other cytogenetic alterations, mutations in the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) gene act as a prognostic marker for CLL, with mutated CLL (M-CLL) being far more indolent than unmutated CLL (U-CLL). Recent studies highlight the role of a specific light chain mutation, namely, IGLV3-21R110G, in the development and prognosis of CLL. Such a mutation increases the propensity of homotypic BCR–BCR interaction, leading to cell autonomous signaling. In this article, we review the current findings on immunoglobulin gene sequence mutations as a potential risk factor for developing CLL.
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Gerousi M, Laidou S, Gemenetzi K, Stamatopoulos K, Chatzidimitriou A. Distinctive Signaling Profiles With Distinct Biological and Clinical Implications in Aggressive CLL Subsets With Stereotyped B-Cell Receptor Immunoglobulin. Front Oncol 2021; 11:771454. [PMID: 34804974 PMCID: PMC8595110 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.771454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ontogeny and evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are critically dependent on interactions between leukemic cells and their microenvironment, including antigens, the latter recognized through the clonotypic B-cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG). Antigen selection is key to the pathogenesis of CLL, as evidenced by the remarkable skewing of the BcR IG gene repertoire, culminating in BcR IG stereotypy, referring to the existence of subsets of patients with (quasi)identical BcR IG. Notably, certain of these subsets have been found to display distinct, subset-biased biological background, clinical presentation, and outcome, including the response to treatment. This points to BcR IG centrality while also emphasizing the need to dissect the signaling pathways triggered by the distinctive BcR IG expressed by different subsets, particularly those with aggressive clinical behavior. In this mini-review, we discuss the current knowledge on the implicated signaling pathways as well as the recurrent gene mutations in these pathways that characterize major aggressive stereotyped subsets. Special emphasis is given on the intertwining of BcR IG and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and the molecular characterization of signaling activation, which has revealed novel players implicated in shaping clinical aggressiveness in CLL, e.g., the histone methyltransferase EZH2 and the transcription factor p63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gerousi
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatia Laidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Gemenetzi
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Chatzidimitriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Higher-order connections between stereotyped subsets: implications for improved patient classification in CLL. Blood 2021; 137:1365-1376. [PMID: 32992344 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the existence of subsets of patients with (quasi)identical, stereotyped B-cell receptor (BcR) immunoglobulins. Patients in certain major stereotyped subsets often display remarkably consistent clinicobiological profiles, suggesting that the study of BcR immunoglobulin stereotypy in CLL has important implications for understanding disease pathophysiology and refining clinical decision-making. Nevertheless, several issues remain open, especially pertaining to the actual frequency of BcR immunoglobulin stereotypy and major subsets, as well as the existence of higher-order connections between individual subsets. To address these issues, we investigated clonotypic IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ gene rearrangements in a series of 29 856 patients with CLL, by far the largest series worldwide. We report that the stereotyped fraction of CLL peaks at 41% of the entire cohort and that all 19 previously identified major subsets retained their relative size and ranking, while 10 new ones emerged; overall, major stereotyped subsets had a cumulative frequency of 13.5%. Higher-level relationships were evident between subsets, particularly for major stereotyped subsets with unmutated IGHV genes (U-CLL), for which close relations with other subsets, termed "satellites," were identified. Satellite subsets accounted for 3% of the entire cohort. These results confirm our previous notion that major subsets can be robustly identified and are consistent in relative size, hence representing distinct disease variants amenable to compartmentalized research with the potential of overcoming the pronounced heterogeneity of CLL. Furthermore, the existence of satellite subsets reveals a novel aspect of repertoire restriction with implications for refined molecular classification of CLL.
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9
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Primary vitreoretinal lymphomas display a remarkably restricted immunoglobulin gene repertoire. Blood Adv 2021; 4:1357-1366. [PMID: 32267931 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a high-grade lymphoma affecting the vitreous and/or the retina. The vast majority of cases are histopathologically classified as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and considered a subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). To obtain more insight into the ontogenetic relationship between PVRL and PCNSL, we adopted an immunogenetic perspective and explored the respective immunoglobulin gene repertoire profiles from 55 PVRL cases and 48 PCNSL cases. In addition, considering that both entities are predominantly related to activated B-cell (ABC) DLBCL, we compared their repertoire with that of publicly available 262 immunoglobulin heavy variable domain gene rearrangement sequences from systemic ABC-type DLBCLs. PVRL displayed a strikingly biased repertoire, with the IGHV4-34 gene being used in 63.6% of cases, which was significantly higher than in PCNSL (34.7%) or in DLBCL (30.2%). Further repertoire bias was evident by (1) restricted associations of IGHV4-34 expressing heavy chains, with κ light chains utilizing the IGKV3-20/IGKJ1 gene pair, including 5 cases with quasi-identical sequences, and (2) the presence of a subset of stereotyped IGHV3-7 rearrangements. All PVRL IGHV sequences were highly mutated, with evidence of antigen selection and ongoing mutations. Finally, half of PVRL and PCNSL cases carried the MYD88 L265P mutation, which was present in all 4 PVRL cases with stereotyped IGHV3-7 rearrangements. In conclusion, the massive bias in the immunoglobulin gene repertoire of PVRL delineates it from PCNSL and points to antigen selection as a major driving force in their development.
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Higher-order immunoglobulin repertoire restrictions in CLL: the illustrative case of stereotyped subsets 2 and 169. Blood 2021; 137:1895-1904. [PMID: 33036024 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) major stereotyped subset 2 (IGHV3-21/IGLV3-21, ∼2.5% of all cases of CLL) is an aggressive disease variant, irrespective of the somatic hypermutation (SHM) status of the clonotypic IGHV gene. Minor stereotyped subset 169 (IGHV3-48/IGLV3-21, ∼0.2% of all cases of CLL) is related to subset 2, as it displays a highly similar variable antigen-binding site. We further explored this relationship through next-generation sequencing and crystallographic analysis of the clonotypic B-cell receptor immunoglobulin. Branching evolution of the predominant clonotype through intraclonal diversification in the context of ongoing SHM was evident in both heavy and light chain genes of both subsets. Molecular similarities between the 2 subsets were highlighted by the finding of shared SHMs within both the heavy and light chain genes in all analyzed cases at either the clonal or subclonal level. Particularly noteworthy in this respect was a ubiquitous SHM at the linker region between the variable and the constant domain of the IGLV3-21 light chains, previously reported as critical for immunoglobulin homotypic interactions underlying cell-autonomous signaling capacity. Notably, crystallographic analysis revealed that the IGLV3-21-bearing CLL subset 169 immunoglobulin retains the same geometry and contact residues for the homotypic intermolecular interaction observed in subset 2, including the SHM at the linker region, and, from a molecular standpoint, belong to a common structural mode of autologous recognition. Collectively, our findings document that stereotyped subsets 2 and 169 are very closely related, displaying shared immunoglobulin features that can be explained only in the context of shared functional selection.
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Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia can be divided into three categories: those who are minimally affected by the problem, often never requiring therapy; those that initially follow an indolent course but subsequently progress and require therapy; and those that from the point of diagnosis exhibit an aggressive disease necessitating treatment. Likewise, such patients pass through three phases: development of the disease, diagnosis, and need for therapy. Finally, the leukemic clones of all patients appear to require continuous input from the exterior, most often through membrane receptors, to allow them to survive and grow. This review is presented according to the temporal course that the disease follows, focusing on those external influences from the tissue microenvironment (TME) that support the time lines as well as those internal influences that are inherited or develop as genetic and epigenetic changes occurring over the time line. Regarding the former, special emphasis is placed on the input provided via the B-cell receptor for antigen and the C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor-4 and the therapeutic agents that block these inputs. Regarding the latter, prominence is laid upon inherited susceptibility genes and the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that lead to the developmental and progression of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Mutation
- PAX5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Kanti R Rai
- The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
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12
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A stereotyped light chain may shape virus-specific B-cell receptors in HCV-dependent lymphoproliferative disorders. Genes Immun 2020; 21:131-135. [PMID: 32066891 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) expressing stereotyped B-cell receptors (BCRs) endowed with rheumatoid factor (RF) activity and putatively recognizing the HCV E2 protein. To further untangle the shaping and function of these BCRs, we analyzed immunoglobulin gene rearrangements of monoclonal B cells from 13 patients with HCV-associated LPDs and correlated their features with the clinical outcomes of antiviral therapy. While only two patients shared a stereotyped heavy-chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) sequence, two kappa chain CDR3 stereotyped sequences accounted for 77% of BCRs. Light chains were enriched in sequences homologous to anti-HCV E2 antibodies compared with heavy chains (7/13 vs. 0/13; p = 0.005). Anti-HCV E2 homology was uniquely associated (7/7 vs. 0/6; p = 0.0006) with a stereotyped CDR3 sequence encoded by IGKV3-20/3D-20 gene(s) accounting for 54% of BCRs. An IGKV3-15/IGKJ1-encoded stereotyped sequence homologous to WA RF accounted for 23% of BCRs. LPDs expressing KCDR3s homologous to anti-HCV E2 antibodies responded more frequently to the eradication of HCV by antiviral therapy (6/6 vs. 1/6; p = 0.015). These findings, although limited by the small sample size, suggest that a stereotyped KCDR3 may predominantly shape anti-HCV specificity of BCRs, possibly providing a signature that may help identifying bona fide HCV-dependent LPDs.
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Mraz M, Pospisilova S. Detection of a deletion at 22q11 locus involving ZNF280A/ZNF280B/PRAME/GGTLC2 in B-cell malignancies: simply a consequence of an immunoglobulin lambda light chain rearrangement. Br J Haematol 2019; 186:e91-e94. [PMID: 30989644 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mraz
- Molecular Medicine, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine MU, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine MU, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
The majority of lymphomas originate from B cells at the germinal center stage. Preferential selection of B-cell clones by a limited set of antigens has been suggested to drive lymphoma development. While recent studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia have shown that self-reactive B-cell receptors (BCR) can generate cell-autonomous signaling and proliferation, our knowledge about the role of BCRs for the development or survival of other lymphomas remains limited. Here, we describe a strategy to characterize the antibody reactivity of human B cells. The approach allows the unbiased characterization of the human antibody repertoire at single-cell level through the generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies from single primary human B cells of defined origin. This protocol offers a detailed description of the method starting from the flow-cytometric isolation of single human B cells to the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based amplification of the expressed immunoglobulin (Ig) transcripts (IGH, IGK, and IGL) and their subsequent cloning into expression vectors for the in vitro production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. The strategy may be used to obtain information on the clonal evolution of B-cell lymphomas by single-cell sequencing of Ig transcripts and on the antibody reactivity of human lymphoma B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Wardemann
- Division of B-Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian E Busse
- Division of B-Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Ten Hacken E, Gounari M, Ghia P, Burger JA. The importance of B cell receptor isotypes and stereotypes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2018; 33:287-298. [PMID: 30555163 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is a central pathway promoting the survival and proliferation of normal and malignant B cells. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) arises from mature B cells, expressing functional BCRs, mainly of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgD isotypes. Importantly, 30% of CLL patients express quasi-identical BCRs, the so-called "stereotyped" receptors, indicating the existence of common antigenic determinants, which may drive disease initiation and favor its progression. Although the antigenic specificity of IgM and IgD receptors is identical, there are distinct isotype-specific responses after IgM and IgD triggering. Here, we discuss the most important steps of normal B cell development, and highlight the importance of BCR signaling for CLL pathogenesis, with a focus on differences between IgM and IgD isotype signaling. We also highlight the main characteristics of CLL patient subsets, based on BCR stereotypy, and describe subset-specific BCR function and antigen-binding characteristics. Finally, we outline the key biologic and clinical responses to kinase inhibitor therapy, targeting the BCR-associated Bruton's tyrosine kinase, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, and spleen tyrosine kinase in patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ten Hacken
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Gounari
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Strategic Research Program on CLL, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Stamatopoulos B, Smith T, Crompot E, Pieters K, Clifford R, Mraz M, Robbe P, Burns A, Timbs A, Bruce D, Hillmen P, Meuleman N, Mineur P, Firescu R, Maerevoet M, De Wilde V, Efira A, Philippé J, Verhasselt B, Offner F, Sims D, Heger A, Dreau H, Schuh A. The Light Chain IgLV3-21 Defines a New Poor Prognostic Subgroup in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Results of a Multicenter Study. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5048-5057. [PMID: 29945996 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Unmutated (UM) immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgHV) status or IgHV3-21 gene usage is associated with poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Interestingly, IgHV3-21 is often co-expressed with light chain IgLV3-21, which is potentially able to trigger cell-autonomous BCR-mediated signaling. However, this light chain has never been characterized independently of the heavy chain IgHV3-21.Experimental Design: We performed total RNA sequencing in 32 patients and investigated IgLV3-21 prognostic impact in terms of treatment-free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS) in 3 other independent cohorts for a total of 813 patients. IgLV3-21 presence was tested by real-time PCR and confirmed by Sanger sequencing.Results: Using total RNA sequencing to characterize 32 patients with high-risk CLL, we found a high frequency (28%) of IgLV3-21 rearrangements. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that these patients express higher levels of genes responsible for ribosome biogenesis and translation initiation (P < 0.0001) as well as MYC target genes (P = 0.0003). Patients with IgLV3-21 rearrangements displayed a significantly shorter TFS and OS (P < 0.05), particularly those with IgHV mutation. In each of the three independent validation cohorts, we showed that IgLV3-21 rearrangements-similar to UM IgHV status-conferred poor prognosis compared with mutated IgHV (P < 0.0001). Importantly, we confirmed by multivariate analysis that this was independent of IgHV mutational status or subset #2 stereotyped receptor (P < 0.0001).Conclusions: We have demonstrated for the first time that a light chain can affect CLL prognosis and that IgLV3-21 light chain usage defines a new subgroup of CLL patients with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 5048-57. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Stamatopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. .,Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Smith
- Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Program, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emerence Crompot
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karlien Pieters
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruth Clifford
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Mraz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pauline Robbe
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Burns
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adele Timbs
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Bruce
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hillmen
- St. James' Institute of Oncology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Mineur
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Grand Hôpital de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Radu Firescu
- Hematology Department, CHU Ambroise Paré, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie Maerevoet
- Hematology Department, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium.,Hematology Department, Hôpital Erasme (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - André Efira
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Philippé
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Sims
- Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Program, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heger
- Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Program, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hélène Dreau
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Schuh
- Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Ling WL, Lua WH, Poh JJ, Yeo JY, Lane DP, Gan SKE. Effect of VH-VL Families in Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab Recombinant Production, Her2 and FcγIIA Binding. Front Immunol 2018; 9:469. [PMID: 29593727 PMCID: PMC5857972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic antibodies are humanized from animal sources. In the humanization process, complementarity determining region grafting is tedious and highly prone to failure. With seven known VH families, and up to six known κ VL families, there are choices aplenty. However, the functions of these families remain largely enigmatic. To study the role of these V-region families, we made 84 recombinant combinations of the various VH and VL family whole IgG1 variants of both Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab. We managed to purify 66 of these to investigate the biophysical characteristics: recombinant protein production, and both Her2 and FcγIIA binding. Our findings revealed combinations that showed improved recombinant antibody production and both antigen and receptor binding kinetics. These findings show the need to rethink antibodies as a whole protein, relooking of the functions of the antibody domains, and the need to include immunoglobulin receptor investigations for effective antibody therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Ling
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai-Heng Lua
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Jie Poh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Philip Lane
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Mature lymphoid malignancies: origin, stem cells, and chronicity. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2444-2455. [PMID: 29296894 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017008854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic behavior of mature lymphoid malignancies, with relapses occurring years apart in many patients, has until recently been unexplained. Patterns of relapse also differ vastly between disease entities, with some being highly curable by chemotherapy whereas others are destined to reemerge after treatment. Lately, the use of next-generation sequencing techniques has revealed essential information on the clonal evolution of lymphoid malignancies. Also, experimental xenograft transplantation point to the possible existence of an ancestral (stem) cell. Such a malignant lymphoid stem cell population could potentially evade current therapies and be the cause of chronicity and death in lymphoma patients; however, the evidence is divergent across disease entities and between studies. In this review we present an overview of genetic studies, case reports, and experimental evidence of the source of mature lymphoid malignancy and discuss the perspectives.
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19
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Jiménez de Oya N, De Giovanni M, Fioravanti J, Übelhart R, Di Lucia P, Fiocchi A, Iacovelli S, Efremov DG, Caligaris-Cappio F, Jumaa H, Ghia P, Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Pathogen-specific B-cell receptors drive chronic lymphocytic leukemia by light-chain-dependent cross-reaction with autoantigens. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:1482-1490. [PMID: 28899929 PMCID: PMC5666309 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indirectly suggest that antigenic stimulation through the B-cell receptor (BCR) supports chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) development. In addition to self-antigens, a number of microbial antigens have been proposed to contribute to the selection of the immunoglobulins expressed in CLL. How pathogen-specific BCRs drive CLL development remains, however, largely unexplored. Here, we utilized mouse models of CLL pathogenesis to equip B cells with virus-specific BCRs and study the effect of antigen recognition on leukemia growth. Our results show that BCR engagement is absolutely required for CLL development. Unexpectedly, however, neither acute nor chronic exposure to virus-derived antigens influenced leukemia progression. Rather, CLL clones preferentially selected light chains that, when paired with virus-specific heavy chains, conferred B cells the ability to recognize a broad range of autoantigens. Taken together, our results suggest that pathogens may drive CLL pathogenesis by selecting and expanding pathogen-specific B cells that cross-react with one or more self-antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/genetics
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Fioravanti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rudolf Übelhart
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Amleto Fiocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Iacovelli
- Molecular Hematology Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dimitar G Efremov
- Molecular Hematology Unit, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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20
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patient Clustering Based on Somatic Hypermutation (SHM) Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28971394 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56246-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Somatic Hypermutation (SHM) load in the immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) gene of the clonotypic B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) is one of the most important prognostic markers in CLL, segregating patients into two distinct categories, with contrariwise disease course. Over the last years, immunogenetic studies have identified that ∼30% of CLL patients carry (quasi)identical BcR IG and thus can be assigned to different subsets with distinct clinicobiological profiles. This characterization was achieved by applying rules mainly concerning the diversity of the VH complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3). Following, studies have also identified subset-specific somatic hypermutation further highlighting antigen selection in disease ontogeny and evolution. In this study, an innovative attempt to explore possible associations amongst SHMs in different CLL patients is implemented and also the potential correlations with VH CDR3 stereotypy is examined, leading to a new classification algorithm implicating both SHM and CDR3 patterns. All results are classified to a ground level analysis, focusing on the most frequent SHMs, their paired associated amino acid changes and the formation of subgroups sharing the same VH CDR3 pattern, the latter being used as a similarity metric. In addition, all results are compared to established VH CDR3 patterns of the well-known CLL subsets in order to confirm the validity of our findings.
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21
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Su CTT, Ling WL, Lua WH, Poh JJ, Gan SKE. The role of Antibody Vκ Framework 3 region towards Antigen binding: Effects on recombinant production and Protein L binding. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630463 PMCID: PMC5476676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody research has traditionally focused on heavy chains, often neglecting the important complementary role of light chains in antibody formation and secretion. In the light chain, the complementarity-determining region 3 (VL-CDR3) is specifically implicated in disease states. By modulating VL-CDR3 exposure on the scaffold through deletions in the framework region 3 (VL-FWR3), we further investigated the effects on secretion in recombinant production and antigen binding kinetics. Our random deletions of two residues in the VL-FWR3 of a Trastuzumab model showed that the single deletions could impact recombinant production without significant effect on Her2 binding. When both the selected residues were deleted, antibody secretion was additively decreased, and so was Her2 binding kinetics. Interestingly, we also found allosteric effects on the Protein L binding site at VL-FWR1 elicited by these deletions in VL- FWR3. Together, these findings demonstrate the importance of light chain FWR3 in antigen binding, recombinant production, and antibody purification using Protein L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh Tran-To Su
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Li Ling
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai-Heng Lua
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Jie Poh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Minici C, Gounari M, Übelhart R, Scarfò L, Dühren-von Minden M, Schneider D, Tasdogan A, Alkhatib A, Agathangelidis A, Ntoufa S, Chiorazzi N, Jumaa H, Stamatopoulos K, Ghia P, Degano M. Distinct homotypic B-cell receptor interactions shape the outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15746. [PMID: 28598442 PMCID: PMC5472768 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous B-cell receptor (BcR)-mediated signalling is a hallmark feature of the neoplastic B lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Here we elucidate the structural basis of autonomous activation of CLL B cells, showing that BcR immunoglobulins initiate intracellular signalling through homotypic interactions between epitopes that are specific for each subgroup of patients with homogeneous clinicobiological profiles. The molecular details of the BcR–BcR interactions apparently dictate the clinical course of disease, with stronger affinities and longer half-lives in indolent cases, and weaker, short-lived contacts mediating the aggressive ones. The diversity of homotypic BcR contacts leading to cell-autonomous signalling reconciles the existence of a shared pathogenic mechanism with the biological and clinical heterogeneity of CLL and offers opportunities for innovative treatment strategies. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is characterized by cell-autonomous B-cell receptor (BcR)-mediated signalling of neoplastic B lymphocytes. Here the authors unveil the structural basis and diversity of activatory homotypic BcR contacts and link them with CLL heterogeneity and the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Minici
- Biocrystallography Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Gounari
- B-cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lydia Scarfò
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.,B-cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Strategic Research Program on CLL, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Dunja Schneider
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Alabbas Alkhatib
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- B-cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stavroula Ntoufa
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | | | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.,B-cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Strategic Research Program on CLL, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Degano
- Biocrystallography Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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23
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Xochelli A, Baliakas P, Kavakiotis I, Agathangelidis A, Sutton LA, Minga E, Ntoufa S, Tausch E, Yan XJ, Shanafelt T, Plevova K, Boudjogra M, Rossi D, Davis Z, Navarro A, Sandberg Y, Vojdeman FJ, Scarfo L, Stavroyianni N, Sudarikov A, Veronese S, Tzenou T, Karan-Djurasevic T, Catherwood M, Kienle D, Chatzouli M, Facco M, Bahlo J, Pott C, Pedersen LB, Mansouri L, Smedby KE, Chu CC, Giudicelli V, Lefranc MP, Panagiotidis P, Juliusson G, Anagnostopoulos A, Vlahavas I, Antic D, Trentin L, Montillo M, Niemann C, Döhner H, Langerak AW, Pospisilova S, Hallek M, Campo E, Chiorazzi N, Maglaveras N, Oscier D, Gaidano G, Jelinek DF, Stilgenbauer S, Chouvarda I, Darzentas N, Belessi C, Davi F, Hadzidimitriou A, Rosenquist R, Ghia P, Stamatopoulos K. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Mutated IGHV4-34 Receptors: Shared and Distinct Immunogenetic Features and Clinical Outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5292-5301. [PMID: 28536306 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We sought to investigate whether B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) stereotypy is associated with particular clinicobiological features among chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients expressing mutated BcR IG (M-CLL) encoded by the IGHV4-34 gene, and also ascertain whether these associations could refine prognostication.Experimental Design: In a series of 19,907 CLL cases with available immunogenetic information, we identified 339 IGHV4-34-expressing cases assigned to one of the four largest stereotyped M-CLL subsets, namely subsets #4, #16, #29 and #201, and investigated in detail their clinicobiological characteristics and disease outcomes.Results: We identified shared and subset-specific patterns of somatic hypermutation (SHM) among patients assigned to these subsets. The greatest similarity was observed between subsets #4 and #16, both including IgG-switched cases (IgG-CLL). In contrast, the least similarity was detected between subsets #16 and #201, the latter concerning IgM/D-expressing CLL. Significant differences between subsets also involved disease stage at diagnosis and the presence of specific genomic aberrations. IgG subsets #4 and #16 emerged as particularly indolent with a significantly (P < 0.05) longer time-to-first-treatment (TTFT; median TTFT: not yet reached) compared with the IgM/D subsets #29 and #201 (median TTFT: 11 and 12 years, respectively).Conclusions: Our findings support the notion that BcR IG stereotypy further refines prognostication in CLL, superseding the immunogenetic distinction based solely on SHM load. In addition, the observed distinct genetic aberration landscapes and clinical heterogeneity suggest that not all M-CLL cases are equal, prompting further research into the underlying biological background with the ultimate aim of tailored patient management. Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 5292-301. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki Xochelli
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis Baliakas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Kavakiotis
- Department of informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Division of Experimental Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lesley-Ann Sutton
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Minga
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Eugen Tausch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Tait Shanafelt
- Department of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karla Plevova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Myriam Boudjogra
- Department of Hematology, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Davide Rossi
- Division of Haematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Zadie Davis
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Navarro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yorick Sandberg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lydia Scarfo
- Division of Experimental Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Niki Stavroyianni
- Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Silvio Veronese
- Molecular Pathology Unit and Haematology Department, Niguarda Cancer Center, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Tatiana Tzenou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Teodora Karan-Djurasevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mark Catherwood
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Kienle
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Chatzouli
- Hematology Department, Nikea General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Monica Facco
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Jasmin Bahlo
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Pott
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Larry Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin E Smedby
- Department of Medicine Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles C Chu
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Véronique Giudicelli
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, Université de Montpellier, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system®, Université de Montpellier, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UPR CNRS 1142, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gunnar Juliusson
- Lund University and Hospital Department of Hematology, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ioannis Vlahavas
- Department of informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Darko Antic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Center, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Montillo
- Molecular Pathology Unit and Haematology Department, Niguarda Cancer Center, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten Niemann
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartmut Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine and Center of Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elias Campo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Nikos Maglaveras
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Oscier
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Haematology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Diane F Jelinek
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | | | - Ioanna Chouvarda
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Frederic Davi
- Department of Hematology, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anastasia Hadzidimitriou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece. .,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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24
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Langerak AW, Brüggemann M, Davi F, Darzentas N, van Dongen JJM, Gonzalez D, Cazzaniga G, Giudicelli V, Lefranc MP, Giraud M, Macintyre EA, Hummel M, Pott C, Groenen PJTA, Stamatopoulos K. High-Throughput Immunogenetics for Clinical and Research Applications in Immunohematology: Potential and Challenges. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3765-3774. [PMID: 28416603 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysis and interpretation of Ig and TCR gene rearrangements in the conventional, low-throughput way have their limitations in terms of resolution, coverage, and biases. With the advent of high-throughput, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, a deeper analysis of Ig and/or TCR (IG/TR) gene rearrangements is now within reach, which impacts on all main applications of IG/TR immunogenetic analysis. To bridge the generation gap from low- to high-throughput analysis, the EuroClonality-NGS Consortium has been formed, with the main objectives to develop, standardize, and validate the entire workflow of IG/TR NGS assays for 1) clonality assessment, 2) minimal residual disease detection, and 3) repertoire analysis. This concerns the preanalytical (sample preparation, target choice), analytical (amplification, NGS), and postanalytical (immunoinformatics) phases. Here we critically discuss pitfalls and challenges of IG/TR NGS methodology and its applications in hemato-oncology and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Monika Brüggemann
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frédéric Davi
- Département d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Hopital Pitié-Salpêtrière and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Université Paris IV, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Molecular Medicine Program, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - David Gonzalez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | | | | | - Mathieu Giraud
- Centre de Recherche en Informatique Signal et Automatique de Lille, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Elizabeth A Macintyre
- Département d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Necker-Enfants Malades and Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Pott
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia J T A Groenen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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25
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IGK with conserved IGΚV/IGΚJ repertoire is expressed in acute myeloid leukemia and promotes leukemic cell migration. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39062-72. [PMID: 26429876 PMCID: PMC4770757 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that immunoglobulin heavy chain genes were expressed in myeloblasts and mature myeloid cells. In this study, we further demonstrated that rearranged Ig κ light chain was also frequently expressed in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines (6/6), primary myeloblasts from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (17/18), and mature monocytes (11/12) and neutrophils (3/12) from patients with non-hematopoietic neoplasms, but not or only rarely expressed in mature neutrophils (0/8) or monocytes (1/8) from healthy individuals. Interestingly, myeloblasts and mature monocytes/neutrophils shared several restricted IGKV and IGKJ gene usages but with different expression frequency. Surprisingly, almost all of the acute myeloid leukemia-derived IGKV showed somatic hypermutation; in contrast, mature myeloid cells-derived IGKV rarely had somatic hypermutation. More importantly, although IGK expression appeared not to affect cell proliferation, reduced IGK expression led to a decrease in cell migration in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines HL-60 and NB4, whereas increased IGK expression promoted their motility. In summary, IGK is expressed in myeloblasts and mature myeloid cells from patients with non-hematopoietic neoplasms, and is involved in cell migration. These results suggest that myeloid cells-derived IgK may have a role in leukemogenesis and may serve as a novel tumor marker for monitoring minimal residual disease and developing target therapy.
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26
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Antigen receptor stereotypy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:282-291. [PMID: 27811850 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of almost identical or 'stereotyped' B-cell receptor immunoglobulins (BcR IG) among unrelated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cemented the idea of antigen selection in disease ontogeny and evolution. The systematic analysis of the stereotypy phenomenon in CLL revealed that around one-third of CLL patients may be grouped into subsets based on shared sequence motifs within the variable heavy complementarity determining region 3. Stereotyped subsets display a strikingly similar biology of the leukemic clones, referring to many different levels, from the immunogenetic and genetic and extending to the epigenetic and functional levels. Even more importantly, the homogeneity of stereotyped subsets has clinical consequences as patients assigned to the same stereotyped subset generally exhibit an overall similar disease course and outcome. In other words, stereotypy-based patient classification of CLL has already provided a more compartmentalized view of this otherwise heterogeneous disease and can assist in refining prognostication models. While this is relevant only for the one-third of cases expressing stereotyped BcR IG; in principle, however, the findings from further analysis of the stereotyped subsets may also contribute towards improved understanding of the remaining non-stereotyped fraction of CLL patients.
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27
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Gemenetzi K, Galigalidou C, Vlachonikola E, Stalika E, Xochelli A, Baliakas P, Karypidou M, Touloumenidou T, Minga E, Douka V, Iskas M, Athanasiadou A, Makris A, Stavroyianni N, Anagnostopoulos A, Hadzidimitriou A, Stamatopoulos K. Tp53 gene p72R polymorphism in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: incidence and clinical significance amongst cases with unmutated immunoglobulin receptors. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:726-728. [PMID: 27686405 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1211276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Gemenetzi
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Chrysi Galigalidou
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Elisavet Vlachonikola
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Evangelia Stalika
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece.,b Hematology Department and HCT Unit , G. Papanicolaou Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Aliki Xochelli
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece.,b Hematology Department and HCT Unit , G. Papanicolaou Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Baliakas
- c Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Maria Karypidou
- b Hematology Department and HCT Unit , G. Papanicolaou Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Tasoula Touloumenidou
- b Hematology Department and HCT Unit , G. Papanicolaou Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Evangelia Minga
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Vasiliki Douka
- b Hematology Department and HCT Unit , G. Papanicolaou Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Michalis Iskas
- b Hematology Department and HCT Unit , G. Papanicolaou Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | | | - Antonios Makris
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Niki Stavroyianni
- b Hematology Department and HCT Unit , G. Papanicolaou Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | | | - Anastasia Hadzidimitriou
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece.,c Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- a Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center of Research and Technology Hellas , Thessaloniki , Greece.,c Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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28
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Hepatitis B virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: unique clinical features, poor outcome, and hepatitis B surface antigen-driven origin. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25061-73. [PMID: 26314957 PMCID: PMC4694815 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While the epidemiologic association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is established, little is known more than this epidemiologic evidence. We studied a cohort of 587 patients with DLBCL for HBV infection status, clinicopathologic features, and the immunoglobulin variable region in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients. Eighty-one (81/587, 13.8%) patients were HBsAg-positive. Compared with HBsAg-negative DLBCL, HBsAg-positive DLBCL displayed a younger median onset age (45 vs. 55 years), more frequent involvement of spleen or retroperitoneal lymph node (40.7% vs. 16.0% and 61.7% vs. 31.0% respectively, both p < 0.001), more advanced disease (stage III/IV: 76.5% vs 59.5%, p = 0.003), and significantly worse outcome (2-year overall survival: 47% versus 70%, p < 0.001). In HBsAg-positive DLBCL patients, almost all (45/47, 96%) amino acid sequences of heavy and light chain complementarity determining region 3 exhibited a high homology to antibodies specific for HBsAg, and the majority (45/50, 90%) of IgHV and IgLV genes were mutated. We conclude that 13.8% of DLBCL cases are HBV-associated in HBV-endemic China and show unique clinical features and poor outcomes. Furthermore, our study strongly suggests that HBV-associated DLBCL might arise from HBV antigen-selected B cells.
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29
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Heyman B, Volkheimer AD, Weinberg JB. Double IGHV DNA gene rearrangements in CLL: influence of mixed-mutated and -unmutated rearrangements on outcomes in CLL. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e440. [PMID: 27367477 PMCID: PMC5030375 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B Heyman
- Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A D Volkheimer
- Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J B Weinberg
- Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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30
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Hershberg U, Luning Prak ET. The analysis of clonal expansions in normal and autoimmune B cell repertoires. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0239. [PMID: 26194753 PMCID: PMC4528416 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clones are the fundamental building blocks of immune repertoires. The number of different clones relates to the diversity of the repertoire, whereas their size and sequence diversity are linked to selective pressures. Selective pressures act both between clones and within different sequence variants of a clone. Understanding how clonal selection shapes the immune repertoire is one of the most basic questions in all of immunology. But how are individual clones defined? Here we discuss different approaches for defining clones, starting with how antibodies are diversified during different stages of B cell development. Next, we discuss how clones are defined using different experimental methods. We focus on high-throughput sequencing datasets, and the computational challenges and opportunities that these data have for mining the antibody repertoire landscape. We discuss methods that visualize sequence variants within the same clone and allow us to consider collections of shared mutations to determine which sequences share a common ancestry. Finally, we comment on features of frequently encountered expanded B cell clones that may be of particular interest in the setting of autoimmunity and other chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone 7-711, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Bossone 7-711, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 405B Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Baliakas P, Puiggros A, Xochelli A, Sutton LA, Nguyen-Khac F, Gardiner A, Plevova K, Minga E, Hadzidimitriou A, Walewska R, McCarthy H, Ortega M, Collado R, González T, Granada I, Luño E, Kotašková J, Moysiadis T, Davis Z, Stavroyianni N, Anagnostopoulos A, Strefford JC, Pospisilova S, Davi F, Athanasiadou A, Rosenquist R, Oscier D, Espinet B, Stamatopoulos K. Additional trisomies amongst patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia carrying trisomy 12: the accompanying chromosome makes a difference. Haematologica 2016; 101:e299-302. [PMID: 27102498 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.140202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Baliakas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anna Puiggros
- Laboratori de Citogenètica Molecular Servei de Patologia Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain Grup de Recerca Translacional en Neoplàsies Hematològiques, Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aliki Xochelli
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lesley-Ann Sutton
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- AP-HP, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Hematology, and UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138, France
| | - Anne Gardiner
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, UK
| | - Karla Plevova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Minga
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Helen McCarthy
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, UK
| | | | - Rosa Collado
- Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa González
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Granada
- Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras (IJC), ICO-Hospital GeransTrias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Elisa Luño
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jana Kotašková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zadie Davis
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, UK
| | - Niki Stavroyianni
- Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frederic Davi
- AP-HP, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Hematology, and UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 1138, France
| | | | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Oscier
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, UK
| | - Blanca Espinet
- Laboratori de Citogenètica Molecular Servei de Patologia Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain Grup de Recerca Translacional en Neoplàsies Hematològiques, Cancer Research Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
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32
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Ntoufa S, Papakonstantinou N, Apollonio B, Gounari M, Galigalidou C, Fonte E, Anagnostopoulos A, Belessi C, Muzio M, Ghia P, Stamatopoulos K. B Cell Anergy Modulated by TLR1/2 and the miR-17∼92 Cluster Underlies the Indolent Clinical Course of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Stereotyped Subset #4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4410-7. [PMID: 27059597 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients assigned to stereotyped subset #4 (mutated IGHV4-34/IGKV2-30 BCR Ig) display a particularly indolent disease course. Immunogenetic studies of the clonotypic BCR Ig of CLL subset #4 suggested a resemblance with B cells rendered anergic through chronic autoantigenic stimulation. In this article, we provide experimental evidence that subset #4 CLL cells show low IgG levels, constitutive ERK1/2 activation, and fail to either release intracellular Ca(2+) or activate MAPK signaling after BCR cross-linking, thus displaying a signature of B cell anergy at both biochemical and functional levels. Interestingly, TLR1/2 triggering restored BCR functionality, likely breaching the anergic state, and this was accompanied by induction of the miR-17∼92 cluster, whose members target critical BCR-associated molecules, including MAPKs. In conclusion, we demonstrate BCR anergy in CLL subset #4 and implicate TLR signaling and the miR-17∼92 cluster in the regulation of the anergic state. This detailed signaling profiling of subset #4 has implications for advanced understanding of the complex regulation of intracellular signaling pathways in CLL, currently a major therapeutic target of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Ntoufa
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece; Hematology Department and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, George Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Nikos Papakonstantinou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece; Hematology Department and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, George Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Benedetta Apollonio
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Maria Gounari
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Chrysi Galigalidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Eleonora Fonte
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Achilles Anagnostopoulos
- Hematology Department and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, George Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Belessi
- Hematology Department, Nikea General Hospital, Pireaus 18454, Greece
| | - Marta Muzio
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy; and
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece; Hematology Department and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Unit, George Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki 57010, Greece; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75105, Sweden
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33
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Sutton LA, Rosenquist R. The complex interplay between cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors driving the evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:22-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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34
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Agathangelidis A, Scarfò L, Barbaglio F, Apollonio B, Bertilaccio MTS, Ranghetti P, Ponzoni M, Leone G, De Pascali V, Pecciarini L, Ghia P, Caligaris-Cappio F, Scielzo C. Establishment and Characterization of PCL12, a Novel CD5+ Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Cell Line. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130195. [PMID: 26110819 PMCID: PMC4481539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immortalized cell lines representative of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can assist in understanding disease pathogenesis and testing new therapeutic agents. At present, very few representative cell lines are available. We here describe the characterization of a new cell line (PCL12) that grew spontaneously from the peripheral blood (PB) of a CLL patient with progressive disease and EBV infection. The CLL cell origin of PCL12 was confirmed after the alignment of its IGH sequence against the “original” clonotypic sequence. The IGH gene rearrangement was truly unmutated and no CLL-related cytogenetic or genetic lesions were detected. PCL12 cells express CD19, CD20, CD5, CD23, low levels of IgM and IgD and the poor-outcome-associated prognostic markers CD38, ZAP70 and TCL1. In accordance with its aggressive phenotype the cell line is inactive in terms of LYN and HS1 phosphorylation. BcR signalling pathway is constitutively active and anergic in terms of p-ERK and Calcium flux response to α-IgM stimulation. PCL12 cells strongly migrate in vitro in response to SDF-1 and form clusters. Finally, they grow rapidly and localize in all lymphoid organs when xenotrasplanted in Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. PCL12 represents a suitable preclinical model for testing pharmacological agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phenotype
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Agathangelidis
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of B Cell Neoplasia, Milano, Italy
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of B Cell Neoplasia, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Barbaglio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Apollonio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sabrina Bertilaccio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Pamela Ranghetti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pathology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leone
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pathology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of B Cell Neoplasia, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Caligaris-Cappio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Lymphoma Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Scielzo
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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35
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Sutton LA, Papadopoulos G, Hadzidimitriou A, Papadopoulos S, Kostareli E, Rosenquist R, Tzovaras D, Stamatopoulos K. An entity evolving into a community: defining the common ancestor and evolutionary trajectory of chronic lymphocytic leukemia stereotyped subset #4. Mol Med 2015; 20:720-8. [PMID: 25486132 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) assigned to stereotyped subset #4 express highly homologous B-cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) sequences with intense intraclonal diversification (ID) in the context of ongoing somatic hypermutation (SHM). Their remarkable biological and clinical similarities strongly support derivation from a common ancestor. We here revisited ID in subset #4 CLL to reconstruct their evolutionary history as a community of related clones. To this end, using specialized bioinformatics tools we assessed both IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ rearrangements (n = 511) and IGKV-IGKJ rearrangements (n = 397) derived from eight subset #4 cases. Due to high sequence relatedness, a number of subclonal clusters from different cases lay very close to one another, forming a core from which clusters exhibiting greater variation stemmed. Minor subclones from individual cases were mutated to such an extent that they now resembled the sequences of another patient. Viewing the entire subset #4 data set as a single entity branching through diversification enabled inference of a common sequence representing the putative ancestral BcR IG expressed by their still elusive common progenitor. These results have implications for improved understanding of the ontogeny of CLL subset #4, as well as the design of studies concerning the antigenic specificity of the clonotypic BcR IGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley-Ann Sutton
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giorgos Papadopoulos
- Information Technologies Institute, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hadzidimitriou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Papadopoulos
- Information Technologies Institute, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efterpi Kostareli
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Tzovaras
- Information Technologies Institute, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Hematology Department and HCT Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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36
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García-Muñoz R, Feliu J, Llorente L. The top ten clues to understand the origin of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). J Autoimmun 2015; 56:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Baliakas P, Strefford JC, Bikos V, Parry M, Stamatopoulos K, Oscier D. Splenic marginal-zone lymphoma: ontogeny and genetics. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:301-10. [PMID: 24798744 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.919636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Splenic marginal-zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a rare tumor that has recently emerged as a prototype for how the interplay between genetics and environment shapes the natural history of lymphomas. Indeed, the recent identification of molecular immunogenetic subgroups within SMZL may prove to be relevant not only for the sub-classification of the disease but also for improved understanding of the underlying biology. In contrast to other B-cell lymphomas, SMZL lacks a characteristic genetic lesion, although the majority of cases harbor genomic aberrations, as recently revealed by high-throughput studies that identified recurrent genetic aberrations, several in pathways related to marginal-zone differentiation and B-cell signaling. Here we provide an overview of recent research into the molecular and cellular biology of SMZL and related disorders, with special emphasis on immunogenetics and genomic aberrations, and discuss the value of molecular and cellular markers for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Baliakas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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38
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García-Muñoz R, Llorente L. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: could immunological tolerance mechanisms be the origin of lymphoid neoplasms? Immunology 2014; 142:536-50. [PMID: 24645778 PMCID: PMC4107664 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance theory in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): we suggest that B cells that express B-cell receptors (BCR) that recognize their own BCR epitopes are viewed by immune system as 'dangerous cells'. BCR autonomous signalling may induce constant receptor editing and mistakes in allelic exclusion. The fact that whole BCR recognizes a self-antigen or foreing antigen may be irrelevant in early B cell development. In early B cells, autonomous signalling induced by recognition of the BCR's own epitopes simulates an antigen-antibody engagement. In the bone marrow this interaction is viewed as recognition of self-molecules and induces receptor editing. In mature B cells autonomous signalling by the BCR may promote 'reversible anergy' and also may correct self-reactivity induced by the somatic hypermutation mechanisms in mutated CLL B cells. However, in unmutated CLL B cells, BCR autonomous signalling in addition to self-antigen recognition augments B cell activation, proliferation and genomic instability. We suggest that CLL originates from a coordinated normal immunologic tolerance mechanism to destroy self-reactive B cells. Additional genetic damage induced by tolerance mechanisms may immortalize self-reactive B cells and transform them into a leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Llorente
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City, México
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39
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Agathangelidis A, Vardi A, Baliakas P, Stamatopoulos K. Stereotyped B-cell receptors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2252-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.879715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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40
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Antigen selection in B-cell lymphomas—Tracing the evidence. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:399-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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41
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Vardi A, Agathangelidis A, Sutton LA, Chatzouli M, Scarfò L, Mansouri L, Douka V, Anagnostopoulos A, Darzentas N, Rosenquist R, Ghia P, Belessi C, Stamatopoulos K. IgG-Switched CLL Has a Distinct Immunogenetic Signature from the Common MD Variant: Ontogenetic Implications. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:323-30. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Plevova K, Francova HS, Burckova K, Brychtova Y, Doubek M, Pavlova S, Malcikova J, Mayer J, Tichy B, Pospisilova S. Multiple productive immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are mostly derived from independent clones. Haematologica 2013; 99:329-38. [PMID: 24038023 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.087593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, usually a monoclonal disease, multiple productive immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements are identified sporadically. Prognostication of such cases based on immunoglobulin heavy variable gene mutational status can be problematic, especially if the different rearrangements have discordant mutational status. To gain insight into the possible biological mechanisms underlying the origin of the multiple rearrangements, we performed a comprehensive immunogenetic and immunophenotypic characterization of 31 cases with the multiple rearrangements identified in a cohort of 1147 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For the majority of cases (25/31), we provide evidence of the co-existence of at least two B lymphocyte clones with a chronic lymphocytic leukemia phenotype. We also identified clonal drifts in serial samples, likely driven by selection forces. More specifically, higher immunoglobulin variable gene identity to germline and longer complementarity determining region 3 were preferred in persistent or newly appearing clones, a phenomenon more pronounced in patients with stereotyped B-cell receptors. Finally, we report that other factors, such as TP53 gene defects and therapy administration, influence clonal selection. Our findings are relevant to clonal evolution in the context of antigen stimulation and transition of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis to chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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43
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Sutton LA, Kostareli E, Stalika E, Tsaftaris A, Anagnostopoulos A, Darzentas N, Rosenquist R, Stamatopoulos K. Temporal dynamics of clonal evolution in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with stereotyped IGHV4-34/IGKV2-30 antigen receptors: longitudinal immunogenetic evidence. Mol Med 2013; 19:230-6. [PMID: 23922244 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients assigned to stereotyped subset 4 possess distinctive patterns of intraclonal diversification (ID) within their immunoglobulin (IG) genes. Although highly indicative of an ongoing response to antigen(s), the critical question concerning the precise timing of antigen involvement is unresolved. Hence, we conducted a large-scale longitudinal study of eight subset 4 cases totaling 511 and 398 subcloned IG heavy and kappa sequences. Importantly, we could establish a hierarchical pattern of subclonal evolution, thus revealing which somatic hypermutations were negatively or positively selected. In addition, distinct clusters of subcloned sequences with cluster-specific mutational profiles were observed initially; however, at later time points, the minor cluster had often disappeared and hence not been selected. Despite the high intensity of ID, it was remarkable that certain residues remained essentially unaltered. These novel findings strongly support a role for persistent antigen stimulation in the clonal evolution of CLL subset 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley-Ann Sutton
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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44
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Marcatili P, Ghiotto F, Tenca C, Chailyan A, Mazzarello AN, Yan XJ, Colombo M, Albesiano E, Bagnara D, Cutrona G, Morabito F, Bruno S, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N, Tramontano A, Fais F. Igs Expressed by Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells Show Limited Binding-Site Structure Variability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5771-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Mraz M, Stano Kozubik K, Plevova K, Musilova K, Tichy B, Borsky M, Kuglik P, Doubek M, Brychtova Y, Mayer J, Pospisilova S. The origin of deletion 22q11 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is related to the rearrangement of immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus. Leuk Res 2013; 37:802-8. [PMID: 23608880 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The technology of array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH/aCGH) enabled the identification of novel genomic aberrations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) including the monoallelic and biallelic deletions affecting 22q11 locus. In contrast to previous publications, we hypothesized that the described 22q11 deletions are a consequence of the rearrangement of immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus (IGL) segments surrounding several protein-coding genes located in this region. Indeed, using array-CGH and PCR analysis we show that all deletions (n=7) affecting the 22q11 locus in our cohort (n=40) are based on the physiological mechanism of IGL rearrangement. This demonstrates that this loss of genetic material is likely not pathogenic and in fact is merely a marker of IGL rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mraz
- CEITEC, Center of Molecular Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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46
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Autoantigenic targets of B-cell receptors derived from chronic lymphocytic leukemias bind to and induce proliferation of leukemic cells. Blood 2013; 121:4708-17. [PMID: 23580660 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-447904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigenic targets of the B-cell receptor (BCR) derived from malignant cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) might play a role in the pathogenesis of this neoplasm. We screened human tissue-derived protein macroarrays with antigen-binding fragments derived from 47 consecutive cases of CLL. An autoantigenic target was identified for 12/47 (25.5%) of the cases, with 3 autoantigens being the target of the BCRs from 2 patients each. Recombinantly expressed autoantigens bound specifically to the CLL cells from which the BCR used for the identification of the respective autoantigen was derived. Moreover, binding of the autoantigen to the respective leukemic cells induced a specific activation and proliferation of these cells. In conclusion, autoantigens are frequent targets of CLL-BCRs. Their specific binding to and induction of proliferation in the respective leukemic cells provide the most convincing evidence to date for the long-time hypothesized role of autoantigens in the pathogenesis of CLL.
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47
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Darzentas N, Stamatopoulos K. The Significance of Stereotyped B-Cell Receptors in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2013; 27:237-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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48
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Pighi C, Barbi S, Bertolaso A, Zamò A. Mantle cell lymphoma cell lines show no evident immunoglobulin heavy chain stereotypy but frequent light chain stereotypy. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:1747-55. [PMID: 23245212 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.758843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma shows a peculiar immunogenetic profile, but the functional consequences of this fact are unknown. We have determined the precise sequences of rearranged heavy and light chain genes in several mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and investigated the presence of heavy and light chain stereotypy. These cell lines use IGHV and IGLV genes that are known to be preferentially rearranged in mantle cell lymphoma, but we found no evidence of heavy chain stereotypy. In contrast, one cell line (Mino) showed a nearly identical light chain complementarity-determining region 3 when compared to the only published light chain cluster. Two cell line couples (Jeko-1/UPN-2 and JVM-2/JVM-13) showed a highly similar light chain that satisfied the criteria for stereotypy. Our data show that mantle cell lymphoma cell lines resemble the IGHV and IGLV usage of mantle cell lymphoma, and foster the hypothesis that light chain stereotypy might be under-recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pighi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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49
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Hoogeboom R, van Kessel KPM, Hochstenbach F, Wormhoudt TA, Reinten RJA, Wagner K, Kater AP, Guikema JEJ, Bende RJ, van Noesel CJM. A mutated B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia subset that recognizes and responds to fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:59-70. [PMID: 23296468 PMCID: PMC3549718 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in adults, is a clonal expansion of CD5(+)CD19(+) B lymphocytes. Two types of CLLs are being distinguished as carrying either unmutated or somatically mutated immunoglobulins (Igs), which are associated with unfavorable and favorable prognoses, respectively. More than 30% of CLLs can be grouped based on their expression of stereotypic B cell receptors (BCRs), strongly suggesting that distinctive antigens are involved in the development of CLL. Unmutated CLLs, carrying Ig heavy chain variable (IGHV) genes in germline configuration, express low-affinity, poly-, and self-reactive BCRs. However, the antigenic specificity of CLLs with mutated IGHV-genes (M-CLL) remained elusive. In this study, we describe a new subset of M-CLL, expressing stereotypic BCRs highly specific for β-(1,6)-glucan, a major antigenic determinant of yeasts and filamentous fungi. β-(1,6)-glucan binding depended on both the stereotypic Ig heavy and light chains, as well as on a distinct amino acid in the IGHV-CDR3. Reversion of IGHV mutations to germline configuration reduced the affinity for β-(1,6)-glucan, indicating that these BCRs are indeed affinity-selected for their cognate antigen. Moreover, CLL cells expressing these stereotypic receptors proliferate in response to β-(1,6)-glucan. This study establishes a class of common pathogens as functional ligands for a subset of somatically mutated human B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert Hoogeboom
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012 ZA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Abstract
The majority of lymphomas originate from B cells at the germinal center stage or beyond. Preferential selection of B cell clones by a limited set of antigens has been suggested to drive lymphoma development. However, little is known about the specificity of the antibodies expressed by lymphoma cells, and the role of antibody-specificity in lymphomagenesis remains elusive. Here, we describe a strategy to characterize the antibody reactivity of human B cells. The approach allows the unbiased characterization of the human antibody repertoire on a single cell level through the generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies from single primary human B cells of defined origin. This protocol offers a detailed description of the method starting from the flow cytometric isolation of single human B cells, to the RT-PCR-based amplification of the expressed Igh, Igκ, and Igλ chain genes, and Ig gene expression vector cloning for the in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies. The strategy may be used to obtain information on the clonal evolution of B cell lymphomas by single cell Ig gene sequencing and on the antibody reactivity of human lymphoma B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Wardemann
- Research Group Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
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