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Ansari SA, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal induces tissue factor decryption via ROS generation and the thioredoxin system. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2399-2413. [PMID: 29296890 PMCID: PMC5729625 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathophysiologic agents transform cryptic tissue factor (TF) on cells to prothrombotic TF, and one such stimulus is 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), the most abundant aldehyde produced by the oxidation of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. HNE was shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and p38 MAPK activation, but the link between them and their role in TF decryption are unclear. The present study was carried out to elucidate potential mechanisms involved in HNE-induced TF decryption in monocytic cells. The data presented herein show that mitochondria are the primary source for HNE-induced ROS generation. The inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III and V blocked HNE-induced ROS generation, but not p38 MAPK activation. These inhibitors reduced phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and TF decryption significantly, but not completely. HNE treatment inhibited the activities of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and thioredoxin (Trx), independent of ROS. Inhibition of the TrxR/Trx system by HNE or pharmacological inhibitors induced p38 MAPK activation, PS externalization, and TF decryption. Additional studies revealed that the inhibition of TrxR/Trx led to activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK-1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6. Inhibition of ASK-1 expression by small interfering RNA or its activity by pharmacological inhibitors diminished HNE-induced TF decryption. Overall, our data suggest that HNE induces TF decryption by 2 distinctive pathways. One is ROS dependent but independent of p38 MAPK activation, and the other is via TrxR/Trx and is p38 MAPK activation dependent. However, both mechanisms result in the enhancement of PS at the outer leaflet that is responsible for TF decryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir A Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Usha R Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
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Wang J, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. Sphingomyelin encrypts tissue factor: ATP-induced activation of A-SMase leads to tissue factor decryption and microvesicle shedding. Blood Adv 2017; 1:849-862. [PMID: 28758160 PMCID: PMC5531194 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016003947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of tissue factor (TF) on cell surfaces exists in an encrypted state with minimal to no procoagulant activity. At present, it is unclear whether limited availability of phosphatidylserine (PS) and/or a specific membrane lipid in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane contributes to TF encryption. Sphingomyelin (SM) is a major phospholipid in the outer leaflet, and SM metabolism is shown to be altered in many disease settings that cause thrombotic disorders. The present study is carried out to investigate the effect of SM metabolism on TF activity and TF+ microvesicles (MVs) release. In vitro studies using TF reconstituted into liposomes containing varying molar ratios of SM showed that a high molar ratio of SM in the proteoliposomes inhibits TF coagulant activity. Treatment of macrophages with sphingomyelinase (SMase) that hydrolyzes SM in the outer leaflet results in increased TF activity at the cell surface and TF+ MVs release without increasing PS externalization. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stimulation of macrophages that activates TF and induces MV shedding also leads to translocation of acid-sphingomyelinase (A-SMase) to the plasma membrane. ATP stimulation increases the hydrolysis of SM in the outer leaflet. Inhibition of A-SMase expression or activity not only attenuates ATP-induced SM hydrolysis, but also inhibits ATP-induced TF decryption and TF+ MVs release. Overall, our novel findings show that SM plays a role in maintaining TF in an encrypted state in resting cells and hydrolysis of SM following cell injury removes the inhibitory effect of SM on TF activity, thus leading to TF decryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Usha R Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - L Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
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Rothmeier AS, Marchese P, Langer F, Kamikubo Y, Schaffner F, Cantor J, Ginsberg MH, Ruggeri ZM, Ruf W. Tissue Factor Prothrombotic Activity Is Regulated by Integrin-arf6 Trafficking. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1323-1331. [PMID: 28495929 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coagulation initiation by tissue factor (TF) is regulated by cellular inhibitors, cell surface availability of procoagulant phosphatidylserine, and thiol-disulfide exchange. How these mechanisms contribute to keeping TF in a noncoagulant state and to generating prothrombotic TF remain incompletely understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we study the activation of TF in primary macrophages by a combination of pharmacological, genetic, and biochemical approaches. We demonstrate that primed macrophages effectively control TF cell surface activity by receptor internalization. After cell injury, ATP signals through the purinergic receptor P2rx7 induce release of TF+ microvesicles. TF cell surface availability for release onto microvesicles is regulated by the GTPase arf6 associated with integrin α4β1. Furthermore, microvesicles proteome analysis identifies activation of Gαi2 as a participating factor in the release of microvesicles with prothrombotic activity in flowing blood. ATP not only prevents TF and phosphatidylserine internalization but also induces TF conversion to a conformation with high affinity for its ligand, coagulation factor VII. Although inhibition of dynamin-dependent internalization also exposes outer membrane procoagulant phosphatidylserine, the resulting TF+ microvesicles distinctly lack protein disulfide isomerase and high affinity TF and fail to produce fibrin strands typical for microvesicles generated by thrombo-inflammatory P2rx7 activation. CONCLUSIONS These data show that procoagulant phospholipid exposure is not sufficient and that TF affinity maturation is required to generate prothrombotic microvesicles from a variety of cell types. These findings are significant for understanding TF-initiated thrombosis and should be considered in designing functional microvesicles-based diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Rothmeier
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Patrizia Marchese
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Florian Langer
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Yuichi Kamikubo
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Florence Schaffner
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Joseph Cantor
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Zaverio M Ruggeri
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- From the Department of Immunology and Microbiology (A.S.R., F.S., W.R.) and Molecular Medicine (P.M., Y.K., Z.M.R.), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; II. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (F.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.C., M.H.G.); Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (W.R.).
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Ansari SA, Pendurthi UR, Sen P, Rao LVM. The Role of Putative Phosphatidylserine-Interactive Residues of Tissue Factor on Its Coagulant Activity at the Cell Surface. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158377. [PMID: 27348126 PMCID: PMC4922585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer leaflet of the cell membrane is thought to play a critical role in tissue factor (TF) decryption. Recent molecular dynamics simulation studies suggested that the TF ectodomain may directly interact with PS. To investigate the potential role of TF direct interaction with the cell surface phospholipids on basal TF activity and the enhanced TF activity following the decryption, one or all of the putative PS-interactive residues in the TF ectodomain were mutated and tested for their coagulant activity in cell systems. Out of the 9 selected TF mutants, five of them -TFS160A, TFS161A, TFS162A, TFK165A, and TFD180A- exhibited a similar TF coagulant activity to that of the wild-type TF. The specific activity of three mutants, TFK159A, TFS163A, and TFK166A, was reduced substantially. Mutation of the glycine residue at the position 164 markedly abrogated the TF coagulant activity, resulting in ~90% inhibition. Mutation of all nine lipid binding residues together did not further decrease the activity of TF compared to TFG164A. A similar fold increase in TF activity was observed in wild-type TF and all TF mutants following the treatment of THP-1 cells with either calcium ionomycin or HgCl2, two agents that are commonly used to decrypt TF. Overall, our data show that a few select TF residues that are implicated in interacting with PS contribute to the TF coagulant activity at the cell surface. However, our data also indicate that TF regions outside of the putative lipid binding region may also contribute to PS-dependent decryption of TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir A. Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United Sates of America
| | - Usha R. Pendurthi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United Sates of America
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - L. Vijaya Mohan Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United Sates of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The generation of procoagulant Tissue Factor (TF) is crucial for thrombosis. TF contains a surface exposed allosteric disulfide bond that stabilizes the carboxyl-terminal domain involved in ligand interactions with coagulation factors VIIa and X. TF procoagulant activation typically occurs following cellular perturbations that also cause the appearance of procoagulant phosphatidylserine in the outer leaflet of cell membranes. However, thiol modifying agents, without suppressing phosphatidylserine exposure, can prevent TF activation, implicating thiol-disulfide exchange reactions in the regulation of TF procoagulant activity of primary cells. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a regulator of extracellular thiol exchange, is associated with cell surface TF and required for TF-dependent thrombosis in vivo. PDI regulates the thiol-dependent biogenesis of procoagulant microparticles that are released from myeloid cells and smooth muscle cells following activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor. Genetic deletion of P2X7 signaling attenuates FeCl(3)-induced carotid artery thrombosis in mice, indicating that TF prothrombotic activity is regulated by specific cell signaling pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Furlan-Freguia C, Marchese P, Gruber A, Ruggeri ZM, Ruf W. P2X7 receptor signaling contributes to tissue factor-dependent thrombosis in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2932-44. [PMID: 21670495 DOI: 10.1172/jci46129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is initiated by tissue factor (TF), a coagulation cofactor/receptor expressed in the vessel wall, on myeloid cells, and on microparticles (MPs) with variable procoagulant activity. However, the molecular pathways that generate prothrombotic TF in vivo are poorly defined. The oxidoreductase protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is thought to be involved in the activation of TF. Here, we found that in mouse myeloid cells, ATP-triggered signaling through purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 7 (P2X7 receptor; encoded by P2rx7) induced activation (decryption) of TF procoagulant activity and promoted release of TF+ MPs from macrophages and SMCs. The generation of prothrombotic MPs required P2X7 receptor-dependent production of ROS leading to increased availability of solvent-accessible extracellular thiols. An antibody to PDI with antithrombotic activity in vivo attenuated the release of procoagulant MPs. In addition, P2rx7-/- mice were protected from TF-dependent FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis. BM chimeras revealed that P2X7 receptor prothrombotic function was present in both hematopoietic and vessel wall compartments. In contrast, an alternative anti-PDI antibody showed activities consistent with cellular activation typically induced by P2X7 receptor signaling. This anti-PDI antibody restored TF-dependent thrombosis in P2rx7-/- mice. These data suggest that PDI regulates a critical P2X7 receptor-dependent signaling pathway that generates prothrombotic TF, defining a link between inflammation and thrombosis with potential implications for antithrombotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Furlan-Freguia
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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