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Kare AJ, Nichols L, Zermeno R, Raie MN, Tumbale SK, Ferrara KW. OMIP-095: 40-Color spectral flow cytometry delineates all major leukocyte populations in murine lymphoid tissues. Cytometry A 2023; 103:839-850. [PMID: 37768325 PMCID: PMC10843696 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional immunoprofiling is essential for studying host response to immunotherapy, infection, and disease in murine model systems. However, the difficulty of multiparameter panel design combined with a lack of existing murine tools has prevented the comprehensive study of all major leukocyte phenotypes in a single assay. Herein, we present a 40-color flow cytometry panel for deep immunophenotyping of murine lymphoid tissues, including the spleen, blood, Peyer's patches, inguinal lymph nodes, bone marrow, and thymus. This panel uses a robust set of surface markers capable of differentiating leukocyte subsets without the use of intracellular staining, thus allowing for the use of cells in downstream functional experiments or multiomic analyses. Our panel classifies T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, progenitors, and their functional subsets by using a series of co-stimulatory, checkpoint, activation, migration, and maturation markers. This tool has a multitude of systems immunology applications ranging from serial monitoring of circulating blood signatures to complex endpoint analysis, especially in pre-clinical settings where treatments can modulate leukocyte abundance and/or function. Ultimately, this 40-color panel resolves a diverse array of immune cells on the axes of time, tissue, and treatment, filling the niche for a modern tool dedicated to murine immunophenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris J. Kare
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lisa Nichols
- Stanford Shared FACS Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ricardo Zermeno
- Stanford Shared FACS Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marina N. Raie
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Castellan FS, Irie N. Postnatal depletion of maternal cells biases T lymphocytes and natural killer cells' profiles toward early activation in the spleen. Biol Open 2022; 11:bio059334. [PMID: 36349799 PMCID: PMC9672855 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The maternal cells transferred into the fetus during gestation persist long after birth in the progeny. These maternal cells have been hypothesized to promote the maturation of the fetal immune system in utero but there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of their potential roles after birth. To provide insights into these maternal cells' postnatal functional roles, we set up a transgenic mouse model to specifically eliminate maternal cells in the neonates by diphtheria toxin injection and confirmed significant depletion in the spleens. We then performed immunophenotyping of the spleens of two-week-old pups by mass cytometry to pinpoint the immune profile differences driven by the depletion of maternal cells in early postnatal life. We observed a heightened expression of markers related to activation and maturation in some natural killer and T cell populations. We hypothesize these results to indicate a potential postnatal regulation of lymphocytic responses by maternal cells. Together, our findings highlight an immunological influence of maternal microchimeric cells postnatally, possibly protecting against adverse hypersensitivity reactions of the neonate at a crucial time of new encounters with self and environmental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore S. Castellan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoki Irie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Mair KH, Stadler M, Razavi MA, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. Porcine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Are Unique in Their Expression of a Functional NKp46 Receptor. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822258. [PMID: 35371050 PMCID: PMC8970115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activating receptor NKp46 shows a unique expression pattern on porcine leukocytes. We showed already that in swine not all NK cells express NKp46 and that CD3+NKp46+ lymphocytes form a T-cell subset with unique functional properties. Here we demonstrate the expression of NKp46 on CD4highCD14-CD172a+ porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Multicolor flow cytometry analyses revealed that the vast majority of porcine pDCs (94.2% ± 4) express NKp46 ex vivo and have an increased expression on the single-cell level compared to NK cells. FSC/SSChighCD4highNKp46+ cells produced high levels of IFN-α after CpG ODN 2216 stimulation, a hallmark of pDC function. Following receptor triggering with plate-bound monoclonal antibodies against NKp46, phosphorylation of signaling molecules downstream of NKp46 was analyzed in pDCs and NK cells. Comparable to NK cells, NKp46 triggering led to an upregulation of the phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) in pDCs, indicating an active signaling pathway of NKp46 in porcine pDCs. Nevertheless, a defined effector function of the NK-associated receptor on porcine pDCs could not be demonstrated yet. NKp46-mediated cytotoxicity, as shown for NK cells, does not seem to occur, as NKp46+ pDCs did not express perforin. Yet, NKp46 triggering seems to contribute to cytokine production in porcine pDCs, as induction of TNF-α was observed in a small pDC subset after NKp46 cross-linking. To our knowledge, this is the first report on NKp46 expression on pDCs in a mammalian species, showing that this receptor contributes to pDC activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Kerstin H. Mair,
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahsa Adib Razavi
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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4
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IL-12 regulates the expansion, phenotype, and function of murine NK cells activated by IL-15 and IL-18. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1699-1712. [PMID: 32333080 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NK cells, which are composed of phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subpopulations, play critical roles in immunity against cancer. The mechanism of generation of distinct subsets such as the effector and regulatory subtypes is unclear. Here, we show that this process comprises several steps, including generation of proliferating, highly cytotoxic cells activated by IL-15/IL-18 and differentiation into distinct cell populations induced with IL-12. Freshly prepared murine splenic NK cells expressed IL-15Rs and IL-18Rs and rapidly began to proliferate following stimulation with IL-15/IL-18. The proliferating NK cells highly expressed various activation markers such as B220, CD49b (DX5), lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 (LAMP-1), DNAX accessory molecule 1, perforin, and granzyme B and showed reduced expression of natural killer cell p46-related protein (NKp46) and IL-18Rα. These cells exerted strong cytotoxicity against YAC-1 cells, but did not secrete cytokines. IL-12 rapidly activated STAT4 in these cells, induced IFN-γ production, and then upregulated p21 and p27, leading to withdrawal from the cell cycle. In parallel, IL-12-stimulated cells gradually reduced cytotoxicity, decreased expression of activation markers, and instead increased expression of Sca-1, CD25, CD49a, and NKp46. Some IL-15/IL-18-induced cells strongly expressed PD-1, whereas NK cells induced with IL-15/IL-18 and IL-12 expressed high levels of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3, LAG-3, and natural killer group 2 A. Furthermore, these cells spontaneously secreted IL-10 and TGF-β following prolonged incubation. Thus, IL-12 regulates expansion of NK cells activated with IL-15/IL-18, influences the population size of highly cytotoxic cells, and induces differentiation to unique cells sharing some phenotypes of ILCs.
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Choi J, Rudak PT, Lesage S, Haeryfar SMM. Glycolipid Stimulation of Invariant NKT Cells Expands a Unique Tissue-Resident Population of Precursors to Mature NK Cells Endowed with Oncolytic and Antimetastatic Properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1808-1819. [PMID: 31462506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that recognize and respond to glycolipid Ags such as α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). This unique property has been exploited in clinical trials for multiple malignancies. While investigating mouse iNKT cell responses to α-GalCer in vivo, we found a dramatically enlarged tissue-resident population surprisingly coexpressing select dendritic cell, NK cell, and B cell markers. Further phenotypic and functional analyses revealed the identity of this B220+CD11c+MHC class II+NK1.1+ population as precursors to mature NK (pre-mNK) cells, which also expressed high levels of proliferation and tissue retention markers but diminished sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, a receptor that facilitates tissue trafficking. Accordingly, FTY720, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 antagonist, failed to prevent pre-mNK cells' intrahepatic accumulation. We found iNKT cell-driven expansion of pre-mNK cells to be dependent on IL-12 and IL-18. Although α-GalCer-transactivated pre-mNK cells lost their capacity to process a model tumor Ag, they selectively expressed granzyme A and directly lysed YAC-1 thymoma cells through granule exocytosis. They also contributed to β2 microglobulin-deficient target cell destruction in vivo. Therefore, α-GalCer treatment skewed pre-mNK cell responses away from an APC-like phenotype and toward killer cell-like functions. Finally, the ability of α-GalCer to reduce the pulmonary metastatic burden of B16-F10 mouse melanoma was partially reversed by in vivo depletion of pre-mNK cells. To our knowledge, our findings shed new light on iNKT cells' mechanism of action and glycolipid-based immunotherapies. Therefore, we introduce pre-mNK cells as a novel downstream effector cell type whose anticancer properties may have been overlooked in previous investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; .,Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada; and.,Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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6
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Interleukin-18 in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030649. [PMID: 30717382 PMCID: PMC6387150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 was originally discovered as a factor that enhanced IFN-γ production from anti-CD3-stimulated Th1 cells, especially in the presence of IL-12. Upon stimulation with Ag plus IL-12, naïve T cells develop into IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) expressing Th1 cells, which increase IFN-γ production in response to IL-18 stimulation. Therefore, IL-12 is a commitment factor that induces the development of Th1 cells. In contrast, IL-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine that facilitates type 1 responses. However, IL-18 without IL-12 but with IL-2, stimulates NK cells, CD4+ NKT cells, and established Th1 cells, to produce IL-3, IL-9, and IL-13. Furthermore, together with IL-3, IL-18 stimulates mast cells and basophils to produce IL-4, IL-13, and chemical mediators such as histamine. Therefore, IL-18 is a cytokine that stimulates various cell types and has pleiotropic functions. IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. IL-18 demonstrates a unique function by binding to a specific receptor expressed on various types of cells. In this review article, we will focus on the unique features of IL-18 in health and disease in experimental animals and humans.
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7
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Kwon KW, Kim SJ, Kim H, Kim WS, Kang SM, Choi E, Ha SJ, Yoon JH, Shin SJ. IL-15 Generates IFN-γ-producing Cells Reciprocally Expressing Lymphoid-Myeloid Markers during Dendritic Cell Differentiation. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:464-480. [PMID: 30745835 PMCID: PMC6367559 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, interest in IL-15-differentiated cells has increased; however, the phenotypic definition of IL-15-differentiated bone marrow-derived cells (IL-15-DBMCs) is still under debate, particularly the generation of IFN-γ-producing innate cells such as premature NK (pre-mNK) cells, natural killer dendritic cells (NKDCs), interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs), and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s), all of which are IL-15-dependent. Here, we revisited the immunophenotypic characteristics of IFN-γ-producing IL-15-DBMCs and their functional role in the control of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. When comparing the cytokine levels between bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and IL-15-DBMCs upon stimulation with various TLR agonists, only the CD11cint population of IL-15-DBMCs produced significant levels of IFN-γ, decreased levels of MHC-II, and increased levels of B220. Neither BMDCs nor IL-15-DBMCs were found to express DX5 or NK1.1, which are representative markers for the NK cell lineage and IKDCs. When the CD11cintB220+ population of IL-15-DBMCs was enriched, the Thy1.2+Sca-1+ population showed a marked increase in IFN-γ production. In addition, while depletion of the B220+ and Thy1.2+ populations of IL-15-DBMCs, but not the CD19+ population, inhibited IFN-γ production, enrichment of these cell populations increased IFN-γ. Ultimately, co-culture of sorted IFN-γ-producing B220+Thy1.2+ IL-15-DBMCs with Mtb-infected macrophages resulted in control of the intracellular growth of Mtb via the IFN-γ-nitric oxide axis in a donor cell number-dependent manner. Taken together, the results indicate that IFN-γ-producing IL-15-DBMCs could be redefined as CD11cintB220+Thy1.2+Sca-1+ cells, which phenotypically resemble both IKDCs and ILC1s, and may have therapeutic potential for controlling infectious intracellular bacteria such as Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Myung Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunsol Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- The Airway Mucus Institute, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Rodríguez-Alba JC, Girón-Pérez DA, Romero-Ramírez H, Pelayo R, Santos-Argumedo L. Regulatory IFN-γ-producing killer dendritic cells are enhanced in B6.MLR-Fas lpr /J lupus-prone mice. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1851-1860. [PMID: 30289564 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel cell population denominated IFN-γ-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) have been recently described. These cells are lymphocytes lacking B- or T- receptors, but they can be identified by the presence of B220+ CD38+ CD49b+ and low CD11c, among other cell surface markers. The main characteristics of IKDCs are the production of IFN-γ and the ability to spontaneously kill tumor cells. We found that this population increases in B6.MLR-Faslpr /J mice. Interestingly, IKDCs increase with age and are more abundant in mice older than 6 months onward. To analyze whether these cells have any role in the induction of the lupus-like phenotype in the B6.MLR-Faslpr /J mice, IKDCs were purified and transferred into 6-month-old B6.MRL-Faslpr /J mice, then the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAS) and anti-dsDNA antibodies were analyzed 2 and 4 months after the transfer. The results showed a reduction in the levels of these autoantibodies and increased survival of these mice, indicating that these cells may have a regulatory function. In vitro assays demonstrated that IKDCs reduced the proliferation of both autoreactive B and T cells, suggesting that these may be the mechanisms used by these cells to ameliorate the lupus-like phenotype in the B6.MRL-Faslpr /J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Alba
- Unidad de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | | | - Rosana Pelayo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente-CIBIOR, IMSS, Puebla, Mexico
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9
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El-Darawish Y, Li W, Yamanishi K, Pencheva M, Oka N, Yamanishi H, Matsuyama T, Tanaka Y, Minato N, Okamura H. Frontline Science: IL-18 primes murine NK cells for proliferation by promoting protein synthesis, survival, and autophagy. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:253-264. [PMID: 29603367 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1hi1017-396rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined stimulation by IL-2 and IL-18 effectively promotes proliferation of NK cells, whereas singular stimulation does not. In this study, synergistic effects of these cytokines on NK cells proliferation was analyzed, focusing on the roles of IL-18. In splenic resting NK cells from IL-18KO mice, IL-18 rapidly activated NF-κB independently of IL-2, and activated or up-regulated various molecules downstream of PI3K/AKT and mTOR, including S6, Bcl-XL, ATG5, and LC3II, accompanying increases in cell growth and survival. Thus, IL-18 alone was revealed to augment various cellular processes (gene transcription, protein synthesis, survival) in the absence or presence of IL-2. Notably, combined IL-18 and IL-2 promoted autophagosome formation. In addition, priming NK cells with IL-18 augmented IL-2R, especially CD25, and enabled cells to respond to IL-2, resulting in activation of STAT3 and STAT5, followed by increase of cyclin B1 leading to proliferation. However, IL-2 alone failed to activate STAT3 or STAT5 in resting IL18KO NK cells. These results clarify the distinct roles of IL-2 and IL-18 in NK cell proliferation, and the intrinsic roles of IL-18 in various cellular processes, suggesting a range of functions of IL-18 expressed in an array of nonhematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosif El-Darawish
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yamanishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Magdalena Pencheva
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Naoto Oka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yamanishi
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruki Okamura
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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10
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De Pelsmaeker S, Devriendt B, Leclercq G, Favoreel HW. Porcine NK cells display features associated with antigen-presenting cells. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 103:129-140. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0417-163rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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11
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12
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Rosinsky C, Antony PA. A role for pre-mNK cells in tumor progression. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:16. [PMID: 26981246 PMCID: PMC4791770 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems have evolved together to fight infection and cancerous tissues. The innate immune system emerges first with the adaptive immune system following, both ostensibly being bridged by dendritic cells (DC). Recently cells have emerged that possess characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cell qualities, termed interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs). These cells have an indistinct origin that is not well understood. They appear to have more NK cell attributes than DC but purportedly can regulate the immune system similar to immunoregulatory NK cells. Because of this, they have been renamed pre-mNK cells (pre-mature NK cells). We argue in this commentary that pre-mNK cells may contribute to cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Rosinsky
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Paul Andrew Antony
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, 734D MSTF, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ; Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Maryland Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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13
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Pelletier AN, Guilbault L, Guimont-Desrochers F, Hillhouse EE, Lesage S. NK Cell Proportion and Number Are Influenced by Genetic Loci on Chromosomes 8, 9, and 17. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2627-36. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Voynova E, Qi CF, Scott B, Bolland S. Cutting Edge: Induction of Inflammatory Disease by Adoptive Transfer of an Atypical NK Cell Subset. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:806-9. [PMID: 26109646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus, including FcγRIIB-KO and TLR7tg mice, develop an expansion of an atypical NK cell subset with functional similarity to cells referred as IFN-producing killer DCs or pre-mature NKs in other systems. In this study, we show that atypical NKs purified from spleens of systemic lupus erythematosus-prone mice, and identified as NK1.1(+)CD11c(+)CD122(+)MHC-II(+), induce persistent autoimmune disease in an IFN-I- and CD40L-dependent manner when transferred to wild-type mice. A single transfer of 4 × 10(6) NK1.1(+) cells from TLR7tg into wild-type induces a 2-wk-long wave of inflammatory cytokines in the serum; a sustained increase in T cell activation and follicular helper cells for the following months; and a progressive expansion of dendritic cells, monocytes, and granulocytes. Furthermore, IL-15 deficiency, which impedes development of NK cells, ameliorates the autoimmune pathology of TLR7tg mice. These results suggest that cells of the NK lineage can develop into cytokine-producing/APCs that affect the priming and progression of systemic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisaveta Voynova
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Bethany Scott
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
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Wilson KA, Goding SR, Neely HR, Harris KM, Antony PA. Depletion of B220 +NK1.1 + cells enhances the rejection of established melanoma by tumor-specific CD4 + T cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1019196. [PMID: 26405570 PMCID: PMC4570124 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1019196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-year survival rates for patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma are less than 5%. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) has achieved an objective response of 50% by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) in this patient population. For ACT to be maximally effective, the host must first be lymphodepleted. It is hypothesized that lymphodepletion may remove regulatory elements and cytokine sinks, or increase the activation and availability of antigen presenting cells (APCs). We use an in vivo model to study the ACT of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD4+ T cells (TRP-1 cells). We have discovered that depletion of NK1.1+ cells enhances the rejection of established melanoma tumors by adoptively transferred TRP-1 CD4+ T cells. NK1.1+ cell depletion increases the number of CD4+ T cells, the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, autoimmune vitiligo, host survival and prevented recurrence after ACT. Because multiple cells express NK1.1, we targeted different NK1.1+ cell populations using antibodies specific for NK cells, pre-mNK cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Our data suggests that NK1.1+B220+ pre-mNK cells (also known as interferon-producing killer dendritic cells; IKDCs) are an important inhibitor of the CD4+ T cell response to melanoma. Understanding this mechanism may help design new immunotherapies to modulate the activity of pre-mNKs in the face of an antitumor immune response and inhibit their suppression of adoptively transferred T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Wilson
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Stephen R Goding
- Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Harold R Neely
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Paul Andrew Antony
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Pathology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA ; Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program; University of Maryland Cancer Center ; Baltimore, MD USA
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16
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Voynova EN, Skinner J, Bolland S. Expansion of an atypical NK cell subset in mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1503-13. [PMID: 25595787 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory conditions, such as in autoimmune disease, can disturb immune cell homeostasis and induce the expansion of normally rare cell populations. In our analysis of various murine models of lupus, we detect increased frequency of an uncommon subset identified as NK1.1(+)CD11c(+)CD122(+)MHC class II(+). These cells share characteristics with the NK cell lineage and with cells previously described as IFN-producing killer dendritic cells: 1) they depend on IL-15 and express E4BP4; 2) they are cytotoxic and produce type I and type II IFN upon activation; and 3) they are efficient APCs both through MHC class II expression and in cross-presentation to CD8s. These atypical NK cells are responsive to TLR stimulation and thus are most abundant in mice with high copy number of the Tlr7 gene. They are highly proliferative as assessed by in vivo BrdU incorporation. In adoptive transfer experiments they persist in high numbers for months and maintain their surface marker profile, indicating that this population is developmentally stable. Gene expression analyses on both mRNA and microRNAs show a modified cell cycle program in which various miR-15/16 family members are upregulated, presumably as a consequence of the proliferative signal mediated by the increased level of growth factors, Ras and E2F activity. Alternatively, low expression of miR-150, miR-181, and miR-744 in these cells implies a reduction in their differentiation capacity. These results suggest that cells of the NK lineage that undergo TLR stimulation might turn on a proliferative program in detriment of their full differentiation into mature NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisaveta N Voynova
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Jeffrey Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
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17
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Wang F, Tian Z, Wei H. Genomic expression profiling of NK cells in health and disease. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:661-78. [PMID: 25476835 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are important components of innate and adaptive immunity. Functionally, they play key roles in host defense against tumors and infectious pathogens. Within the past few years, genomic-scale experiments have provided us with a plethora of gene expression data that reveal an extensive molecular and biological map underlying gene expression programs. In order to better explore and take advantage of existing datasets, we review here the genomic expression profiles of NK cells and their subpopulations in resting or stimulated states, in diseases, and in different organs; moreover, we contrast these expression data to those of other lymphocytes. We have also compiled a comprehensive list of genomic profiling studies of both human and murine NK cells in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyan Wang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Diabetes Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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18
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Roothans D, Smits E, Lion E, Tel J, Anguille S. CD56 marks human dendritic cell subsets with cytotoxic potential. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23037. [PMID: 23524451 PMCID: PMC3601173 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), when appropriately stimulated, can express the archetypal natural killer (NK)-cell surface marker CD56. In addition to classical DC functions, CD56+ DCs are endowed with an unconventional cytotoxic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessie Roothans
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; University of Antwerp; Antwerp, Belgium
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19
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Chaput N, Flament C, Locher C, Desbois M, Rey A, Rusakiewicz S, Poirier-Colame V, Pautier P, Le Cesne A, Soria JC, Paci A, Rosenzwajg M, Klatzmann D, Eggermont A, Robert C, Zitvogel L. Phase I clinical trial combining imatinib mesylate and IL-2: HLA-DR + NK cell levels correlate with disease outcome. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23080. [PMID: 23525357 PMCID: PMC3601178 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a Phase I clinical trial from October 2007 to October 2009, enrolling patients affected by refractory solid tumors, to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of interleukin (IL)-2 combined with low dose cyclophosphamide (CTX) and imatinib mesylate (IM). In a companion paper published in this issue of OncoImmunology, we show that the MTD of IL-2 is 6 MIU/day for 5 consecutive days, and that IL-2 increases the impregnation of both IM and of its main metabolite, CGP74588. Among the secondary objectives, we wanted to determine immunological markers that might be associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and/or overall survival (OS). The combination therapy markedly reduced the absolute counts of B, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells in a manner that was proportional to IL-2 dose. There was a slight (less than 2-fold) increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) among CD4+ T cells in response to IM plus IL-2. The natural killer (NK)-cell compartment was activated, exhibiting a significant upregulation of HLA-DR, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and CD56. The abundance of HLA-DR+ NK cells after one course of combination therapy positively correlated with both PFS and OS. The IL-2-induced rise of the CD4+:CD8+ T-cell ratio calculated after the first cycle of treatment was also positively associated with OS. Overall, the combination of IM and IL-2 promoted the rapid expansion of HLA-DR+ NK cells and increased the CD4+:CD8+ T-cell ratio, both being associated with clinical benefits. This combinatorial regimen warrants further investigation in Phase II clinical trials, possibly in patients affected by gastrointestinal stromal tumors, a setting in which T and NK cells may play an important therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chaput
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 507; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; U1015; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
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20
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Guimont-Desrochers F, Lesage S. Revisiting the Prominent Anti-Tumoral Potential of Pre-mNK Cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:446. [PMID: 24376447 PMCID: PMC3858890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDC) were first described for their outstanding anti-tumoral properties. The “IKDC” terminology implied the description of a novel DC subset and initiated a debate on their cellular lineage origin. This debate shifted the focus away from their notable anti-tumoral potential. IKDC were recently redefined as precursors to mature NK (mNK) cells and consequently renamed pre-mNK cells. Importantly, a putative human equivalent of pre-mNK cells was recently associated with improved disease outcome in cancer patients. It is thus timely to revisit the functional attributes as well as the therapeutic potential of pre-mNK cells in line with their newly defined NK-cell precursor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Guimont-Desrochers
- Immunology-Oncology Section, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Immunology-Oncology Section, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada
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21
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Koopman G, Beenhakker N, Burm S, Bouwhuis O, Bajramovic J, Sommandas V, Mudde G, Mooij P, 't Hart BA, Bogers WMJM. Whole blood stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7/8 and TLR-9 agonists induces interleukin-12p40 expression in plasmacytoid dendritic cells in rhesus macaques but not in humans. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:161-71. [PMID: 23750720 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaques provide important animal models in biomedical research into infectious and chronic inflammatory disease. Therefore, a proper understanding of the similarities and differences in immune function between macaques and humans is needed for adequate interpretation of the data and translation to the human situation. Dendritic cells are important as key regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Using a new whole blood assay we investigated functional characteristics of blood plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and monocytes in rhesus macaques by studying induction of activation markers and cytokine expression upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. In a head-to-head comparison we observed that rhesus macaque venous blood contained relatively lower numbers of pDC than human venous blood, while mDC and monocytes were present at similar percentages. In contrast to humans, pDC in rhesus macaques expressed the interleukin (IL)-12p40 subunit in response to TLR-7/8 as well as TLR-9 stimulation. Expression of IL-12p40 was confirmed by using different monoclonal antibodies and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Both in humans and rhesus macaques, TLR-4 stimulation induced IL-12p40 expression in mDC and monocytes, but not in pDC. The data show that, in contrast to humans, pDC in macaques are able to express IL-12p40, which could have consequences for evaluation of human vaccine candidates and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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22
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Fabricius D, Nußbaum B, Busch D, Panitz V, Mandel B, Vollmer A, Westhoff MA, Kaltenmeier C, Lunov O, Tron K, Nienhaus GU, Jahrsdörfer B, Debatin KM. Antiviral Vaccines License T Cell Responses by Suppressing Granzyme B Levels in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1144-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Desbois M, Rusakiewicz S, Locher C, Zitvogel L, Chaput N. Natural killer cells in non-hematopoietic malignancies. Front Immunol 2012; 3:395. [PMID: 23269924 PMCID: PMC3529393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and were initially described functionallywise by their spontaneous cytotoxic potential against transformed or virus-infected cells. A delicate balance between activating and inhibiting receptors regulates NK cell tolerance. A better understanding of tissue resident NK cells, of NK cell maturation stages and migration patterns has evolved allowing a thoughtful evaluation of their modus operandi. While evidence has been brought up for their relevance as gate keepers in some hematopoietic malignancies, the role of NK cells against progression and dissemination of solid tumors remains questionable. Hence, many studies pointed out the functional defects of the rare NK cell infiltrates found in tumor beds and the lack of efficacy of adoptively transferred NK cells in patients. However, several preclinical evidences suggest their anti-metastatic role in a variety of mouse tumor models. In the present review, we discuss NK cell functions according to their maturation stage and environmental milieu, the receptor/ligand interactions dictating tumor cell recognition and recapitulate translational studies aimed at deciphering their prognostic or predictive role against human solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Desbois
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy Villejuif, France ; Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 507, Institut de cancérologie Gustave Roussy Villejuif, France ; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Sud Le Kremlin-Bicȴtre, France xs
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24
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Ito R, Katano I, Ida-Tanaka M, Kamisako T, Kawai K, Suemizu H, Aiso S, Ito M. Efficient xenoengraftment in severe immunodeficient NOD/Shi-scid IL2rγnull mice is attributed to a lack of CD11c+B220+CD122+ cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4313-20. [PMID: 23018460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Xenograft animal models using immunodeficient mice have been widely applied in medical research on various human diseases. NOD/Shi-scid-IL2rγ(null) (NOG) mice are known to show an extremely high engraftment rate of xenotransplants compared with conventional immunodeficient mice. This high engraftment rate of xenotransplants in NOG mice was substantially suppressed by the transfer of spleen cells from NOD-scid mice that were devoid of NK cells. These results indicate that cell types other than splenic NK cells present in NOD-scid mice but not in NOG mice may be involved in this suppression. To identify the cell types responsible for this effect, we transferred subpopulations of spleen cells from NOD-scid mice into NOG mice and assessed the levels of human cell engraftment after human PBMC (hPBMC) transplantation. These experiments revealed that CD11c(+)B220(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) from NOD-scid mice markedly inhibited engraftment of human cells. The CD11c(+)B220(+)CD122(+) cells further fractionated from the pDCs based on the expression of CD122, which is an NK cell marker strongly inhibited during hPBMC engraftment in NOG mice. Moreover, the CD122(+) cells in the pDC fraction were morphologically distinguishable from conventional CD122(+) NK cells and showed a higher rejection efficiency. The current results suggest that CD11c(+)B220(+)CD122(+) cells play an important role in xenograft rejection, and their absence in NOG mice may be critical in supporting the successful engraftment of xenotransplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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25
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