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Yu K, Deuitch N, Merguerian M, Cunningham L, Davis J, Bresciani E, Diemer J, Andrews E, Young A, Donovan F, Sood R, Craft K, Chong S, Chandrasekharappa S, Mullikin J, Liu PP. Genomic landscape of patients with germline RUNX1 variants and familial platelet disorder with myeloid malignancy. Blood Adv 2024; 8:497-511. [PMID: 38019014 PMCID: PMC10837196 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies (FPDMM) is caused by germline RUNX1 mutations and characterized by thrombocytopenia and increased risk of hematologic malignancies. We recently launched a longitudinal natural history study for patients with FPDMM. Among 27 families with research genomic data by the end of 2021, 26 different germline RUNX1 variants were detected. Besides missense mutations enriched in Runt homology domain and loss-of-function mutations distributed throughout the gene, splice-region mutations and large deletions were detected in 6 and 7 families, respectively. In 25 of 51 (49%) patients without hematologic malignancy, somatic mutations were detected in at least 1 of the clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) genes or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) driver genes. BCOR was the most frequently mutated gene (in 9 patients), and multiple BCOR mutations were identified in 4 patients. Mutations in 6 other CHIP- or AML-driver genes (TET2, DNMT3A, KRAS, LRP1B, IDH1, and KMT2C) were also found in ≥2 patients without hematologic malignancy. Moreover, 3 unrelated patients (1 with myeloid malignancy) carried somatic mutations in NFE2, which regulates erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. Sequential sequencing data from 19 patients demonstrated dynamic changes of somatic mutations over time, and stable clones were more frequently found in older adult patients. In summary, there are diverse types of germline RUNX1 mutations and high frequency of somatic mutations related to clonal hematopoiesis in patients with FPDMM. Monitoring changes in somatic mutations and clinical manifestations prospectively may reveal mechanisms for malignant progression and inform clinical management. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03854318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Natalie Deuitch
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew Merguerian
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Balltimore, MD
| | - Lea Cunningham
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Immune Deficiency Cellular Therapy Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joie Davis
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Erica Bresciani
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jamie Diemer
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elizabeth Andrews
- Immune Deficiency Cellular Therapy Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alice Young
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Frank Donovan
- Genomics Core, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raman Sood
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kathleen Craft
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shawn Chong
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Settara Chandrasekharappa
- Genomics Core, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jim Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul P. Liu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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2
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Guo X, Yu S, Ren X, Li L. Immune checkpoints represent a promising breakthrough in targeted therapy and prognosis of myelodysplastic syndrome. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19222. [PMID: 37810157 PMCID: PMC10558320 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a hematological malignancy of undetermined etiology, possibly linked to chromosomal structural alterations, genetic mutations, presentation and carcinogenicity of variant antigens on cell surface, and the generation of pro-inflammatory microenvironment in the bone marrow. Current drugs are unable to cure this disease, and therefore, decreasing the survival and proliferation of malignant cells to delay disease progression and extend the survival time of patients becomes the primary approach to management. In recent years, the immune system has received increasing attention for its potential role in the occurrence and development of MDS, leading to the emergence of immunoregulation as a viable treatment option. The current review provides a brief overview of pathogenesis of MDS and current treatment principles. In the meantime, the significance of immune proteins in treatment and prognosis of MDS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Guo
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunjie Yu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotong Ren
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Heping District 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, China
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Greenfield G, McMullin MF. Epigenetics in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1206965. [PMID: 37519812 PMCID: PMC10373880 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1206965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of acquired clonal disorders where mutations drive proliferative disease resulting in increased blood counts and in some cases end-stage myelofibrosis. Epigenetic changes are the reversible modifications to DNA- and RNA-associated proteins that impact gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. This review summarizes mechanisms of epigenetic changes and the nucleosome. The drivers and epigenetic regulators in MPNs are outlined. In MPNs, distinct patterns of epigenetic dysregulation have been seen in chronic and in advanced phases. Methylation age and histone modification are altered in MPNs and by further treatment. The alterations found in methylation age in MPNs and with treatment are discussed, and the changes in histone modification with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition are evaluated. Currently available therapeutic areas where the epigenome can be altered are outlined. Thus, we review the current knowledge and understanding of epigenetics in MPN and consider further management options. Understanding the epigenome and its alteration in MPNs and epigenetic changes associated with the progression of disease will lead to advances in therapeutic options.
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Yu K, Deuitch N, Merguerian M, Cunningham L, Davis J, Bresciani E, Diemer J, Andrews E, Young A, Donovan F, Sood R, Craft K, Chong S, Chandrasekharappa S, Mullikin J, Liu PP. Genomic Landscape of Patients with Germline RUNX1 Variants and Familial Platelet Disorder with Myeloid Malignancy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524290. [PMID: 36789433 PMCID: PMC9928034 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Germline RUNX1 mutations lead to familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies (FPDMM), which is characterized by thrombocytopenia and a life-long risk (35-45%) of hematological malignancies. We recently launched a longitudinal natural history study for patients with FPDMM at the NIH Clinical Center. Among 29 families with research genomic data, 28 different germline RUNX1 variants were detected. Besides missense mutations enriched in Runt homology domain and loss-of-function mutations distributed throughout the gene, splice-region mutations and large deletions were detected in 6 and 7 families, respectively. In 24 of 54 (44.4%) non-malignant patients, somatic mutations were detected in at least one of the clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) genes or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) driver genes. BCOR was the most frequently mutated gene (in 9 patients), and multiple BCOR mutations were identified in 4 patients. Mutations in 7 other CHIP or AML driver genes ( DNMT3A, TET2, NRAS, SETBP1, SF3B1, KMT2C , and LRP1B ) were also found in more than one non-malignant patient. Moreover, three unrelated patients (one with myeloid malignancy) carried somatic mutations in NFE2 , which regulates erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation. Sequential sequencing data from 19 patients demonstrated dynamic changes of somatic mutations over time, and stable clones were more frequently found in elderly patients. In summary, there are diverse types of germline RUNX1 mutations and high frequency of somatic mutations related to clonal hematopoiesis in patients with FPDMM. Monitoring dynamic changes of somatic mutations prospectively will benefit patients’ clinical management and reveal mechanisms for progression to myeloid malignancies. Key Points Comprehensive genomic profile of patients with FPDMM with germline RUNX1 mutations. Rising clonal hematopoiesis related secondary mutations that may lead to myeloid malignancies.
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5
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Genetic Background of Polycythemia Vera. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040637. [PMID: 35456443 PMCID: PMC9027017 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia vera belongs to myeloproliferative neoplasms, essentially by affecting the erythroblastic lineage. JAK2 alterations have emerged as major driver mutations triggering PV-phenotype with the V617F mutation detected in nearly 98% of cases. That’s why JAK2 targeting therapeutic strategies have rapidly emerged to counter the aggravation of the disease. Over decades of research, to go further in the understanding of the disease and its evolution, a wide panel of genetic alterations affecting multiple genes has been highlighted. These are mainly involved in alternative splicing, epigenetic, miRNA regulation, intracellular signaling, and transcription factors expression. If JAK2 mutation, irrespective of the nature of the alteration, is known to be a crucial event for the disease to initiate, additional mutations seem to be markers of progression and poor prognosis. These discoveries have helped to characterize the complex genomic landscape of PV, resulting in potentially new adapted therapeutic strategies for patients concerning all the genetic interferences.
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Rosales M, Rodríguez-Ulloa A, Pérez GV, Besada V, Soto T, Ramos Y, González LJ, Zettl K, Wiśniewski JR, Yang K, Perera Y, Perea SE. CIGB-300-Regulated Proteome Reveals Common and Tailored Response Patterns of AML Cells to CK2 Inhibition. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:834814. [PMID: 35359604 PMCID: PMC8962202 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.834814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a highly pleiotropic and ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr kinase with instrumental roles in normal and pathological states, including neoplastic phenotype in solid tumor and hematological malignancies. In line with previous reports, CK2 has been suggested as an attractive prognostic marker and molecular target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a blood malignant disorder that remains as an unmet medical need. Accordingly, this work investigates the complex landscape of molecular and cellular perturbations supporting the antileukemic effect exerted by CK2 inhibition in AML cells. To identify and functionally characterize the proteomic profile differentially modulated by the CK2 peptide-based inhibitor CIGB-300, we carried out LC-MS/MS and bioinformatic analysis in human cell lines representing two differentiation stages and major AML subtypes. Using this approach, 109 and 129 proteins were identified as significantly modulated in HL-60 and OCI-AML3 cells, respectively. In both proteomic profiles, proteins related to apoptotic cell death, cell cycle progression, and transcriptional/translational processes appeared represented, in agreement with previous results showing the impact of CIGB-300 in AML cell proliferation and viability. Of note, a group of proteins involved in intracellular redox homeostasis was specifically identified in HL-60 cell-regulated proteome, and flow cytometric analysis also confirmed a differential effect of CIGB-300 over reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AML cells. Thus, oxidative stress might play a relevant role on CIGB-300-induced apoptosis in HL-60 but not in OCI-AML3 cells. Importantly, these findings provide first-hand insights concerning the CIGB-300 antileukemic effect and draw attention to the existence of both common and tailored response patterns triggered by CK2 inhibition in different AML backgrounds, a phenomenon of particular relevance with regard to the pharmacologic blockade of CK2 and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rosales
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Havana, Cuba
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Arielis Rodríguez-Ulloa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, CIGB, Havana, Cuba
| | - George V. Pérez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, CIGB, Havana, Cuba
| | - Thalia Soto
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Havana, Cuba
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, CIGB, Havana, Cuba
| | - Luis J. González
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, CIGB, Havana, Cuba
| | - Katharina Zettl
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jacek R. Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ke Yang
- China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yongzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Yang, ; Yasser Perera, ; Silvio E. Perea,
| | - Yasser Perera
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
- China-Cuba Biotechnology Joint Innovation Center (CCBJIC), Yongzhou Zhong Gu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yongzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Yang, ; Yasser Perera, ; Silvio E. Perea,
| | - Silvio E. Perea
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana, Cuba
- *Correspondence: Ke Yang, ; Yasser Perera, ; Silvio E. Perea,
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7
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Zhang W, Zhang D, Cheng Y, Liang X, Wang J. Runx1 regulates Tff1 expression to expedite viability of retinal microvascular endothelial cells in mice with diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108969. [PMID: 35114215 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) represents a major complication of diabetes, and molecular mechanisms related to vascular dysfunction, particularly endothelial dysfunction, in DR remains unclear. In the present work, we generated a DR animal model using mice and a cell model in mouse retinal microvascular endothelial cells (mRMECs) to examine the role of Trefoil factor family 1 (Tff1) in DR. Tff1 was poorly expressed in DR mice and high glucose (HG)-treated mRMECs. Overexpression of Tff1 significantly attenuated streptozotocin-induced retinal proliferation and angiogenesis in DR mice and reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors. In HG-treated mRMECs, overexpression of Tff1 remarkably reduced the proliferation and angiogenesis of mRMECs. In further experiments, we found that Tff1 was transcriptionally repressed by Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) directly, and Tff1 expression was indirectly modulated by Runx1 via the core-binding factor subunit beta (CBF-β)/nuclear factor, erythroid 2/microRNA-423-5p axis and the CBF-β/estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) axis. Moreover, Tff1 could inhibit the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, which in turn attenuated retinal endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. It was thus proposed that Runx1/Tff1/NF-κB axis may be a potential target for the treatment strategy of DR, and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Dingguo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi, PR China
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8
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Staehle HF, Pahl HL, Jutzi JS. The Cross Marks the Spot: The Emerging Role of JmjC Domain-Containing Proteins in Myeloid Malignancies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121911. [PMID: 34944554 PMCID: PMC8699298 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation tightly regulates chromatin accessibility, transcription, proliferation, and cell differentiation, and its perturbation contributes to oncogenic reprogramming of cells. In particular, many myeloid malignancies show evidence of epigenetic dysregulation. Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing proteins comprise a large and diverse group of histone demethylases (KDMs), which remove methyl groups from lysines in histone tails and other proteins. Cumulating evidence suggests an emerging role for these demethylases in myeloid malignancies, rendering them attractive targets for drug interventions. In this review, we summarize the known functions of Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing proteins in myeloid malignancies. We highlight challenges in understanding the context-dependent mechanisms of these proteins and explore potential future pharmacological targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Felix Staehle
- Division of Molecular Hematology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany; (H.F.S.); (H.L.P.)
| | - Heike Luise Pahl
- Division of Molecular Hematology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany; (H.F.S.); (H.L.P.)
| | - Jonas Samuel Jutzi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany; (H.F.S.); (H.L.P.)
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Noh JY. Megakaryopoiesis and Platelet Biology: Roles of Transcription Factors and Emerging Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179615. [PMID: 34502524 PMCID: PMC8431765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a critical role in hemostasis and thrombus formation. Platelets are small, anucleate, and short-lived blood cells that are produced by the large, polyploid, and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived megakaryocytes in bone marrow. Approximately 3000 platelets are released from one megakaryocyte, and thus, it is important to understand the physiologically relevant mechanism of development of mature megakaryocytes. Many genes, including several key transcription factors, have been shown to be crucial for platelet biogenesis. Mutations in these genes can perturb megakaryopoiesis or thrombopoiesis, resulting in thrombocytopenia. Metabolic changes owing to inflammation, ageing, or diseases such as cancer, in which platelets play crucial roles in disease development, can also affect platelet biogenesis. In this review, I describe the characteristics of platelets and megakaryocytes in terms of their differentiation processes. The role of several critical transcription factors have been discussed to better understand the changes in platelet biogenesis that occur during disease or ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Noh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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Kiem D, Wagner S, Magnes T, Egle A, Greil R, Melchardt T. The Role of Neutrophilic Granulocytes in Philadelphia Chromosome Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179555. [PMID: 34502471 PMCID: PMC8431305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are composed of polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The clinical picture is determined by constitutional symptoms and complications, including arterial and venous thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events. MPNs are characterized by mutations in JAK2, MPL, or CALR, with additional mutations leading to an expansion of myeloid cell lineages and, in PMF, to marrow fibrosis and cytopenias. Chronic inflammation impacting the initiation and expansion of disease in a major way has been described. Neutrophilic granulocytes play a major role in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic events via the secretion of inflammatory markers, as well as via interaction with thrombocytes and the endothelium. In this review, we discuss the molecular biology underlying myeloproliferative neoplasms and point out the central role of leukocytosis and, specifically, neutrophilic granulocytes in this group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kiem
- Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.K.); (S.W.); (T.M.); (A.E.); (R.G.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandro Wagner
- Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.K.); (S.W.); (T.M.); (A.E.); (R.G.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Teresa Magnes
- Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.K.); (S.W.); (T.M.); (A.E.); (R.G.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Egle
- Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.K.); (S.W.); (T.M.); (A.E.); (R.G.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.K.); (S.W.); (T.M.); (A.E.); (R.G.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Melchardt
- Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (D.K.); (S.W.); (T.M.); (A.E.); (R.G.)
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute-Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-57255-25801
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11
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Contreras Castillo S, Montibus B, Rocha A, Duke W, von Meyenn F, McLornan D, Harrison C, Mullally A, Schulz R, Oakey RJ. Hydroxycarbamide effects on DNA methylation and gene expression in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Genome Res 2021; 31:1381-1394. [PMID: 34244229 PMCID: PMC8327916 DOI: 10.1101/gr.270066.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxycarbamide (HC, hydroxyurea) is a cytoreductive drug inducing cell cycle blockade. However, emerging evidence suggests that HC plays a role in the modulation of transcription through the activity of transcription factors and DNA methylation. Examining the global mechanism of action of HC in the context of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), for which HC is the first-line treatment, will provide a better understanding of its molecular effects. To explore the effects of HC genome-wide, transcriptomic analyses were performed on two clinically relevant cell types at different stages of differentiation treated with HC in a murine MPN model. This study was replicated in MPN patients by profiling genome-wide gene expression and DNA methylation using patient blood samples collected longitudinally, before and following HC exposure. The effects of HC on the transcriptome were not only associated with cell cycle interruption but also with hematopoietic functions. Moreover, a group of genes were restored to normal expression levels in murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) following drug treatment, including the master regulator of hematopoiesis, RUNX1. In humans, HC significantly modifies DNA methylation levels in HSCs at several distal regulatory regions, which we show to be associated with SPI1 binding sites and at the SPI1 locus itself. We have identified novel targets of HC that include pivotal transcription factors involved in hematopoiesis, and for the first time we report abnormal methylation patterns in MPN patients at the master regulator gene SPI1 and its distal binding sites, which HC is able to restore to normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Contreras Castillo
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Bertille Montibus
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Azucena Rocha
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Will Duke
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Donal McLornan
- Department of Hematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Harrison
- Department of Hematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Mullally
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Reiner Schulz
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Oakey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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12
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Guijarro-Hernández A, Vizmanos JL. A Broad Overview of Signaling in Ph-Negative Classic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050984. [PMID: 33652860 PMCID: PMC7956519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is growing evidence that Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms are disorders in which multiple signaling pathways are significantly disturbed. The heterogeneous phenotypes observed among patients have highlighted the importance of having a comprehensive knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind these diseases. This review aims to show a broad overview of the signaling involved in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and other processes that can modify them, which could be helpful to better understand these diseases and develop more effective targeted treatments. Abstract Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF)) are infrequent blood cancers characterized by signaling aberrations. Shortly after the discovery of the somatic mutations in JAK2, MPL, and CALR that cause these diseases, researchers extensively studied the aberrant functions of their mutant products. In all three cases, the main pathogenic mechanism appears to be the constitutive activation of JAK2/STAT signaling and JAK2-related pathways (MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT). However, some other non-canonical aberrant mechanisms derived from mutant JAK2 and CALR have also been described. Moreover, additional somatic mutations have been identified in other genes that affect epigenetic regulation, tumor suppression, transcription regulation, splicing and other signaling pathways, leading to the modification of some disease features and adding a layer of complexity to their molecular pathogenesis. All of these factors have highlighted the wide variety of cellular processes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of MPNs. This review presents an overview of the complex signaling behind these diseases which could explain, at least in part, their phenotypic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guijarro-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - José Luis Vizmanos
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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13
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Siegwart LC, Schwemmers S, Wehrle J, Koellerer C, Seeger T, Gründer A, Pahl HL. The transcription factor NFE2 enhances expression of the hematopoietic master regulators SCL/TAL1 and GATA2. Exp Hematol 2020; 87:42-47.e1. [PMID: 32593672 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activity of the transcription factor NFE2 is elevated in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), either by overexpression of the wild-type alleles or by the presence of an activating mutation. In murine models, enhanced NFE2 activity causes an MPN phenotype with spontaneous transformation to acute leukemia. However, little is known about the downstream target genes activated by augmented NFE2 levels. Here, we describe that NFE2 regulates expression of the hematopoietic master regulators GATA2 and SCL/TAL1, which are in turn overexpressed in primary MPN cells, suggesting that concomitant aberrant activation of several transcription factors coordinately contributes to the cellular expansion characteristic of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Siegwart
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven Schwemmers
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julius Wehrle
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Koellerer
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thalia Seeger
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gründer
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Pahl
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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14
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Jang MA, Choi CW. Recent insights regarding the molecular basis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:1-11. [PMID: 31778606 PMCID: PMC6960053 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2019.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders characterized by the overproduction of mature blood cells that have an increased risk of thrombosis and progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Next-generation sequencing studies have provided key insights regarding the molecular mechanisms of MPNs. MPN driver mutations in genes associated with the JAK-STAT pathway include JAK2 V617F, JAK2 exon 12 mutations and mutations in MPL, CALR, and CSF3R. Cooperating driver genes are also frequently detected and also mutated in other myeloid neoplasms; these driver genes are involved in epigenetic methylation, messenger RNA splicing, transcription regulation, and signal transduction. In addition, other genetic factors such as germline predisposition, order of mutation acquisition, and variant allele frequency also influence disease initiation and progression. This review summarizes the current understanding of the genetic basis of MPN, and demonstrates how molecular pathophysiology can improve both our understanding of MPN heterogeneity and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ae Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chul Won Choi
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Chul Won Choi, M.D. Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea Tel: +82-2-2626-3058 Fax: +82-2-862-6453 E-mail:
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15
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LSD1 Inhibition Prolongs Survival in Mouse Models of MPN by Selectively Targeting the Disease Clone. Hemasphere 2018; 2:e54. [PMID: 31723778 PMCID: PMC6745991 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Despite recent advances, the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are attended by considerable morbidity and mortality. Janus kinase (Jak) inhibitors such as ruxolitinib manage symptoms but do not substantially change the natural history of the disease. In this report, we show the effects of IMG-7289, an irreversible inhibitor of the epigenetically active lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) in mouse models of MPN. Once-daily treatment with IMG-7289 normalized or improved blood cell counts, reduced spleen volumes, restored normal splenic architecture, and reduced bone marrow fibrosis. Most importantly, LSD1 inhibition lowered mutant allele burden and improved survival. IMG-7289 selectively inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of JAK2V617F cells by concomitantly increasing expression and methylation of p53, and, independently, the pro-apoptotic factor PUMA and by decreasing the levels of its antiapoptotic antagonist BCLXL. These data provide a molecular understanding of the disease-modifying activity of the LSD1 inhibitor IMG-7289 that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation in patients with high-risk myelofibrosis. Moreover, low doses of IMG-7289 and ruxolitinib synergize in normalizing the MPN phenotype in mice, offering a rationale for investigating combination therapy.
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16
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JAK2 and JMJD1C activate NFE2 in MPNs. Blood 2018; 131:1998-1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-839779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Peeken JC, Jutzi JS, Wehrle J, Koellerer C, Staehle HF, Becker H, Schoenwandt E, Seeger TS, Schanne DH, Gothwal M, Ott CJ, Gründer A, Pahl HL. Epigenetic regulation of NFE2 overexpression in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2018; 131:2065-2073. [PMID: 29519804 PMCID: PMC5934799 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-810622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor "nuclear factor erythroid 2" (NFE2) is overexpressed in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In murine models, elevated NFE2 levels cause an MPN phenotype with spontaneous leukemic transformation. However, both the molecular mechanisms leading to NFE2 overexpression and its downstream targets remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the histone demethylase JMJD1C constitutes a novel NFE2 target gene. JMJD1C levels are significantly elevated in polycythemia vera (PV) and primary myelofibrosis patients; concomitantly, global H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 levels are significantly decreased. JMJD1C binding to the NFE2 promoter is increased in PV patients, decreasing both H3K9me2 levels and binding of the repressive heterochromatin protein-1α (HP1α). Hence, JMJD1C and NFE2 participate in a novel autoregulatory loop. Depleting JMJD1C expression significantly reduced cytokine-independent growth of an MPN cell line. Independently, NFE2 is regulated through the epigenetic JAK2 pathway by phosphorylation of H3Y41. This likewise inhibits HP1α binding. Treatment with decitabine lowered H3Y41ph and augmented H3K9me2 levels at the NFE2 locus in HEL cells, thereby increasing HP1α binding, which normalized NFE2 expression selectively in JAK2V617F-positive cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas S Jutzi
- Division of Molecular Hematology
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM)
- Faculty of Biology, and
| | - Julius Wehrle
- Division of Molecular Hematology
- Berta Ottenstein Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher J Ott
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | | | - Heike L Pahl
- Division of Molecular Hematology
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM)
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18
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Schischlik F, Kralovics R. Mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms - their significance and clinical use. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:961-973. [PMID: 28914569 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1380515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clonal hematologic diseases of the blood such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis belong to the BCR-ABL negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN). These diseases are characterized by clonal expansion of hematopoietic precursor cells followed by increased production of differentiated cells of the myeloid lineage. Initiation of clonal hematopoiesis, formation of a clinical phenotype as well as disease progression form part of MPN disease evolution. The disease is driven by acquired somatic mutations in critical pathways such as cytokine signaling, epigenetic regulation, RNA splicing, and transcription factor signaling. Areas covered: The following review aims to provide an overview of the mutational landscape of MPN, the impact of these mutations in MPN pathogenesis as well as their prognostic value. Finally, a summary of how these mutations are being used or could potentially be used for the treatment of MPN patients is presented. Expert commentary: The genetic landscape of MPN patients has been successfully dissected within the past years with the advent of new sequencing technologies. Integrating the genetic information within a clinical setting is already benefitting patients in terms of disease monitoring and prognostic information of disease progression but will be further intensified within the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Schischlik
- a CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Robert Kralovics
- a CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences , Vienna , Austria
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19
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Di Tullio A, Passaro D, Rouault-Pierre K, Purewal S, Bonnet D. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 Regulates Human HSC Self-Renewal and T Cell Differentiation by Preventing NOTCH1 Activation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:5-11. [PMID: 28648895 PMCID: PMC5511106 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 (NF-E2) has been associated with megakaryocyte maturation and platelet production. Recently, an increased in NF-E2 activity has been implicated in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Here, we investigate the role of NF-E2 in normal human hematopoiesis. Knockdown of NF-E2 in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) not only reduced the formation of megakaryocytes but also drastically impaired hematopoietic stem cell activity, decreasing human engraftment in immunodeficient (NSG) mice. This phenotype is likely to be related to both increased cell proliferation (p21-mediated) and reduced Notch1 protein expression, which favors HSPC differentiation over self-renewal. Strikingly, although NF-E2 silencing in HSPCs did not affect their myeloid and B cell differentiation in vivo, it almost abrogated T cell production in primary hosts, as confirmed by in vitro studies. This effect is at least partly due to Notch1 downregulation in NF-E2-silenced HSPCs. Together these data reveal that NF-E2 is an important driver of human hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and T lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Tullio
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Diana Passaro
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sukhveer Purewal
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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20
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Morotti A, Rocca S, Carrà G, Saglio G, Brancaccio M. Modeling myeloproliferative neoplasms: From mutations to mouse models and back again. Blood Rev 2016; 31:139-150. [PMID: 27899218 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are defined according to the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification and the recent 2016 revision. Over the years, several genetic lesions have been associated with the development of MPNs, with important consequences for identifying unique biomarkers associated with specific neoplasms and for developing targeted therapies. Defining the genotype-phenotype relationship in MPNs is essential to identify driver somatic mutations that promote MPN development and maintenance in order to develop curative targeted therapies. While studies with human samples can identify putative driver mutations, murine models are mandatory to demonstrate the causative role of mutations and for pre-clinical testing of specific therapeutic interventions. This review focuses on MPN mouse models specifically developed to assess the pathogenetic roles of gene mutations found in human patients, as well as murine MPN-like phenotypes identified in genetically modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Stefania Rocca
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza, 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Carrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole, 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza, 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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21
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MYC-dependent recruitment of RUNX1 and GATA2 on the SET oncogene promoter enhances PP2A inactivation in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 8:53989-54003. [PMID: 28903318 PMCID: PMC5589557 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The SET (I2PP2A) oncoprotein is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) that regulates many cell processes and important signaling pathways. Despite the importance of SET overexpression and its prognostic impact in both hematologic and solid tumors, little is known about the mechanisms involved in its transcriptional regulation. In this report, we define the minimal promoter region of the SET gene, and identify a novel multi-protein transcription complex, composed of MYC, SP1, RUNX1 and GATA2, which activates SET expression in AML. The role of MYC is crucial, since it increases the expression of the other three transcription factors of the complex, and supports their recruitment to the promoter of SET. These data shed light on a new regulatory mechanism in cancer, in addition to the already known PP2A-MYC and SET-PP2A. Besides, we show that there is a significant positive correlation between the expression of SET and MYC, RUNX1, and GATA2 in AML patients, which further endorses our results. Altogether, this study opens new directions for understanding the mechanisms that lead to SET overexpression, and demonstrates that MYC, SP1, RUNX1 and GATA2 are key transcriptional regulators of SET expression in AML.
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22
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Lindblad O, Cordero E, Puissant A, Macaulay L, Ramos A, Kabir NN, Sun J, Vallon-Christersson J, Haraldsson K, Hemann MT, Borg Å, Levander F, Stegmaier K, Pietras K, Rönnstrand L, Kazi JU. Aberrant activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway promotes resistance to sorafenib in AML. Oncogene 2016; 35:5119-31. [PMID: 26999641 PMCID: PMC5399143 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapy directed against oncogenic FLT3 has been shown to induce response in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but these responses are almost always transient. To address the mechanism of FLT3 inhibitor resistance, we generated two resistant AML cell lines by sustained treatment with the FLT3 inhibitor sorafenib. Parental cell lines carry the FLT3-ITD (tandem duplication) mutation and are highly responsive to FLT3 inhibitors, whereas resistant cell lines display resistance to multiple FLT3 inhibitors. Sanger sequencing and protein mass-spectrometry did not identify any acquired mutations in FLT3 in the resistant cells. Moreover, sorafenib treatment effectively blocked FLT3 activation in resistant cells, whereas it was unable to block colony formation or cell survival, suggesting that the resistant cells are no longer FLT3 dependent. Gene expression analysis of sensitive and resistant cell lines, as well as of blasts from patients with sorafenib-resistant AML, suggested an enrichment of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in the resistant phenotype, which was further supported by next-generation sequencing and phospho-specific-antibody array analysis. Furthermore, a selective PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, gedatolisib, efficiently blocked proliferation, colony and tumor formation, and induced apoptosis in resistant cell lines. Gedatolisib significantly extended survival of mice in a sorafenib-resistant AML patient-derived xenograft model. Taken together, our data suggest that aberrant activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in FLT3-ITD-dependent AML results in resistance to drugs targeting FLT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lindblad
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Hematology and Vascular Disorders, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Cordero
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Puissant
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Macaulay
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Ramos
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - N N Kabir
- Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry, KN Biomedical Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh
| | - J Sun
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - K Haraldsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Å Borg
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - F Levander
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences (BILS), Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Pietras
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry, KN Biomedical Research Institute, Barisal, Bangladesh
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23
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Koschmieder S, Mughal TI, Hasselbalch HC, Barosi G, Valent P, Kiladjian JJ, Jeryczynski G, Gisslinger H, Jutzi JS, Pahl HL, Hehlmann R, Maria Vannucchi A, Cervantes F, Silver RT, Barbui T. Myeloproliferative neoplasms and inflammation: whether to target the malignant clone or the inflammatory process or both. Leukemia 2016; 30:1018-24. [PMID: 26854026 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal disorders involving hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and are associated with myeloproliferation, splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms. Similar signs and symptoms can also be found in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, and inflammatory processes have been found to play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of MPNs. Signal transduction pathways involving JAK1, JAK2, STAT3 and STAT5 are causally involved in driving both the malignant cells and the inflammatory process. Moreover, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating drugs have been used successfully in the treatment of MPNs. However, to date, many unresoved issues remain. These include the role of somatic mutations that are present in addition to JAK2V617F, CALR and MPL W515 mutations, the interdependency of malignant and nonmalignant cells and the means to eradicate MPN-initiating and -maintaining cells. It is imperative for successful therapeutic approaches to define whether the malignant clone or the inflammatory cells or both should be targeted. The present review will cover three aspects of the role of inflammation in MPNs: inflammatory states as important differential diagnoses in cases of suspected MPN (that is, in the absence of a clonal marker), the role of inflammation in MPN pathogenesis and progression and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs for MPNs. The findings emphasize the need to separate the inflammatory processes from the malignancy in order to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of patients with Philadelphia-negative MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T I Mughal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H C Hasselbalch
- Department of Hematology, Roskilde Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - G Barosi
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Myelofibrosis, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS 'Policlinico San Matteo', Pavia, Italy
| | - P Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, and Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J-J Kiladjian
- Clinical Investigations Center (INSERM CIC 1427), Hôpital Saint-Louis and Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - G Jeryczynski
- Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Gisslinger
- Division of Hematology and Blood Coagulation, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J S Jutzi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Freiburg, Center for Clinical Research, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM) and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H L Pahl
- Division of Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Freiburg, Center for Clinical Research, Freiburg, Germany
| | - R Hehlmann
- Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Maria Vannucchi
- CRIMM, Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione e Laboratorio Congiunto per le Malattie Mieloproliferative, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Centro Denothe, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Università degli Studi, Firenze, Italy
| | - F Cervantes
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R T Silver
- Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Barbui
- Clinical Research Center and Hematology, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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Jutzi JS, Pahl HL. The Hen or the Egg: Inflammatory Aspects of Murine MPN Models. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:101987. [PMID: 26543325 PMCID: PMC4620236 DOI: 10.1155/2015/101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for some time that solid tumors, especially gastrointestinal tumors, can arise on the basis of chronic inflammation. However, the role of inflammation in the genesis of hematological malignancies has not been extensively studied. Recent evidence clearly shows that changes in the bone marrow niche can suffice to induce myeloid diseases. Nonetheless, while it has been demonstrated that myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are associated with a proinflammatory state, it is not clear whether inflammatory processes contribute to the induction or maintenance of MPN. More provocatively stated: which comes first, the hen or the egg, inflammation or MPN? In other words, can chronic inflammation itself trigger an MPN? In this review, we will describe the evidence supporting a role for inflammation in initiating and promoting MPN development. Furthermore, we will compare and contrast the data obtained in gastrointestinal tumors with observations in MPN patients and models, pointing out the opportunities provided by novel murine MPN models to address fundamental questions regarding the role of inflammatory stimuli in the molecular pathogenesis of MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas S Jutzi
- Division of Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Freiburg, Center for Clinical Research, Breisacher Straße 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany ; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany ; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike L Pahl
- Division of Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Freiburg, Center for Clinical Research, Breisacher Straße 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Gasiorek JJ, Blank V. Regulation and function of the NFE2 transcription factor in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2323-35. [PMID: 25721735 PMCID: PMC11114048 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The NFE2 transcription factor was identified over 25 years ago. The NFE2 protein forms heterodimers with small MAF proteins, and the resulting complex binds to regulatory elements in a large number of target genes. In contrast to other CNC transcription family members including NFE2L1 (NRF1), NFE2L2 (NRF2) and NFE2L3 (NRF3), which are widely expressed, earlier studies had suggested that the major sites of NFE2 expression are hematopoietic cells. Based on cell culture studies it was proposed that this protein acts as a critical regulator of globin gene expression. However, the knockout mouse model displayed only mild erythroid abnormalities, while the major phenotype was a defect in megakaryocyte biogenesis. Indeed, absence of NFE2 led to severely impaired platelet production. A series of recent data, also summarized here, shed new light on the various functional roles of NFE2 and the regulation of its activity. NFE2 is part of a complex regulatory network, including transcription factors such as GATA1 and RUNX1, controlling megakaryocytic and/or erythroid cell function. Surprisingly, it was recently found that NFE2 also has a role in non-hematopoietic tissues, such as the trophoblast, in which it is also expressed, as well as the bone, opening the door to new research areas for this transcription factor. Additional data showed that NFE2 function is controlled by a series of posttranslational modifications. Important strides have been made with respect to the clinical significance of NFE2, linking this transcription factor to hematological disorders such as polycythemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga J. Gasiorek
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2 Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Volker Blank
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Chemin de la Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2 Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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26
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Yigit N, Covey S, Barouk-Fox S, Turker T, Geyer JT, Orazi A. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2, nerve growth factor receptor, and CD34-microvessel density are differentially expressed in primary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1217-25. [PMID: 26093937 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because of the presence of various overlapping findings, the discrimination of polycythemia vera (PV) from prefibrotic/fibrotic primary myelofibrosis (PF/F-PMF) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) may be challenging, particularly in suboptimal bone marrow biopsy specimens. In this study, we assessed whether differences in the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2), nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR; CD271), CD34, CD68, p53, CD3, CD20, and CD138 by immunohistochemistry could be useful in separating among them. Higher frequencies of nuclear positive erythroblasts with NF-E2 were observed in ET and PV cases (50% ± 13.3% and 41.5% ± 9.4%, respectively) when compared with both PF-PMF (21% ± 11.7%) and F-PMF (28.5% ± 10.8%). We found that with a cutoff level of at least 30% nuclear staining for NF-E2 in erythroblasts, we could reliably exclude the possibility of PMF. Conversely, NGFR+ stromal cells per high-power field (HPF) was significantly increased in F-PMF (53.5 ± 19.1/HPF) and PF-PMF (13.5 ± 3.8/HPF) compared with ET (4.4 ± 2.2/HPF) and PV (6.6 ± 3.3/HPF). Similarly, differences in CD34-microvessel density was remarkable in F-PMF and PF-PMF cases in comparison with PV and ET (49.9 ± 12.1/HPF, 29.3 ± 12.4/HPF, 13.7 ± 4.6/HPF, and 11.9 ± 5.1/HPF, respectively). Thus, the assessment of NF-E2 and NGFR expression and the evaluation of CD34-microvessel density may provide additional support in reaching a correct diagnosis in these cases of myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Yigit
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065; Department of Pathology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy and School of Medicine, Ankara 06010, Turkey.
| | - Shannon Covey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065.
| | - Sharon Barouk-Fox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065.
| | - Turker Turker
- Department of Pathology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy and School of Medicine, Ankara 06010, Turkey.
| | - Julia Turbiner Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065.
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065.
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27
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Chen L, Luo LF, Lu J, Li L, Liu YF, Wang J, Liu H, Song H, Jiang H, Chen SJ, Luo C, Li KK. FTY720 induces apoptosis of M2 subtype acute myeloid leukemia cells by targeting sphingolipid metabolism and increasing endogenous ceramide levels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103033. [PMID: 25050888 PMCID: PMC4106898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The M2 subtype Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML-M2) with t(8;21) represents an unmet challenge because of poor clinical outcomes in a sizable portion of patients. In this study,we report that FTY720 (Fingolimod), a sphingosine analogue and an FDA approved drug for treating of multiple sclerosis, shows antitumorigenic activity against the Kasumi-1 cell line, xenograft mouse models and leukemic blasts isolated from AML-M2 patients with t(8;21) translocation. Primary investigation indicated that FTY720 caused cell apoptosis through caspases and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activation. Transcriptomic profiling further revealed that FTY720 treatment could upregulate AML1 target genes and interfere with genes involved in ceramide synthesis. Treatment with FTY720 led to the elimination of AML1-ETO oncoprotein and caused cell cycle arrest. More importantly, FTY720 treatment resulted in rapid and significant increase of pro-apoptotic ceramide levels, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry based lipidomic approaches. Structural simulation model had also indicated that the direct binding of ceramide to inhibitor 2 of PP2A (I2PP2A) could reactivate PP2A and cause cell death. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that accumulation of ceramide plays a central role in FTY720 induced cell death of AML-M2 with t(8;21). Targeting sphingolipid metabolism by using FTY720 may provide novel insight for the drug development of treatment for AML-M2 leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Ceramides/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Molecular
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Propylene Glycols/therapeutic use
- Protein Phosphatase 2/metabolism
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Sphingolipids/metabolism
- Sphingosine/analogs & derivatives
- Sphingosine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu-Fei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Lu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianchun Li
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Song
- Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CL); (KKL)
| | - Keqin Kathy Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CL); (KKL)
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28
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Barosi G. Essential thrombocythemia vs. early/prefibrotic myelofibrosis: Why does it matter. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2014; 27:129-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Glembotsky AC, Bluteau D, Espasandin YR, Goette NP, Marta RF, Marin Oyarzun CP, Korin L, Lev PR, Laguens RP, Molinas FC, Raslova H, Heller PG. Mechanisms underlying platelet function defect in a pedigree with familial platelet disorder with a predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia: potential role for candidate RUNX1 targets. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:761-72. [PMID: 24606315 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial platelet disorder with a predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia (FPD/AML) is an inherited platelet disorder caused by a germline RUNX1 mutation and characterized by thrombocytopenia, a platelet function defect, and leukemia predisposition. The mechanisms underlying FPD/AML platelet dysfunction remain incompletely clarified. We aimed to determine the contribution of platelet structural abnormalities and defective activation pathways to the platelet phenotype. In addition, by using a candidate gene approach, we sought to identify potential RUNX1-regulated genes involved in these defects. METHODS Lumiaggregometry, α-granule and dense granule content and release, platelet ultrastructure, αIIb β3 integrin activation and outside-in signaling were assessed in members of one FPD/AML pedigree. Expression levels of candidate genes were measured and luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to study NF-E2 regulation by RUNX1. RESULTS A severe decrease in platelet aggregation, defective αIIb β3 integrin activation and combined αδ storage pool deficiency were found. However, whereas the number of dense granules was markedly reduced, α-granule content was heterogeneous. A trend towards decreased platelet spreading was found, and β3 integrin phosphorylation was impaired, reflecting altered outside-in signaling. A decrease in the level of transcription factor p45 NF-E2 was shown in platelet RNA and lysates, and other deregulated genes included RAB27B and MYL9. RUNX1 was shown to bind to the NF-E2 promoter in primary megakaryocytes, and wild-type RUNX1, but not FPD/AML mutants, was able to activate NF-E2 expression. CONCLUSIONS The FPD/AML platelet function defect represents a complex trait, and RUNX1 orchestrates platelet function by regulating diverse aspects of this process. This study highlights the RUNX1 target NF-E2 as part of the molecular network by which RUNX1 regulates platelet biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Glembotsky
- Departamento de Hematología Investigación, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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RUNX1 and NF-E2 upregulation is not specific for MPNs, but is seen in polycythemic disorders with augmented HIF signaling. Blood 2013; 123:391-4. [PMID: 24297870 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-10-534222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of transcription factors runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) and nuclear factor, erythroid-derived 2 (NF-E2) was reported in granulocytes of patients with polycythemia vera and other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Further, a transgenic mouse overexpressing the NF-E2 transgene was reported to be a model of MPN. We hypothesized that increased transcripts of RUNX1 and NF-E2 might characterize other polycythemic states with primary polycythemic features, that is, those with exaggerated erythropoiesis due to augmented erythropoietin (EPO) sensitivity. We tested the expression of RUNX1 and NF-E2 in polycythemic patients of diverse phenotypes and molecular causes. We report that RUNX1 and NF-E2 overexpression is not specific for MPN; these transcripts were also significantly elevated in polycythemias with augmented hypoxia-inducible factor activity whose erythroid progenitors were hypersensitive to EPO. RUNX1 and NF-E2 overexpression was not detected in patients with EPO receptor (EPOR) gain-of-function, suggesting distinct mechanisms by which erythroid progenitors in polycythemias with defects of hypoxia sensing and EPOR mutations exert their EPO hypersensitivity.
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31
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Aumann K, Frey AV, May AM, Hauschke D, Kreutz C, Marx JP, Timmer J, Werner M, Pahl HL. [Differential diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Quantitative NF-E2 immunohistochemistry for differentiating between essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis]. DER PATHOLOGE 2013; 34 Suppl 2:201-9. [PMID: 24196613 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-013-1824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) comprise the entity of unclassifiable MPNs (MPN, U). The exact differential diagnosis of the specific MPN entities can be challenging particularly at early stages of the diseases. So far, pathologists have had to rely only on histomorphological evaluation of bone marrow biopsies in combination with laboratory data because helpful ancillary tests are not yet available. Even molecular tests, such as JAK2 mutation analysis are not helpful particularly in the differential diagnosis of ET and PMF because both entities are associated with the V617F mutation in 50 % of the cases. Recently overexpression of the transcription factor NF-E2 in MPN was described. MATERIALS AND METHODS A collective of samples consisting of 163 bone marrow biopsies including 139 MPN cases was stained immunohistochemically for NF-E2 and analyzed regarding the subcellular localization of NF-E2 in erythroid progenitor cells. The results were compared between the MPN entities as well as the controls and statistical analyses were conducted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study showed that NF-E2 immunohistochemistry and analysis of the proportion of nuclear positive erythroblasts of all erythroid precursor cells can help to distinguish between ET and PMF even in early stages of the diseases. An MPN, U case showing a proportion of more than 20 % nuclear positive erythroblasts can be classified as a PMF with 92 % accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aumann
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115a, 79106, Freiburg, Deutschland,
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33
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Jutzi JS, Bogeska R, Nikoloski G, Schmid CA, Seeger TS, Stegelmann F, Schwemmers S, Gründer A, Peeken JC, Gothwal M, Wehrle J, Aumann K, Hamdi K, Dierks C, Kamar Wang W, Döhner K, Jansen JH, Pahl HL. MPN patients harbor recurrent truncating mutations in transcription factor NF-E2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1003-19. [PMID: 23589569 PMCID: PMC3646501 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular etiology of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) remains incompletely understood, despite recent advances incurred through the discovery of several different mutations in MPN patients. We have recently described overexpression of the transcription factor NF-E2 in MPN patients and shown that elevated NF-E2 levels in vivo cause an MPN phenotype and predispose to leukemic transformation in transgenic mice. We report the presence of acquired insertion and deletion mutations in the NF-E2 gene in MPN patients. These result in truncated NF-E2 proteins that enhance wild-type (WT) NF-E2 function and cause erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis in a murine model. NF-E2 mutant cells acquire a proliferative advantage, witnessed by clonal dominance over WT NF-E2 cells in MPN patients. Our data underscore the role of increased NF-E2 activity in the pathophysiology of MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas S Jutzi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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34
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Subcellular mislocalization of the transcription factor NF-E2 in erythroid cells discriminates prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis from essential thrombocythemia. Blood 2013; 122:93-9. [PMID: 23670178 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-463257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) comprises several entities including essential thrombocythemia (ET); primary myelofibrosis (PMF); and MPN, unclassifiable (MPN,U). Differential diagnosis between ET and early, prefibrotic PMF can be challenging but is critical because clinical course and outcome vary considerably between these entities. We have previously shown that the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2) is aberrantly expressed in MPN patients. Here we demonstrate that NF-E2 is mislocalized in PMF cells and that aberrant NF-E2 localization discriminates statistically highly significantly between ET and PMF. A threshold of 20% nuclear NF-E2 staining was cross-validated by ".682+ bootstrapping." Moreover, this cutoff correctly classifies diagnostic bone marrow biopsies of MPN,U patients specified upon follow-up as ET or PMF with 92% accuracy. Because interobserver concordance between independent pathologists was high (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, 0.727), we propose that quantitative NF-E2 immunohistochemistry represents a diagnostic tool that can reliably support a differential diagnosis between ET and PMF.
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35
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Tijssen MR, Ghevaert C. Transcription factors in late megakaryopoiesis and related platelet disorders. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:593-604. [PMID: 23311859 PMCID: PMC3824237 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell type-specific transcription factors regulate the repertoire of genes expressed in a cell and thereby determine its phenotype. The differentiation of megakaryocytes, the platelet progenitors, from hematopoietic stem cells is a well-known process that can be mimicked in culture. However, the efficient formation of platelets in culture remains a challenge. Platelet formation is a complicated process including megakaryocyte maturation, platelet assembly and platelet shedding. We hypothesize that a better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of this process will allow us to influence it such that sufficient numbers of platelets can be produced for clinical applications. After an introduction to gene regulation and platelet formation, this review summarizes the current knowledge of the regulation of platelet formation by the transcription factors EVI1, GATA1, FLI1, NFE2, RUNX1, SRF and its co-factor MKL1, and TAL1. Also covered is how some platelet disorders including myeloproliferative neoplasms, result from disturbances of the transcriptional regulation. These disorders give us invaluable insights into the crucial role these transcription factors play in platelet formation. Finally, there is discussion of how a better understanding of these processes will be needed to allow for efficient production of platelets in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Tijssen
- Department of Haematology, University of CambridgeUK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and NHS Blood and TransplantCambridge, UK
| | - C Ghevaert
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, and NHS Blood and TransplantCambridge, UK
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36
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Novel homozygous VHL mutation in exon 2 is associated with congenital polycythemia but not with cancer. Blood 2013; 121:3918-24. [PMID: 23538339 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-469296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene mutations underlie dominantly inherited familial VHL tumor syndrome comprising a predisposition for renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, cerebral hemangioblastoma, and endolymphatic sac tumors. However, recessively inherited congenital polycythemia, exemplified by Chuvash polycythemia, has been associated with 2 separate 3' VHL gene mutations in exon 3. It was proposed that different positions of loss-of-function VHL mutations are associated with VHL syndrome cancer predisposition and only C-terminal domain-encoding VHL mutations would cause polycythemia. However, now we describe a new homozygous VHL exon 2 mutation of the VHL gene:(c.413C>T):P138L, which is associated in the affected homozygote with congenital polycythemia but not in her, or her-heterozygous relatives, with cancer or other VHL syndrome tumors. We show that VHL(P138L) has perturbed interaction with hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)1α. Further, VHL(P138L) protein has decreased stability in vitro. Similarly to what was reported in Chuvash polycythemia and some other instances of HIFs upregulation, VHL(P138L) erythroid progenitors are hypersensitive to erythropoietin. Interestingly, the level of RUNX1/AML1 and NF-E2 transcripts that are specifically upregulated in acquired polycythemia vera were also upregulated in VHL(P138L) granulocytes.
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Wehrle J, Seeger TS, Schwemmers S, Pfeifer D, Bulashevska A, Pahl HL. Transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-2 mediates expression of the cytokine interleukin 8, a known predictor of inferior outcome in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Haematologica 2013; 98:1073-80. [PMID: 23445878 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.071183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-2 is over-expressed in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms irrespective of the presence of the JAK2(V617F) mutation. Our transgenic mouse model over-expressing nuclear factor erythroid-2, which recapitulates many features of myeloproliferative neoplasms including transformation to acute myeloid leukemia, clearly implicates this transcription factor in the pathophysiology of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Because the targets mediating nuclear factor erythroid-2 effects are not well characterized, we conducted microarray analysis of CD34(+) cells lentivirally transduced to over-express nuclear factor erythroid-2 or to silence this transcription factor via shRNA, in order to identify novel target genes. Here, we report that the cytokine interleukin 8 is a novel target gene. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 directly binds the interleukin 8 promoter in vivo, and these binding sites are required for promoter activity. Serum levels of interleukin 8 are known to be elevated in both polycythemia vera and primary myelofibrosis patients. Recently, increased interleukin 8 levels have been shown to be predictive of inferior survival in primary myelofibrosis patients in multivariate analysis. Therefore, one of the mechanisms by which nuclear factor erythroid-2 contributes to myeloproliferative neoplasm pathology may be increased interleukin 8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Wehrle
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Bogeska R, Pahl HL. Elevated nuclear factor erythroid-2 levels promote epo-independent erythroid maturation and recapitulate the hematopoietic stem cell and common myeloid progenitor expansion observed in polycythemia vera patients. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:112-7. [PMID: 23341442 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular etiology of polycythemia vera (PV) remains incompletely understood. Patients harbor increased numbers of hematopoietic stem cells and display Epo-independent erythroid maturation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Epo hypersensitivity and stem cell expansion is unclear. We have previously shown that the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-2 (NF-E2) is overexpressed in the majority of PV patients. Here we demonstrated that elevation of NF-E2 expression in healthy CD34(+) cells to levels observed in PV caused Epo-independent erythroid maturation and expansion of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cell numbers. Silencing NF-E2 in PV patients reverted both aberrancies, demonstrating for the first time that NF-E2 overexpression is both required and sufficient for Epo independence and HSC/CMP expansion in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzhica Bogeska
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Freiburg, Center for Clinical Research, Freiburg, Germany
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Lichtinger M, Ingram R, Hannah R, Müller D, Clarke D, Assi SA, Lie-A-Ling M, Noailles L, Vijayabaskar MS, Wu M, Tenen DG, Westhead DR, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G, Göttgens B, Bonifer C. RUNX1 reshapes the epigenetic landscape at the onset of haematopoiesis. EMBO J 2012; 31:4318-33. [PMID: 23064151 PMCID: PMC3501222 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell fate decisions during haematopoiesis are governed by lineage-specific transcription factors, such as RUNX1, SCL/TAL1, FLI1 and C/EBP family members. To gain insight into how these transcription factors regulate the activation of haematopoietic genes during embryonic development, we measured the genome-wide dynamics of transcription factor assembly on their target genes during the RUNX1-dependent transition from haemogenic endothelium (HE) to haematopoietic progenitors. Using a Runx1-/- embryonic stem cell differentiation model expressing an inducible Runx1 gene, we show that in the absence of RUNX1, haematopoietic genes bind SCL/TAL1, FLI1 and C/EBPβ and that this early priming is required for correct temporal expression of the myeloid master regulator PU.1 and its downstream targets. After induction, RUNX1 binds to numerous de novo sites, initiating a local increase in histone acetylation and rapid global alterations in the binding patterns of SCL/TAL1 and FLI1. The acquisition of haematopoietic fate controlled by Runx1 therefore does not represent the establishment of a new regulatory layer on top of a pre-existing HE program but instead entails global reorganization of lineage-specific transcription factor assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lichtinger
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Ingram
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rebecca Hannah
- Cambridge Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dorothee Müller
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Deborah Clarke
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Salam A Assi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Noailles
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mengchu Wu
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Constanze Bonifer
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Papadantonakis N, Matsuura S, Ravid K. Megakaryocyte pathology and bone marrow fibrosis: the lysyl oxidase connection. Blood 2012; 120:1774-81. [PMID: 22767499 PMCID: PMC3433087 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-402594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs), the platelet precursors, are capable of accumulating DNA greater than a diploid content as part of their cell cycle. MKs have been recognized as mediating fibrosis in a subset of hematologic malignancies, including acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and a subset of myeloproliferative neoplasms. The mechanisms responsible for fibrosis remain only partially understood. Past studies highlighted the role of growth factors in such pathologies, and recently, the protein lysyl oxidase (LOX) has been implicated in proliferation of MKs, ploidy and deposition of fibers. LOX was initially characterized as a protein responsible for the intermolecular cross-linking of elastin and collagen, and in recent years it has been identified as regulator of various pathologies, such as cancer and inflammation. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the contribution of MKs to the progression of myelofibrosis, highlighting the newly identified role of LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papadantonakis
- Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The coordinated recruitment of epigenetic regulators of gene expression by transcription factors such as RUNX1 (AML1, acute myeloid leukemia 1) is crucial for hematopoietic differentiation. Here, we identify protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) as a central functional component of a RUNX1 corepressor complex containing Sin3a and HDAC1 in human hematopoietic progenitor cells. PRMT6 is recruited by RUNX1 and mediates asymmetric histone H3 arginine-2 dimethylation (H3R2me2a) at megakaryocytic genes in progenitor cells. H3R2me2a keeps RUNX1 target genes in an intermediate state with concomitant H3K27me3 and H3K4me2 but not H3K4me3. Upon megakaryocytic differentiation PRMT6 binding is lost, the H3R2me2a mark decreases and a coactivator complex containing WDR5/MLL and p300/pCAF is recruited. This leads to an increase of H3K4me3 and H3K9ac, which result in augmented gene expression. Our results provide novel mechanistic insight into how RUNX1 activity in hematopoietic progenitor cells maintains differentiation genes in a suppressed state but poised for rapid transcriptional activation.
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Kaufmann KB, Gründer A, Hadlich T, Wehrle J, Gothwal M, Bogeska R, Seeger TS, Kayser S, Pham KB, Jutzi JS, Ganzenmüller L, Steinemann D, Schlegelberger B, Wagner JM, Jung M, Will B, Steidl U, Aumann K, Werner M, Günther T, Schüle R, Rambaldi A, Pahl HL. A novel murine model of myeloproliferative disorders generated by overexpression of the transcription factor NF-E2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:35-50. [PMID: 22231305 PMCID: PMC3260873 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mice expressing a transgene encoding the transcription factor NF-E2 in hematopoietic cells exhibit features of myeloproliferative neoplasms, including thrombocytosis, Epo-independent colony formation, stem and progenitor cell overabundance, leukocytosis, and progression to acute myeloid leukemia. The molecular pathophysiology of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) remains poorly understood. Based on the observation that the transcription factor NF-E2 is often overexpressed in MPN patients, independent of the presence of other molecular aberrations, we generated mice expressing an NF-E2 transgene in hematopoietic cells. These mice exhibit many features of MPNs, including thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, Epo-independent colony formation, characteristic bone marrow histology, expansion of stem and progenitor compartments, and spontaneous transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. The MPN phenotype is transplantable to secondary recipient mice. NF-E2 can alter histone modifications, and NF-E2 transgenic mice show hypoacetylation of histone H3. Treatment of mice with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC-I) vorinostat restored physiological levels of histone H3 acetylation, decreased NF-E2 expression, and normalized platelet numbers. Similarly, MPN patients treated with an HDAC-I exhibited a decrease in NF-E2 expression. These data establish a role for NF-E2 in the pathophysiology of MPNs and provide a molecular rationale for investigating epigenetic alterations as novel targets for rationally designed MPN therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai B Kaufmann
- Department of Experimental Anaesthesiology, Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
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Lam K, Zhang DE. RUNX1 and RUNX1-ETO: roles in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2012; 17:1120-39. [PMID: 22201794 DOI: 10.2741/3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RUNX1 is a transcription factor that regulates critical processes in many aspects of hematopoiesis. RUNX1 is also integral in defining the definitive hematopoietic stem cell. In addition, many hematological diseases like myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasms have been associated with mutations in RUNX1. Located on chromosomal 21, the RUNX1 gene is involved in many forms of chromosomal translocations in leukemia. t(8;21) is one of the most common chromosomal translocations found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where it results in a fusion protein between RUNX1 and ETO. The RUNX1-ETO fusion protein is found in approximately 12% of all AML patients. In this review, we detail the structural features, functions, and models used to study both RUNX1 and RUNX1-ETO in hematopoiesis over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentson Lam
- Moores Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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44
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Butcher CM, Neufing PJ, Eriksson L, Carmichael CL, Wilkins EJ, Melo JV, Lewis ID, Bardy PG, Scott HS, D'Andrea RJ. RUNX1 mutations are rare in chronic phase polycythaemia vera. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:672-5. [PMID: 21332713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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