1
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Li S, Huang P, Lai F, Zhang T, Guan J, Wan H, He Y. Mechanisms of Ferritinophagy and Ferroptosis in Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1605-1626. [PMID: 37736794 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the role of autophagy, particularly the selective form like ferritinophagy, in promoting cells to undergo ferroptosis has inspired us to investigate functional connections between diseases and cell death. Ferroptosis is a novel model of procedural cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammatory response. Based on ferroptosis, the study of ferritinophagy is particularly important. In recent years, extensive research has elucidated the role of ferroptosis and ferritinophagy in neurological diseases and anemia, suggesting their potential as therapeutic targets. Besides, the global emergence and rapid transmission of COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, represents a considerable risk to public health worldwide. The potential involvement of ferroptosis in the pathophysiology of brain injury associated with COVID-19 is still unclear. This review summarizes the pathophysiological changes of ferroptosis and ferritinophagy in neurological diseases, anemia, and COVID-19, and hypothesizes that ferritinophagy may be a potential mechanism of ferroptosis. Advancements in these fields will enhance our comprehension of methods to prevent and address neurological disorders, anemia, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Feifan Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jiaqi Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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2
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Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for all types of organisms; however, iron has chemical properties that can be harmful to cells. Because iron is both necessary and potentially damaging, insects have homeostatic processes that control the redox state, quantity, and location of iron in the body. These processes include uptake of iron from the diet, intracellular and extracellular iron transport, and iron storage. Early studies of iron-binding proteins in insects suggested that insects and mammals have surprisingly different mechanisms of iron homeostasis, including different primary mechanisms for exporting iron from cells and for transporting iron from one cell to another, and subsequent studies have continued to support this view. This review summarizes current knowledge about iron homeostasis in insects, compares insect and mammalian iron homeostasis mechanisms, and calls attention to key remaining knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA;
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3
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Daher R, Ducrot N, Lefebvre T, Zineeddine S, Ausseil J, Puy H, Karim Z. Crosstalk between Acidosis and Iron Metabolism: Data from In Vivo Studies. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020089. [PMID: 35208164 PMCID: PMC8874512 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron absorption requires an acidic environment that is generated by the activity of the proton pump gastric H(+)/K(+)ATPase (ATP4), expressed in gastric parietal cells. However, hepcidin, the iron regulatory peptide that inhibits iron absorption, unexpectedly upregulates ATP4 and increases gastric acidity. Thus, a concept of link between acidosis and alterations in iron metabolism, needs to be explored. We investigated this aspect in-vivo using experimental models of NH4Cl-induced acidosis and of an iron-rich diet. Under acidosis, gastric ATP4 was augmented. Serum hepcidin was induced and its mRNA level was increased in the liver but not in the stomach, a tissue where hepcidin is also expressed. mRNA and protein levels of intestinal DMT1(Divalent Metal Transporter 1) and ferroportin were downregulated. Serum iron level and transferrin saturation remained unchanged, but serum ferritin was significantly increased. Under iron-rich diet, the protein expression of ATP4A was increased and serum, hepatic and gastric hepcidin were all induced. Taken together, these results provide evidence of in-vivo relationship between iron metabolism and acidosis. For clinical importance, we speculate that metabolic acidosis may contribute in part to the pathologic elevation of serum hepcidin levels seen in patients with chronic kidney disease. The regulation of ATP4 by iron metabolism may also be of interest for patients with hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raêd Daher
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Nicolas Ducrot
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Thibaud Lefebvre
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Nord-Université de Paris, F-75014 Colombes, France
| | - Sofia Zineeddine
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jérome Ausseil
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
| | - Hervé Puy
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, APHP, Nord-Université de Paris, F-75014 Colombes, France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, F-75018 Paris, France; (R.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.); (S.Z.); (H.P.)
- Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, F-31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Dugalic P, Djuranovic S, Pavlovic-Markovic A, Dugalic V, Tomasevic R, Gluvic Z, Obradovic M, Bajic V, Isenovic ER. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Radiofrequency Ablation for Treatment of Barrett's Esophagus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:975-987. [PMID: 31644405 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191015203636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is characterized by acid and bile reflux in the distal oesophagus, and this may cause the development of reflux esophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus (BE). The natural histological course of untreated BE is non-dysplastic or benign BE (ND), then lowgrade (LGD) and High-Grade Dysplastic (HGD) BE, with the expected increase in malignancy transfer to oesophagal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The gold standard for BE diagnostics involves high-resolution white-light endoscopy, followed by uniform endoscopy findings description (Prague classification) with biopsy performance according to Seattle protocol. The medical treatment of GERD and BE includes the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) regarding symptoms control. It is noteworthy that long-term use of PPIs increases gastrin level, which can contribute to transfer from BE to EAC, as a result of its effects on the proliferation of BE epithelium. Endoscopy treatment includes a wide range of resection and ablative techniques, such as radio-frequency ablation (RFA), often concomitantly used in everyday endoscopy practice (multimodal therapy). RFA promotes mucosal necrosis of treated oesophagal region via high-frequency energy. Laparoscopic surgery, partial or total fundoplication, is reserved for PPIs and endoscopy indolent patients or in those with progressive disease. This review aims to explain distinct effects of PPIs and RFA modalities, illuminate certain aspects of molecular mechanisms involved, as well as the effects of their concomitant use regarding the treatment of BE and prevention of its transfer to EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Dugalic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical-Hospital Centre Zemun-Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Djuranovic
- Clinical Centre of Serbia, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Pavlovic-Markovic
- Clinical Centre of Serbia, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Dugalic
- Clinical Centre of Serbia, Clinic for Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ratko Tomasevic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, University Clinical-Hospital Centre Zemun-Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, University Clinical-Hospital Centre Zemun-Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladan Bajic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Duan Y, Llorente C, Lang S, Brandl K, Chu H, Jiang L, White RC, Clarke TH, Nguyen K, Torralba M, Shao Y, Liu J, Hernandez-Morales A, Lessor L, Rahman IR, Miyamoto Y, Ly M, Gao B, Sun W, Kiesel R, Hutmacher F, Lee S, Ventura-Cots M, Bosques-Padilla F, Verna EC, Abraldes JG, Brown RS, Vargas V, Altamirano J, Caballería J, Shawcross DL, Ho SB, Louvet A, Lucey MR, Mathurin P, Garcia-Tsao G, Bataller R, Tu XM, Eckmann L, van der Donk WA, Young R, Lawley TD, Stärkel P, Pride D, Fouts DE, Schnabl B. Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease. Nature 2019; 575:505-511. [PMID: 31723265 PMCID: PMC6872939 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease due to alcohol-use disorder contributes markedly to the global burden of disease and mortality1-3. Alcoholic hepatitis is a severe and life-threatening form of alcohol-associated liver disease. The gut microbiota promotes ethanol-induced liver disease in mice4, but little is known about the microbial factors that are responsible for this process. Here we identify cytolysin-a two-subunit exotoxin that is secreted by Enterococcus faecalis5,6-as a cause of hepatocyte death and liver injury. Compared with non-alcoholic individuals or patients with alcohol-use disorder, patients with alcoholic hepatitis have increased faecal numbers of E. faecalis. The presence of cytolysin-positive (cytolytic) E. faecalis correlated with the severity of liver disease and with mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Using humanized mice that were colonized with bacteria from the faeces of patients with alcoholic hepatitis, we investigated the therapeutic effects of bacteriophages that target cytolytic E. faecalis. We found that these bacteriophages decrease cytolysin in the liver and abolish ethanol-induced liver disease in humanized mice. Our findings link cytolytic E. faecalis with more severe clinical outcomes and increased mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. We show that bacteriophages can specifically target cytolytic E. faecalis, which provides a method for precisely editing the intestinal microbiota. A clinical trial with a larger cohort is required to validate the relevance of our findings in humans, and to test whether this therapeutic approach is effective for patients with alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Duan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Brandl
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Shao
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Lauren Lessor
- Center for Phage Technology, Texas A & M AgriLife Research and Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Imran R Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Ly
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bei Gao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Weizhong Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roman Kiesel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Felix Hutmacher
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suhan Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meritxell Ventura-Cots
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francisco Bosques-Padilla
- Hospital Universitario, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Verna
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan G Abraldes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert S Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Vargas
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Altamirano
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Caballería
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Debbie L Shawcross
- Liver Sciences, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel B Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre Louvet
- Service des Maladies de L'appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Michael R Lucey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Service des Maladies de L'appareil Digestif et Unité INSERM, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Digestive Diseases, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xin M Tu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ry Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Center for Phage Technology, Texas A & M AgriLife Research and Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Host-Microbiota Interactions Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Peter Stärkel
- St Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Pride
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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6
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Effect of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy on hemoglobin and serum iron levels after sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019; 15:1682-1689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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McCarthy D. Iron deficiency anaemia due to proton pump inhibitors: clinical impact revealed. J Intern Med 2019; 285:245-247. [PMID: 30357965 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D McCarthy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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8
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Carr RM. Proton pump inhibitors, Enterococcus, and the liver, oh my! Hepatology 2018; 68:376-379. [PMID: 29381825 PMCID: PMC6033672 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rotonya M. Carr
- University of Pennsylvania, Division of Gastroenterology, Philadelphia, PA
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9
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Qorraj-Bytyqi H, Hoxha R, Sadiku S, Bajraktari IH, Sopjani M, Thaçi K, Thaçi S, Bahtiri E. Proton Pump Inhibitors Intake and Iron and Vitamin B12 Status: A Prospective Comparative Study with a Follow up of 12 Months. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:442-446. [PMID: 29610598 PMCID: PMC5874363 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) represent the most widely prescribed antisecretory agents, but their prolonged use, may influence iron and vitamin B12 status, which could have important implications for clinical practice. AIM We undertook this study aiming to investigate the association between PPIs use for 12 months and potential changes in iron and vitamin B12 status, as well as whether this potential association varies among four specific PPI drugs used in the study. METHODS A total of 250 adult subjects were recruited into this study, of which 200 subjects were PPIs users while 50 subjects belonged to the control group. Serum iron, ferritin, vitamin B12, and homocysteine (Hcy) levels were measured before the start of the study and after 12 months. Mann - Whitney U test and Kruskal - Wallis test was used to compare the baseline characteristics of the study groups, while Wilcoxon test was used to analyse post - pre differences. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed significant changes within PPIs group and specific PPIs subgroups between the two-time points in serum ferritin and vitamin B12 levels, respectively, while no significant changes in serum iron and homocysteine levels were shown. However, subsequent diagnosis of hypoferremia and hypovitaminosis B12 in the whole study sample at 12 months was established in only 3.8% and 2.9% of the subjects, respectively. CONCLUSION PPIs use for 12 months did not result in clinically significant iron and/or vitamin B12 deficiency; thus, these findings argue routine screening under normal circumstances, although monitoring in elderly and malnourished may be of precious value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasime Qorraj-Bytyqi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Rexhep Hoxha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Shemsedin Sadiku
- Clinic of Hematology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Ismet H Bajraktari
- Clinic of Rheumatology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Mentor Sopjani
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Kujtim Thaçi
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Shpetim Thaçi
- Department of Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Elton Bahtiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Clinic of Endocrinology, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
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10
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Gastric acid suppression promotes alcoholic liver disease by inducing overgrowth of intestinal Enterococcus. Nat Commun 2017; 8:837. [PMID: 29038503 PMCID: PMC5643518 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is rising in western countries and liver cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death worldwide. Simultaneously, use of gastric acid suppressive medications is increasing. Here, we show that proton pump inhibitors promote progression of alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by increasing numbers of intestinal Enterococcus spp. Translocating enterococci lead to hepatic inflammation and hepatocyte death. Expansion of intestinal Enterococcus faecalis is sufficient to exacerbate ethanol-induced liver disease in mice. Proton pump inhibitor use increases the risk of developing alcoholic liver disease among alcohol-dependent patients. Reduction of gastric acid secretion therefore appears to promote overgrowth of intestinal Enterococcus, which promotes liver disease, based on data from mouse models and humans. Recent increases in the use of gastric acid-suppressive medications might contribute to the increasing incidence of chronic liver disease. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce gastric acid secretion and modulate gut microbiota composition. Here Llorente et al. show that PPIs induce bacterial overgrowth of enterococci, which, in turn, exacerbate ethanol-induced liver disease both in mice and humans.
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Abstract
As it is a hard-wired system for responses to microbes, innate immunity is particularly susceptible to classical genetic analysis. Mutations led the way to the discovery of many of the molecular elements of innate immune sensing and signaling pathways. In turn, the need for a faster way to find the molecular causes of mutation-induced phenotypes triggered a huge transformation in forward genetics. During the 1980s and 1990s, many heritable phenotypes were ascribed to mutations through positional cloning. In mice, this required three steps. First, a genetic mapping step was used to show that a given phenotype emanated from a circumscribed region of the genome. Second, a physical mapping step was undertaken, in which all of the region was cloned and its gene content determined. Finally, a concerted search for the mutation was performed. Such projects usually lasted for several years, but could produce breakthroughs in our understanding of biological processes. Publication of the annotated mouse genome sequence in 2002 made physical mapping unnecessary. More recently we devised a new technology for automated genetic mapping, which eliminated both genetic mapping and the search for mutations among candidate genes. The cause of phenotype can now be determined instantaneously. We have created more than 100,000 coding/splicing mutations. And by screening for defects of innate and adaptive immunity we have discovered many "new" proteins needed for innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8505, United States.
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12
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Walentek P, Beyer T, Hagenlocher C, Müller C, Feistel K, Schweickert A, Harland RM, Blum M. ATP4a is required for development and function of the Xenopus mucociliary epidermis - a potential model to study proton pump inhibitor-associated pneumonia. Dev Biol 2015; 408:292-304. [PMID: 25848696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which target gastric H(+)/K(+)ATPase (ATP4), are among the most commonly prescribed drugs. PPIs are used to treat ulcers and as a preventative measure against gastroesophageal reflux disease in hospitalized patients. PPI treatment correlates with an increased risk for airway infections, i.e. community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia. The cause for this correlation, however, remains elusive. The Xenopus embryonic epidermis is increasingly being used as a model to study airway-like mucociliary epithelia. Here we use this model to address how ATP4 inhibition may affect epithelial function in human airways. We demonstrate that atp4a knockdown interfered with the generation of cilia-driven extracellular fluid flow. ATP4a and canonical Wnt signaling were required in the epidermis for expression of foxj1, a transcriptional regulator of motile ciliogenesis. The ATP4/Wnt module activated foxj1 downstream of ciliated cell fate specification. In multiciliated cells (MCCs) of the epidermis, ATP4a was also necessary for normal myb expression, apical actin formation, basal body docking and alignment of basal bodies. Furthermore, ATP4-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the epidermis was a prerequisite for foxa1-mediated specification of small secretory cells (SSCs). SSCs release serotonin and other substances into the medium, and thereby regulate ciliary beating in MCCs and protect the epithelium against infection. Pharmacological inhibition of ATP4 in the mature mucociliary epithelium also caused a loss of MCCs and led to impaired mucociliary clearance. These data strongly suggest that PPI-associated pneumonia in human patients might, at least in part, be linked to dysfunction of mucociliary epithelia of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walentek
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Tina Beyer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cathrin Hagenlocher
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Müller
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Axel Schweickert
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Richard M Harland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martin Blum
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Calvete O, Reyes J, Zuñiga S, Paumard-Hernández B, Fernández V, Bujanda L, Rodriguez-Pinilla MS, Palacios J, Heine-Suñer D, Banka S, Newman WG, Cañamero M, Pritchard DM, Benítez J. Exome sequencing identifies ATP4A gene as responsible of an atypical familial type I gastric neuroendocrine tumour. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2914-22. [PMID: 25678551 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) arise from enterochromaffin-like cells, which are located in oxyntic glands within the stomach. Type I tumours represent 70-80% of gastric NETs and are associated with hypergastrinaemia, chronic atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria. Gastrin is involved in the endocrine regulation of gastric acid production. Most type I gastric NETs are sporadic, have a good prognosis and their genetic basis are unknown. We performed an exome sequencing study in a family with consanguineous parents and 10 children, five of whom were affected by type I gastric NET. Atypical clinical traits included an earlier age of onset (around 30 years), aggressiveness (three had nodal infiltration requiring total gastrectomy and one an adenocarcinoma) and iron-deficiency rather than megaloblastic anaemia. We identified a homozygous missense mutation in the 14th exon of the ATP4A gene (c.2107C>T), which encodes the proton pump responsible for acid secretion by gastric parietal cells. The amino acid p.Arg703Cys is highly conserved across species and originates a change of one of the transmembrane domains that avoids the liberation of protons from cells to stomach. This is consistent with the achlorhydria that was observed in the affected individuals. No germline or somatic mutations in the ATP4A gene were found in sporadic gastric NET patients. Based on the results of this large family, it seems that this atypical form of gastric NET has an earlier age of onset, behaves more aggressively and has atypical clinical traits that differentiated from other studied cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Calvete
- Human Genetics Group and Network of Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jose Reyes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital INCA, Majorca 07300, Spain
| | - Sheila Zuñiga
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sistemas Genómicos, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | | | | | - Luís Bujanda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Donostia/Instituto Biodonostia, Biomedical Research Center, and CIBEREHD, Universidad del País Vasco, San Sebastián 20080, Spain
| | | | - Jose Palacios
- Pathology Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal. Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Damian Heine-Suñer
- Genetics Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Majorca 07120, Spain
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester and Central Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK and
| | - William G Newman
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester and Central Manchester University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK and
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Histopathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Javier Benítez
- Human Genetics Group and Network of Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain,
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14
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Rathkolb B, Klempt M, Sabrautzki S, Michel D, Klaften M, Laufs J, Sedlmeier R, Hans W, Fuchs H, Muckenthaler MU, Horsch M, Campagna DR, Fleming M, Hrabé de Angelis M, Wolf E, Aigner B. Screen for alterations of iron related parameters in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-treated mice identified mutant lines with increased plasma ferritin levels. Biometals 2015; 28:293-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Salsbury G, Cambridge EL, McIntyre Z, Arends MJ, Karp NA, Isherwood C, Shannon C, Hooks Y, Ramirez-Solis R, Adams DJ, White JK, Speak AO. Disruption of the potassium channel regulatory subunit KCNE2 causes iron-deficient anemia. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:1053-8.e1. [PMID: 25127743 PMCID: PMC4271779 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.07.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is a dynamic process that is tightly controlled to balance iron uptake, storage, and export. Reduction of dietary iron from the ferric to the ferrous form is required for uptake by solute carrier family 11 (proton-coupled divalent metal ion transporters), member 2 (Slc11a2) into the enterocytes. Both processes are proton dependent and have led to the suggestion of the importance of acidic gastric pH for the absorption of dietary iron. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E, member 2 (KCNE2), in combination with potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1 (KCNQ1), form a gastric potassium channel essential for gastric acidification. Deficiency of either Kcne2 or Kcnq1 results in achlorhydia, gastric hyperplasia, and neoplasia, but the impact on iron absorption has not, to our knowledge, been investigated. Here we report that Kcne2-deficient mice, in addition to the previously reported phenotypes, also present with iron-deficient anemia. Interestingly, impaired function of KCNQ1 results in iron-deficient anemia in Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome patients. We speculate that impaired function of KCNE2 could result in the same clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Salsbury
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe McIntyre
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Isherwood
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Shannon
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Yvette Hooks
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ramiro Ramirez-Solis
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline K White
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom.
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16
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Shikata T, Sasaki N, Ueda M, Kimura T, Itohara K, Sugahara M, Fukui M, Manabe E, Masuyama T, Tsujino T. Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Is Associated With Anemia in Cardiovascular Outpatients. Circ J 2014; 79:193-200. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Shikata
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo College of Medicine Hospital
| | - Naoko Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo College of Medicine Hospital
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo College of Medicine Hospital
| | - Kanako Itohara
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Masataka Sugahara
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Miho Fukui
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Eri Manabe
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Tohru Masuyama
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Tsujino
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences
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17
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A deep intronic mutation in the ankyrin-1 gene causes diminished protein expression resulting in hemolytic anemia in mice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1687-95. [PMID: 23934996 PMCID: PMC3789793 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.007013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Linkage between transmembrane proteins and the spectrin-based cytoskeleton is necessary for membrane elasticity of red blood cells. Mutations of the proteins that mediate this linkage result in various types of hemolytic anemia. Here we report a novel N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation of ankyrin-1, named hema6, which causes hereditary spherocytosis in mice through a mild reduction of protein expression. The causal mutation was traced to a single nucleotide transition located deep into intron 13 of gene Ank1. In vitro minigene splicing assay revealed two abnormally spliced transcripts containing cryptic exons from fragments of Ank1 intron 13. The inclusion of cryptic exons introduced a premature termination codon, which leads to nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant transcripts in vivo. Hence, in homozygous mice, only wild-type ankyrin-1 is expressed, albeit at 70% of the level in wild-type mice. Heterozygotes display a similar hereditary spherocytosis phenotype stemming from intermediate protein expression level, indicating the haploinsufficiency of the mutation. Weakened linkage between integral transmembrane protein, band 3, and underlying cytoskeleton was observed in mutant mice as the result of reduced high-affinity binding sites provided by ankyrin-1. Hema6 is the only known mouse mutant of Ank1 allelic series that expresses full-length canonical ankyrin-1 at a reduced level, a fact that makes it particularly useful to study the functional impact of ankyrin-1 quantitative deficiency.
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18
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High dietary salt intake exacerbates Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2258-67. [PMID: 23569116 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01271-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent colonization of the human stomach with Helicobacter pylori is a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma, and H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis is dependent on the actions of a bacterial oncoprotein known as CagA. Epidemiological studies have shown that high dietary salt intake is also a risk factor for gastric cancer. To investigate the effects of a high-salt diet, we infected Mongolian gerbils with a wild-type (WT) cagA(+) H. pylori strain or an isogenic cagA mutant strain and maintained the animals on a regular diet or a high-salt diet. At 4 months postinfection, gastric adenocarcinoma was detected in 100% of the WT-infected/high-salt-diet animals, 58% of WT-infected/regular-diet animals, and none of the animals infected with the cagA mutant strain (P < 0.0001). Among animals infected with the WT strain, those fed a high-salt diet had more severe gastric inflammation, higher gastric pH, increased parietal cell loss, increased gastric expression of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and decreased gastric expression of hepcidin and hydrogen potassium ATPase (H,K-ATPase) compared to those on a regular diet. Previous studies have detected upregulation of CagA synthesis in response to increased salt concentrations in the bacterial culture medium, and, concordant with the in vitro results, we detected increased cagA transcription in vivo in animals fed a high-salt diet compared to those on a regular diet. Animals infected with the cagA mutant strain had low levels of gastric inflammation and did not develop hypochlorhydria. These results indicate that a high-salt diet potentiates the carcinogenic effects of cagA(+) H. pylori strains.
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19
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Bartnikas TB, Steinbicker AU, Campagna DR, Blevins S, Woodward LS, Herrera C, Bloch KD, Justice MJ, Fleming MD. Identification and characterization of a novel murine allele of Tmprss6. Haematologica 2013; 98:854-61. [PMID: 23300183 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.074617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutagenesis screens can establish mouse models of utility for the study of critical biological processes such as iron metabolism. Such screens can produce mutations in novel genes or establish novel alleles of known genes, both of which can be useful tools for study. In order to identify genes of relevance to hematologic as well as other phenotypes, we performed N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis in C57BL/6J mice. An anemic mouse was identified and a putative mutation was characterized by mapping, sequencing and in vitro activity analysis. The mouse strain was backcrossed for ten generations then phenotypically characterized with respect to a previously established null mouse strain. Potential modifying loci were identified by quantitative trait locus analysis. Mapping and sequencing in an anemic mouse termed hem8 identified an I286F substitution in Tmprss6, a serine protease essential for iron metabolism; this substitution impaired in vitro protease activity. After backcrossing to C57BL6/J for ten generations, the hem8(-/-) strain exhibited a phenotype similar in some but not all aspects to that of Tmprss6(-/-) mice. The hem8 and Tmprss6-null mutations were allelic. Both hem8(-/-) and Tmprss6(-/-) mice responded similarly to pharmacological modulators of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, a key regulator of iron metabolism. Quantitative trait locus analysis in the hem8 strain identified potential modifying loci on chromosomes 2, 4, 7 and 10. In conclusion, the hem8 mouse model carries a novel allele of Tmprss6. Potential uses for this strain in the study of iron metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Bartnikas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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20
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Thomson MJ, Pritchard DM, Boxall SA, Abuderman AA, Williams JM, Varro A, Crabtree JE. Gastric Helicobacter infection induces iron deficiency in the INS-GAS mouse. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185574 PMCID: PMC3501456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence from clinical and population studies for a role of H. pylori infection in the aetiology of iron deficiency. Rodent models of Helicobacter infection are helpful for investigating any causal links and mechanisms of iron deficiency in the host. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gastric Helicobacter infection on iron deficiency and host iron metabolism/transport gene expression in hypergastrinemic INS-GAS mice. INS-GAS mice were infected with Helicobacter felis for 3, 6 and 9 months. At post mortem, blood was taken for assessment of iron status and gastric mucosa for pathology, immunohistology and analysis of gene expression. Chronic Helicobacter infection of INS- GAS mice resulted in decreased serum iron, transferrin saturation and hypoferritinemia and increased Total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Decreased serum iron concentrations were associated with a concomitant reduction in the number of parietal cells, strengthening the association between hypochlorhydria and gastric Helicobacter-induced iron deficiency. Infection with H. felis for nine months was associated with decreased gastric expression of iron metabolism regulators hepcidin, Bmp4 and Bmp6 but increased expression of Ferroportin 1, the iron efflux protein, iron absorption genes such as Divalent metal transporter 1, Transferrin receptor 1 and also Lcn2 a siderophore-binding protein. The INS-GAS mouse is therefore a useful model for studying Helicobacter-induced iron deficiency. Furthermore, the marked changes in expression of gastric iron transporters following Helicobacter infection may be relevant to the more rapid development of carcinogenesis in the Helicobacter infected INS-GAS model.
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MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Proteins/genetics
- Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/complications
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/metabolism
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/microbiology
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/pathology
- Animals
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/genetics
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6/metabolism
- Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Gastrins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/metabolism
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter Infections/pathology
- Helicobacter felis/metabolism
- Helicobacter felis/pathogenicity
- Hepcidins
- Insulin/genetics
- Iron/metabolism
- Lipocalin-2
- Lipocalins/genetics
- Lipocalins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/metabolism
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/microbiology
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/pathology
- Receptors, Transferrin/genetics
- Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Thomson
- Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A. Boxall
- Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul A. Abuderman
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Williams
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Varro
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jean E. Crabtree
- Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Camaschella C. How I manage patients with atypical microcytic anaemia. Br J Haematol 2012; 160:12-24. [PMID: 23057559 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcytic hypochromic anaemias are a result of defective iron handling by erythroblasts that decrease the haemoglobin content per red cell. Recent advances in our knowledge of iron metabolism and its homeostasis have led to the discovery of novel inherited anaemias that need to be distinguished from common iron deficiency or other causes of microcytosis. These atypical microcytic anaemias can be classified as: (i) defects of intestinal iron absorption (ii) disorders of the transferrin receptor cycle that impair erythroblast iron uptake (iii) defects of mitochondrial iron utilization for haem or iron sulphur cluster synthesis and (iv) defects of iron recycling. A careful patient history and evaluation of laboratory tests may enable these rare conditions to be distinguished from the more common iron deficiency anaemia. Molecular studies allow distinction of the different types, a prerequisite for differentiated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Camaschella
- Vita-Salute University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Bartnikas TB, Fleming MD, Schmidt PJ. Murine mutants in the study of systemic iron metabolism and its disorders: an update on recent advances. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1823:1444-50. [PMID: 22306267 PMCID: PMC3360922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many past and recent advances in the field of iron metabolism have relied upon the use of mouse models of disease. These models have arisen spontaneously in breeder colonies or have been engineered for global or conditional ablation or overexpression of select genes. Full phenotypic characterization of these models typically involves maintenance on iron-loaded or -deficient diets, treatment with oxidative or hemolytic agents, breeding to other mutant lines or other stresses. In this review, we focus on systemic iron biology and the contributions that mouse model-based studies have made to the field. We have divided the field into three broad areas of research: dietary iron absorption, regulation of hepcidin expression and cellular iron metabolism. For each area, we begin with an overview of the current understanding of key molecular and cellular determinants then discuss recent advances. Finally, we conclude with brief comments on prospects for future study. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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