1
|
Krüger I, Reusswig F, Krott KJ, Lersch CF, Spelleken M, Elvers M. Genetic Labeling of Cells Allows Identification and Tracking of Transgenic Platelets in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073710. [PMID: 33918229 PMCID: PMC8037568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of knock-out mouse models is crucial to understand platelet activation and aggregation. Methods: Analysis of the global double fluorescent Cre reporter mouse mT/mG that has been crossbred with the megakaryocyte/platelet specific PF4-Cre mouse. Results: Platelets show bright mT (PF4-Cre negative) and mG (PF4-Cre positive) fluorescence. However, a small proportion of leukocytes was positive for mG fluorescence in PF4-Cre positive mice. In mT/mG;PF4-Cre mice, platelets, and megakaryocytes can be tracked by their specific fluorescence in blood smear, hematopoietic organs and upon thrombus formation. No differences in platelet activation and thrombus formation was observed between mT/mG;PF4-Cre positive and negative mice. Furthermore, hemostasis and in vivo thrombus formation was comparable between genotypes as analyzed by intravital microscopy. Transplantation studies revealed that bone marrow of mT/mG;PF4-Cre mice can be transferred to C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: The mT/mG Cre reporter mouse is an appropriate model for real-time visualization of platelets, the analysis of cell morphology and the identification of non-recombined platelets. Thus, mT/mG;PF4-Cre mice are important for the analysis of platelet-specific knockout mice. However, a small proportion of leukocytes exhibit mG fluorescence. Therefore, the analysis of platelets beyond hemostasis and thrombosis should be critically evaluated when recombination of immune cells is increased.
Collapse
|
2
|
Differential protein expression of blood platelet components associated with adverse transfusion reactions. J Proteomics 2019; 194:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
3
|
Reiner AP, Johnson AD. Platelet Genomics. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
4
|
Iegre J, Ahmed NS, Gaynord JS, Wu Y, Herlihy KM, Tan YS, Lopes-Pires ME, Jha R, Lau YH, Sore HF, Verma C, O' Donovan DH, Pugh N, Spring DR. Stapled peptides as a new technology to investigate protein-protein interactions in human platelets. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4638-4643. [PMID: 29899957 PMCID: PMC5969508 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00284c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first application of stapled peptides in human platelets. Bim BH3 stapled peptides are used to overcome the limitations of traditional methods and uncover a new role for Bim in platelet activation.
Platelets are blood cells with numerous crucial pathophysiological roles in hemostasis, cardiovascular thrombotic events and cancer metastasis. Platelet activation requires the engagement of intracellular signalling pathways that involve protein–protein interactions (PPIs). A better understanding of these pathways is therefore crucial for the development of selective anti-platelet drugs. New strategies for studying PPIs in human platelets are required to overcome limitations associated with conventional platelet research methods. For example, small molecule inhibitors can lack selectivity and are often difficult to design and synthesise. Additionally, development of transgenic animal models is costly and time-consuming and conventional recombinant techniques are ineffective due to the lack of a nucleus in platelets. Herein, we describe the generation of a library of novel, functionalised stapled peptides and their first application in the investigation of platelet PPIs. Moreover, the use of platelet-permeable stapled Bim BH3 peptides confirms the part of Bim in phosphatidyl-serine (PS) exposure and reveals a role for the Bim protein in platelet activatory processes. Our work demonstrates that functionalised stapled peptides are a complementary alternative to conventional platelet research methods, and could make a significant contribution to the understanding of platelet signalling pathways and hence to the development of anti-platelet drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Iegre
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Niaz S Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , CB1 1PT , UK .
| | | | - Yuteng Wu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Kara M Herlihy
- Discovery Sciences , IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge , UK
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , 13867 , Singapore
| | - Maria E Lopes-Pires
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , CB1 1PT , UK .
| | - Rupam Jha
- Discovery Sciences , IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Cambridge , UK
| | - Yu Heng Lau
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . .,School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Hannah F Sore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Chandra Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix , 13867 , Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , 14 Science Drive 4 , Singapore 117543.,School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 60 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637551
| | | | - Nicholas Pugh
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , CB1 1PT , UK .
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK .
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jagadeeswaran P, Cooley BC, Gross PL, Mackman N. Animal Models of Thrombosis From Zebrafish to Nonhuman Primates: Use in the Elucidation of New Pathologic Pathways and the Development of Antithrombotic Drugs. Circ Res 2017; 118:1363-79. [PMID: 27126647 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Animal models are used to understand the pathological pathways involved in thrombosis and to test the efficacy and safety of new antithrombotic drugs. In this review, we will first describe the central role a variety of animal models of thrombosis and hemostasis has played in the development of new antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. These include the widely used P2Y12 antagonists and the recently developed orally available anticoagulants that directly target factor Xa or thrombin. Next, we will describe the new players, such as polyphosphate, neutrophil extracellular traps, and microparticles, which have been shown to contribute to thrombosis in mouse models, particularly venous thrombosis models. Other mouse studies have demonstrated roles for the factor XIIa and factor XIa in thrombosis. This has spurred the development of strategies to reduce their levels or activities as a new approach for preventing thrombosis. Finally, we will discuss the emergence of zebrafish as a model to study thrombosis and its potential use in the discovery of novel factors involved in thrombosis and hemostasis. Animal models of thrombosis from zebrafish to nonhuman primates are vital in identifying pathological pathways of thrombosis that can be safely targeted with a minimal effect on hemostasis. Future studies should focus on understanding the different triggers of thrombosis and the best drugs to prevent each type of thrombotic event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pudur Jagadeeswaran
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.).
| | - Brian C Cooley
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton (P.J.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (B.C.C.), and Department of Medicine (N.M.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (P.L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vermeersch E, Denorme F, Maes W, De Meyer SF, Vanhoorelbeke K, Edwards J, Shevach EM, Unutmaz D, Fujii H, Deckmyn H, Tersteeg C. The role of platelet and endothelial GARP in thrombosis and hemostasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173329. [PMID: 28278197 PMCID: PMC5344406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoprotein-A Repetitions Predominant protein (GARP or LRRC32) is present on among others human platelets and endothelial cells. Evidence for its involvement in thrombus formation was suggested by full knockout of GARP in zebrafish. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of GARP in platelet physiology and in thrombus formation using platelet and endothelial conditional GARP knock out mice. METHODS Platelet and endothelial specific GARP knockout mice were generated using the Cre-loxP recombination system. The function of platelets without GARP was measured by flow cytometry, spreading analysis and aggregometry using PAR4-activating peptide and collagen related peptide. Additionally, clot retraction and collagen-induced platelet adhesion and aggregation under flow were analyzed. Finally, in vivo tail bleeding time, occlusion time of the mesenteric and carotid artery after FeCl3-induced thrombosis were determined in platelet and endothelial specific GARP knock out mice. RESULTS Platelet specific GARP knockout mice had normal surface GPIb, GPVI and integrin αIIb glycoprotein expression. Although GARP expression was increased upon platelet activation, platelets without GARP displayed normal agonist induced activation, spreading on fibrinogen and aggregation responses. Furthermore, absence of GARP on platelets did not influence clot retraction and had no impact on thrombus formation on collagen-coated surfaces under flow. In line with this, neither the tail bleeding time nor the occlusion time in the carotid- and mesenteric artery after FeCl3-induced thrombus formation in platelet or endothelial specific GARP knock out mice were affected. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is provided that platelet and endothelial GARP are not important in hemostasis and thrombosis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elien Vermeersch
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Frederik Denorme
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Maes
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Simon F. De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Justin Edwards
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Hodaka Fujii
- Chromatin Biochemistry Research Group, Combined Program on Microbiology and Immunology Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hans Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Tersteeg
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRF Life Sciences, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diabetic Microvascular Disease and Pulmonary Fibrosis: The Contribution of Platelets and Systemic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111853. [PMID: 27834824 PMCID: PMC5133853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is strongly associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, but its effect on pulmonary vascular disease and lung function has often been disregarded. Several studies identified restrictive lung disease and fibrotic changes in diabetic patients and in animal models of diabetes. While microvascular dysfunction is a well-known complication of diabetes, the mechanisms leading to diabetes-induced lung injury have largely been disregarded. We described the potential involvement of diabetes-induced platelet-endothelial interactions in perpetuating vascular inflammation and oxidative injury leading to fibrotic changes in the lung. Changes in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation and decreased NO bioavailability in the diabetic lung increase platelet activation and vascular injury and may account for platelet hyperreactivity reported in diabetic patients. Additionally, the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway has been reported to mediate pancreatic islet damage, and is implicated in the onset of diabetes, inflammation and vascular injury. Many growth factors and diabetes-induced agonists act via the JAK/STAT pathway. Other studies reported the contribution of the JAK/STAT pathway to the regulation of the pulmonary fibrotic process but the role of this pathway in the development of diabetic lung fibrosis has not been considered. These observations may open new therapeutic perspectives for modulating multiple pathways to mitigate diabetes onset or its pulmonary consequences.
Collapse
|
8
|
Haemmerle M, Bottsford-Miller J, Pradeep S, Taylor ML, Choi HJ, Hansen JM, Dalton HJ, Stone RL, Cho MS, Nick AM, Nagaraja AS, Gutschner T, Gharpure KM, Mangala LS, Rupaimoole R, Han HD, Zand B, Armaiz-Pena GN, Wu SY, Pecot CV, Burns AR, Lopez-Berestein G, Afshar-Kharghan V, Sood AK. FAK regulates platelet extravasation and tumor growth after antiangiogenic therapy withdrawal. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1885-96. [PMID: 27064283 DOI: 10.1172/jci85086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in patients with ovarian cancer suggest that tumor growth may be accelerated following cessation of antiangiogenesis therapy; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of therapy withdrawal to those of continuous treatment with various antiangiogenic agents. Cessation of therapy with pazopanib, bevacizumab, and the human and murine anti-VEGF antibody B20 was associated with substantial tumor growth in mouse models of ovarian cancer. Increased tumor growth was accompanied by tumor hypoxia, increased tumor angiogenesis, and vascular leakage. Moreover, we found hypoxia-induced ADP production and platelet infiltration into tumors after withdrawal of antiangiogenic therapy, and lowering platelet counts markedly inhibited tumor rebound after withdrawal of antiangiogenic therapy. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in platelets regulated their migration into the tumor microenvironment, and FAK-deficient platelets completely prevented the rebound tumor growth. Additionally, combined therapy with a FAK inhibitor and the antiangiogenic agents pazopanib and bevacizumab reduced tumor growth and inhibited negative effects following withdrawal of antiangiogenic therapy. In summary, these results suggest that FAK may be a unique target in situations in which antiangiogenic agents are withdrawn, and dual targeting of FAK and VEGF could have therapeutic implications for ovarian cancer management.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yin Q, Tai T, Ji JZ, Mi QY, Zhang MR, Huang WJ, Cao CC, Xie HG. Interleukin-10 does not modulate clopidogrel platelet response in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:596-605. [PMID: 26712119 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ESSENTIALS: It is unclear whether interleukin-10 (IL-10) could affect clopidogrel metabolism and response. The bioactivation of and response to clopidogrel were determined between mice with or without IL-10. Maximum clopidogrel active metabolite levels were the major driver of platelet response to clopidogrel. IL-10 did not modulate maximum levels of clopidogrel active metabolite and its antiplatelet effects. SUMMARY BACKGROUND Elevated plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were observed in patients who responded less to clopidogrel (a prodrug that is required for further metabolic bioactivation in the liver). However, no data are currently available suggesting whether there is such an association. OBJECTIVE To systematically explore possible differences in the formation of and response to clopidogrel active metabolite (CAM) in mice with or without IL-10 gene expression. METHODS A single oral dose of clopidogrel (10 mg kg(-1)) was given to IL-10 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) control mice, respectively, and pharmacokinetic parameters of clopidogrel and CAM were calculated. Moreover, adenosine diphosphate-induced whole-blood platelet aggregation was measured in mice receiving 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg kg(-1) of clopidogrel, respectively. RESULTS Compared with IL-10 KO mice, WT mice had significantly lower area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of CAM as a result of a shorter mean elimination half-life but had significantly higher AUC of clopidogrel due to slower systemic clearance and smaller volume of distribution. Although AUC of CAM was significantly lower in WT mice than in KO mice, antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel did not differ significantly between the two mouse groups, as their maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax ) of CAM were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS IL-10 expression level affects AUC rather than Cmax of CAM, but the Cmax of CAM is the major driver of antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Yin
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - T Tai
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J-Z Ji
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q-Y Mi
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - M-R Zhang
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - W-J Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C-C Cao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - H-G Xie
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Artificial MiRNA Knockdown of Platelet Glycoprotein lbα: A Tool for Platelet Gene Silencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132899. [PMID: 26176854 PMCID: PMC4503784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, candidate genes and proteins implicated in platelet function have been identified by various genomic approaches. To elucidate their exact role, we aimed to develop a method to apply miRNA interference in platelet progenitor cells by using GPIbα as a proof-of-concept target protein. After in silico and in vitro screening of siRNAs targeting GPIbα (siGPIBAs), we developed artificial miRNAs (miGPIBAs), which were tested in CHO cells stably expressing GPIb-IX complex and megakaryoblastic DAMI cells. Introduction of siGPIBAs in CHO GPIb-IX cells resulted in 44 to 75% and up to 80% knockdown of GPIbα expression using single or combined siRNAs, respectively. Conversion of siGPIBAs to miGPIBAs resulted in reduced silencing efficiency, which could however be circumvented by tandem integration of two hairpins targeting different regions of GPIBA mRNA where 72% GPIbα knockdown was achieved. CHO GPIb-IX cells transfected with the miGPIBA construct displayed a significant decrease in their ability to aggregate characterized by lower aggregate numbers and size compared to control CHO GPIb-IX cells. More importantly, we successfully silenced GPIbα in differentiating megakaryoblastic DAMI cells that exhibited morphological changes associated with actin organization. In conclusion, we here report the successful use of miRNA technology to silence a platelet protein in megakaryoblastic cells and demonstrate its usefulness in functional assays. Hence, we believe that artificial miRNAs are suitable tools to unravel the role of a protein of interest in stem cells, megakaryocytes and platelets, thereby expanding their application to novel fields of basic and translational research.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kamat V, Muthard RW, Li R, Diamond SL. Microfluidic assessment of functional culture-derived platelets in human thrombi under flow. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:891-900.e4. [PMID: 26145051 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.06.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite their clinical significance, human platelets are not amenable to genetic manipulation, thus forcing a reliance on mouse models. Culture-derived platelets (CDPs) from human peripheral blood CD34(+) cells can be genetically altered and may eventually be used for transfusions. By use of microfluidics, the time-dependent incorporation of CD41(+)CD42(+) CDPs into clots was measured using only 54,000 CDPs doped into 27 μL of human whole blood perfused over collagen at a wall shear rate of 100 sec(-1). With the use of fluorescence-labeled human platelets (instead of CDPs) doped between 0.25% and 2% of total platelets, incorporation was highly quantitative and allowed monitoring of the anti-αIIbβ3 antagonism that occurred after collagen adhesion. CDPs were only 15% as efficient as human platelets in their incorporation into human thrombi under flow, although both cell types were equally antagonized by αIIbβ3 inhibition. Transient transfection allowed the monitoring of GFP(+) human CDP incorporation into clots. This assay quantifies genetically altered CDP function under flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kamat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan W Muthard
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruizhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott L Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huarng MC, Shavit JA. Simple and rapid quantification of thrombocytes in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish 2015; 12:238-42. [PMID: 25790244 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are a critical component of hemostasis, with disorders of number or function resulting in coagulation disturbances. Insights into these processes have primarily been realized through studies using mammalian models or tissues. Increasingly, zebrafish embryos and larvae have been used to study the protein and cellular components of hemostasis and thrombosis, including the thrombocyte, a nucleated platelet analog. However, investigations of thrombocytes have been somewhat limited due to lack of a robust and simple methodology for quantitation, an important component of platelet studies in mammals. Using video capture, we have devised an assay that produces a rapid, reproducible, and precise measurement of thrombocyte number in zebrafish larvae by counting fluorescently tagged cells. Averaging 1000 frames, we were able to subtract background fluorescence, thus limiting assessment to circulating thrombocytes. This method facilitated rapid assessment of relative thrombocyte counts in a population of 372 zebrafish larvae by a single operator in less than 3 days. This technique requires basic microscopy equipment and rudimentary programming, lends itself to high throughput analysis, and will enhance future studies of thrombopoiesis in the zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Huarng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Getz TM, Piatt R, Petrich BG, Monroe D, Mackman N, Bergmeier W. Novel mouse hemostasis model for real-time determination of bleeding time and hemostatic plug composition. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:417-25. [PMID: 25442192 PMCID: PMC4414118 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemostasis is a rapid response by the body to stop bleeding at sites of vessel injury. Both platelets and fibrin are important for the formation of a hemostatic plug. Mice have been used to uncover the molecular mechanisms that regulate the activation of platelets and coagulation under physiologic conditions. However, measurements of hemostasis in mice are quite variable, and current methods do not quantify platelet adhesion or fibrin formation at the site of injury. METHODS We describe a novel hemostasis model that uses intravital fluorescence microscopy to quantify platelet adhesion, fibrin formation and time to hemostatic plug formation in real time. Repeated vessel injuries of ~ 50-100 μm in diameter were induced with laser ablation technology in the saphenous vein of mice. RESULTS Hemostasis in this model was strongly impaired in mice deficient in glycoprotein Ibα or talin-1, which are important regulators of platelet adhesiveness. In contrast, the time to hemostatic plug formation was only minimally affected in mice deficient in the extrinsic tissue factor (TF(low)) or the intrinsic factor IX coagulation pathways, even though platelet adhesion was significantly reduced. A partial reduction in platelet adhesiveness obtained with clopidogrel led to instability within the hemostatic plug, especially when combined with impaired coagulation in TF(low) mice. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we present a novel, highly sensitive method to quantify hemostatic plug formation in mice. On the basis of its sensitivity to platelet adhesion defects and its real-time imaging capability, we propose this model as an ideal tool with which to study the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Getz
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li W, McIntyre TM, Silverstein RL. Ferric chloride-induced murine carotid arterial injury: A model of redox pathology. Redox Biol 2013; 1:50-5. [PMID: 25101237 PMCID: PMC4116643 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferric chloride (FeCl3) induced vascular injury is a widely used model of occlusive thrombosis that reports platelet activation in the context of an aseptic closed vascular system. This model is based on redox-induced endothelial cell injury, which is simple and sensitive to both anticoagulant and anti-platelets drugs. The time required for platelet aggregation to occlude blood flow gives a quantitative measure of vascular damage that is pathologically relevant to thrombotic disease. We have refined the traditional FeCl3-induced carotid artery model making the data highly reproducible with lower variation. This paper will describe our artifices and report the role of varying the oxidative damage by varying FeCl3 concentrations and exposure. To explore a maximum difference between experimental groups, adjustment of the selected FeCl3 dose and exposure duration may be necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peter K. Isoform-specific effects of protein phosphatase 1 on outside-in signalling of integrin αIIbβ3: a story told by genetic manipulation of platelet surrogate cells. Thromb Haemost 2012. [PMID: 23196631 DOI: 10.1160/th12-11-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Peter
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zebrafish thrombocytes: functions and origins. Adv Hematol 2012; 2012:857058. [PMID: 22778746 PMCID: PMC3388482 DOI: 10.1155/2012/857058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets play an important role in mammalian hemostasis. Thrombocytes of early vertebrates are functionally equivalent to mammalian platelets. A substantial amount of research has been done to study platelet function in humans as well as in animal models. However, to date only limited functional genomic studies of platelets have been performed but are low throughput and are not cost-effective. Keeping this in mind we introduced zebrafish, a vertebrate genetic model to study platelet function. We characterized zebrafish thrombocytes and established functional assays study not only their hemostatic function but to also their production. We identified a few genes which play a role in their function and production. Since we introduced the zebrafish model for the study of hemostasis and thrombosis, other groups have adapted this model to study genes that are associated with thrombocyte function and a few novel genes have also been identified. Furthermore, transgenic zebrafish with GFP-tagged thrombocytes have been developed which helped to study the production of thrombocytes and their precursors as well as their functional roles not only in hemostasis but also hematopoiesis. This paper integrates the information available on zebrafish thrombocyte function and its formation.
Collapse
|