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Whyte CS. All tangled up: interactions of the fibrinolytic and innate immune systems. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1212201. [PMID: 37332750 PMCID: PMC10272372 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1212201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic and innate immune system are intertwined processes. Inflammation within the vasculature promotes thrombus development, whilst fibrin forms part of the innate immune response to trap invading pathogens. The awareness of these interlinked process has resulted in the coining of the terms "thromboinflammation" and "immunothrombosis." Once a thrombus is formed it is up to the fibrinolytic system to resolve these clots and remove them from the vasculature. Immune cells contain an arsenal of fibrinolytic regulators and plasmin, the central fibrinolytic enzyme. The fibrinolytic proteins in turn have diverse roles in immunoregulation. Here, the intricate relationship between the fibrinolytic and innate immune system will be discussed.
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Somodi L, Horváth E, Bárdos H, Baráth B, Pethő D, Katona É, Balla J, Mutch NJ, Muszbek L. Cellular FXIII in Human Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4802. [PMID: 36902231 PMCID: PMC10002485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages express the A subunit of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII-A), a transglutaminase which cross-links proteins through Nε-(γ-L-glutamyl)-L-lysyl iso-peptide bonds. Macrophages are major cellular constituents of the atherosclerotic plaque; they may stabilize the plaque by cross-linking structural proteins and they may become transformed into foam cells by accumulating oxidized LDL (oxLDL). The combination of oxLDL staining by Oil Red O and immunofluorescent staining for FXIII-A demonstrated that FXIII-A is retained during the transformation of cultured human macrophages into foam cells. ELISA and Western blotting techniques revealed that the transformation of macrophages into foam cells elevated the intracellular FXIII-A content. This phenomenon seems specific for macrophage-derived foam cells; the transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells into foam cells fails to induce a similar effect. FXIII-A containing macrophages are abundant in the atherosclerotic plaque and FXIII-A is also present in the extracellular compartment. The protein cross-linking activity of FXIII-A in the plaque was demonstrated using an antibody labeling the iso-peptide bonds. Cells showing combined staining for FXIII-A and oxLDL in tissue sections demonstrated that FXIII-A-containing macrophages within the atherosclerotic plaque are also transformed into foam cells. Such cells may contribute to the formation of lipid core and the plaque structurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Somodi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emőke Horváth
- Pathology Service, County Emergency Clinical Hospital of Targu Mures, 50 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Helga Bárdos
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 26 Kassai út, 4028 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Baráth
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Pethő
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group 11003, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nicola J. Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - László Muszbek
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Peptidic Inhibitors and a Fluorescent Probe for the Selective Inhibition and Labelling of Factor XIIIa Transglutaminase. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041634. [PMID: 36838622 PMCID: PMC9960274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) is a transglutaminase of major therapeutic interest for the development of anticoagulants due to its essential role in the blood coagulation cascade. While numerous FXIIIa inhibitors have been reported, they failed to reach clinical evaluation due to their lack of metabolic stability and low selectivity over transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Furthermore, the chemical tools available for the study of FXIIIa activity and localization are extremely limited. To combat these shortcomings, we designed, synthesised, and evaluated a library of 21 novel FXIIIa inhibitors. Electrophilic warheads, linker lengths, and hydrophobic units were varied on small molecule and peptidic scaffolds to optimize isozyme selectivity and potency. A previously reported FXIIIa inhibitor was then adapted for the design of a probe bearing a rhodamine B moiety, producing the innovative KM93 as the first known fluorescent probe designed to selectively label active FXIIIa with high efficiency (kinact/KI = 127,300 M-1 min-1) and 6.5-fold selectivity over TG2. The probe KM93 facilitated fluorescent microscopy studies within bone marrow macrophages, labelling FXIIIa with high efficiency and selectivity in cell culture. The structure-activity trends with these novel inhibitors and probes will help in the future study of the activity, inhibition, and localization of FXIIIa.
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Luo Y, Li B, Li J, Zhang Y, Deng M, Hu C, Yan W, Zhou Z, Zhang G. Coagulation Factor XIII Subunit A Is a Biomarker for Curative Effects and Prognosis in Malignant Solid Tumors, Especially Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:719085. [PMID: 34976787 PMCID: PMC8714639 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.719085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of coagulant factor XIII subunit A (FXIII-A) is significantly increased in some types of cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). However, few studies on plasma FXIII-A in cancer patients have been conducted and have shown contradictory results, so the relationship of plasma FXIII-A with the progression and prognosis of malignant tumors is still unknown. This study explored the association of plasma FXIII-A with a curative effect and the prognosis of patients with malignant solid tumors. Methods We monitored plasma FXIII-A before and during systemic therapy and assessed its relationship with the curative effect and prognosis of malignant solid tumors, especially non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), by propensity-adjusted, multivariable logistic regression analysis and survival curve, in a prospective study of 1147 patients with different types of malignant solid tumors. The influencing factors of plasma FXIII-A were also analyzed. Results We found that D-dimer (D2) = 1 mg/L was the inflection point for the association between FXIII-A and D2: FXIII-A was significantly negatively correlated with D2 (r = -0.39, p < 0.01) and FDP (r = -0.40, p < 0.01) in D2 > 1 mg/L but uncorrelated with D2 or FDP in D2 ≤ 1 mg/L, which provided a method to find a more realistic plasma FXIII-A level. Plasma FXIII-A was positively correlated with age, platelets, lymphocytes, monocytes and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). It was found for the first time that plasma FXIII-A was abnormally significantly increased (FXIII-A > 150%) in post-therapy patients, especially in NSCLC and lung metastasis patients, and the incidence of FXIII-A > 150% in lung adenocarcinoma was 16 times higher than that in lung squamous carcinoma. FXIII-A > 150% proved to be an independent risk factor for disease progression in NSCLC patients (OR=5.74, 95% CI: 1.20-27.60, p = 0.029), predicting poor efficacy. The marked decrease in plasma FXIII-A (FXIII-A < 40%) was related to coagulation disorders and poor prognosis with a short survival time (median survival time of 4 months). Conclusions Plasma FXIII-A has the potential to be a real-time biomarker with bidirectional indicator effects to assess curative effects and prognosis in malignant solid tumors, especially NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Luo
- Department of Hematology, Section of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Hematology, Section of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyang Deng
- Department of Hematology, Section of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzhe Yan
- Department of Hematology, Section of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Guangsen Zhang, ; Zhiguang Zhou,
| | - Guangsen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Section of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Guangsen Zhang, ; Zhiguang Zhou,
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Alshehri FSM, Whyte CS, Tuncay A, Williams ML, Wilson HM, Mutch NJ. Monocytes Expose Factor XIII-A and Stabilize Thrombi against Fibrinolytic Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126591. [PMID: 34205443 PMCID: PMC8234680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase that promotes thrombus stability by cross-linking fibrin. The cellular form, a homodimer of the A subunits, denoted FXIII-A, lacks a classical signal peptide for its release; however, we have shown that it is exposed on activated platelets. Here we addressed whether monocytes expose intracellular FXIII-A in response to stimuli. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate that FXIII-A antigen and activity are up-regulated on human monocytes in response to stimulation by IL-4 and IL-10. Higher basal levels of the FXIII-A antigen were noted on the membrane of the monocytic cell line THP-1, but activity was significantly enhanced following stimulation with IL-4 and IL-10. In contrast, treatment with lipopolysaccharide did not upregulate exposure of FXIII-A in THP-1 cells. Quantification of the FXIII-A activity revealed a significant increase in THP-1 cells in total cell lysates following stimulation with IL-4 and IL-10. Following fractionation, the largest pool of FXIII-A was membrane associated. Monocytes were actively incorporated into the fibrin mesh of model thrombi. We found that stimulation of monocytes and THP-1 cells with IL-4 and IL-10 stabilized FXIII-depleted thrombi against fibrinolytic degradation, via a transglutaminase-dependent mechanism. Our data suggest that monocyte-derived FXIII-A externalized in response to stimuli participates in thrombus stabilization.
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Factor XIII-A: An Indispensable "Factor" in Haemostasis and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063055. [PMID: 33802692 PMCID: PMC8002558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) is a transglutaminase enzyme that catalyses the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds into protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIIIA2B2, has an established function in haemostasis, with fibrin being its principal substrate. A deficiency in FXIII manifests as a severe bleeding diathesis emphasising its crucial role in this pathway. The FXIII-A gene (F13A1) is expressed in cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage. The cellular form, a homodimer of the A subunits denoted FXIII-A, was perceived to remain intracellular, due to the lack of a classical signal peptide for its release. It is now apparent that FXIII-A can be externalised from cells, by an as yet unknown mechanism. Thus, three pools of FXIII-A exist within the circulation: plasma where it circulates in complex with the inhibitory FXIII-B subunits, and the cellular form encased within platelets and monocytes/macrophages. The abundance of this transglutaminase in different forms and locations in the vasculature reflect the complex and crucial roles of this enzyme in physiological processes. Herein, we examine the significance of these pools of FXIII-A in different settings and the evidence to date to support their function in haemostasis and wound healing.
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Shirai S, Yamauchi Y, Yokote F, Sakai T, Saito Y, Sakao Y, Kawamura M. Dynamics of coagulation factor XIII activity after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2020; 11:5382-5389. [PMID: 32030256 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background The present study was performed to investigate the perioperative dynamics of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy compared with open lobectomy. Methods Perioperative coagulation factors including FXIII were analyzed in 30 patients who underwent VATS lobectomy and 10 patients who underwent open lobectomy at Teikyo University Hospital from December 2017 to April 2019. Results Patients in the VATS lobectomy group showed higher FXIII activity on postoperative day (POD) 5 than patients in the open lobectomy group (P=0.028). The FXIII activity was significantly lower on POD3, POD5, and POD7 than that in the preoperative period and on POD1, even in patients who had undergone VATS lobectomy (P<0.001). No factors were found to affect the maintenance of FXIII in the VATS lobectomy group. Conclusion The postoperative decrease of FXIII activity differed between patients who underwent VATS lobectomy and those who underwent open lobectomy. Based on the characteristics of FXIII, the FXIII activity may be a good marker of the invasiveness of VATS lobectomy versus open lobectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Shirai
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Yamauchi
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Yokote
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinori Sakao
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kawamura
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cellular Factor XIII, a Transglutaminase in Human Corneal Keratocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235963. [PMID: 31783511 PMCID: PMC6928837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular factor XIII (cFXIII, FXIII-A2), a transglutaminase, has been demonstrated in a few cell types. Its main function is to cross-link proteins by isopeptide bonds. Here, we investigated the presence of cFXIII in cells of human cornea. Tissue sections of the cornea were immunostained for FXIII-A in combination with staining for CD34 antigen or isopeptide cross-links. Isolated corneal keratocytes were also evaluated by immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. FXIII-A in the corneal stroma was quantified by Western blotting. FXIII-A mRNA was detected by RT-qPCR. The cornea of FXIII-A-deficient patients was evaluated by cornea topography. FXIII-A was detected in 68 ± 13% of CD34+ keratocytes. Their distribution in the corneal stroma was unequal; they were most abundant in the subepithelial tertile. cFXIII was of cytoplasmic localization. In the stroma, 3.64 ng cFXIII/mg protein was measured. The synthesis of cFXIII by keratocytes was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Isopeptide cross-links were detected above, but not within the corneal stroma. Slight abnormality of the cornea was detected in six out of nine FXIII-A-deficient patients. The presence of cFXIII in human keratocytes was established for the first time. cFXIII might be involved in maintaining the stability of the cornea and in the corneal wound healing process.
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Mitchell JL, Mutch NJ. Let's cross-link: diverse functions of the promiscuous cellular transglutaminase factor XIII-A. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:19-30. [PMID: 30489000 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Plasma Factor XIII, a heterodimer of A and B subunits FXIIIA2 B2 , is a transglutaminase enzyme with a well-established role in haemostasis. Cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage express the FXIII-A gene (F13A1) that encodes the cellular form of the transglutaminase, a homodimer of the A subunits, FXIII-A. FXIII-A was presumed to function intracellularly, however, several lines of evidence now indicate that FXIII-A is externalised by an as yet unknown mechanism This review describes the mounting evidence that FXIII-A is a diverse transglutaminase with many intracellular and extracellular substrates that can participate in an array of biological processes SUMMARY: Factor XIII is a tranglutaminase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysyl isopeptide bonds in protein substrates. The plasma form, FXIII-A2 B2 , has an established function in hemostasis, where its primary substrate is fibrin. A deficiency in FXIII manifests as a severe bleeding diathesis, underscoring its importance in this pathway. The cellular form of the enzyme, a homodimer of the A-subunits, denoted FXIII-A, has not been studied in as extensive detail. FXIII-A was generally perceived to remain intracellular, owing to the lack of a classical signal peptide for its release. In the last decade, emerging evidence has revealed that this diverse transglutaminase can be externalized from cells, by an as yet unknown mechanism, and can cross-link extracellular substrates and participate in a number of diverse pathways. The FXIII-A gene (F13A1) is expressed in cells of bone marrow and mesenchymal lineage, notably megakaryocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, chrondrocytes, osteoblasts, and preadipocytes. The biological processes that FXIII-A is coupled with, such as wound healing, phagocytosis, and bone and matrix remodeling, reflect its expression in these cell types. This review describes the mounting evidence that this cellular transglutaminase can be externalized, usually in response to stimuli, and participate in extracellular cross-linking reactions. A corollary of being involved in these biological pathways is the participation of FXIII-A in pathological processes. In conclusion, the functions of this transglutaminase extend far beyond its role in hemostasis, and our understanding of this enzyme in terms of its secretion, regulation and substrates is in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - N J Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Oushy S, Hellwinkel JE, Wang M, Nguyen GJ, Gunaydin D, Harland TA, Anchordoquy TJ, Graner MW. Glioblastoma multiforme-derived extracellular vesicles drive normal astrocytes towards a tumour-enhancing phenotype. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0477. [PMID: 29158308 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating tumour with abysmal prognoses. We desperately need novel approaches to understand GBM biology and therapeutic vulnerabilities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanospheres released locally and systemically by all cells, including tumours, with tremendous potential for intercellular communication. Tumour EVs manipulate their local environments as well as distal targets; EVs may be a mechanism for tumourigenesis in the recurrent GBM setting. We hypothesized that GBM EVs drive molecular changes in normal human astrocytes (NHAs), yielding phenotypically tumour-promoting, or even tumourigenic, entities. We incubated NHAs with GBM EVs and examined the astrocytes for changes in cell migration, cytokine release and tumour cell growth promotion via the conditioned media. We measured alterations in intracellular signalling and transformation capacity (astrocyte growth in soft agar). GBM EV-treated NHAs displayed increased migratory capacity, along with enhanced cytokine production which promoted tumour cell growth. GBM EV-treated NHAs developed tumour-like signalling patterns and exhibited colony formation in soft agar, reminiscent of tumour cells themselves. GBM EVs modify the local environment to benefit the tumour itself, co-opting neighbouring astrocytes to promote tumour growth, and perhaps even driving astrocytes to a tumourigenic phenotype. Such biological activities could have profound impacts in the recurrent GBM setting.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soliman Oushy
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Justin E Hellwinkel
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mary Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ger J Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dicle Gunaydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tessa A Harland
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Kapusta P, Wypasek E, Natorska J, Grudzien G, Sobczyk D, Sadowski J, Undas A. Factor XIII expression within aortic valves and its plasma activity in patients with aortic stenosis: association with severity of disease. Thromb Haemost 2017; 108:1172-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-07-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryAortic valve stenosis (AS) shares several similarities with atherosclerosis. Factor XIII (FXIII) has been detected within atherosclerotic plaques and may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis via multiple mechanisms. In the current study, we sought to investigate FXIII expression within human stenotic aortic valves and its association with severity of the disease. We prospectively enrolled 91 consecutive patients with AS scheduled for isolated valve replacement. Valvular FXIII subunit A (FXIII-A), fibrin and macrophages expression was evaluated by immunostaining. FXIII-A subunit transcripts and FXIII-A Val34Leu polymorphism was determined by real-time PCR. Plasma FXIII (pFXIII) activity was measured. We demonstrated that the valvular FXIII-A was predominantly expressed on the aortic side of leaflets, colocalized with alternatively activated macrophages (AAM). Areas stained for FXIII-A showed positive correlations with valvular fibrin presence, degree of calcification, pFXIII activity and the severity of AS, reflected by mean and maximum transvalvular gradients (all, p<0.001). The FXIII-A mRNA in the stenotic leaflets was significantly elevated compared to control leaflets. Interestingly, pFXIII activity was also positively correlated with mean (p<0.001) and maximum (p=0.001) transvalvular gradient. The FXIII-A Val34Leu polymorphism did not affect FXIII-A and fibrin expression in AS valves. In conclusion, the study is the first to show abundant expression of FXIII-A at the mRNA and protein levels within human stenotic aortic valves, which is associated with the severity of AS. Our findings might suggest that FXIII in the stenotic valves is presented in AAM and may be involved in the AS progression.
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Lallukka S, Luukkonen PK, Zhou Y, Isokuortti E, Leivonen M, Juuti A, Hakkarainen A, Orho-Melander M, Lundbom N, Olkkonen VM, Lassila R, Yki-Järvinen H. Obesity/insulin resistance rather than liver fat increases coagulation factor activities and expression in humans. Thromb Haemost 2017; 117:286-294. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-09-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIncreased liver fat may be caused by insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation or by the common I148M variant in PNPLA3 at rs738409, which lacks both of these features. We hypothesised that obesity/insulin resistance rather than liver fat increases circulating coagulation factor activities. We measured plasma prothrombin time (PT, Owren method), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), activities of several coagulation factors, VWF:RCo and fibrinogen, and D-dimer concentration in 92 subjects divided into groups based on insulin sensitivity [insulin-resistant (‘IR’) versus insulin-sensitive (‘IS’)] and PNPLA3 genotype (PNPLA3148MM/MI vs PNPLA3148II). Liver fat content (1H-MRS) was similarly increased in ‘IR’ (13 ± 1 %) and PNPLA3148MM/MI (12 ± 2 %) as compared to ‘IS’ (6 ± 1 %, p < 0.05) and PNPLA3148II (8 ± 1 %, p < 0.05), respectively. FVIII, FIX, FXIII, fibrinogen and VWF:RCo activities were increased, and PT and APTT shortened in ‘IR’ versus ‘IS’, in contrast to these factors being similar between PNPLA3148MM/MI and PNPLA3148II groups. In subjects undergoing a liver biopsy and entirely lacking the I148M variant, insulin-resistant subjects had higher hepatic expression of F8, F9 and FGG than equally obese insulin-sensitive subjects. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes in adipose tissue correlated positively with PT (% of normal), circulating FVIII, FIX, FXI, VWR:RCo and fibrinogen, and expression of anti-inflammatory genes negatively with PT (%), FIX and fibrinogen. We conclude that obesity/insulin resistance rather than an increase in liver fat is associated with a procoagulant plasma profile. This reflects adipose tissue inflammation and increased hepatic production of coagulation factors and their susceptibility for activation.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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Factor XIII Subunit A in the Skin: Applications in Diagnosis and Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3571861. [PMID: 28894750 PMCID: PMC5574300 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3571861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of factor XIII subunit A (FXIII-A) is not restricted to hemostasis. FXIII-A is also present intracellularly in several human cells and serves as a diagnostic marker in a wide range of dermatological diseases from inflammatory conditions to malignancies. In this review, we provide a guide on the still controversial interpretation of dermal cell types expressing FXIII-A and assess the previously described mechanisms behind their accumulation under physiological and pathological conditions of the human skin. We summarize the intracellular functions of FXIII-A as well as its possible sources in the extracellular space of the dermis with a focus on its relevance to skin homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Finally, the potential role of FXIII-A in wound healing, as a field with long-term therapeutic implications, is also discussed.
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Beckers CML, Simpson KR, Griffin KJ, Brown JM, Cheah LT, Smith KA, Vacher J, Cordell PA, Kearney MT, Grant PJ, Pease RJ. Cre/lox Studies Identify Resident Macrophages as the Major Source of Circulating Coagulation Factor XIII-A. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1494-1502. [PMID: 28596376 PMCID: PMC5526434 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— To establish the cellular source of plasma factor (F)XIII-A. Approach and Results— A novel mouse floxed for the F13a1 gene, FXIII-Aflox/flox (Flox), was crossed with myeloid- and platelet-cre–expressing mice, and cellular FXIII-A mRNA expression and plasma and platelet FXIII-A levels were measured. The platelet factor 4-cre.Flox cross abolished platelet FXIII-A and reduced plasma FXIII-A to 23±3% (P<0.001). However, the effect of platelet factor 4-cre on plasma FXIII-A was exerted outside of the megakaryocyte lineage because plasma FXIII-A was not reduced in the Mpl−/− mouse, despite marked thrombocytopenia. In support of this, platelet factor 4-cre depleted FXIII-A mRNA in brain, aorta, and heart of floxed mice, where FXIII-Apos cells were identified as macrophages as they costained with CD163. In the integrin αM-cre.Flox and the double copy lysozyme 2-cre.cre.Flox crosses, plasma FXIII-A was reduced to, respectively, 75±5% (P=0.003) and 30±7% (P<0.001), with no change in FXIII-A content per platelet, further consistent with a macrophage origin of plasma FXIII-A. The change in plasma FXIII-A levels across the various mouse genotypes mirrored the change in FXIII-A mRNA expression in aorta. Bone marrow transplantation of FXIII-A+/+ bone marrow into FXIII-A−/− mice both restored plasma FXIII-A to normal levels and replaced aortic and cardiac FXIII-A mRNA, while its transplantation into FXIII-A+/+ mice did not increase plasma FXIII-A levels, suggesting that a limited population of niches exists that support FXIII-A-releasing cells. Conclusions— This work suggests that resident macrophages maintain plasma FXIII-A and exclude the platelet lineage as a major contributor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD11b Antigen/blood
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Factor XIII/genetics
- Factor XIII/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/transplantation
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phenotype
- Platelet Factor 4/blood
- Platelet Factor 4/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/blood
- Receptors, Thrombopoietin/blood
- Receptors, Thrombopoietin/genetics
- Thrombocytopenia/blood
- Thrombocytopenia/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/blood
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora M L Beckers
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Kingsley R Simpson
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Kathryn J Griffin
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Jane M Brown
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Lih T Cheah
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Kerrie A Smith
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Jean Vacher
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Paul A Cordell
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Mark T Kearney
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Peter J Grant
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.)
| | - Richard J Pease
- From the Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (C.M.L.B., K.R.S., K.J.G., J.M.B., L.T.C., K.A.S., P.A.C., M.T.K., P.J.G., R.J.P.); and Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, McGill University, Canada (J.V.).
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Soendergaard C, Kvist PH, Seidelin JB, Pelzer H, Nielsen OH. Systemic and intestinal levels of factor XIII-A: the impact of inflammation on expression in macrophage subtypes. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:796-807. [PMID: 26660730 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subunit A of coagulation factor XIII (FXIII-A) is important for clot stability and acts in the subsequent wound healing process. Loss of plasma FXIII-A has been reported after surgery, sepsis, and inflammatory conditions. In the intestinal mucosa, FXIII-A is expressed by macrophages and cellular FXIII-A has been associated with phagocytosis and migration of macrophages. The objective was to evaluate the consequences of intestinal inflammation on resident mucosal macrophages, focusing on the level and distribution of FXIII-A. METHODS Plasma and colonic biopsies were collected from 67 patients with ulcerative colitis and controls. Intestinal samples were stained using immunohistochemistry for FXIII-A and macrophages (CD68, CD163 and iNOS). In situ hybridization were used to assess the intestinal expression of FXIII-A. FXIII-A antigen and activity levels were measured in plasma. RESULTS Increased infiltration of CD68 positive macrophages in the inflamed mucosa coincided with increased extracellular deposited FXIII-A and decreased expression and intracellular protein levels of FXIII-A. A decreased proportion of FXIII-A/CD68/CD163 triple-positive macrophages was observed in inflamed mucosa, indicating a reduction of the M2 phenotype with consequent loss of FXIII-A. No induction of iNOS positive macrophages was observed. Stimulation of naïve monocytes with physiological concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators negatively affected the expression of FXIII-A. Measurements in plasma confirmed the loss of both FXIII antigen and activity during active disease. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal inflammation in UC induces loss of M2 macrophages with subsequent loss of FXIII-A synthesis. The loss of cellular FXIII-A may impact migration and phagocytosis, and hence limit pathogen eradication in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Soendergaard
- Department of Gastroenterology 54O3, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark. .,Department of Histology and Bioimaging, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark.
| | | | - Jakob Benedict Seidelin
- Department of Gastroenterology 54O3, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Hermann Pelzer
- Department of Research Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology 54O3, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
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Shubin NJ, Glukhova VA, Clauson M, Truong P, Abrink M, Pejler G, White NJ, Deutsch GH, Reeves SR, Vaisar T, James RG, Piliponsky AM. Proteome analysis of mast cell releasates reveals a role for chymase in the regulation of coagulation factor XIIIA levels via proteolytic degradation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:323-334. [PMID: 27302551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are significantly involved in IgE-mediated allergic reactions; however, their roles in health and disease are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to define the proteome contained in mast cell releasates on activation to better understand the factors secreted by mast cells that are relevant to the contribution of mast cells in diseases. METHODS Bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs) and peritoneal cell-derived mast cells were used as "surrogates" for mucosal and connective tissue mast cells, respectively, and their releasate proteomes were analyzed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Our studies showed that BMCMCs and peritoneal cell-derived mast cells produced substantially different releasates following IgE-mediated activation. Moreover, we observed that the transglutaminase coagulation factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) was one of the most abundant proteins contained in the BMCMC releasates. Mast cell-deficient mice exhibited increased FXIIIA plasma and activity levels as well as reduced bleeding times, indicating that mast cells are more efficient in their ability to downregulate FXIIIA than in contributing to its amounts and functions in homeostatic conditions. We found that human chymase and mouse mast cell protease-4 (the mouse homologue of human chymase) had the ability to reduce FXIIIA levels and function via proteolytic degradation. Moreover, we found that chymase deficiency led to increased FXIIIA amounts and activity, as well as reduced bleeding times in homeostatic conditions and during sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the mast cell protease content can shape its releasate proteome. Moreover, we found that chymase plays an important role in the regulation of FXIIIA via proteolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Shubin
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Veronika A Glukhova
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Morgan Clauson
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Phuong Truong
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Magnus Abrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nathan J White
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Richard G James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash
| | - Adrian M Piliponsky
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Wash; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
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18
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Rabani V, Montange D, Davani S. Interactive protein network of FXIII-A1 in lipid rafts of activated and non-activated platelets. Platelets 2016; 27:598-602. [PMID: 27540960 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2016.1153621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-rafts are defined as membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids within platelet plasma membrane. Lipid raft-mediated clot retraction requires factor XIII and other interacting proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the proteins that interact with factor XIII in raft and non-raft domains of activated and non-activated platelet plasma membrane. By lipidomics analysis, we identified cholesterol- and sphingomyelin-enriched areas as lipid rafts. Platelets were activated by thrombin. Proteomics analysis provided an overview of the pathways in which proteins of rafts and non-rafts participated in the interaction network of FXIII-A1, a catalytic subunit of FXIII. "Platelet activation" was the principal pathway among KEGG pathways for proteins of rafts, both before and after activation. Network analysis showed four types of interactions (activation, binding, reaction, and catalysis) in raft and non-raft domains in interactive network of FXIII-A1. FXIII-A1 interactions with other proteins in raft domains and their role in homeostasis highlight the specialization of the raft domain in clot retraction via the Factor XIII protein network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Rabani
- a EA 3920 - Université de Franche Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Damien Montange
- a EA 3920 - Université de Franche Comté , Besançon , France.,b Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie , CHU de Besançon , France
| | - Siamak Davani
- a EA 3920 - Université de Franche Comté , Besançon , France.,b Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie , CHU de Besançon , France
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Schwingshackl A, Roan E, Teng B, Waters CM. TREK-1 Regulates Cytokine Secretion from Cultured Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells Independently of Cytoskeletal Rearrangements. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126781. [PMID: 26001192 PMCID: PMC4441361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TREK-1 deficient alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) secrete less IL-6, more MCP-1, and contain less F-actin. Whether these alterations in cytokine secretion and F-actin content are related remains unknown. We now hypothesized that cytokine secretion from TREK-1-deficient AECs was regulated by cytoskeletal rearrangements. Methods We determined F-actin and α-tubulin contents of control, TREK-1-deficient and TREK-1-overexpressing human A549 cells by confocal microscopy and western blotting, and measured IL-6 and MCP-1 levels using real-time PCR and ELISA. Results Cytochalasin D decreased the F-actin content of control cells. Jasplakinolide increased the F-actin content of TREK-1 deficient cells, similar to the effect of TREK-1 overexpression in control cells. Treatment of control and TREK-1 deficient cells with TNF-α, a strong stimulus for IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion, had no effect on F-actin structures. The combination of TNF-α+cytochalasin D or TNF-α+jasplakinolide had no additional effect on the F-actin content or architecture when compared to cytochalasin D or jasplakinolide alone. Although TREK-1 deficient AECs contained less F-actin at baseline, quantified biochemically, they contained more α-tubulin. Exposure to nocodazole disrupted α-tubulin filaments in control and TREK-1 deficient cells, but left the overall amount of α-tubulin unchanged. Although TNF-α had no effect on the F-actin or α-tubulin contents, it increased IL-6 and MCP-1 production and secretion from control and TREK-1 deficient cells. IL-6 and MCP-1 secretions from control and TREK-1 deficient cells after TNF-α+jasplakinolide or TNF-α+nocodazole treatment was similar to the effect of TNF-α alone. Interestingly, cytochalasin D decreased TNF-α-induced IL-6 but not MCP-1 secretion from control but not TREK-1 deficient cells. Conclusion Although cytochalasin D, jasplakinolide and nocodazole altered the F-actin and α-tubulin structures of control and TREK-1 deficient AEC, the changes in cytokine secretion from TREK-1 deficient cells cannot be explained by cytoskeletal rearrangements in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwingshackl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Esra Roan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Bin Teng
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Waters
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
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Cordell PA, Newell LM, Standeven KF, Adamson PJ, Simpson KR, Smith KA, Jackson CL, Grant PJ, Pease RJ. Normal Bone Deposition Occurs in Mice Deficient in Factor XIII-A and Transglutaminase 2. Matrix Biol 2015; 43:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Natorska J, Undas A. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in aortic valve stenosis: links with inflammation and calcification. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:217-27. [PMID: 25809537 DOI: 10.1160/th14-10-0861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AS) increasingly afflicts our aging population. However, the pathobiology of the disease is still poorly understood and there is no effective pharmacotherapy for treating those at risk for clinical progression. The progression of AS involves complex inflammatory and fibroproliferative processes that resemble to some extent atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that several coagulation proteins and its inhibitors, including tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, prothrombin, factor XIII, von Willebrand factor, display increased expression within aortic stenotic valves, predominantly on macrophages and myofibroblasts around calcified areas. Systemic impaired fibrinolysis, along with increased plasma and valvular expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, has also been observed in patients with AS in association with the severity of the disease. There is an extensive cross-talk between inflammation and coagulation in stenotic valve tissue which contributes to the calcification and mineralisation of the aortic valve leaflets. This review summarises the available data on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in AS with the emphasis on their interactions with inflammation and calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Undas
- Anetta Undas, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, 80 Pradnicka St., 31-202 Cracow, Poland, Tel.: +48 12 6143004, Fax: +48 12 6143143, E-mail:
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22
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Dickneite G, Herwald H, Korte W, Allanore Y, Denton CP, Matucci Cerinic M. Coagulation factor XIII: a multifunctional transglutaminase with clinical potential in a range of conditions. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:686-97. [PMID: 25652913 DOI: 10.1160/th14-07-0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII), a plasma transglutaminase, is best known as the final enzyme in the coagulation cascade, where it is responsible for cross-linking of fibrin. However, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that FXIII targets a wide range of additional substrates that have important roles in health and disease. These include antifibrinolytic proteins, with cross-linking of α2-antiplasmin to fibrin, and potentially fibrinogen, being the principal mechanism(s) whereby plasmin-mediated clot degradation is minimised. FXIII also acts on endothelial cell VEGFR-2 and αvβ3 integrin, which ultimately leads to downregulation of the antiangiogenic protein thrombospondin-1, promoting angiogenesis and neovascularisation. Under infectious disease conditions, FXIII cross-links bacterial surface proteins to fibrinogen, resulting in immobilisation and killing, while during wound healing, FXIII induces cross-linking of the provisional matrix. The latter process has been shown to influence the interaction of leukocytes with the provisional extracellular matrix and promote wound healing. Through these actions, there are good rationales for evaluating the therapeutic potential of FXIII in diseases in which tissue repair is dysregulated or perturbed, including systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), invasive bacterial infections, and tissue repair, for instance healing of venous leg ulcers or myocardial injuries. Adequate levels of FXIII are also required in patients undergoing surgery to prevent or treat perioperative bleeding, and its augmentation in patients with/at risk for perioperative bleeding may also have potential clinical benefit. While there are preclinical and/or clinical data to support the use of FXIII in a range of settings, further clinical evaluation in these underexplored applications is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Dickneite
- Prof. Dr Gerhard Dickneite, Preclinical R&D, CSL Behring, PO Box 1230, 35002 Marburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 6421 392306, Fax: +49 6421 394663, E-mail:
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Koch M, Zernecke A. The hemostatic system as a regulator of inflammation in atherosclerosis. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:735-44. [PMID: 25491152 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. As part of a tightly connected cross-talk between inflammation and coagulation, there is growing evidence that the coagulation system plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We here discuss the presence of coagulation factors in atherosclerotic lesions and the overall effects of hypercoagulability and hypocoagulability on atherosclerotic lesion formation. Moreover, we focus on the unifying common pathway of coagulation, which can be initiated by the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation, and discuss the functions of the coagulation factors FX, thrombin, and FXIII as regulators of inflammation in atherosclerosis. In particular, we review the non-hemostatic and immune-modulatory functions of these factors in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as monocytes/macrophages, but also other cells, such as dendritic cells and T cells, that may control the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis. Their multiple roles in coagulation, but also their non-hemostatic functions in different cell types in inflammation and immunity, may harbor great potential for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Koch
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) stabilizes thrombi against fibrinolysis by cross-linking α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) to fibrin. Cellular FXIII (FXIII-A) is abundant in platelets, but the extracellular functions of this pool are unclear because it is not released by classical secretion mechanisms. We examined the function of platelet FXIII-A using Chandler model thrombi formed from FXIII-depleted plasma. Platelets stabilized FXIII-depleted thrombi in a transglutaminase-dependent manner. FXIII-A activity on activated platelets was unstable and was rapidly lost over 1 hour. Inhibiting platelet activation abrogated the ability of platelets to stabilize thrombi. Incorporating a neutralizing antibody to α2AP into FXIII-depleted thrombi revealed that the stabilizing effect of platelet FXIII-A on lysis was α2AP dependent. Platelet FXIII-A activity and antigen were associated with the cytoplasm and membrane fraction of unstimulated platelets, and these fractions were functional in stabilizing FXIII-depleted thrombi against lysis. Fluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometry revealed exposure of FXIII-A on activated membranes, with maximal signal detected with thrombin and collagen stimulation. FXIII-A was evident in protruding caps on the surface of phosphatidylserine-positive platelets. Our data show a functional role for platelet FXIII-A through exposure on the activated platelet membrane where it exerts antifibrinolytic function by cross-linking α2AP to fibrin.
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Abstract
AbstractFactor XIII (FXIII) is a unique clotting factor activated in the last stage of the coagulation cascade, with multiple other plasmatic and cellular functions, outside of the traditional homeostasis. Literature data show that FXIII is expressed in skin lesions in the course of various inflammatory skin disorders. Dermis contains a series of macrophages and dendritic cells, which express different phenotypes including FXIII. Increased levels of FXIII-positive cells are present in specific cutaneous inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. The aim of this review is to provide the relationship between FXIII and the development of the inflammatory skin lesions.
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Factor XIII-A transglutaminase acts as a switch between preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Blood 2014; 124:1344-53. [PMID: 24934257 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-543223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) transglutaminase (TG) was recently identified as a potential causative obesity gene in human white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we have examined the role of TG activity and the role of protein crosslinking in adipogenesis. Mouse WAT and preadipocytes showed abundant TG activity arising from FXIII-A. FXIII-A was localized to the cell surface and acted as a negative regulator of adipogenesis by promoting assembly of fibronectin (FN) from plasma into preadipocyte extracellular matrix. This modulated cytoskeletal dynamics and maintained the preadipocyte state. FXIII-A-assembled plasma FN (pFN) matrix promoted preadipocyte proliferation and potentiated the proproliferative effects of insulin (INS) while suppressing the prodifferentiating INS signaling. FXIII-A-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed increased lipid accumulation and decreased proliferation as well as decreased pFN assembly into extracellular matrix. Thus, FXIII-A serves as a preadipocyte-bound proliferation/differentiation switch that mediates effects of hepatocyte-produced circulating pFN.
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Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, Belkin AM, Colak G, Johnson GVW, Mehta K. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:383-417. [PMID: 24692352 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are multifunctional proteins having enzymatic and scaffolding functions that participate in regulation of cell fate in a wide range of cellular systems and are implicated to have roles in development of disease. This review highlights the mechanism of action of these proteins with respect to their structure, impact on cell differentiation and survival, role in cancer development and progression, and function in signal transduction. We also discuss the mechanisms whereby TG level is controlled and how TGs control downstream targets. The studies described herein begin to clarify the physiological roles of TGs in both normal biology and disease states.
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Kreutz RP, Owens J, Lu D, Nystrom P, Jin Y, Kreutz Y, Desta Z, Flockhart DA. Platelet factor XIIIa release during platelet aggregation and plasma clot strength measured by thrombelastography in patients with coronary artery disease treated with clopidogrel. Platelets 2014; 26:358-63. [PMID: 24833046 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2014.916793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that up to half of circulating factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) is stored in platelets. The release of FXIIIa from platelets upon stimulation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in patients with coronary artery disease treated with dual antiplatelet therapy has not been previously examined. Samples from 96 patients with established coronary artery disease treated with aspirin and clopidogrel were examined. Platelet aggregation was performed by light transmittance aggregometry in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), with platelet-poor plasma (PPP) as reference, and ADP 5 µM as agonist. Kaolin-activated thrombelastography (TEG) was performed in citrate PPP. PRP after aggregation was centrifuged and plasma supernatant (PSN) collected. FXIIIa was measured in PPP and PSN. Platelet aggregation after stimulation with ADP 5 µM resulted in 24% additional FXIIIa release in PSN as compared to PPP (99.3 ± 27 vs. 80.3 ± 24%, p < 0.0001). FXIIIa concentration in PSN correlated with maximal plasma clot strength (TEG-G) (r = 0.48, p < 0.0001), but not in PPP (r = 0.15, p = 0.14). Increasing quartiles of platelet-derived FXIIIa were associated with incrementally higher TEG-G (p = 0.012). FXIIIa release was similar between clopidogrel responders and non-responders (p = 0.18). In summary, platelets treated with aspirin and clopidogrel release a significant amount of FXIIIa upon aggregation by ADP. Platelet-derived FXIIIa may contribute to differences in plasma TEG-G, and thus, in part, provide a mechanistic explanation for high clot strength observed as a consequence of platelet activation. Variability in clopidogrel response does not significantly influence FXIIIa release from platelets.
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The plant extracellular transglutaminase: what mammal analogues tell. Amino Acids 2013; 46:777-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Soendergaard C, Kvist PH, Seidelin JB, Nielsen OH. Tissue-regenerating functions of coagulation factor XIII. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:806-16. [PMID: 23406195 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protransglutaminase factor XIII (FXIII) has recently attracted attention within the field of tissue regeneration, as it has been found that FXIII significantly influences wound healing by exerting a multitude of functions. It supports hemostasis by enhancing platelet adhesion to damaged endothelium, and by its cross-linking activity it stabilizes the formed fibrin clot. Furthermore, FXIII limits bacterial dissemination from the wound and incorporates macromolecules of importance for cellular infiltration, supporting cell migration and survival. FXIII-mediated complex formation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and αV β3 integrin is important for angiogenesis, supporting the formation of granulation tissue. Chronic inflammatory conditions involving bleeding and activation of the coagulation cascade have been shown to lead to reduced FXIII levels in plasma. Of particular importance for this review is the fact that patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have reduced FXIII antigen levels and activity. Furthermore, these patients show impaired mucosal healing, which supports the inflammatory state of the disease. This review summarizes the role of FXIII in the healing of wounds, and briefly summarizes the previous use of FXIII in clinical settings. Moreover, it addresses the potential role for FXIII as a therapeutic agent in the healing of persistent wounds during chronic conditions, with an emphasis on IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soendergaard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Secretion of SerpinB2 from endothelial cells activated with inflammatory stimuli. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1213-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Takabayashi T, Kato A, Peters AT, Hulse KE, Suh LA, Carter R, Norton J, Grammer LC, Tan BK, Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC, Fujieda S, Schleimer RP. Increased expression of factor XIII-A in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:584-592.e4. [PMID: 23541322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Profound edema or formation of a pseudocyst containing plasma proteins is a prominent characteristic of nasal polyps (NP). However, the mechanisms underlying NP retention of plasma proteins in the submucosa remain unclear. Recently, we reported that impairment of fibrinolysis causes excessive fibrin deposition in NP and this might be involved in the retention of plasma proteins. Although the coagulation cascade plays a critical role in fibrin clot formation at extravascular sites, the expression and role of coagulation factors in NP remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of coagulation factors in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS Sinonasal tissues were collected from patients with CRS and control subjects. We assayed mRNA for factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) by using real-time PCR and measured FXIII-A protein by means of ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS FXIII-A mRNA levels were significantly increased in NP tissue from patients with CRS with NP (P < .001) compared with uncinate tissue from patients with CRS or control subjects. Similarly, FXIII-A protein levels were increased in NP. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that FXIII-A expression in inflammatory cells and FXIII-A(+) cell numbers were significantly increased in NP. Most FXIII-A staining was observed within CD68(+)/CD163(+) M2 macrophages in NP. Levels of FXIII-A correlated with markers of M2 macrophages, suggesting that M2 macrophages are major FXIIIA-producing cells in NP. CONCLUSION Overproduction of FXIII-A by M2 macrophages might contribute to the excessive fibrin deposition in the submucosa of NP, which might contribute to the tissue remodeling and pathogenesis of CRS with NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Takabayashi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Anju T Peters
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Kathryn E Hulse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Lydia A Suh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Roderick Carter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - James Norton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Leslie C Grammer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Rakesh K Chandra
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - David B Conley
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert C Kern
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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Abstract
Coagulation factor (F)XIII is best known for its role in fibrin stabilization and cross-linking of antifibrinolytic proteins to the fibrin clot. From patients with congenital FXIII deficiency, it is known that FXIII also has important functions in wound healing and maintaining pregnancy. Over the last decade more and more research groups with different backgrounds have studied FXIII and have unveiled putative novel functions for FXIII. FXIII, with its unique role as a transglutaminase among the other serine protease coagulation factors, is now recognized as a multifunctional protein involved in regulatory mechanisms and construction and repair processes beyond hemostasis with possible implications in many areas of medicine. The aim of this review was to give an overview of exciting novel findings and to highlight the remarkable diversity of functions attributed to FXIII. Of course, more research into the underlying mechanisms and (patho-)physiological relevance of the many described functions of FXIII is needed. It will be exciting to observe future developments in this area and to see if and how these interesting findings may be translated into clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schroeder
- University Clinic of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
FXIII (Factor XIII) is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme which forms covalent ϵ-(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-links between the γ-carboxy-amine group of a glutamine residue and the ϵ-amino group of a lysine residue. FXIII was originally identified as a protein involved in fibrin clot stabilization; however, additional extracellular and intracellular roles for FXIII have been identified which influence thrombus resolution and tissue repair. The present review discusses the substrates of FXIIIa (activated FXIII) involved in thrombosis and wound healing with a particular focus on: (i) the influence of plasma FXIIIa on the formation of stable fibrin clots able to withstand mechanical and enzymatic breakdown through fibrin–fibrin cross-linking and cross-linking of fibrinolysis inhibitors, in particular α2-antiplasmin; (ii) the role of intracellular FXIIIa in clot retraction through cross-linking of platelet cytoskeleton proteins, including actin, myosin, filamin and vinculin; (iii) the role of intracellular FXIIIa in cross-linking the cytoplasmic tails of monocyte AT1Rs (angiotensin type 1 receptors) and potential effects on the development of atherosclerosis; and (iv) the role of FXIIIa on matrix deposition and tissue repair, including cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin, collagen and von Willebrand factor, and the effects on matrix deposition and cell–matrix interactions. The review highlights the central role of FXIIIa in the regulation of thrombus stability, thrombus regulation, cell–matrix interactions and wound healing, which is supported by observations in FXIII-deficient humans and animals.
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Levy JH, Greenberg C. Biology of Factor XIII and clinical manifestations of Factor XIII deficiency. Transfusion 2012; 53:1120-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Yin X, Chen Z, Liu Z, Song C. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) activity regulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in the SAOS-2 cell line. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:693-700. [PMID: 22527131 PMCID: PMC3854245 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (type II, TG2) has long been postulated to directly promote skeletal matrix calcification and play an important role in ossification. However, limited information is available on the expression, function and modulating mechanism of TG2 during osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. To address these issues, we cultured the well-established human osteosarcoma cell line SAOS-2 with osteo-inductive conditioned medium and set up three time points (culture days 4, 7, and 14) to represent different stages of SAOS-2 differentiation. Osteoblast markers, mineralization, as well as TG2 expression and activity, were then assayed in each stage. Furthermore, we inhibited TG activity with cystamine and then checked SAOS-2 differentiation and mineralization in each stage. The results showed that during the progression of osteoblast differentiation SAOS-2 cells presented significantly high levels of osteocalcin (OC) mRNA, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and collagen I, significantly high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and the increased formation of calcified matrix. With the same tendency, TG2 expression and activity were up-regulated. Furthermore, inhibition of TG activity resulted in a significant decrease of OC, collagen I, and BMP-2 mRNA and of ALP activity and mineralization. This study demonstrated that TG2 is involved in osteoblast differentiation and may play a role in the initiation and regulation of the mineralization processes. Moreover, the modulating effects of TG2 on osteoblasts may be related to BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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38
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Prydz K, Tveit H, Vedeler A, Saraste J. Arrivals and departures at the plasma membrane: direct and indirect transport routes. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 352:5-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rönnberg T, Jääskeläinen K, Blot G, Parviainen V, Vaheri A, Renkonen R, Bouloy M, Plyusnin A. Searching for cellular partners of hantaviral nonstructural protein NSs: Y2H screening of mouse cDNA library and analysis of cellular interactome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34307. [PMID: 22506017 PMCID: PMC3323627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses (Bunyaviridae) are negative-strand RNA viruses with a tripartite genome. The small (S) segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein and, in some hantaviruses, also the nonstructural protein (NSs). The aim of this study was to find potential cellular partners for the hantaviral NSs protein. Toward this aim, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening of mouse cDNA library was performed followed by a search for potential NSs protein counterparts via analyzing a cellular interactome. The resulting interaction network was shown to form logical, clustered structures. Furthermore, several potential binding partners for the NSs protein, for instance ACBD3, were identified and, to prove the principle, interaction between NSs and ACBD3 proteins was demonstrated biochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Rönnberg
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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40
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Piercy-Kotb SA, Mousa A, Al-Jallad HF, Myneni VD, Chicatun F, Nazhat SN, Kaartinen MT. Factor XIIIA transglutaminase expression and secretion by osteoblasts is regulated by extracellular matrix collagen and the MAP kinase signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2936-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Kwon MH, Jung SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Simultaneous Activity Assay of Two Transglutaminase Isozymes, Blood Coagulation Factor XIII and Transglutaminase 2, by Use of Fibrinogen Arrays. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8718-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
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Muszbek L, Bereczky Z, Bagoly Z, Komáromi I, Katona É. Factor XIII: a coagulation factor with multiple plasmatic and cellular functions. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:931-72. [PMID: 21742792 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XIII (FXIII) is unique among clotting factors for a number of reasons: 1) it is a protransglutaminase, which becomes activated in the last stage of coagulation; 2) it works on an insoluble substrate; 3) its potentially active subunit is also present in the cytoplasm of platelets, monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, dendritic cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteocytes; and 4) in addition to its contribution to hemostasis, it has multiple extra- and intracellular functions. This review gives a general overview on the structure and activation of FXIII as well as on the biochemical function and downregulation of activated FXIII with emphasis on new developments in the last decade. New aspects of the traditional functions of FXIII, stabilization of fibrin clot, and protection of fibrin against fibrinolysis are summarized. The role of FXIII in maintaining pregnancy, its contribution to the wound healing process, and its proangiogenic function are reviewed in details. Special attention is given to new, less explored, but promising fields of FXIII research that include inhibition of vascular permeability, cardioprotection, and its role in cartilage and bone development. FXIII is also considered as an intracellular enzyme; a separate section is devoted to its intracellular activation, intracellular action, and involvement in platelet, monocyte/macrophage, and dendritic cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Muszbek
- Clinical Research Center and Thrombosis, Haemostasis and Vascular Biology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Gosk-Bierska I, McBane RD, Wu Y, Mruk J, Tafur A, McLeod T, Wysokinski WE. Platelet factor XIII gene expression and embolic propensity in atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:75-82. [PMID: 21655673 DOI: 10.1160/th10-11-0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 15% of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) have left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and yet the annual stroke rate averages 5%. The aim of this study was to identify variables influencing embolic propensity of LAAT. Platelet RNA was extracted from platelet-rich regions within formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from NVAF patients during cardiac surgery (26 LAAT from 23 patients) or peripheral embolectomy (51 thrombi from 41 patients). Platelet RNA was also assessed from whole blood from 40 NVAF patients. Expression of six platelet-predominate genes: H2A histone family, A1 domain of factor XIII, integrin α₂bβ₃; glycoprotein IX, platelet factor 4, glycoprotein Ib, was performed using TaqMan MGB-probe based quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Platelet factor XIII subunit A gene expression was significantly lower in embolised compared to non-embolised thrombi as determined by normalised cycle threshold values (4.0 ± 1.2 v 2.8 ± 1.8, p=0.02). Expression of other genes did not differ by embolic status. In conclusion, RNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded platelet-rich tissues can be used for analysis of platelet-predominate gene expression. Variable factor XIII gene expression in thrombi generated during NVAF may in part explain the propensity to embolisation.
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Al-Jallad HF, Myneni VD, Piercy-Kotb SA, Chabot N, Mulani A, Keillor JW, Kaartinen MT. Plasma membrane factor XIIIA transglutaminase activity regulates osteoblast matrix secretion and deposition by affecting microtubule dynamics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15893. [PMID: 21283799 PMCID: PMC3024320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase activity, arising potentially from transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and
Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA), has been linked to osteoblast differentiation where it is
required for type I collagen and fibronectin matrix deposition. In this study we
have used an irreversible TG-inhibitor to ‘block –and-track’
enzyme(s) targeted during osteoblast differentiation. We show that the
irreversible TG-inhibitor is highly potent in inhibiting osteoblast
differentiation and mineralization and reduces secretion of both fibronectin and
type I collagen and their release from the cell surface. Tracking of the dansyl
probe by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that
the inhibitor targets plasma membrane-associated FXIIIA. TG2 appears not to
contribute to crosslinking activity on the osteoblast surface. Inhibition of
FXIIIA with NC9 resulted in defective secretory vesicle delivery to the plasma
membrane which was attributable to a disorganized microtubule network and
decreased microtubule association with the plasma membrane. NC9 inhibition of
FXIIIA resulted in destabilization of microtubules as assessed by cellular
Glu-tubulin levels. Furthermore, NC9 blocked modification of Glu-tubulin into
150 kDa high-molecular weight Glu-tubulin form which was specifically localized
to the plasma membrane. FXIIIA enzyme and its crosslinking activity were
colocalized with plasma membrane-associated tubulin, and thus, it appears that
FXIIIA crosslinking activity is directed towards stabilizing the interaction of
microtubules with the plasma membrane. Our work provides the first mechanistic
cues as to how transglutaminase activity could affect protein secretion and
matrix deposition in osteoblasts and suggests a novel function for plasma
membrane FXIIIA in microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadil F. Al-Jallad
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vamsee D. Myneni
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Piercy-Kotb
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chabot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Université
de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amina Mulani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Université
de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Université
de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mari T. Kaartinen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Soell M, Feki A, Hannig M, Sano H, Pinget M, Selimovic D. Chromogranin A detection in saliva of type 2 diabetes patients. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2010; 10:2-8. [PMID: 20192923 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2010.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A is present in secretion granules of nerve, endocrine and immune cells and is a precursor of several peptides with antibacterial and antifungal properties at micromolar concentrations.Our aim in this prospective, double blind study, was to determine the expression of chromogranin A and its peptides at protein level in saliva of type 2 diabetic patients and thereby to obtain a new non-invasive diagnostic means for the future.Saliva was taken from 30 type 2 diabetic patients and 30 healthy individuals at the same time interval in the morning without any oral stimuli. Circadianic periodics in protein productions have been avoided. The presence of chromogranin A and its derived peptides was determined in whole saliva, after centrifugation at 40C for 12 min at 14 000 rpm, by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and Immunoblotting (Western Blot). To ensure same protein concentrations Bradford protein quantification assay has been performed before.For the first time, we have determined an overexpression of chromogranin A in saliva of diabetic patients in 100% of the individuals. Chromogranin A, a circulating biomarker for epithelial tumours, is also overexpressed in saliva of type 2 diabetic patients. To confirm our results, more studies with a large amount of patients is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Soell
- Department of Periodontology, Hautepierre Hospitals, University of Strasbourg, France. INSERM Unit 977, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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