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Lysenkova Wiklander M, Arvidsson G, Bunikis I, Lundmark A, Raine A, Marincevic-Zuniga Y, Gezelius H, Bremer A, Feuk L, Ameur A, Nordlund J. A multiomic characterization of the leukemia cell line REH using short- and long-read sequencing. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302481. [PMID: 38777370 PMCID: PMC11111970 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line REH, with the t(12;21) ETV6::RUNX1 translocation, is known to have a complex karyotype defined by a series of large-scale chromosomal rearrangements. Taken from a 15-yr-old at relapse, the cell line offers a practical model for the study of pediatric B-ALL. In recent years, short- and long-read DNA and RNA sequencing have emerged as a complement to karyotyping techniques in the resolution of structural variants in an oncological context. Here, we explore the integration of long-read PacBio and Oxford Nanopore whole-genome sequencing, IsoSeq RNA sequencing, and short-read Illumina sequencing to create a detailed genomic and transcriptomic characterization of the REH cell line. Whole-genome sequencing clarified the molecular traits of disrupted ALL-associated genes including CDKN2A, PAX5, BTG1, VPREB1, and TBL1XR1, as well as the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 Meanwhile, transcriptome sequencing identified seven fusion genes within the genomic breakpoints. Together, our extensive whole-genome investigation makes high-quality open-source data available to the leukemia genomics community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Lysenkova Wiklander
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Arvidsson
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundmark
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amanda Raine
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yanara Marincevic-Zuniga
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Gezelius
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Bremer
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/01apvbh93 Department of Clinical Genetics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Feuk
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adam Ameur
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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de Albuquerque A, Lopes BA, Fernandes RA, Gimba ERP, Emerenciano M. IKZF1 and BTG1 silencing reduces glucocorticoid response in B-cell precursor acute leukemia cell line. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2024:S2531-1379(24)00275-X. [PMID: 39095315 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondary genetic alterations, which contribute to the dysregulation of cell cycle progression and lymphoid specialization, are frequently observed in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). As IKZF1 and BTG1 deletions are associated with a worse outcome in B-ALL, this study aimed to address whether they synergistically promote glucocorticoid resistance. METHODS Small interfering RNA was used to downregulate either IKZF1, or BTG1, or both genes in the 207 B-ALL cell line. Cell viability was investigated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and trypan blue exclusion assays. The expression levels of IKZF1, BTG1 and glucocorticoid-responsive genes (DUSP1, SGK1, FBXW7 and NR3C1) were evaluated by real time quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Isolated silencing of BTG1, IKZF1, or both genes in combination under dexamethasone treatment increased cell viability by 24%, 40% and 84%, respectively. Although BTG1 silencing did not alter the expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes, IKZF1 knockdown decreased the transcript levels of DUSP1 (2.6-fold), SGK1 (1.8-fold), FBXW7 (2.2-fold) and NR3C1 (1.7-fold). The expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes reached even lower levels (reducing 2.4-4 fold) when IKZF1 and BTG1 silencing occurred in combination. CONCLUSIONS IKZF1 silencing impairs the transcription of glucocorticoid-responsive genes; this effect is enhanced by concomitant loss of BTG1. These results demonstrate the molecular mechanism by which the combination of both genetic deletions might contribute to higher relapse rates in B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda de Albuquerque
- Division of Clinical Research and Technological Development, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Lopes
- Division of Clinical Research and Technological Development, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Genetics of Acute Leukemia Laboratory, Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renan Amphilophio Fernandes
- Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Etel Rodrigues Pereira Gimba
- Department of Natural Sciences (RCN), Institute of Humanities and Health (IHS), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hematology-Molecular Oncology Program, Research Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Emerenciano
- Division of Clinical Research and Technological Development, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Genetics of Acute Leukemia Laboratory, Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Jiang TT, Kruglov O, Akilov OE. Unleashed monocytic engagement in Sézary syndrome during the combination of anti-CCR4 antibody with type I interferon. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2384-2397. [PMID: 38489234 PMCID: PMC11127216 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive leukemic expansion of skin-derived malignant CD4+ T cells. Drug monotherapy often results in disease relapse because of the heterogenous nature of malignant CD4+ T cells, but how therapies can be optimally combined remains unclear because of limitations in understanding the disease pathogenesis. We identified immunologic transitions that interlink mycosis fungoides with SS using single-cell transcriptome analysis in parallel with high-throughput T-cell receptor sequencing. Nascent peripheral CD4+ T cells acquired a distinct profile of transcription factors and trafficking receptors that gave rise to antigenically mature Sézary cells. The emergence of malignant CD4+ T cells coincided with the accumulation of dysfunctional monocytes with impaired fragment crystallizable γ-dependent phagocytosis, decreased responsiveness to cytokine stimulation, and limited repertoire of intercellular interactions with Sézary cells. Type I interferon supplementation when combined with a monoclonal antibody targeting the chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4), unleashed monocyte induced phagocytosis and eradication of Sézary cells in vitro. In turn, coadministration of interferon-α with the US Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-CCR4 antibody, mogamulizumab, in patients with SS induced marked depletion of peripheral malignant CD4+ T cells. Importantly, residual CD4+ T cells after Sézary cell ablation lacked any immunologic shifts. These findings collectively unveil an auxiliary role for augmenting monocytic activity during mogamulizumab therapy in the treatment of SS and underscore the importance of targeted combination therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony T. Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oleg Kruglov
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Oleg E. Akilov
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Jia Y, Yu X, Liu R, Shi L, Jin H, Yang D, Zhang X, Shen Y, Feng Y, Zhang P, Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhang P, Li Z, He A, Kong G. PRMT1 methylation of WTAP promotes multiple myeloma tumorigenesis by activating oxidative phosphorylation via m6A modification of NDUFS6. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:512. [PMID: 37558663 PMCID: PMC10412649 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play important roles during the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). Herein, we found that protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) was highly expressed in MM patients, which was positively correlated with MM stages. High PRMT1 expression was correlated with adverse prognosis in MM patients. We further showed that silencing PRMT1 inhibited MM proliferation and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we revealed that the knockdown of PRMT1 reduced the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of MM cells through NDUFS6 downregulation. Meanwhile, we identified that WTAP, a key component of the m6A methyltransferase complex, was methylated by PRMT1, and NDUFS6 was identified as a bona fide m6A target of WTAP. Finally, we found that the combination of PRMT1 inhibitor and bortezomib synergistically inhibited MM progression. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PRMT1 plays a crucial role during MM tumorigenesis and suggeste that PRMT1 could be a potential therapeutic target in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Jia
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Luyi Shi
- Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuandong Feng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zongfang Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Aili He
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
| | - Guangyao Kong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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5
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Borin C, Pieters T, Serafin V, Ntziachristos P. Emerging Epigenetic and Posttranslational Mechanisms Controlling Resistance to Glucocorticoids in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Hemasphere 2023; 7:e916. [PMID: 37359189 PMCID: PMC10289758 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are extensively used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia as they pressure cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. Nevertheless, glucocorticoid partners, modifications, and mechanisms of action are hitherto poorly characterized. This hampers our understanding of therapy resistance, frequently occurring in leukemia despite the current therapeutic combinations using glucocorticoids in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In this review, we initially cover the traditional view of glucocorticoid resistance and ways of targeting this resistance. We discuss recent progress in our understanding of chromatin and posttranslational properties of the glucocorticoid receptor that might be proven beneficial in our efforts to understand and target therapy resistance. We discuss emerging roles of pathways and proteins such as the lymphocyte-specific kinase that antagonizes glucocorticoid receptor activation and nuclear translocation. In addition, we provide an overview of ongoing therapeutic approaches that sensitize cells to glucocorticoids including small molecule inhibitors and proteolysis-targeting chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Borin
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Belgium
| | - Tim Pieters
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Belgium
| | - Valentina Serafin
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Belgium
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6
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Zheng HC, Xue H, Zhang CY, Shi KH, Zhang R. The roles of BTG1 mRNA expression in cancers: A bioinformatics analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:1006636. [PMID: 36339000 PMCID: PMC9633688 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BTG1 (B-cell translocation gene 1) may inhibit proliferation and cell cycle progression, induce differentiation, apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory activity. The goal of this study was to clarify the clinicopathological and prognostic significances of BTG1 mRNA expression and related signal pathways in cancers. Using the Oncomine, TCGA (the cancer genome atlas), xiantao, UALCAN (The University of ALabama at Birmingham Cancer data analysis Portal), and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases, we undertook a bioinformatics study of BTG1 mRNA expression in cancers. BTG1 expression was lower in gastric, lung, breast and ovarian cancer than normal tissue due to its promoter methylation, which was the opposite to BTG1 expression. BTG1 expression was positively correlated with dedifferentiation and histological grading of gastric cancer (p < 0.05), with squamous subtype and young age of lung cancer (p < 0.05), with infrequent lymph node metastasis, low TNM staging, young age, white race, infiltrative lobular subtype, Her2 negativity, favorable molecular subtyping, and no postmenopause status of breast cancer (p < 0.05), and with elder age, venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, and clinicopathological staging of ovarian cancer (p < 0.05). BTG1 expression was negatively correlated with favorable prognosis of gastric, lung or ovarian cancer patients, but the converse was true for breast cancer (p < 0.05). KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis showed that the top signal pathways included cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, chemokine, immune cell receptor and NF (nuclear factor)-κB signal pathways in gastric and breast cancer. The top hub genes mainly contained CD (cluster of differentiation) antigens in gastric cancer, FGF (fibroblast growth factor)-FGFR (FGF receptor) in lung cancer, NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide): ubiquinone oxidoreductase in breast cancer, and ribosomal proteins in ovarian cancer. BTG1 expression might be employed as a potential marker to indicate carcinogenesis and subsequent progression, even prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-chuan Zheng,
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cong-yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Kai-hang Shi
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
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7
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Bergeron BP, Diedrich JD, Zhang Y, Barnett KR, Dong Q, Ferguson DC, Autry RJ, Yang W, Hansen BS, Smith C, Crews KR, Fan Y, Pui CH, Pruett-Miller SM, Relling MV, Yang JJ, Li C, Evans WE, Savic D. Epigenomic profiling of glucocorticoid responses identifies cis-regulatory disruptions impacting steroid resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2022; 36:2374-2383. [PMID: 36028659 PMCID: PMC9522591 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a mainstay of contemporary, multidrug chemotherapy in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and resistance to GCs remains a major clinical concern. Resistance to GCs is predictive of ALL relapse and poor clinical outcome, and therefore represents a major hurdle limiting further improvements in survival rates. While advances have been made in identifying genes implicated in GC resistance, there remains an insufficient understanding of the impact of cis-regulatory disruptions in resistance. To address this, we mapped the gene regulatory response to GCs in two ALL cell lines using functional genomics and high-throughput reporter assays and identified thousands of GC-responsive changes to chromatin state, including the formation of over 250 GC-responsive super-enhancers and a depletion of AP-1 bound cis-regulatory elements implicated in cell proliferation and anti-apoptotic processes. By integrating our GC response maps with genetic and epigenetic datasets in primary ALL cells from patients, we further uncovered cis-regulatory disruptions at GC-responsive genes that impact GC resistance in childhood ALL. Overall, these data indicate that GCs initiate pervasive effects on the leukemia epigenome, and that alterations to the GC gene regulatory network contribute to GC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan P Bergeron
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan D Diedrich
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kelly R Barnett
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qian Dong
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel C Ferguson
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Autry
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Baranda S Hansen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Colton Smith
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kristine R Crews
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mary V Relling
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jun J Yang
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chunliang Li
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - William E Evans
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Savic
- Hematological Malignancies Program and Center for Precision Medicine in Leukemia, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. .,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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8
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Butz H, Patócs A. Mechanisms behind context-dependent role of glucocorticoids in breast cancer progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:803-832. [PMID: 35761157 PMCID: PMC9758252 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), mostly dexamethasone (dex), are routinely administered as adjuvant therapy to manage side effects in breast cancer. However, recently, it has been revealed that dex triggers different effects and correlates with opposite outcomes depending on the breast cancer molecular subtype. This has raised new concerns regarding the generalized use of GC and suggested that the context-dependent effects of GCs can be taken into potential consideration during treatment design. Based on this, attention has recently been drawn to the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in development and progression of breast cancer. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, we aimed to summarize the different mechanisms behind different context-dependent GC actions in breast cancer by applying a multilevel examination, starting from the association of variants of the GR-encoding gene to expression at the mRNA and protein level of the receptor, and its interactions with other factors influencing GC action in breast cancer. The role of GCs in chemosensitivity and chemoresistance observed during breast cancer therapy is discussed. In addition, experiences using GC targeting therapeutic options (already used and investigated in preclinical and clinical trials), such as classic GC dexamethasone, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulators, the GC antagonist mifepristone, and GR coregulators, are also summarized. Evidence presented can aid a better understanding of the biology of context-dependent GC action that can lead to further advances in the personalized therapy of breast cancer by the evaluation of GR along with the conventional estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in the routine diagnostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Amine H, Ripin N, Sharma S, Stoecklin G, Allain FH, Séraphin B, Mauxion F. A conserved motif in human BTG1 and BTG2 proteins mediates interaction with the poly(A) binding protein PABPC1 to stimulate mRNA deadenylation. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2450-2465. [PMID: 34060423 PMCID: PMC8632095 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1925476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiproliferative BTG/Tob proteins interact directly with the CAF1 deadenylase subunit of the CCR4-NOT complex. This binding requires the presence of two conserved motifs, boxA and boxB, characteristic of the BTG/Tob APRO domain. Consistently, these proteins were shown to stimulate mRNA deadenylation and decay in several instances. Two members of the family, BTG1 and BTG2, were reported further to associate with the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 through a motif, boxC, conserved only in this subset of proteins. We recently demonstrated that BTG1 and BTG2 also contact the first RRM domain of the cytoplasmic poly(A) binding protein PABPC1. To decipher the mode of interaction of BTG1 and BTG2 with partners, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance experiments as well as mutational and biochemical analyses. Our data demonstrate that, in the context of an APRO domain, the boxC motif is necessary and sufficient to allow interaction with PABPC1 but, unexpectedly, that it is not required for BTG2 association with PRMT1. We show further that the presence of a boxC motif in an APRO domain endows it with the ability to stimulate deadenylation in cellulo and in vitro. Overall, our results identify the molecular interface allowing BTG1 and BTG2 to activate deadenylation, a process recently shown to be necessary for maintaining T-cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Amine
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Nina Ripin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-ZMBH Alliance, Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Stoecklin
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-ZMBH Alliance, Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frédéric H Allain
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Séraphin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Fabienne Mauxion
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1258, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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10
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Roderick JE, Gallagher KM, Murphy LC, O'Connor KW, Tang K, Zhang B, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Yu J, Zhu LJ, Green MR, Kelliher MA. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates cAMP signaling and resensitizes human leukemia cells to glucocorticoid-induced cell death. Blood 2021; 137:500-512. [PMID: 33507291 PMCID: PMC7845005 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance remains a clinical challenge in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia where response to GC is a reliable prognostic indicator. To identify GC resistance pathways, we conducted a genome-wide, survival-based, short hairpin RNA screen in murine T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Genes identified in the screen interfere with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and are underexpressed in GC-resistant or relapsed ALL patients. Silencing of the cAMP-activating Gnas gene interfered with GC-induced gene expression, resulting in dexamethasone resistance in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that cAMP signaling synergizes with dexamethasone to enhance cell death in GC-resistant human T-ALL cells. We find the E prostanoid receptor 4 expressed in T-ALL samples and demonstrate that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases intracellular cAMP, potentiates GC-induced gene expression, and sensitizes human T-ALL samples to dexamethasone in vitro and in vivo. These findings identify PGE2 as a target for GC resensitization in relapsed pediatric T-ALL.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Chromogranins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- Dexamethasone/administration & dosage
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/administration & dosage
- Dinoprostone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/physiology
- Female
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/deficiency
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Second Messenger Systems/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology
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11
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Hosein Pour Feizi A, Zeinali S, Toporski J, Sheervalilou R, Mehranfar S. Frequency and Correlation of Common Genes Copy Number Alterations in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:3493-3500. [PMID: 33369444 PMCID: PMC8046302 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.12.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It was shown by genomic profiling that despite no detectable chromosomal abnormalities a proportion of children with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia harbors copy number alterations (CNA) of genes playing role in B-cell development and function. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of CNA in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and correlate these findings with clinical outcome. Methods: DNA extracted from peripheral blood or bone marrow at diagnosis/relapse of fifty newly diagnosed children with precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia was analyzed for CNA with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Results: The analysis revealed 76 CNA in 24 patients most frequently found in PAR1 (17%), CDKN2A/B (15.7%) and PAX5 (14.4%) genes. There were significant CNA co-occurrences between PAX5, CDKN2A/B, BTG1, ETV6, PAR1 or XP22 genes, (p<0.020) and the high-risk group. There was a significant correlation between EBF1, RB1, and IKZF1 alterations and bone marrow relapse. Patients with CNA in screened genes are more likely to succumb to their disease except for those with PAR1 or XP22 genes (p<0.050). Conclusion: The multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification could be considered as an independent diagnostic tool allowing prompt identification of patients at high risk of treatment failure and, subsequently, a more adequate treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Kawsar Genomics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jacek Toporski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sahar Mehranfar
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.,Social Determinate of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
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12
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Saint Fleur-Lominy S, Evensen NA, Bhatla T, Sethia G, Narang S, Choi JH, Ma X, Yang JJ, Kelly S, Raetz E, Harvey RC, Willman C, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Brown PA, Getz KM, Meydan C, Mason CE, Tsirigos A, Carroll WL. Evolution of the Epigenetic Landscape in Childhood B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Its Role in Drug Resistance. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5189-5202. [PMID: 33067268 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common malignancy in children and while highly curable, it remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The outgrowth of tumor subclones carrying mutations in genes responsible for resistance to therapy has led to a Darwinian model of clonal selection. Previous work has indicated that alterations in the epigenome might contribute to clonal selection, yet the extent to which the chromatin state is altered under the selective pressures of therapy is unknown. To address this, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation, gene expression analysis, and enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing on a cohort of paired diagnosis and relapse samples from individual patients who all but one relapsed within 36 months of initial diagnosis. The chromatin state at diagnosis varied widely among patients, while the majority of peaks remained stable between diagnosis and relapse. Yet a significant fraction was either lost or newly gained, with some patients showing few differences and others showing massive changes of the epigenetic state. Evolution of the epigenome was associated with pathways previously linked to therapy resistance as well as novel candidate pathways through alterations in pyrimidine biosynthesis and downregulation of polycomb repressive complex 2 targets. Three novel, relapse-specific superenhancers were shared by a majority of patients including one associated with S100A8, the top upregulated gene seen at relapse in childhood B-ALL. Overall, our results support a role of the epigenome in clonal evolution and uncover new candidate pathways associated with relapse. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests a major role for epigenetic mechanisms in driving clonal evolution in B-ALL and identifies novel pathways associated with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shella Saint Fleur-Lominy
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Nikki A Evensen
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Teena Bhatla
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of New Jersey at NBI, RWJBarnabas Health, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Gunjan Sethia
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Sonali Narang
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Jun H Choi
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephen Kelly
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Raetz
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, NYU Health, New York, New York
| | - Richard C Harvey
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Cheryl Willman
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick A Brown
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kylie M Getz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York. .,Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - William L Carroll
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York. .,Department of Pediatrics, NYU Health, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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13
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Jasinski S, De Los Reyes FA, Yametti GC, Pierro J, Raetz E, Carroll WL. Immunotherapy in Pediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Advances and Ongoing Challenges. Paediatr Drugs 2020; 22:485-499. [PMID: 32860590 PMCID: PMC7537790 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-020-00413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia, most commonly B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), accounts for about 30% of childhood cancer diagnoses. While there have been dramatic improvements in childhood ALL outcomes, certain subgroups-particularly those who relapse-fare poorly. In addition, cure is associated with significant short- and long-term side effects. Given these challenges, there is great interest in novel, targeted approaches to therapy. A number of new immunotherapeutic agents have proven to be efficacious in relapsed or refractory disease and are now being investigated in frontline treatment regimens. Blinatumomab (a bispecific T-cell engager that targets cluster of differentiation [CD]-19) and inotuzumab ozogamicin (a humanized antibody-drug conjugate to CD22) have shown the most promise. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells, a form of adoptive immunotherapy, rely on the transfer of genetically modified effector T cells that have the potential to persist in vivo for years, providing ongoing long-term disease control. In this article, we discuss the clinical biology and treatment of B-ALL with an emphasis on the role of immunotherapy in overcoming the challenges of conventional cytotoxic therapy. As immunotherapy continues to move into the frontline of pediatric B-ALL therapy, we also discuss strategies to address unique side effects associated with these agents and efforts to overcome mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jasinski
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, Smilow 1211, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Gloria Contreras Yametti
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, Smilow 1211, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joanna Pierro
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, Smilow 1211, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth Raetz
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, Smilow 1211, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - William L Carroll
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, Smilow 1211, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Health, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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14
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Comprehensive Custom NGS Panel Validation for the Improvement of the Stratification of B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030137. [PMID: 32967112 PMCID: PMC7565730 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a hematological neoplasm of the stem lymphoid cell of the B lineage, characterized by the presence of genetic alterations closely related to the course of the disease. The number of alterations identified in these patients grows as studies of the disease progress, but in clinical practice, the conventional techniques frequently used are only capable of detecting the most common alterations. However, techniques, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), are being implemented to detect a wide spectrum of new alterations that also include point mutations. Methods: In this study, we designed and validated a comprehensive custom NGS panel to detect the main genetic alterations present in the disease in a single step. For this purpose, 75 B-ALL diagnosis samples from patients previously characterized by standard-of-care diagnostic techniques were sequenced. Results: The use of the custom NGS panel allowed the correct detection of the main genetic alterations present in B-ALL patients, including the presence of an aneuploid clone in 14 of the samples and some of the recurrent fusion genes in 35 of the samples. The panel was also able to successfully detect a number of secondary alterations, such as single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) in 66 and 46 of the samples analyzed, respectively, allowing for further refinement of the stratification of patients. The custom NGS panel could also detect alterations with a high level of sensitivity and reproducibility when the findings obtained by NGS were compared with those obtained from other conventional techniques. Conclusions: The use of this custom NGS panel allows us to quickly and efficiently detect the main genetic alterations present in B-ALL patients in a single assay (SNVs and insertions/deletions (INDELs), recurrent fusion genes, CNVs, aneuploidies, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with pharmacogenetics). The application of this panel would thus allow us to speed up and simplify the molecular diagnosis of patients, helping patient stratification and management.
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15
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Zhu XY, Guo QY, Zhu M, Chen BG, Wang LY, Zhang DQ, Zhang L, Shao YP, Luo WD. HLX affects cell cycle and proliferation in AML cells via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1888-1896. [PMID: 32724432 PMCID: PMC7377103 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a class of malignant tumors derived from hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. The H2.0-like homeobox gene (HLX) encodes transcription factors that function in promoting normal hematopoietic cell proliferation and tumor immunity. The present study analyzed the effect of downregulating the HLX on cell cycle distribution and cell proliferation in AML. Moreover, the current study detected changes in the expression of genes and proteins in the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway to investigate the mechanism of the action of HLX in tumor immunity in AML. HLX expression in AML cell lines was silenced using small interfering siRNA, and MTS/PMS-assay colorimetric assays were used to assess the effect of knockdown of HLX on AML cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to analyze changes in cell cycle distribution, while reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to detect changes in the expression levels of key components of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, such as p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), neuropilin 1 (NRP1), B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) and STAT5. It was found that HLX was differentially expressed in AML cell lines of various subtypes, and HLX expression was higher in the AML/M3 subtype NB4 cell line compared with the control group. Knockdown of HLX in NB4 cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, STAT5 protein expression, as well as NRP1 and PAK1 expression levels were downregulated, while BTG1 expression was upregulated when HLX was knocked out by siRNA. Collectively, the results suggested that downregulation of HLX may cause G0/G1 phase arrest and inhibit the proliferation of AML cells by activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Yin Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Yi Guo
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Guo Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Qiong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Shao
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Da Luo
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang, Wenzhou Medical College, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317000, P.R. China
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16
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Chen XQ, Meng FQ, Xiong H, Wang YL, Tang WH, Zou YM. Identification of BTG1 Status in Solid Cancer for Future Researches Using a System Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:85-94. [PMID: 32166669 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abundant studies have been conducted to identify how B-cell translocation gene 1 protein (BTG1) gene affects the differentiation, proliferation, metastasis of cancer cells, and how it further regulates the generation or development of diseases to influence the prognosis of patients. However, the data from single research were not powerful enough. The correlations between BTG1 expression and mechanisms of tumorigenesis or prognosis of patients are still in controversial. Our system review and meta-analysis provided a complete explanation about the association between BTG1 expression and clinicopathological features or prognosis of patients, which further laid a foundation for future research on BTG1. Fifteen eligible studies consisting of 1992 participants were included. We uncovered that BTG1 expression in solid tumors was associated with lymph node status (RR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.58-0.75, P=0.142), TMN stage status (RR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.71-2.65, P=0.001), T category (RR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.20-3.00, P=0.000), histological differentiation (RR=1.91, 95% CI: 1.55-2.37, P=0.012), vascular invasion (RR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.57-1.41, P=0.001). BTG1 low expression was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) (HR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.38-0.67, P=0.000). It concluded that BTG1 possessed the potential value for future research and could be recommended as a significant biomarker in solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qiong Chen
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | | | - Hua Xiong
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen-Hua Tang
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zou
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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17
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Upfront Treatment Influences the Composition of Genetic Alterations in Relapsed Pediatric B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e318. [PMID: 32072138 PMCID: PMC7000475 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Genomic alterations in relapsed B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) may provide insight into the role of specific genomic events in relapse development. Along this line, comparisons between the spectrum of alterations in relapses that arise in different upfront treatment protocols may provide valuable information on the association between the tumor genome, protocol components and outcome. Here, we performed a comprehensive characterization of relapsed BCP-ALL cases that developed in the context of 3 completed Dutch upfront studies, ALL8, ALL9, and ALL10. In total, 123 pediatric BCP-ALL relapses and 77 paired samples from primary diagnosis were analyzed for alterations in 22 recurrently affected genes. We found pronounced differences in relapse alterations between the 3 studies. Specifically, CREBBP mutations were observed predominantly in relapses after treatment with ALL8 and ALL10 which, in the latter group, were all detected in medium risk-treated patients. IKZF1 alterations were enriched 2.2-fold (p = 0.01) and 2.9-fold (p < 0.001) in ALL8 and ALL9 relapses compared to diagnosis, respectively, whereas no significant enrichment was found for relapses that were observed after treatment with ALL10. Furthermore, IKZF1 deletions were more frequently preserved from a major clone at diagnosis in relapses after ALL9 compared to relapses after ALL8 and ALL10 (p = 0.03). These data are in line with previous studies showing that the prognostic value of IKZF1 deletions differs between upfront protocols and is particularly strong in the ALL9 regimen. In conclusion, our data reveal a correlation between upfront treatment and the genetic composition of relapsed BCP-ALL.
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18
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Zhang ZZ, Qin XH, Zhang J. MicroRNA-183 inhibition exerts suppressive effects on diabetic retinopathy by inactivating BTG1-mediated PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E1050-E1060. [PMID: 30835506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00444.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious diabetic complication caused by both environmental and genetic factors. Molecular mechanisms of DR may lead to the discovery of reliable prognostic indicators. The current study aimed to clarify the mechanism of microRNA-183 (miR-183) in DR in relation to the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway. Microarray-based gene expression profiling of DR was used to identify the differentially expressed genes. Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the establishment of DR models, and then miR-183 was altered by mimic or inhibitor or BTG1 was downregulated by siRNA to explore the regulatory mechanism of miR-183 in DR. Furthermore, the expression of miR-183, CD34, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), BTG1 and the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway-related genes as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was determined, and the relationship between miR-183 and BTG1 was also verified. Cell growth, cell apoptosis, and angiogenesis were determined. Microarray analysis revealed the involvement of miR-183 in DR via the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway by targeting BTG1. Upregulated miR-183 and downregulated BTG1 were observed in retinal tissues of DR rats. miR-183 overexpression activated the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway, upregulated CD34, eNOS, and ROS, and inhibited BTG1. BTG1 was confirmed as a target gene of miR-183. miR-183 overexpression or BTG1 knockdown promoted cell growth and tube formation while it suppressed cell apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells in DR rats. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-183 silencing inhibiting cell growth and tube formation in vascular endothelial cells of DR rats via the PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway by upregulating BTG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Hong Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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19
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Gaudichon J, Jakobczyk H, Debaize L, Cousin E, Galibert MD, Troadec MB, Gandemer V. Mechanisms of extramedullary relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Reconciling biological concepts and clinical issues. Blood Rev 2019; 36:40-56. [PMID: 31010660 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term survival rates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are currently above 85% due to huge improvements in treatment. However, 15-20% of children still experience relapses. Relapses can either occur in the bone marrow or at extramedullary sites, such as gonads or the central nervous system (CNS), formerly referred to as ALL-blast sanctuaries. The reason why ALL cells migrate to and stay in these sites is still unclear. In this review, we have attempted to assemble the evidence concerning the microenvironmental factors that could explain why ALL cells reside in such sites. We present criteria that make extramedullary leukemia niches and solid tumor metastatic niches comparable. Indeed, considering extramedullary leukemias as metastases could be a useful approach for proposing more effective treatments. In this context, we conclude with several examples of potential niche-based therapies which could be successfully added to current treatments of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Gaudichon
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, University Hospital, Caen, France.
| | - Hélène Jakobczyk
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Lydie Debaize
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Elie Cousin
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France.
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20
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Relapse-associated AURKB blunts the glucocorticoid sensitivity of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3052-3061. [PMID: 30733284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816254116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used in combination chemotherapies as front-line treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Although effective, many patients relapse and become resistant to chemotherapy and GCs in particular. Why these patients relapse is not clear. We took a comprehensive, functional genomics approach to identify sources of GC resistance. A genome-wide shRNA screen identified the transcriptional coactivators EHMT2, EHMT1, and CBX3 as important contributors to GC-induced cell death. This complex selectively supports GC-induced expression of genes contributing to cell death. A metaanalysis of gene expression data from B-ALL patient specimens revealed that Aurora kinase B (AURKB), which restrains GC signaling by phosphorylating EHMT1-2, is overexpressed in relapsed B-ALL, suggesting it as a potential contributor to relapse. Inhibition of AURKB enhanced GC-induced expression of cell death genes, resulting in potentiation of GC cytotoxicity in cell lines and relapsed B-ALL patient samples. This function for AURKB is distinct from its canonical role in the cell cycle. These results show the utility of functional genomics in understanding mechanisms of resistance and rapidly identifying combination chemotherapeutics.
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21
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Jing D, Huang Y, Liu X, Sia KCS, Zhang JC, Tai X, Wang M, Toscan CE, McCalmont H, Evans K, Mayoh C, Poulos RC, Span M, Mi J, Zhang C, Wong JWH, Beck D, Pimanda JE, Lock RB. Lymphocyte-Specific Chromatin Accessibility Pre-determines Glucocorticoid Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:906-921.e8. [PMID: 30537513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play a critical role in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. While glucocorticoid efficacy can be largely attributed to lymphocyte-specific apoptosis, its molecular basis remains elusive. Here, we studied genome-wide lymphocyte-specific open chromatin domains (LSOs), and integrated LSOs with glucocorticoid-induced RNA transcription and chromatin modulation using an in vivo patient-derived xenograft model of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This led to the identification of LSOs critical for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Glucocorticoid receptor cooperated with CTCF at these LSOs to mediate DNA looping, which was inhibited by increased DNA methylation in glucocorticoid-resistant ALL and non-lymphoid cell types. Our study demonstrates that lymphocyte-specific epigenetic modifications pre-determine glucocorticoid resistance in ALL and may account for the lack of glucocorticoid sensitivity in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duohui Jing
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering and the School of Software, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Keith C S Sia
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Julia C Zhang
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaolu Tai
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cara E Toscan
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hannah McCalmont
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Poulos
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Miriam Span
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianqing Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jason W H Wong
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dominik Beck
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering and the School of Software, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - John E Pimanda
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre and the Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2210, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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22
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Yuniati L, Scheijen B, van der Meer LT, van Leeuwen FN. Tumor suppressors BTG1 and BTG2: Beyond growth control. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5379-5389. [PMID: 30350856 PMCID: PMC6587536 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of B‐cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) and BTG2 as antiproliferation genes more than two decades ago, their protein products have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including cell division, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation and messenger RNA stability. In addition to affecting differentiation during development and in the adult, BTG proteins play an important role in maintaining homeostasis under conditions of cellular stress. Genomic profiling of B‐cell leukemia and lymphoma has put BTG1 and BTG2 in the spotlight, since both genes are frequently deleted or mutated in these malignancies, pointing towards a role as tumor suppressors. Moreover, in solid tumors, reduced expression of BTG1 or BTG2 is often correlated with malignant cell behavior and poor treatment outcome. Recent studies have uncovered novel roles for BTG1 and BTG2 in genotoxic and integrated stress responses, as well as during hematopoiesis. This review summarizes what is currently known about the roles of BTG1 and BTG2 in these and other cellular processes. In addition, we will highlight the molecular mechanisms and biological consequences of BTG1 and BTG2 deregulation during cancer progression and elaborate on the potential clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurensia Yuniati
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens T van der Meer
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank N van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Tijchon E, van Emst L, Yuniati L, van Ingen Schenau D, Gerritsen M, van der Meer LT, Williams O, Hoogerbrugge PM, Scheijen B, van Leeuwen FN. Tumor suppressor BTG1 limits activation of BCL6 expression downstream of ETV6-RUNX1. Exp Hematol 2018; 60:57-62.e3. [PMID: 29408281 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Translocation t(12;21) (p13;q22), giving rise to the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene, is the most common genetic abnormality in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). This translocation usually arises in utero, but its expression is insufficient to induce leukemia and requires other cooperating genetic lesions for BCP-ALL to develop. Deletions affecting the transcriptional coregulator BTG1 are frequently observed in ETV6-RUNX1-positive leukemia. Here we report that Btg1 deficiency enhances the self-renewal capacity of ETV6-RUNX1-positive mouse fetal liver-derived hematopoietic progenitors (FL-HPCs). Combined expression of the fusion protein and a loss of BTG1 drive upregulation of the proto-oncogene Bcl6 and downregulation of BCL6 target genes, such as p19Arf and Tp53. Similarly, ectopic expression of BCL6 promotes the self-renewal and clonogenic replating capacity of FL-HPCs, by suppressing the expression of p19Arf and Tp53. Together these results identify BCL6 as a potential driver of ETV6-RUNX1-mediated leukemogenesis, which could involve loss of BTG1-dependent suppression of ETV6-RUNX1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Tijchon
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Emst
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurensia Yuniati
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mylène Gerritsen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens T van der Meer
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Owen Williams
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Blanca Scheijen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank N van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Abstract
Transcription factor IKZF1 (IKAROS) acts as a critical regulator of lymphoid differentiation and is frequently deleted or mutated in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. IKZF1 gene defects are associated with inferior treatment outcome in both childhood and adult B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and occur in more than 70% of BCR-ABL1-positive and BCR-ABL1-like cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Over the past few years, much has been learned about the tumor suppressive function of IKZF1 during leukemia development and the molecular pathways that relate to its impact on treatment outcome. In this review, we provide a concise overview on the role of IKZF1 during normal lymphopoiesis and the pathways that contribute to leukemia pathogenesis as a consequence of altered IKZF1 function. Furthermore, we discuss different mechanisms by which IKZF1 alterations impose therapy resistance on leukemic cells, including enhanced cell adhesion and modulation of glucocorticoid response.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Marke
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank N van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands .,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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25
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Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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26
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Ribociclib, a Cdk4/Cdk6 kinase inhibitor, enhances glucocorticoid sensitivity in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-All). Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:230-241. [PMID: 29408328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the cyclin D1-CDK4/CDK6 complex is frequently observed in almost all human cancer and contributes to aberrant cell proliferation and consequent tumorigenesis. Although many reports described the importance of CDK4/CDK6 in different set of human tumors, only few studies have been performed on leukemia. By gene expression analysis performed in a cohort of childhood patients affected by B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) we found that both CDK4 and CDK6 are highly expressed. Moreover, reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis showed that cyclin D1 levels are higher in patients undergoing relapse. Starting from these considerations, we evaluated the effect of dual inhibition of CDK4/CDK6 in B-ALL and if this inhibition could enhance cytotoxic killing of leukemia cells after combination treatment with dexamethasone. We treated B-ALL cell lines with ribociclib, a highly specific CDK4/6 inhibitor. As expected, treatment with ribociclib induced growth inhibition of B-ALL cell lines, accompanied by strong cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, along with a dose-dependent decrease in phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein. Ribociclib exposure strongly synergizes with dexamethasone in SEM and RCH-ACV, two dexamethasone-resistant cell lines, along with a strong decrease in proliferation and a significant increase in apoptotic cell death. These results were also confirmed on primary cultures derived from bone marrow of pediatric patients affected by B-ALL. Immunoblot analysis showed a significant increase in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) along with some of its target genes, after combined treatment with ribociclib and dexamethasone. Altogether our findings support the concept that pharmacologic inhibition of CDK4/CDK6 may represent a useful therapeutic strategy to control cell proliferation in B-ALL and provide new insight in understanding potential mechanism of glucocorticoid resistance.
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27
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Pierro J, Hogan LE, Bhatla T, Carroll WL. New targeted therapies for relapsed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017. [PMID: 28649891 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1347507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The improvement in outcomes for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the greatest success stories of modern oncology however the prognosis for patients who relapse remains dismal. Recent discoveries by high resolution genomic technologies have characterized the biology of relapsed leukemia, most notably pathways leading to the drug resistant phenotype. These observations open the possibility of targeting such pathways to prevent and/or treat relapse. Likewise, early experiences with new immunotherapeutic approaches have shown great promise. Areas covered: We performed a literature search on PubMed and recent meeting abstracts using the keywords below. We focused on the biology and clonal evolution of relapsed disease highlighting potential new targets of therapy. We further summarized the results of early trials of the three most prominent immunotherapy agents currently under investigation. Expert commentary: Discovery of targetable pathways that lead to drug resistance and recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy show great promise towards treating this aggressive disease. The best way to treat relapse, however, is to prevent it which makes incorporation of these new approaches into frontline therapy the best approach. Challenges remain to balance efficacy with toxicity and to prevent the emergence of resistant subclones which is why combining these newer agents with conventional chemotherapy will likely become standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pierro
- a Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Laura E Hogan
- b Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Stony Brook Children's , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - Teena Bhatla
- a Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - William L Carroll
- a Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
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28
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Suppression of B-cell development genes is key to glucocorticoid efficacy in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:3000-3008. [PMID: 28424165 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-766204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), including dexamethasone (dex), are a central component of combination chemotherapy for childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). GCs work by activating the GC receptor (GR), a ligand-induced transcription factor, which in turn regulates genes that induce leukemic cell death. Which GR-regulated genes are required for GC cytotoxicity, which pathways affect their regulation, and how resistance arises are not well understood. Here, we systematically integrate the transcriptional response of B-ALL to GCs with a next-generation short hairpin RNA screen to identify GC-regulated "effector" genes that contribute to cell death, as well as genes that affect the sensitivity of B-ALL cells to dex. This analysis reveals a pervasive role for GCs in suppression of B-cell development genes that is linked to therapeutic response. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ (PI3Kδ), a linchpin in the pre-B-cell receptor and interleukin 7 receptor signaling pathways critical to B-cell development (with CAL-101 [idelalisib]), interrupts a double-negative feedback loop, enhancing GC-regulated transcription to synergistically kill even highly resistant B-ALL with diverse genetic backgrounds. This work not only identifies numerous opportunities for enhanced lymphoid-specific combination chemotherapies that have the potential to overcome treatment resistance, but is also a valuable resource for understanding GC biology and the mechanistic details of GR-regulated transcription.
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29
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Scheijen B, Boer JM, Marke R, Tijchon E, van Ingen Schenau D, Waanders E, van Emst L, van der Meer LT, Pieters R, Escherich G, Horstmann MA, Sonneveld E, Venn N, Sutton R, Dalla-Pozza L, Kuiper RP, Hoogerbrugge PM, den Boer ML, van Leeuwen FN. Tumor suppressors BTG1 and IKZF1 cooperate during mouse leukemia development and increase relapse risk in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Haematologica 2016; 102:541-551. [PMID: 27979924 PMCID: PMC5394950 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.153023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions and mutations affecting lymphoid transcription factor IKZF1 (IKAROS) are associated with an increased relapse risk and poor outcome in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, additional genetic events may either enhance or negate the effects of IKZF1 deletions on prognosis. In a large discovery cohort of 533 childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, we observed that single-copy losses of BTG1 were significantly enriched in IKZF1-deleted B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (P=0.007). While BTG1 deletions alone had no impact on prognosis, the combined presence of BTG1 and IKZF1 deletions was associated with a significantly lower 5-year event-free survival (P=0.0003) and a higher 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse (P=0.005), when compared with IKZF1-deleted cases without BTG1 aberrations. In contrast, other copy number losses commonly observed in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, such as CDKN2A/B, PAX5, EBF1 or RB1, did not affect the outcome of IKZF1-deleted acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. To establish whether the combined loss of IKZF1 and BTG1 function cooperate in leukemogenesis, Btg1-deficient mice were crossed onto an Ikzf1 heterozygous background. We observed that loss of Btg1 increased the tumor incidence of Ikzf1+/− mice in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, murine B cells deficient for Btg1 and Ikzf1+/− displayed increased resistance to glucocorticoids, but not to other chemotherapeutic drugs. Together, our results identify BTG1 as a tumor suppressor in leukemia that, when deleted, strongly enhances the risk of relapse in IKZF1-deleted B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and augments the glucocorticoid resistance phenotype mediated by the loss of IKZF1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Scheijen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Marke
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Tijchon
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Esmé Waanders
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Emst
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Laurens T van der Meer
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Escherich
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Horstmann
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Venn
- Australian and New Zealand Children's Oncology Group, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- Australian and New Zealand Children's Oncology Group, Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Roland P Kuiper
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Monique L den Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank N van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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30
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Yuniati L, van der Meer LT, Tijchon E, van Ingen Schenau D, van Emst L, Levers M, Palit SAL, Rodenbach C, Poelmans G, Hoogerbrugge PM, Shan J, Kilberg MS, Scheijen B, van Leeuwen FN. Tumor suppressor BTG1 promotes PRMT1-mediated ATF4 function in response to cellular stress. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3128-43. [PMID: 26657730 PMCID: PMC4823095 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are frequently exposed to physiological stress conditions such as hypoxia and nutrient limitation. Escape from stress-induced apoptosis is one of the mechanisms used by malignant cells to survive unfavorable conditions. B-cell Translocation Gene 1 (BTG1) is a tumor suppressor that is frequently deleted in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and recurrently mutated in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Moreover, low BTG1 expression levels have been linked to poor outcome in several solid tumors. How loss of BTG1 function contributes to tumor progression is not well understood. Here, using Btg1 knockout mice, we demonstrate that loss of Btg1 provides a survival advantage to primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) under stress conditions. This pro-survival effect involves regulation of Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4), a key mediator of cellular stress responses. We show that BTG1 interacts with ATF4 and positively modulates its activity by recruiting the protein arginine methyl transferase PRMT1 to methylate ATF4 on arginine residue 239. We further extend these findings to B-cell progenitors, by showing that loss of Btg1 expression enhances stress adaptation of mouse bone marrow-derived B cell progenitors. In conclusion, we have identified the BTG1/PRMT1 complex as a new modifier of ATF4 mediated stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurensia Yuniati
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens T van der Meer
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Tijchon
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorette van Ingen Schenau
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Emst
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Levers
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander A L Palit
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Rodenbach
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Hoogerbrugge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Prinses Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Jixiu Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank N van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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31
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Irving JAE, Enshaei A, Parker CA, Sutton R, Kuiper RP, Erhorn A, Minto L, Venn NC, Law T, Yu J, Schwab C, Davies R, Matheson E, Davies A, Sonneveld E, den Boer ML, Love SB, Harrison CJ, Hoogerbrugge PM, Revesz T, Saha V, Moorman AV. Integration of genetic and clinical risk factors improves prognostication in relapsed childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2016; 128:911-22. [PMID: 27229005 PMCID: PMC5026463 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-704973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic genetic abnormalities are initiators and drivers of disease and have proven clinical utility at initial diagnosis. However, the genetic landscape and its clinical utility at relapse are less well understood and have not been studied comprehensively. We analyzed cytogenetic data from 427 children with relapsed B-cell precursor ALL treated on the international trial, ALLR3. Also we screened 238 patients with a marrow relapse for selected copy number alterations (CNAs) and mutations. Cytogenetic risk groups were predictive of outcome postrelapse and survival rates at 5 years for patients with good, intermediate-, and high-risk cytogenetics were 68%, 47%, and 26%, respectively (P < .001). TP53 alterations and NR3C1/BTG1 deletions were associated with a higher risk of progression: hazard ratio 2.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.51-3.70, P < .001) and 2.15 (1.32-3.48, P = .002). NRAS mutations were associated with an increased risk of progression among standard-risk patients with high hyperdiploidy: 3.17 (1.15-8.71, P = .026). Patients classified clinically as standard and high risk had distinct genetic profiles. The outcome of clinical standard-risk patients with high-risk cytogenetics was equivalent to clinical high-risk patients. Screening patients at relapse for key genetic abnormalities will enable the integration of genetic and clinical risk factors to improve patient stratification and outcome. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.org as #ISCRTN45724312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A E Irving
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Enshaei
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona A Parker
- Children's Cancer Group, Institute of Cancer, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roland P Kuiper
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Erhorn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Minto
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C Venn
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tamara Law
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiangyan Yu
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Schwab
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanna Davies
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Matheson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alysia Davies
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Monique L den Boer
- Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon B Love
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine J Harrison
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Hoogerbrugge
- Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, The Hague, The Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - Vaskar Saha
- Children's Cancer Group, Institute of Cancer, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; Tata Translational Cancer Research Centre, Tata Medical Center, New Town, Kolkata, India
| | - Anthony V Moorman
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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32
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Nuclear PRMT1 expression is associated with poor prognosis and chemosensitivity in gastric cancer patients. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:789-97. [PMID: 26472729 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic and refractory gastric cancer (GC) are associated with a poor prognosis; therefore, the identification of prognostic factors and chemosensitivity markers is extremely important. Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) may play a role in chemosensitivity/apoptosis induction via activation of the tumor suppressor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). The purpose of this study was to clarify the expression of and relationship between PRMT1 and FOXO1 to evaluate the applicability of PRMT1 as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic tool in GC. METHODS We investigated the clinical and functional significance of PRMT1 and FOXO1 in 195 clinical GC samples using immunohistochemistry. We performed suppression analysis of PRMT1 using small interfering RNA to determine the biological roles of PRMT1 in chemosensitivity. RESULTS PRMT1 and FOXO1 in GC samples were predominantly expressed in the nucleus. Patients with lower PRMT1 expression (n = 131) had suppressed nuclear accumulation of FOXO1, higher recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy, and poorer prognosis than those with higher PRMT1 expression (n = 64). PRMT1 downregulation in GC cells by RNA interference inhibited cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil sensitivity. The expression of phosphorylated FOXO1 and phosphorylated BCL-2 antagonist of cell death was upregulated in PRMT1 small interfering RNA groups. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the evaluation of PRMT1 expression in GC is a useful predictor of poor prognosis and recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy. Moreover, these data suggest that PRMT1 is a promising therapeutic tool for overcoming refractory GC.
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33
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The Philadelphia chromosome in leukemogenesis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:48. [PMID: 27233483 PMCID: PMC4896164 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The truncated chromosome 22 that results from the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) is known as the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) and is a hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In leukemia cells, Ph not only impairs the physiological signaling pathways but also disrupts genomic stability. This aberrant fusion gene encodes the breakpoint cluster region-proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (BCR-ABL1) oncogenic protein with persistently enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. The kinase activity is responsible for maintaining proliferation, inhibiting differentiation, and conferring resistance to cell death. During the progression of CML from the chronic phase to the accelerated phase and then to the blast phase, the expression patterns of different BCR-ABL1 transcripts vary. Each BCR-ABL1 transcript is present in a distinct leukemia phenotype, which predicts both response to therapy and clinical outcome. Besides CML, the Ph is found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and mixed-phenotype acute leukemia. Here, we provide an overview of the clinical presentation and cellular biology of different phenotypes of Ph-positive leukemia and highlight key findings regarding leukemogenesis.
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34
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Ivanov Öfverholm I, Tran AN, Olsson L, Zachariadis V, Heyman M, Rudd E, Syk Lundberg E, Nordenskjöld M, Johansson B, Nordgren A, Barbany G. Detailed gene dose analysis reveals recurrent focal gene deletions in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 57:2161-70. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1136740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Jackson RK, Irving JAE, Veal GJ. Personalization of dexamethasone therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:13-24. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna K. Jackson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Julie A. E. Irving
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Gareth J. Veal
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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36
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Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Goto H. Childhood relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Biology and recent treatment progress. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:1059-66. [PMID: 26455582 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent cancer in children. Despite remarkable improvement in the prognosis of childhood ALL over the past few decades, the treatment of relapsed ALL is still challenging. The prognosis of first ALL relapse is associated with time of relapse after initial therapy, sites of relapse, and immunophenotype. More recently, response to treatment, which is evaluated by assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD), has been found to be clinically significant in relapsed ALL as well as in the initially diagnosed disease. Utilizing these factors, risk-oriented treatment stratification for first ALL relapse has been established. In the standard-risk group for first ALL relapse, intensification of conventional ALL-type therapy can provide a cure in approximately 70% of patients. It is important to assess MRD after reinduction therapy to determine the indications for stem cell transplantation in the standard-risk group. In contrast, no standardized therapy has been established for the high-risk group, which accounts for more than half of relapsed ALL patients. Recent studies have shed light on the clonal origin of relapsed ALL, which usually exists as a minor subclone at the time of initial diagnosis. Clonal selection and evolution take place during chemotherapy, resulting in distinct genetic and epigenetic characteristics of relapsed ALL, some of which are linked to drug resistance, a common and problematic feature of ALL after relapse. To overcome resistance to standard ALL-type therapy, and considering the heterogeneous biological background of high-risk relapsed ALL, innovative therapies using new agents are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Goto
- Division of Hemato-Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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38
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Irving JAE. Towards an understanding of the biology and targeted treatment of paediatric relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2015; 172:655-66. [PMID: 26568036 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the most common childhood cancer and for those children who relapse, prognosis is poor and new therapeutic strategies are needed. Recurrent pathways implicated in relapse include RAS, JAK STAT, cell cycle, epigenetic regulation, B cell development, glucocorticoid response, nucleotide metabolism and DNA repair. Targeting these pathways is a rational therapeutic strategy and may deliver novel, targeted therapies into the clinic. Relapse often stems from a minor clone present at diagnosis and thus analysis of persisting leukaemia during upfront therapy may allow targeted drug intervention to prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A E Irving
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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39
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Grausenburger R, Bastelberger S, Eckert C, Kauer M, Stanulla M, Frech C, Bauer E, Stoiber D, von Stackelberg A, Attarbaschi A, Haas OA, Panzer-Grümayer R. Genetic alterations in glucocorticoid signaling pathway components are associated with adverse prognosis in children with relapsed ETV6/RUNX1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:1163-73. [PMID: 26327566 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1088650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ETV6/RUNX1 gene fusion defines the largest genetic subgroup of childhood ALL with overall rapid treatment response. However, up to 15% of cases relapse. Because an impaired glucocorticoid pathway is implicated in disease recurrence we studied the impact of genetic alterations by SNP array analysis in 31 relapsed cases. In 58% of samples, we found deletions in various glucocorticoid signaling pathway-associated genes, but only NR3C1 and ETV6 deletions prevailed in minimal residual disease poor responding and subsequently relapsing cases (p<0.05). To prove the necessity of a functional glucocorticoid receptor, we reconstituted wild-type NR3C1 expression in mutant, glucocorticoid-resistant REH cells and studied the glucocorticoid response in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. While these results prove that glucocorticoid receptor defects are crucial for glucocorticoid resistance in an experimental setting, they do not address the essential clinical situation where glucocorticoid resistance at relapse is rather part of a global drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Grausenburger
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Stephan Bastelberger
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Cornelia Eckert
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology , Charité, Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum , Berlin , Germany
| | - Maximilian Kauer
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Martin Stanulla
- c Department of Pediatrics , University Hospital Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Christian Frech
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
| | - Eva Bauer
- d Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research , Vienna , Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- d Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research , Vienna , Austria .,e Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria , and
| | - Arend von Stackelberg
- b Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology , Charité, Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Oskar A Haas
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria .,f St. Anna Kinderspital, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Renate Panzer-Grümayer
- a Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung , Vienna , Austria
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40
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Diversity of clinical implication of B-cell translocation gene 1 expression by histopathologic and anatomic subtypes of gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1256-64. [PMID: 25487193 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic signatures may differ by histopathologic and anatomic subtypes of gastric cancer (GC). B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) was identified as one of genes downregulated in GC tissues from our microarray data. AIMS To evaluate the clinical implications of BTG1 expression in GC and the genetic diversity among GC subtypes. METHODS BTG1 mRNA expression was analyzed in GC cell lines and 233 pairs of surgical specimens. The mutational and methylation status of BTG1 in GC cell lines was analyzed, and immunohistochemistry was conducted to determine the distribution of BTG1. The pattern and prognostic significance of BTG1 expression were correlated with the three proposed GC subtypes. RESULTS BTG1 mRNA was downregulated in 82 % of GC cell lines and in 88 % of clinical GC tissues. Promoter hypermethylation events or sequence mutations were not detected in GC cell lines. The pattern of BTG1 expression as observed by immunohistochemistry was consistent with that of its mRNA. Downregulation of BTG1 mRNA in GCs was significantly associated with shorter disease-specific and recurrence-free survival. Multivariate analysis of disease-specific survival identified downregulation of BTG1 transcription as an independent prognostic factor. BTG1 mRNA expression was more strongly suppressed in proximal nondiffuse and diffuse GC compared with distal nondiffuse GC, and subgroup analysis revealed that BTG1 downregulation led to adverse prognosis, specifically in patients with proximal nondiffuse and diffuse GC. CONCLUSIONS Altered expression of BTG1 is a potential biomarker for carcinogenesis and progression of GC, particularly for proximal nondiffuse and diffuse GC.
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41
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Wang H, Li Y, Wang S, Zhang Q, Zheng J, Yang Y, Qi H, Qu H, Zhang Z, Liu F, Fang X. Knockdown of transcription factor forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) suppresses erythroid differentiation in human cells and zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:923-30. [PMID: 25843800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study on the dynamic transcriptomes activated during human erythropoiesis suggested that transcription factor forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) possibly plays a role in erythroid differentiation. Functional studies in human cell line TF-1 indicated that FOXO3 knockdown repressed erythropoietin (EPO)-induced erythroid differentiation by activating promoter region of B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1), thereby regulating its expression. In zebrafish, injection of foxo3b-specific morpholinos (foxo3b MO) resulted in reduced globin (hbae1 and hbbe2) and gata1 gene expression. Transcriptome analyses of erythroid lineage cells isolated from the control and foxo3b morphants revealed the dynamic regulation of foxo3b. Further study suggested that BTG1 is partially responsible for FOXO3 regulation in erythroid differentiation of TF-1 cells but is inconsequential in zebrafish. Taken together, we found that FOXO3 plays an important role in erythroid differentiation in both human TF-1 cells and zebrafish, but the mechanism underlying this regulation still remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies, Beijing 100717, China
| | - Yanming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiawen Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heyuan Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongzhu Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaojun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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42
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Kanda M, Sugimoto H, Nomoto S, Oya H, Hibino S, Shimizu D, Takami H, Hashimoto R, Okamura Y, Yamada S, Fujii T, Nakayama G, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y. B‑cell translocation gene 1 serves as a novel prognostic indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:641-8. [PMID: 25405901 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the B‑cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) plays an important role in apoptosis and negatively regulates cell proliferation, BTG1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been evaluated. In this study expression analysis of BTG1 was conducted to clarify the role of BTG1 in the initiation of HCC carcinogenesis and progression. BTG1 mRNA expression levels were determined for HCC cell lines and 151 surgical specimen pairs using quantitative real‑time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) assay. The mutational and methylation status of HCC cell lines were analyzed via high resolution melting (HRM) analysis and direct sequencing analysis to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of BTG1 expression. The expression and distribution of the BTG1 protein in liver tissues were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Decreased expression of BTG1 mRNA was confirmed in the majority of HCC cell lines (89%) and clinical HCC tissues (85%) compared with non‑cancerous liver tissues. Mutations or promoter hypermethylation were not identified in HCC cell lines. BTG1 mRNA expression levels were not influenced by background liver status. The pattern of BTG1 protein expression was consistent with that of BTG1 mRNA. Downregulation of BTG1 mRNA in HCC was significantly associated with shorter disease‑specific and recurrence‑free survival rates. Multivariate analysis of disease‑specific survival rates identified BTG1 mRNA downregulation as an independent prognostic factor for HCC (hazard ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.12‑4.04, P=0.022). Our results indicate that altered BTG1 expression might affect hepatocarcinogenesis and may represent a novel biomarker for HCC carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Shuji Nomoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Hisaharu Oya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Soki Hibino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Hideki Takami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Ryoji Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Okamura
- Division of Hepato‑Biliary‑Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka 411‑8777, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Goro Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Michitaka Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery Ⅱ), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466‑8550, Japan
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43
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Abstract
Although great strides have been made in the improvement of outcome for newly diagnosed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia because of refinements in risk stratification and selective intensification of therapy, the prognosis for relapsed leukemia has lagged behind significantly. Understanding the underlying biological pathways responsible for drug resistance is essential to develop novel approaches for the prevention of recurrence and treatment of relapsed disease. High throughput genomic technologies have the potential to revolutionize cancer care in this era of personalized medicine. Using such advanced technologies, we and others have shown that a diverse assortment of cooperative genetic and epigenetic events drive the resistant phenotype. Herein, we summarize results using a variety of genomic technologies to highlight the power of this methodology in providing insight into the biological mechanisms that impart resistant disease.
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44
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Jones CL, Bhatla T, Blum R, Wang J, Paugh SW, Wen X, Bourgeois W, Bitterman DS, Raetz EA, Morrison DJ, Teachey DT, Evans WE, Garabedian MJ, Carroll WL. Loss of TBL1XR1 disrupts glucocorticoid receptor recruitment to chromatin and results in glucocorticoid resistance in a B-lymphoblastic leukemia model. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20502-15. [PMID: 24895125 PMCID: PMC4110265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although great advances have been made in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, up to one of five patients will relapse, and their prognosis thereafter is dismal. We have previously identified recurrent deletions in TBL1XR1, which encodes for an F-box like protein responsible for regulating the nuclear hormone repressor complex stability. Here we model TBL1XR1 deletions in B-precursor ALL cell lines and show that TBL1XR1 knockdown results in reduced glucocorticoid receptor recruitment to glucocorticoid responsive genes and ultimately decreased glucocorticoid signaling caused by increased levels of nuclear hormone repressor 1 and HDAC3. Reduction in glucocorticoid signaling in TBL1XR1-depleted lines resulted in resistance to glucocorticoid agonists, but not to other chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, we show that treatment with the HDAC inhibitor SAHA restores sensitivity to prednisolone in TBL1XR1-depleted cells. Altogether, our data indicate that loss of TBL1XR1 is a novel driver of glucocorticoid resistance in ALL and that epigenetic therapy may have future application in restoring drug sensitivity at relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teena Bhatla
- the Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
| | - Roy Blum
- From the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center
| | - Jinhua Wang
- From the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center
- the Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, and
| | - Steven W. Paugh
- the Hematological Malignancies Program and
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Xin Wen
- From the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center
- the Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, and
| | | | | | - Elizabeth A. Raetz
- the Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84102, and
| | | | - David T. Teachey
- the Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - William E. Evans
- the Hematological Malignancies Program and
- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
| | - Michael J. Garabedian
- the Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016
| | - William L. Carroll
- From the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center
- the Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
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45
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Xie J, Wang Q, Wang Q, Yao H, Wen L, Ma L, Wu D, Chen S. High frequency of BTG1 deletions in patients with BCR-ABL1-positive acute leukemia. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:226-30. [PMID: 24998463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deletions affecting the B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) have recently been reported in 9% of patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), and occur even more frequently in ETV6-RUNX1-positive and BCR-ABL1-positive subgroups. To investigate whether the BTG1 deletions occur in other BCR-ABL1-positive acute leukemias besides BCP-ALL, we analyzed 44 leukemia cases harboring the BCR-ABL1 transcript [32 BCP-ALL, six mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL), and six chronic myeloid leukemia in B-lineage blast crisis (CML-BC)] by array-based comparative genomic hybridization and reverse transcription-PCR. BTG1 deletions were present in 31.8% of BCR-ABL1-positive acute leukemia patients, including 31.3% of BCP-ALL (10/32), 33.3% of MPAL (2/6), and 33.3% of CML-BC (B-lineage) (2/6) patients. Of note, the intragenic deletion breakpoints, mapping to 5 different positions at the proximal end of the breakpoint, clustered tightly within exon 2 of BTG1, which were located within a stretch of 20 bp from nucleotide 284 to nucleotide 304 and led to truncated BTG1 transcripts. There were no significant differences in the median white blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, bone marrow blast count, sex, age, or overall complete remission rate between patients with and without BTG1 deletions. Taken together, our data suggest that BTG1 deletions might play a role in leukemogenesis of BCP-ALL as well as of BCR-ABL1-positive MPAL and CML-BC (B-lineage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundan Xie
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinrong Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Wen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suning Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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46
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The genomic landscape of Waldenström macroglobulinemia is characterized by highly recurring MYD88 and WHIM-like CXCR4 mutations, and small somatic deletions associated with B-cell lymphomagenesis. Blood 2014; 123:1637-46. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-525808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Highly recurring mutations are present in WM, including MYD88 L265P, warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, and myelokathexis-syndrome–like mutations in CXCR4, and ARID1A. Small, previously undetected CNAs affecting B-cell regulatory genes are highly prevalent in WM.
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47
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Newton TP, Cummings CT, Graham DK, Bernt KM. Epigenetics and chemoresistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Hematol Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ijh.13.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY For children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who relapse, prognosis is poor and novel therapeutic strategies are needed. In the last decade, it has become apparent that ALL exhibits unique epigenetic patterns in addition to the well known cytogenetic findings. Furthermore, whole genome sequencing efforts are revealing recurrent mutations in epigenetic modifiers in ALL. Aberrant epigenetic modulation may be involved in leukemic transformation and resistance to chemotherapy. Consequently, compounds that specifically modulate the maintenance of such epigenetic programs may offer new approaches to therapy, including the modulation or prevention of chemoresistance in ALL. In this article, we review some of the most recent findings with regard to epigenetic aberrations in ALL, and discuss therapeutic strategies that are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Newton
- Center for Cancer & Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado & Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, RC1N, Mail Stop 8302, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher T Cummings
- Center for Cancer & Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado & Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, RC1N, Mail Stop 8302, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Douglas K Graham
- Center for Cancer & Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado & Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, RC1N, Mail Stop 8302, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathrin M Bernt
- Center for Cancer & Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado & Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, RC1N, Mail Stop 8302, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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48
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Zhu R, Zou ST, Wan JM, Li W, Li XL, Zhu W. BTG1 inhibits breast cancer cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2137-44. [PMID: 23982470 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BTG1, which belongs to the BTG/Tob family, regulates cell cycle progression in a variety of cell types and appears to play roles in inhibiting proliferation, promoting apoptosis and stimulating cellular differentiation in multiple cell types. However, it remains unclear whether BTG1 is a breast cancer suppressor gene, and the role of BTG1 in breast cancer cell growth has not yet been determined. In the present study, we observed that BTG1 was weakly expressed in human breast tumors and in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). In addition, we investigated the potential effects of BTG1 on breast cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis after stable transfection with the BTG1 expression vector. We found that overexpression of BTG1 inhibited cell proliferation, induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis. Further investigation indicated that overexpression of BTG1 was involved in the inhibition of the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, cyclin B1 and cyclin D1, and pro-apoptotic factors, Bax and caspase-3, and was also involved in the promotion of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. In vivo, animal experiments showed that tumors overexpressing BTG1 displayed a slower growth rate than the control xenografts. TUNEL end staining assay revealed that BTG1 induced tumor necrosis and apoptosis. Taken together, our data revealed that, in breast cancer cells, BTG1 inhibits cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These results indicate that BTG1 may be used as a novel therapeutic target for human breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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49
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Deletions of IKZF1 and SPRED1 are associated with poor prognosis in a population-based series of pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed between 1992 and 2011. Leukemia 2013; 28:302-10. [PMID: 23823658 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the favorable prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a substantial subset of patients relapses. As this occurs not only in the high risk but also in the standard/intermediate groups, the presently used risk stratification is suboptimal. The underlying mechanisms for treatment failure include the presence of genetic changes causing insensitivity to the therapy administered. To identify relapse-associated aberrations, we performed single-nucleotide polymorphism array analyses of 307 uniformly treated, consecutive pediatric ALL cases accrued during 1992-2011. Recurrent aberrations of 14 genes in patients who subsequently relapsed or had induction failure were detected. Of these, deletions/uniparental isodisomies of ADD3, ATP10A, EBF1, IKZF1, PAN3, RAG1, SPRED1 and TBL1XR1 were significantly more common in B-cell precursor ALL patients who relapsed compared with those remaining in complete remission. In univariate analyses, age (≥10 years), white blood cell counts (>100 × 10(9)/l), t(9;22)(q34;q11), MLL rearrangements, near-haploidy and deletions of ATP10A, IKZF1, SPRED1 and the pseudoautosomal 1 regions on Xp/Yp were significantly associated with decreased 10-year event-free survival, with IKZF1 abnormalities being an independent risk factor in multivariate analysis irrespective of the risk group. Older age and deletions of IKZF1 and SPRED1 were also associated with poor overall survival. Thus, analyses of these genes provide clinically important information.
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50
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Teachey DT, Hunger SP. Predicting relapse risk in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2013; 162:606-20. [PMID: 23808872 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intensive multi-agent chemotherapy regimens and the introduction of risk-stratified therapy have substantially improved cure rates for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Current risk allocation schemas are imperfect, as some children are classified as lower-risk and treated with less intensive therapy relapse, while others deemed higher-risk are probably over-treated. Most cooperative groups previously used morphological clearance of blasts in blood and marrow during the initial phases of chemotherapy as a primary factor for risk group allocation; however, this has largely been replaced by the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD). Other than age and white blood cell count (WBC) at presentation, many clinical variables previously used for risk group allocation are no longer prognostic, as MRD and the presence of sentinel genetic lesions are more reliable at predicting outcome. Currently, a number of sentinel genetic lesions are used by most cooperative groups for risk stratification; however, in the near future patients will probably be risk-stratified using genomic signatures and clustering algorithms, rather than individual genetic alterations. This review will describe the clinical, biological, and response-based features known to predict relapse risk in childhood ALL, including those currently used and those likely to be used in the near future to risk-stratify therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Teachey
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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