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Bahal S, Zinicola M, Moula SE, Whittaker TE, Schejtman A, Naseem A, Blanco E, Vetharoy W, Hu YT, Rai R, Gomez-Castaneda E, Cunha-Santos C, Burns SO, Morris EC, Booth C, Turchiano G, Cavazza A, Thrasher AJ, Santilli G. Hematopoietic stem cell gene editing rescues B-cell development in X-linked agammaglobulinemia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 154:195-208.e8. [PMID: 38479630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an inborn error of immunity that renders boys susceptible to life-threatening infections due to loss of mature B cells and circulating immunoglobulins. It is caused by defects in the gene encoding the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) that mediates the maturation of B cells in the bone marrow and their activation in the periphery. This paper reports on a gene editing protocol to achieve "knock-in" of a therapeutic BTK cassette in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) as a treatment for XLA. METHODS To rescue BTK expression, this study employed a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 system that creates a DNA double-strand break in an early exon of the BTK locus and an adeno-associated virus 6 virus that carries the donor template for homology-directed repair. The investigators evaluated the efficacy of the gene editing approach in HSPCs from patients with XLA that were cultured in vitro under B-cell differentiation conditions or that were transplanted in immunodeficient mice to study B-cell output in vivo. RESULTS A (feeder-free) B-cell differentiation protocol was successfully applied to blood-mobilized HSPCs to reproduce in vitro the defects in B-cell maturation observed in patients with XLA. Using this system, the investigators could show the rescue of B-cell maturation by gene editing. Transplantation of edited XLA HSPCs into immunodeficient mice led to restoration of the human B-cell lineage compartment in the bone marrow and immunoglobulin production in the periphery. CONCLUSIONS Gene editing efficiencies above 30% could be consistently achieved in human HSPCs. Given the potential selective advantage of corrected cells, as suggested by skewed X-linked inactivation in carrier females and by competitive repopulating experiments in mouse models, this work demonstrates the potential of this strategy as a future definitive therapy for XLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Bahal
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Zinicola
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shefta E Moula
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Whittaker
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asma Naseem
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Blanco
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Winston Vetharoy
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Ting Hu
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajeev Rai
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Gomez-Castaneda
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Cunha-Santos
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Royal Free London National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Morris
- University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology, Royal Free London National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giandomenico Turchiano
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Cavazza
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
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Hernandez-Trujillo V, Zhou C, Scalchunes C, Ochs HD, Sullivan KE, Cunningham-Rundles C, Fuleihan RL, Bonilla FA, Petrovic A, Rawlings DJ, de la Morena MT. A Registry Study of 240 Patients with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Living in the USA. J Clin Immunol 2023:10.1007/s10875-023-01502-x. [PMID: 37219739 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the natural history and clinical outcomes for patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in the United States utilizing the United States Immunodeficiency Network (USIDNET) patient registry. METHODS The USIDNET registry was queried for data from XLA patients collected from 1981 to 2019. Data fields included demographics, clinical features before and after diagnosis of XLA, family history, genetic mutation in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), laboratory findings, treatment modalities, and mortality. RESULTS Data compiled through the USIDNET registry on 240 patients were analyzed. Patient year of birth ranged from 1945 to 2017. Living status was available for 178 patients; 158/178 (88.8%) were alive. Race was reported for 204 patients as follows: White, 148 (72.5%); Black/African American, 23 (11.2%); Hispanic, 20 (9.8%); Asian or Pacific Islander, 6 (2.9%), and other or more than one race, 7 (3.4%). The median age at last entry, age at disease onset, age at diagnosis, and length of time with XLA diagnosis was 15 [range (r) = 1-52 years], 0.8 [r = birth-22.3 years], 2 [r = birth-29 years], and 10 [r = 1-56 years] years respectively. One hundred and forty-one patients (58.7%) were < 18 years of age. Two hundred and twenty-one (92%) patients were receiving IgG replacement (IgGR), 58 (24%) were on prophylactic antibiotics, and 19 (7.9%) were on immunomodulatory drugs. Eighty-six (35.9%) patients had undergone surgical procedures, two had undergone hematopoietic cell transplantation, and two required liver transplantation. The respiratory tract was the most affected organ system (51.2% of patients) followed by gastrointestinal (40%), neurological (35.4%), and musculoskeletal (28.3%). Infections were common both before and after diagnosis, despite IgGR therapy. Bacteremia/sepsis and meningitis were reported more frequently before XLA diagnosis while encephalitis was more commonly reported after diagnosis. Twenty patients had died (11.2%). The median age of death was 21 years (range = 3-56.7 years). Neurologic condition was the most common underlying co-morbidity for those XLA patients who died. CONCLUSIONS Current therapies for XLA patients reduce early mortality, but patients continue to experience complications that impact organ function. With improved life expectancy, more efforts will be required to improve post-diagnosis organ dysfunction and quality of life. Neurologic manifestations are an important co-morbidity associated with mortality and not yet clearly fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hernandez-Trujillo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
- Allergy and Immunology Care Center of South Florida, Miami Lakes, FL, USA
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Division of General Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Center for Child Health, University of Washington, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98145, USA
| | - Christopher Scalchunes
- Immune Deficiency Foundation. Immune Deficiency Foundation | (primaryimmune.org), Hanover, USA
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramsay L Fuleihan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Aleksandra Petrovic
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and the Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - M Teresa de la Morena
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
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3
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Long JD, Trope EC, Yang J, Rector K, Kuo CY. Genes as Medicine: The Development of Gene Therapies for Inborn Errors of Immunity. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:829-851. [PMID: 35778331 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The field of gene therapy has experienced tremendous growth in the last decade ranging from improvements in the design of viral vectors for gene addition of therapeutic gene cassettes to the discovery of site-specific nucleases targeting transgenes to desired locations in the genome. Such advancements have not only enabled the development of disease models but also created opportunities for the development of tailored therapeutic approaches. There are 3 main methods of gene modification that can be used for the prevention or treatment of disease. This includes viral vector-mediated gene therapy to supply or bypass a missing/defective gene, gene editing enabled by programmable nucleases to create sequence-specific alterations in the genome, and gene silencing to reduce the expression of a gene or genes. These gene-modification platforms can be delivered either in vivo, for which the therapy is injected directed into a patient's body, or ex vivo, in which cells are harvested from a patient and modified in a laboratory setting, and then returned to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Long
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte, MDCC 12-430, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edward C Trope
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte, MDCC 12-430, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Psychology Building, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Caroline Y Kuo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte, MDCC 12-430, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Seymour BJ, Singh S, Certo HM, Sommer K, Sather BD, Khim S, Clough C, Hale M, Pangallo J, Ryu BY, Khan IF, Adair JE, Rawlings DJ. Effective, safe, and sustained correction of murine XLA using a UCOE-BTK promoter-based lentiviral vector. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:635-651. [PMID: 33718514 PMCID: PMC7907679 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immune disorder caused by mutations in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). BTK is expressed in B and myeloid cells, and its deficiency results in a lack of mature B cells and protective antibodies. We previously reported a lentivirus (LV) BTK replacement therapy that restored B cell development and function in Btk and Tec double knockout mice (a phenocopy of human XLA). In this study, with the goal of optimizing both the level and lineage specificity of BTK expression, we generated LV incorporating the proximal human BTK promoter. Hematopoietic stem cells from Btk−/−Tec−/− mice transduced with this vector rescued lineage-specific expression and restored B cell function in Btk−/−Tec−/− recipients. Next, we tested addition of candidate enhancers and/or ubiquitous chromatin opening elements (UCOEs), as well as codon optimization to improve BTK expression. An Eμ enhancer improved B cell rescue, but increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies. Addition of the UCOE avoided autoantibody generation while improving B cell development and function and reducing vector silencing. An optimized vector containing a truncated UCOE upstream of the BTK promoter and codon-optimized BTK cDNA resulted in stable, lineage-regulated BTK expression that mirrored endogenous BTK, making it a strong candidate for XLA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Seymour
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Swati Singh
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannah M Certo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karen Sommer
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Blythe D Sather
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Socheath Khim
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Courtnee Clough
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Malika Hale
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Joseph Pangallo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Byoung Y Ryu
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Iram F Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jennifer E Adair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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5
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Enhancing therapeutic efficacy of in vivo platelet-targeted gene therapy in hemophilia A mice. Blood Adv 2020; 4:5722-5734. [PMID: 33216891 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that intraosseous (IO) infusion of lentiviral vectors (LVs) carrying a modified B domain-deleted factor VIII (FVIII) transgene driven by a megakaryocyte-specific promoter (GP1Bα promoter; G-F8/N6-LV) successfully transduced hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to produce FVIII stored in the platelet α-granules. Platelet FVIII corrected the bleeding phenotype with limited efficacy in hemophilia A (HemA) mice with and without preexisting anti-FVIII inhibitors. The present study sought to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy of this treatment protocol by increasing both the efficiency of LV transduction and the functional activity of platelet FVIII. A combined drug regimen of dexamethasone and anti-CD8α monoclonal antibody enhanced the percentage of transduced bone marrow and HSCs over time. In G-F8/N6-LV-treated HemA mice, significant improvement in phenotypic correction was observed on day 84. To improve platelet FVIII functionality, genes encoding FVIII variant F8X10K12 with increased expression or F8N6K12RH with increased functional activity compared with F8/N6 were incorporated into LVs. Treatment with G-F8X10K12-LV in HemA mice produced a higher level of platelet FVIII but induced anti-FVIII inhibitors. After treatment with combined drugs and IO infusion of G-F8/N6K12RH-LV, HemA mice showed significant phenotypic correction without anti-FVIII inhibitor formation. These results indicate that new human FVIII variant F8/N6K12RH combined with immune suppression could significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of in vivo platelet-targeted gene therapy for murine HemA via IO delivery. This protocol provides a safe and effective treatment for hemophilia that may be translatable to and particularly beneficial for patients with preexisting inhibitory antibodies to FVIII.
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6
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Fu RY, Chen AC, Lyle MJ, Chen CY, Liu CL, Miao CH. CD4 + T cells engineered with FVIII-CAR and murine Foxp3 suppress anti-factor VIII immune responses in hemophilia a mice. Cell Immunol 2020; 358:104216. [PMID: 32987195 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although protein replacement therapy provides effective treatment for hemophilia A patients, about a third of severe patients develop neutralizing inhibitor antibodies to factor VIII. Adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has shown promise in treating unwanted immune responses. In previous studies, transferred polyclonal Tregs ameliorated the anti-factor VIII immune responses in hemophilia A mice. In addition, factor VIII-primed Tregs demonstrated increased suppressive function. However, antigen-specific Tregs are a small fraction of the total lymphocyte population. To generate large numbers of factor VIII-specific Tregs, the more abundant murine primary CD4+ T cells were lentivirally transduced ex vivo to express Foxp3 and a chimeric antigen receptor specific to factor VIII (F8CAR). Transduced cells significantly inhibited the proliferation of factor VIII-specific effector T cells in suppression assays. To monitor the suppressive function of the transduced chimeric antigen receptor expressing T cells in vivo, engineered CD4+CD25+Foxp3+F8CAR-Tregs were sorted and adoptively transferred into hemophilia A mice that are treated with hydrodynamically injected factor VIII plasmid. Mice receiving engineered F8CAR-Tregs showed maintenance of factor VIII clotting activity and did not develop anti-factor VIII inhibitors, while control CD4+T cell or PBS recipient mice developed inhibitors and had a sharp decrease in factor VIII activity. These results show that CD4+ cells lentivirally transduced to express Foxp3 and F8CAR can promote factor VIII tolerance in a murine model. With further development and testing, this approach could potentially be applied to human hemophilia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Fu
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex C Chen
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan J Lyle
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chao Lien Liu
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carol H Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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Shillitoe BMJ, Gennery AR. An update on X-Linked agammaglobulinaemia: clinical manifestations and management. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 19:571-577. [PMID: 31464718 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is a congenital defect of development of B lymphocytes leading to agammaglobulinaemia. It was one of the first primary immunodeficiencies described, but treatment has remained relatively unchanged over the last 60 years. This summary aims to outline the current outcomes, treatments and future research areas for XLA. RECENT FINDINGS Immunoglobulin therapy lacks IgA and IgM, placing patients at theoretical risk of experiencing recurrent respiratory tract infections and developing bronchiectasis despite best current therapy. Recent cohort studies from Italy and the USA conform that bronchiectasis remains a major burden for this group despite best current efforts. However, gene therapy offers a potential cure for these patients with proven proof of concept murine models. SUMMARY The potential limitations of current immunoglobulin therapy appear to be confirmed by recent cohort studies, and therefore further work in the development of gene therapy is warranted. Until this is available, clinicians should strive to reduce the diagnostic delay, regularly monitor for lung disease and individualize target immunoglobulin doses to reduce infection rates for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Martin James Shillitoe
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University.,Paediatric Immunology, Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital Trusts, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University.,Paediatric Immunology, Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital Trusts, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most common types of inherited primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) presenting at any age, with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations including susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity and cancer. Antibodies are produced by B cells, and consequently, genetic defects affecting B cell development, activation, differentiation or antibody secretion can all lead to PADs. Whole exome and whole genome sequencing approaches have helped identify genetic defects that are involved in the pathogenesis of PADs. Here, we summarize the clinical manifestations, causal genes, disease mechanisms and clinical treatments of different types of PADs.
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Fritzemeyer S, Kosteczka R, Lieb A, Schrewe R, Lee JY, Kronlachner M, Klingebiel T, Bader P, Bakhtiar S. Fulminante Infektion und serologisch nichtbestimmbare Blutgruppe. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-018-0565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Advances in site-specific gene editing for primary immune deficiencies. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 18:453-458. [PMID: 30299399 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Conventional gene therapy has been a successful, curative treatment modality for many primary immune deficiencies with significant improvements in the last decade. However, the risk of leukemic transformation with viral-mediated gene addition still remains, and unregulated gene addition is not an option for certain diseases in which the target gene is closely controlled. The recent bloom in genome modification platforms has created the opportunity to site-specifically correct mutated DNA base pairs or insert a corrective cDNA minigene while maintaining gene expression under control of endogenous regulatory elements. RECENT FINDINGS There is an abundance of ongoing research utilizing programmable nucleases to facilitate site-specific gene correction of many primary immune deficiencies including X-linked severe combined immune deficiency, X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked. In all, these studies have demonstrated the ability to integrate corrective DNA sequences at a precise location in the genome at rates likely to either cure or ameliorate disease. SUMMARY Gene editing for primary immune deficiency (PID) has advanced to the point to that translation to clinical trials is likely to occur in the next several years. At the current pace of research in DNA repair mechanisms, stem cell biology, and genome-editing technology, targeted genome modification represents the next chapter of gene therapy for PID.
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11
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Gene Therapy for Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases. Clin Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6896-6.00085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Transfer to and enduring expression of genes in B cells has proved a vexing challenge. We report here a novel method for the specific and durable targeting of B lymphocytes in living mice. The method involves generation of lentiviruses pseudotyped with an anti-CD19 antibody. CD19 targeting viruses injected in the spleen of living mice efficiently transduced B cells and plasma cells detected by flow cytometry analysis of GFP expression. Expression of the reporter gene could be detected in the intact animal by external imaging for more than a year and was enhanced by booster immunization. Our method thus enables the specific delivery, expression and localization by external imaging of exogenous genes to the B cells and plasma cells of living individuals.
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13
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Langereis JD, Henriet SS, Kuipers S, Weemaes CMR, van der Burg M, de Jonge MI, van der Flier M. IgM Augments Complement Bactericidal Activity with Serum from a Patient with a Novel CD79a Mutation. J Clin Immunol 2018; 38:185-192. [PMID: 29335801 PMCID: PMC5840230 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody replacement therapy for patients with antibody deficiencies contains only IgG. As a result, concurrent IgM and IgA deficiency present in a large proportion of antibody deficient patients persists. Especially patients with IgM deficiency remain at risk for recurrent infections of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. The lack of IgM in the current IgG replacement therapy is likely to contribute to the persistence of these mucosal infections because this antibody class is especially important for complement activation on the mucosal surface. We evaluated whether supplementation with IgM increased serum bactericidal capacity in vitro. Serum was collected from a patient with agammaglobulinemia and supplemented with purified serum IgM to normal levels. Antibody and complement deposition on the bacterial surface was determined by multi-color flow cytometry. Bacterial survival in serum was determined by colony-forming unit counts. We present a patient previously diagnosed with agammaglobulinemia due to CD79A (Igα) deficiency revealing a novel pathogenic insertion variant in the CD79a gene (NM_001783.3:c.353_354insT). Despite IgG replacement therapy and antibiotic prophylaxis, this patient developed a Campylobacter jejuni spondylodiscitis of lumbar vertebrae L4–L5. We found that serum IgM significantly contributes to complement activation on the bacterial surface of C. jejuni. Furthermore, supplementation of serum IgM augmented serum bactericidal activity significantly. In conclusion, supplementation of intravenous IgG replacement therapy with IgM may potentially offer greater protection against bacterial infections, also in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D Langereis
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefanie S Henriet
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Kuipers
- Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corry M R Weemaes
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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X-Linked Agammaglobulinaemia: Outcomes in the modern era. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Thrasher AJ, Williams DA. Evolving Gene Therapy in Primary Immunodeficiency. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1132-1141. [PMID: 28366768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the first successful bone marrow transplant in 1968, patients born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) invariably died. Today, with a widening availability of newborn screening, major improvements in the application of allogeneic procedures, and the emergence of successful hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSC/P) gene therapy, the majority of these children can be identified and cured. Here, we trace key steps in the development of clinical gene therapy for SCID and other primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), and review the prospects for adoption of new targets and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - David A Williams
- Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Latorre-Rey LJ, Wintterle S, Dütting S, Kohlscheen S, Abel T, Schenk F, Wingert S, Rieger MA, Nieswandt B, Heinz N, Modlich U. Targeting expression to megakaryocytes and platelets by lineage-specific lentiviral vectors. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:341-355. [PMID: 27930847 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Platelet phenotypes can be modified by lentiviral transduction of hematopoietic stem cells. Megakaryocyte-specific lentiviral vectors were tested in vitro and in vivo for restricted expression. The glycoprotein 6 vector expressed almost exclusively in megakaryocytes. The platelet factor 4 vector was the strongest but with activity in hematopoietic stem cells. SUMMARY Background Lentiviral transduction and transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can be utilized to modify the phenotype of megakaryocytes and platelets. As the genetic modification in HSCs is transmitted onto all hematopoietic progenies, transgene expression from the vector should be restricted to megakaryocytes to avoid un-physiologic effects by ectopic transgene expression. This can be achieved by lentiviral vectors that control expression by lineage-specific promoters. Methods In this study, we introduced promoters of megakaryocyte/platelet-specific genes, namely human glycoprotein 6 (hGP6) and hGP9, into third generation lentiviral vectors and analyzed their functionality in vitro and in vivo in bone marrow transplantation assays. Their specificity and efficiency of expression was compared with lentiviral vectors utilizing the promoters of murine platelet factor 4 (mPf4) and hGP1BA, both with strong activity in megakaryocytes (MKs) used in earlier studies, and the ubiquitously expressing phosphoglycerate kinase (hPGK) and spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) enhancer/promoters. Results Expression from the mPf4 vector in MKs and platelets was the strongest similar to expression from the viral SFFV promoter, however, the mPf4 vector, also exhibited considerable off-target expression in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In contrast, the newly generated hGP6 vector was highly specific to megakaryocytes and platelets. The specificity was also retained when reducing the promoter size to 350 bp, making it a valuable new tool for lentiviral expression in MKs/platelets. Conclusion MK-specific vectors express preferentially in the megakaryocyte lineage. These vectors can be applied to develop murine models to study megakaryocyte and platelet function, or for gene therapy targeting proteins to platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Latorre-Rey
- Research Groups for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - S Wintterle
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Dütting
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine-Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Kohlscheen
- Research Groups for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - T Abel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - F Schenk
- Research Groups for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - S Wingert
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M A Rieger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Nieswandt
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine-Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - N Heinz
- Research Groups for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - U Modlich
- Research Groups for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
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17
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Singh S, Khan I, Khim S, Seymour B, Sommer K, Wielgosz M, Norgaard Z, Kiem HP, Adair J, Liggitt D, Nienhuis A, Rawlings DJ. Safe and Effective Gene Therapy for Murine Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Using an Insulated Lentiviral Vector. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 4:1-16. [PMID: 28344987 PMCID: PMC5363182 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a life-threatening immunodeficiency caused by mutations within the WAS gene. Viral gene therapy to restore WAS protein (WASp) expression in hematopoietic cells of patients with WAS has the potential to improve outcomes relative to the current standard of care, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. However, the development of viral vectors that are both safe and effective has been problematic. While use of viral transcriptional promoters may increase the risk of insertional mutagenesis, cellular promoters may not achieve WASp expression levels necessary for optimal therapeutic effect. Here we evaluate a self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector combining a chromatin insulator upstream of a viral MND (MPSV LTR, NCR deleted, dl587 PBS) promoter driving WASp expression. Used as a gene therapeutic in Was−/− mice, this vector resulted in stable WASp+ cells in all hematopoietic lineages and rescue of T and B cell defects with a low number of viral integrations per cell, without evidence of insertional mutagenesis in serial bone marrow transplants. In a gene transfer experiment in non-human primates, the insulated MND promoter (driving GFP expression) demonstrated long-term polyclonal engraftment of GFP+ cells. These observations demonstrate that the insulated MND promoter safely and efficiently reconstitutes clinically effective WASp expression and should be considered for future WAS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Iram Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Socheath Khim
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Brenda Seymour
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Karen Sommer
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Matthew Wielgosz
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Zachary Norgaard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jennifer Adair
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Arthur Nienhuis
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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18
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A genome editing primer for the hematologist. Blood 2016; 127:2525-35. [PMID: 27053532 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-678151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing enables the site-specific modification of the genome. These technologies have rapidly advanced such that they have entered common use in experimental hematology to investigate genetic function. In addition, genome editing is becoming increasingly plausible as a treatment modality to rectify genetic blood disorders and improve cellular therapies. Genome modification typically ensues from site-specific double-strand breaks and may result in a myriad of outcomes. Even single-strand nicks and targeted biochemical modifications that do not permanently alter the DNA sequence (epigenome editing) may be powerful instruments. In this review, we examine the various technologies, describe their advantages and shortcomings for engendering useful genetic alterations, and consider future prospects for genome editing to impact hematology.
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19
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Booth C, Gaspar HB, Thrasher AJ. Treating Immunodeficiency through HSC Gene Therapy. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:317-327. [PMID: 26993219 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy has been successfully employed as a therapeutic option to treat specific inherited immune deficiencies, including severe combined immune deficiencies (SCID) over the past two decades. Initial clinical trials using first-generation gamma-retroviral vectors to transfer corrective DNA demonstrated clinical benefit for patients, but were associated with leukemogenesis in a number of cases. Safer vectors have since been developed, affording comparable efficacy with an improved biosafety profile. These vectors are now in Phase I/II clinical trials for a number of immune disorders with more preclinical studies underway. Targeted gene editing allowing precise DNA correction via platforms such as ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 may now offer promising strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of gene therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
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20
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Abstract
In the recent past, the gene therapy field has witnessed a remarkable series of
successes, many of which have involved primary immunodeficiency diseases, such
as X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, adenosine deaminase deficiency,
chronic granulomatous disease, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. While such progress
has widened the choice of therapeutic options in some specific cases of primary
immunodeficiency, much remains to be done to extend the geographical
availability of such an advanced approach and to increase the number of diseases
that can be targeted. At the same time, emerging technologies are stimulating
intensive investigations that may lead to the application of precise genetic
editing as the next form of gene therapy for these and other human genetic
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Abu-Arja RF, Chernin LR, Abusin G, Auletta J, Cabral L, Egler R, Ochs HD, Torgerson TR, Lopez-Guisa J, Hostoffer RW, Tcheurekdjian H, Cooke KR. Successful hematopoietic cell transplantation in a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia and acute myeloid leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1674-6. [PMID: 25900577 PMCID: PMC4876715 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by marked reduction in all classes of serum immunoglobulins and the near absence of mature CD19(+) B-cells. Although malignancy has been observed in patients with XLA, we present the first reported case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a patient with XLA. We also demonstrate the complete correction of the XLA phenotype following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for treatment of the patient's leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolla F. Abu-Arja
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Correspondence to: Rolla Abu-Arja, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, ED557, Columbus, OH 43205.
| | - Leah R. Chernin
- Allergy/Immunology Associates, Inc., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ghada Abusin
- Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Program, University of Iowa Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jeffery Auletta
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Linda Cabral
- Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rachel Egler
- Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hans D. Ochs
- University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jesus Lopez-Guisa
- University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert W. Hostoffer
- Allergy/Immunology Associates, Inc., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Haig Tcheurekdjian
- Allergy/Immunology Associates, Inc., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kenneth R. Cooke
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Fischer A, Hacein-Bey Abina S, Touzot F, Cavazzana M. Gene therapy for primary immunodeficiencies. Clin Genet 2015; 88:507-15. [PMID: 25708106 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has effectively entered Medicine via the field of primary immunodeficiencies (PID). Because hematopoietic stem cells are accessible and because it was understood that genetic correction of lymphocyte progenitor cells carrying a genetic defect impairing differentiation, could result in the production of long-lived T lymphocytes, it was reasoned that ex vivo gene transfer in hematopoietic cells could lead to disease phenotype correction. Retroviral vectors were designed to ex vivo transduce such cells. This has indeed been shown to lead to sustained correction of the T cell immunodeficiency associated with two forms of severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) for now more than ten years. Occurrence in some patients of genotoxicity related to retroviral vectors integration close to and transactivation of oncogenes has led to the development of retroviral vectors devoid of its enhancer element. Results of recent trials performed for several forms of PID indeed suggest that their use is both safe and efficacious. It is thus anticipated that their application to the treatment of many more life threatening PID will be developed over the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fischer
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - S Hacein-Bey Abina
- UTCBS CNRS 8258 - INSERM U1022, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Touzot
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - M Cavazzana
- Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Department, Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
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23
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Wang X, Shin SC, Chiang AFJ, Khan I, Pan D, Rawlings DJ, Miao CH. Intraosseous delivery of lentiviral vectors targeting factor VIII expression in platelets corrects murine hemophilia A. Mol Ther 2015; 23:617-26. [PMID: 25655313 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraosseous (IO) infusion of lentiviral vectors (LVs) for in situ gene transfer into bone marrow may avoid specific challenges posed by ex vivo gene delivery, including, in particular, the requirement of preconditioning. We utilized IO delivery of LVs encoding a GFP or factor VIII (FVIII) transgene directed by ubiquitous promoters (a MND or EF-1α-short element; M-GFP-LV, E-F8-LV) or a platelet-specific, glycoprotein-1bα promoter (G-GFP-LV, G-F8-LV). A single IO infusion of M-GFP-LV or G-GFP-LV achieved long-term and efficient GFP expression in Lineage(-)Sca1(+)c-Kit(+) hematopoietic stem cells and platelets, respectively. While E-F8-LV produced initially high-level FVIII expression, robust anti-FVIII immune responses eliminated functional FVIII in circulation. In contrast, IO delivery of G-F8-LV achieved long-term platelet-specific expression of FVIII, resulting in partial correction of hemophilia A. Furthermore, similar clinical benefit with G-F8-LV was achieved in animals with pre-existing anti-FVIII inhibitors. These findings further support platelets as an ideal FVIII delivery vehicle, as FVIII, stored in α-granules, is protected from neutralizing antibodies and, during bleeding, activated platelets locally excrete FVIII to promote clot formation. Overall, a single IO infusion of G-F8-LV was sufficient to correct hemophilia phenotype for long term, indicating that this approach may provide an effective means to permanently treat FVIII deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Simon C Shin
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andy F J Chiang
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Iram Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dao Pan
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- 1] Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carol H Miao
- 1] Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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24
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Wielgosz MM, Kim YS, Carney GG, Zhan J, Reddivari M, Coop T, Heath RJ, Brown SA, Nienhuis AW. Generation of a lentiviral vector producer cell clone for human Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:14063. [PMID: 26052531 PMCID: PMC4449020 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a producer cell line that generates lentiviral vector particles of high titer. The vector encodes the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) protein. An insulator element has been added to the long terminal repeats of the integrated vector to limit proto-oncogene activation. The vector provides high-level, stable expression of WAS protein in transduced murine and human hematopoietic cells. We have also developed a monoclonal antibody specific for intracellular WAS protein. This antibody has been used to monitor expression in blood and bone marrow cells after transfer into lineage negative bone marrow cells from WAS mice and in a WAS negative human B-cell line. Persistent expression of the transgene has been observed in transduced murine cells 12–20 weeks following transplantation. The producer cell line and the specific monoclonal antibody will facilitate the development of a clinical protocol for gene transfer into WAS protein deficient stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Wielgosz
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yoon-Sang Kim
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gael G Carney
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jun Zhan
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Muralidhar Reddivari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Terry Coop
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Heath
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Immunology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arthur W Nienhuis
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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25
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Leoh LS, Morizono K, Kershaw KM, Chen ISY, Penichet ML, Daniels-Wells TR. Gene delivery in malignant B cells using the combination of lentiviruses conjugated to anti-transferrin receptor antibodies and an immunoglobulin promoter. J Gene Med 2014; 16:11-27. [PMID: 24436117 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously developed an antibody-avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) specific for the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1; CD71) to be used as a delivery vector for cancer therapy and showed that ch128.1Av delivers the biotinylated plant toxin saporin-6 into malignant B cells. However, as a result of widespread expression of TfR1, delivery of the toxin to normal cells is a concern. Therefore, we explored the potential of a dual targeted lentiviral-mediated gene therapy strategy to restrict gene expression to malignant B cells. Targeting occurs through the use of ch128.1Av or its parental antibody without avidin (ch128.1) and through transcriptional regulation using an immunoglobulin promoter. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in a panel of cell lines. Cell viability after specific delivery of the therapeutic gene FCU1, a chimeric enzyme consisting of cytosine deaminase genetically fused to uracil phosphoribosyltransferse that converts the 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) prodrug into toxic metabolites, was monitored using the MTS or WST-1 viability assay. RESULTS We found that EGFP was specifically expressed in a panel of human malignant B-cell lines, but not in human malignant T-cell lines. EGFP expression was observed in all cell lines when a ubiquitous promoter was used. Furthermore, we show the decrease of cell viability in malignant plasma cells in the presence of 5-FC and the FCU1 gene. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that gene expression can be restricted to malignant B cells and suggests that this dual targeted gene therapy strategy may help to circumvent the potential side effects of certain TfR1-targeted protein delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Sum Leoh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Ponader S, Burger JA. Bruton's tyrosine kinase: from X-linked agammaglobulinemia toward targeted therapy for B-cell malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:1830-9. [PMID: 24778403 PMCID: PMC5073382 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.53.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) mutations as the cause for X-linked agammaglobulinemia was a milestone in understanding the genetic basis of primary immunodeficiencies. Since then, studies have highlighted the critical role of this enzyme in B-cell development and function, and particularly in B-cell receptor signaling. Because its deletion affects mostly B cells, BTK has become an attractive therapeutic target in autoimmune disorders and B-cell malignancies. Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) is the most advanced BTK inhibitor in clinical testing, with ongoing phase III clinical trials in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle-cell lymphoma. In this article, we discuss key discoveries related to BTK and clinically relevant aspects of BTK inhibitors, and we provide an outlook into clinical development and open questions regarding BTK inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ponader
- All authors: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jan A Burger
- All authors: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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27
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Turetsky A, Kim E, Kohler RH, Miller MA, Weissleder R. Single cell imaging of Bruton's tyrosine kinase using an irreversible inhibitor. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4782. [PMID: 24759210 PMCID: PMC3998017 DOI: 10.1038/srep04782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are currently in development, yet it has been difficult to visualize BTK expression and pharmacological inhibition in vivo in real time. We synthesized a fluorescent, irreversible BTK binder based on the drug Ibrutinib and characterized its behavior in cells and in vivo. We show a 200 nM affinity of the imaging agent, high selectivity, and irreversible binding to its target following initial washout, resulting in surprisingly high target-to-background ratios. In vivo, the imaging agent rapidly distributed to BTK expressing tumor cells, but also to BTK-positive tumor-associated host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Turetsky
- 1] Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114 [2]
| | - Eunha Kim
- 1] Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114 [2]
| | - Rainer H Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- 1] Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114 [2] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115
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28
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van Til NP, Sarwari R, Visser TP, Hauer J, Lagresle-Peyrou C, van der Velden G, Malshetty V, Cortes P, Jollet A, Danos O, Cassani B, Zhang F, Thrasher AJ, Fontana E, Poliani PL, Cavazzana M, Verstegen MM, Villa A, Wagemaker G. Recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1)–deficient mice with severe combined immunodeficiency treated with lentiviral gene therapy demonstrate autoimmune Omenn-like syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Wang Y, Khan IF, Boissel S, Jarjour J, Pangallo J, Thyme S, Baker D, Scharenberg AM, Rawlings DJ. Progressive engineering of a homing endonuclease genome editing reagent for the murine X-linked immunodeficiency locus. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6463-75. [PMID: 24682825 PMCID: PMC4041414 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
LAGLIDADG homing endonucleases (LHEs) are compact endonucleases with 20–22 bp recognition sites, and thus are ideal scaffolds for engineering site-specific DNA cleavage enzymes for genome editing applications. Here, we describe a general approach to LHE engineering that combines rational design with directed evolution, using a yeast surface display high-throughput cleavage selection. This approach was employed to alter the binding and cleavage specificity of the I-Anil LHE to recognize a mutation in the mouse Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene causative for mouse X-linked immunodeficiency (XID)—a model of human X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). The required re-targeting of I-AniI involved progressive resculpting of the DNA contact interface to accommodate nine base differences from the native cleavage sequence. The enzyme emerging from the progressive engineering process was specific for the XID mutant allele versus the wild-type (WT) allele, and exhibited activity equivalent to WT I-AniI in vitro and in cellulo reporter assays. Fusion of the enzyme to a site-specific DNA binding domain of transcription activator-like effector (TALE) resulted in a further enhancement of gene editing efficiency. These results illustrate the potential of LHE enzymes as specific and efficient tools for therapeutic genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Iram F Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Sandrine Boissel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Joseph Pangallo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Summer Thyme
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew M Scharenberg
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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30
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Candotti F. Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells as treatment for primary immunodeficiency diseases. Int J Hematol 2014; 99:383-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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31
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Berglöf A, Turunen JJ, Gissberg O, Bestas B, Blomberg KEM, Smith CIE. Agammaglobulinemia: causative mutations and their implications for novel therapies. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:1205-21. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.850030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most common inherited immunodeficiencies in humans. The use of novel approaches, such as whole-exome sequencing and mouse genetic engineering, has helped to identify new genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of PADs and has enabled the characterization of the molecular pathways that are involved in B cell development and function. Here, we review the different PADs in terms of their known or putative mechanisms, which can be B cell intrinsic, B cell extrinsic or not defined so far. We also describe the clinical manifestations (including susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity and cancer) that have been associated with the various PADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Durandy
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U768, Necker Children's Hospital, F-75015 Paris, France.
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33
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Diagnosis and evaluation of primary panhypogammaglobulinemia: A molecular and genetic challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1717-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Digiusto DL, Kiem HP. Current translational and clinical practices in hematopoietic cell and gene therapy. Cytotherapy 2013; 14:775-90. [PMID: 22799276 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.694420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials over the last 15 years have demonstrated that cell and gene therapies for cancer, monogenic and infectious disease are feasible and can lead to long-term benefit for patients. However, these trials have been limited to proof-of-principle and were conducted on modest numbers of patients or over long periods of time. In order for these studies to move towards standard practice and commercialization, scalable technologies for the isolation, ex vivo manipulation and delivery of these cells to patients must be developed. Additionally, regulatory strategies and clinical protocols for the collection, creation and delivery of cell products must be generated. In this article we review recent progress in hematopoietic cell and gene therapy, describe some of the current issues facing the field and discuss clinical, technical and regulatory approaches used to navigate the road to product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Digiusto
- Department of Virology and Laboratory for Cellular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
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35
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Havlicekova Z, Jesenak M, Freiberger T, Banovcin P. X-linked agammaglobulinemia caused by new mutation in BTK gene: a case report. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2013; 158:470-3. [PMID: 23549506 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2013.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are becoming a recognized public health problem worldwide. The most important subgroup of these disorders are the antibody deficiencies. X-linked agammaglobulinaemia was the first described entity of this group and is characterised by early onset of recurrent bacterial infections, profound deficiency of all immunoglobulin isotypes and markedly reduced number of peripheral B-lymphocytes. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 10-year old boy with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia caused by a previously non-described mutation in BTK gene with typical clinical presentation but delayed diagnosis. Following diagnosis, substitution therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins was started and the clinical status of the patient improved. CONCLUSION We reported a case of X-linked agammaglobulinaemia with delayed diagnosis despite the typical anamnestic signs for primary humoral immunodeficiency. The disease was caused by a previously non-reported mutation in the BTK gene. Measurement of serum immunoglobulins should be performed in all children with recurrent, complicated respiratory infections as a screening test for humoral immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Havlicekova
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre for diagnosis and treatment of primary immunodeficiencies, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Commenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
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36
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Gene therapy. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Rivat C, Santilli G, Gaspar HB, Thrasher AJ. Gene therapy for primary immunodeficiencies. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:668-75. [PMID: 22691036 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 40 years, primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) have featured prominently in the development and refinement of human allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. More recently, ex vivo somatic gene therapy using autologous cells has provided remarkable evidence of clinical efficacy in patients without HLA-matched stem cell donors and in whom toxicity of allogeneic procedures is likely to be high. Together with improved preclinical models, a wealth of information has accumulated that has allowed development of safer, more sophisticated technologies and protocols that are applicable to a much broader range of diseases. In this review we summarize the status of these gene therapy trials and discuss the emerging application of similar strategies to other PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rivat
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Centre for Immunodeficiency, London WCIN 1EH, United Kingdom
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38
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Andrews SF, Dai X, Ryu BY, Gulick T, Ramachandran B, Rawlings DJ. Developmentally regulated expression of MEF2C limits the response to BCR engagement in transitional B cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1327-36. [PMID: 22311635 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Transitional and naïve mature peripheral B cells respond very differently to B-cell receptor (BCR) cross-linking. While transitional B cells undergo apoptosis upon BCR engagement, mature B cells survive and proliferate. This differential response correlates with the capacity of mature, but not transitional B cells to transcribe genes that promote cell survival and proliferation, including those encoding c-Myc and the Bcl-2 family members Bcl-xL and A1. We recently demonstrated that transitional B cells fail to assemble transcriptional machinery at the promoter region of these target genes despite equivalent cytoplasmic signaling and nuclear translocation of key transcription factors including NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). The transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor-2C (MEF2C) is regulated by both calcineurin and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, and is essential for proliferation and survival downstream of BCR engagement in mature B cells. In this work, we demonstrate that transitional B cells have intrinsically low levels of MEF2C protein and DNA-binding activity, and that this developmental difference in MEF2C expression is functionally significant. Forced expression of MEF2C in transitional B cells promoted cell survival, proliferation, and upregulation of pro-survival genes. Thus, low MEF2C expression limits transitional B-cell responsiveness to BCR engagement before these cells reach maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Andrews
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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39
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Khan WN. Colonel Bruton's Kinase Defined the Molecular Basis of X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia, the First Primary Immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2933-5. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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40
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Ubiquitous high-level gene expression in hematopoietic lineages provides effective lentiviral gene therapy of murine Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Blood 2012; 119:4395-407. [PMID: 22431569 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-340711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunodeficiency disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) leads to life-threatening hematopoietic cell dysfunction. We used WAS protein (WASp)-deficient mice to analyze the in vivo efficacy of lentiviral (LV) vectors using either a viral-derived promoter, MND, or the human proximal WAS promoter (WS1.6) for human WASp expression. Transplantation of stem cells transduced with MND-huWASp LV resulted in sustained, endogenous levels of WASp in all hematopoietic lineages, progressive selection for WASp+ T, natural killer T and B cells, rescue of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production, and substantial restoration of marginal zone (MZ) B cells. In contrast, WS1.6-huWASp LV recipients exhibited subendogenous WASp expression in all cell types with only partial selection of WASp+ T cells and limited correction in MZ B-cell numbers. In parallel, WS1.6-huWASp LV recipients exhibited an altered B-cell compartment, including higher numbers of λ-light-chain+ naive B cells, development of self-reactive CD11c+FAS+ B cells, and evidence for spontaneous germinal center (GC) responses. These observations correlated with B-cell hyperactivity and increased titers of immunoglobulin (Ig)G2c autoantibodies, suggesting that partial gene correction may predispose toward autoimmunity. Our findings identify the advantages and disadvantages associated with each vector and suggest further clinical development of the MND-huWASp LV for a future clinical trial for WAS.
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41
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van der Burg M, van Zelm MC, Driessen GJA, van Dongen JJM. New frontiers of primary antibody deficiencies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:59-73. [PMID: 22042269 PMCID: PMC11114824 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) form the largest group of inherited disorders of the immune system. They are characterized by a marked reduction or absence of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) due to disturbed B cell differentiation and by a poor response to vaccination. PAD can be divided into agammaglobulinemia, Ig class switch recombination deficiencies, and idiopathic hypogammaglobulinemia. Over the past 20 years, defects have been identified in 18 different genes, but in many PAD patients the underlying gene defects have not been found. Diagnosis of known PAD and discovery of new PAD is important for good patient care. In this review, we present the effects of genetic defects in the context of normal B cell differentiation, and we discuss how new technical developments can support understanding and discovering new genetic defects in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Habib T, Funk A, Rieck M, Brahmandam A, Dai X, Panigrahi AK, Luning Prak ET, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Sanda S, Greenbaum C, Rawlings DJ, Buckner JH. Altered B cell homeostasis is associated with type I diabetes and carriers of the PTPN22 allelic variant. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:487-96. [PMID: 22105996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The PTPN22 genetic variant 1858T, encoding Lyp620W, is associated with multiple autoimmune disorders for which the production of autoantibodies is a common feature, suggesting a loss of B cell tolerance. Lyp620W results in blunted BCR signaling in memory B cells. Because BCR signal strength is tightly coupled to central and peripheral tolerance, we examined whether Lyp620W impacts peripheral B cell homeostasis in healthy individuals heterozygous for the PTPN221858T variant. We found that these subjects display alterations in the composition of the B cell pool that include specific expansion of the transitional and anergic IgD(+)IgM(-)CD27(-) B cell subsets. The PTPN22 1858T variant was further associated with significantly diminished BCR signaling and a resistance to apoptosis in both transitional and naive B cells. Strikingly, parallel changes in both BCR signaling and composition of B cell compartment were observed in type 1 diabetic subjects, irrespective of PTPN22 genotype, revealing a novel immune phenotype and likely shared mechanisms leading to a loss of B cell tolerance. Our combined findings suggest that Lyp620W-mediated effects, due in part to the altered BCR signaling threshold, contribute to breakdown of peripheral tolerance and the entry of autoreactive B cells into the naive B cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Habib
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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43
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Bandaranayake AD, Correnti C, Ryu BY, Brault M, Strong RK, Rawlings DJ. Daedalus: a robust, turnkey platform for rapid production of decigram quantities of active recombinant proteins in human cell lines using novel lentiviral vectors. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:e143. [PMID: 21911364 PMCID: PMC3241668 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge for the academic and biopharmaceutical communities is the rapid and scalable production of recombinant proteins for supporting downstream applications ranging from therapeutic trials to structural genomics efforts. Here, we describe a novel system for the production of recombinant mammalian proteins, including immune receptors, cytokines and antibodies, in a human cell line culture system, often requiring <3 weeks to achieve stable, high-level expression: Daedalus. The inclusion of minimized ubiquitous chromatin opening elements in the transduction vectors is key for preventing genomic silencing and maintaining the stability of decigram levels of expression. This system can bypass the tedious and time-consuming steps of conventional protein production methods by employing the secretion pathway of serum-free adapted human suspension cell lines, such as 293 Freestyle. Using optimized lentiviral vectors, yields of 20–100 mg/l of correctly folded and post-translationally modified, endotoxin-free protein of up to ~70 kDa in size, can be achieved in conventional, small-scale (100 ml) culture. At these yields, most proteins can be purified using a single size-exclusion chromatography step, immediately appropriate for use in structural, biophysical or therapeutic applications.
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44
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Hendriks RW, Bredius RG, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJ. Biology and novel treatment options for XLA, the most common monogenetic immunodeficiency in man. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1003-21. [PMID: 21635151 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.585971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in man, and is caused by a single genetic defect. Inactivating mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene are invariably the cause of XLA,. XLA is characterized by a differentiation arrest at the pre-B cell stage, the absence of immunoglobulins and recurrent bacterial infections, making it an insidious disease that gradually disables the patient, and can result in death due to chronic lung disease. Current treatment involves prophylactic antibiotics and immunoglobulin infusions, which are non-curative. This disease is a good candidate for curative hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy, which could correct the B cell and myeloid deficiencies. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the basic biology of BTK in B cell development, the clinical features of XLA, and the possibilities of gene therapy for XLA, covering the literature from 1995 to 2010. EXPERT OPINION Work from various laboratories demonstrates the feasibility of using gene-corrected HSCs to complement the immune defects of Btk-deficiency in mice. We propose that it is timely to start clinical programs to develop stem cell based therapy for XLA, using gene-corrected autologous HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Fischer A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Cavazzana-Calvo M. Gene therapy for primary immunodeficiencies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2011; 25:89-100. [PMID: 21236392 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of gene therapy emerged as a way of correcting monogenic inherited diseases by introducing a normal copy of the mutated gene into at least some of the patients' cells. Although this concept has turned out to be quite complicated to implement, it is in the field of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) that proof of feasibility has been undoubtedly achieved. There is now a strong rationale in support of gene therapy for at least some PIDs, as discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Fischer
- Developpement Normal et Pathologique du Systeme Immunitaire, INSERM U 768, Hopital Necker, 149 rue de Sevres, Paris, France
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46
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retroviral vectors have been developed for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy and have successfully cured X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1), adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID), adrenoleukodystrophy, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. However, in HSC gene therapy clinical trials, genotoxicity mediated by integrated vector proviruses has led to clonal expansion, and in some cases frank leukemia. Numerous studies have been performed to understand the molecular basis of vector-mediated genotoxicity with the aim of developing safer vectors and safer gene therapy protocols. These genotoxicity studies are critical to advancing HSC gene therapy. AREAS COVERED This review provides an introduction to the mechanisms of retroviral vector genotoxicity. It also covers advances over the last 20 years in designing safer gene therapy vectors, and in integration site analysis in clinical trials and large animal models. Mechanisms of retroviral-mediated genotoxicity, and the risk factors that contribute to clonal expansion and leukemia in HSC gene therapy are introduced. EXPERT OPINION Continued research on virus-host interactions and next-generation vectors should further improve the safety of future HSC gene therapy vectors and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Trobridge
- Washington State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Molecular Biosciences, P.O. Box 646534, Pullman, WA 99164-6534, USA.
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47
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Aubert M, Ryu BY, Banks L, Rawlings DJ, Scharenberg AM, Jerome KR. Successful targeting and disruption of an integrated reporter lentivirus using the engineered homing endonuclease Y2 I-AniI. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16825. [PMID: 21399673 PMCID: PMC3036713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiviral therapy does not cure HIV-infected individuals because the virus establishes lifelong latent infection within long-lived memory T cells as integrated HIV proviral DNA. Here, we report a new therapeutic approach that aims to cure cells of latent HIV infection by rendering latent virus incapable of replication and pathogenesis via targeted cellular mutagenesis of essential viral genes. This is achieved by using a homing endonuclease to introduce DNA double-stranded breaks (dsb) within the integrated proviral DNA, which is followed by triggering of the cellular DNA damage response and error-prone repair. To evaluate this concept, we developed an in vitro culture model of viral latency, consisting of an integrated lentiviral vector with an easily evaluated reporter system to detect targeted mutagenesis events. Using this system, we demonstrate that homing endonucleases can efficiently and selectively target an integrated reporter lentivirus within the cellular genome, leading to mutation in the proviral DNA and loss of reporter gene expression. This new technology offers the possibility of selectively disabling integrated HIV provirus within latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Aubert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Byoung Y. Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Banks
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Scharenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Sather BD, Ryu BY, Stirling BV, Garibov M, Kerns HM, Humblet-Baron S, Astrakhan A, Rawlings DJ. Development of B-lineage predominant lentiviral vectors for use in genetic therapies for B cell disorders. Mol Ther 2010; 19:515-25. [PMID: 21139568 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained, targeted, high-level transgene expression in primary B lymphocytes may be useful for gene therapy in B cell disorders. We developed several candidate B-lineage predominant self-inactivating lentiviral vectors (LV) containing alternative enhancer/promoter elements including: the immunoglobulin β (Igβ) (B29) promoter combined with the immunoglobulin µ enhancer (EµB29); and the endogenous BTK promoter with or without Eµ (EµBtkp or Btkp). LV-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter expression was evaluated in cell lines and primary cells derived from human or murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). In murine primary cells, EµB29 and EµBtkp LV-mediated high-level expression in immature and mature B cells compared with all other lineages. Expression increased with B cell maturation and was maintained in peripheral subsets. Expression in T and myeloid cells was much lower in percentage and intensity. Similarly, both EµB29 and EµBtkp LV exhibited high-level activity in human primary B cells. In contrast to EµB29, Btkp and EµBtkp LV also exhibited modest activity in myeloid cells, consistent with the expression profile of endogenous Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Notably, EµB29 and EµBtkp activity was superior in all expression models to an alternative, B-lineage targeted vector containing the EµS.CD19 enhancer/promoter. In summary, EµB29 and EµBtkp LV comprise efficient delivery platforms for gene expression in B-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe D Sather
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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Ng YY, Baert MRM, Pike-Overzet K, Rodijk M, Brugman MH, Schambach A, Baum C, Hendriks RW, van Dongen JJM, Staal FJT. Correction of B-cell development in Btk-deficient mice using lentiviral vectors with codon-optimized human BTK. Leukemia 2010; 24:1617-30. [PMID: 20574453 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is the most common primary immunodeficiency (PID) in man and caused by mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene. XLA is characterized by a B-cell differentiation arrest in bone marrow, absence of mature B cells and immunoglobulins (Igs), and recurrent bacterial infections. We used self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing codon-optimized human BTK under the control of three different ubiquitous or B cell-specific promoters. Btk-/- mice engrafted with transduced cells showed correction of both precursor B-cell and peripheral B-cell development. Lentiviral vectors containing the wildtype BTK sequence did not correct the phenotype. All treated mice with codon-optimized BTK exhibited the recovery of B1 cells in the peritoneal cavity, and of serum IgM and IgG3 levels. Calcium mobilization responses upon B-cell receptor stimulation as well as in vivo responses to T cell-independent antigens were restored. Viral promoters overexpressing BTK >100-fold above normal resulted in erythro-myeloid proliferations independent of insertional mutagenesis. However, transplantation into secondary Btk-/- recipients using cellular promoters resulted in functional restoration of peripheral B cells and IgM levels, without any adverse effects. In conclusion, transduction of human BTK corrects B-cell development and antigen-specific antibody responses in Btk-/- mice, thus indicating the feasibility of lentiviral gene therapy for XLA, provided that BTK expression does not vastly exceed normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Ng
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Fischer A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Cavazanna-Calvo M. Gene Therapy for Primary Immunodeficiencies. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30:237-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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