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Sorcini D, Stella A, Scialdone A, Sartori S, Marra A, Rossi R, De Falco F, Adamo FM, Dorillo E, Geraci C, Arcaleni R, Rompietti C, Esposito A, Moretti L, Mameli MG, Martelli MP, Falini B, Sportoletti P. FLT3-targeted therapy restores GATA1 pathway function in NPM1/FLT3-ITD mutated acute myeloid leukaemia. EJHAEM 2023; 4:1100-1104. [PMID: 38024637 PMCID: PMC10660397 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
One-third of newly diagnosed adult acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) carry FLT3 mutations, which frequently occur together with nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations and are associated with worse prognosis. FLT3 inhibitors are widely used in clinics with limitations due to drug resistance. AML cells carrying FLT3 mutations in both mouse models and patients present low expression of GATA1, a gene involved in haematopoietic changes preceding AML. Here, we show that FLT3 inhibition induces cellular responses and restores the GATA1 pathway and functions in NPM1/FLT3-ITD mutated AML, thus providing a new mechanism of action for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sorcini
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - A Stella
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - A Scialdone
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - S Sartori
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - A Marra
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - R Rossi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - F De Falco
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - FM Adamo
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - E Dorillo
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - C Geraci
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - R Arcaleni
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - C Rompietti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - A Esposito
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - L Moretti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - MG Mameli
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - MP Martelli
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - B Falini
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - P Sportoletti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryCentro di Ricerca Emato‐OncologicheUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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2
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Cytoplasmic Expression of TP53INP2 Modulated by Demethylase FTO and Mutant NPM1 Promotes Autophagy in Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021624. [PMID: 36675134 PMCID: PMC9865930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with a nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutation is a unique subtype of adult leukemia. Recent studies show that NPM1-mutated AML has high autophagy activity. However, the mechanism for upholding the high autophagic level is still not fully elucidated. In this study, we first identified that tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2) was highly expressed and cytoplasmically localized in NPM1-mutated AML cells. Subsequent data showed that the expression of TP53INP2 was upregulated by fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO)-mediated m6A modification. Meanwhile, TP53INP2 was delocalized to the cytoplasm by interacting with NPM1 mutants. Functionally, cytoplasmic TP53INP2 enhanced autophagy activity by promoting the interaction of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) - autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) and further facilitated the survival of leukemia cells. Taken together, our study indicates that TP53INP2 plays an oncogenic role in maintaining the high autophagy activity of NPM1-mutated AML and provides further insight into autophagy-targeted therapy of this leukemia subtype.
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3
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Florio D, Roviello V, La Manna S, Napolitano F, Maria Malfitano A, Marasco D. Small molecules enhancers of amyloid aggregation of C-terminal domain of Nucleophosmin 1 in acute myeloid leukemia. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:106001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Shi Y, Xue Y, Wang C, Yu L. Nucleophosmin 1: from its pathogenic role to a tantalizing therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia. Hematology 2022; 27:609-619. [PMID: 35621728 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2067939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1, also known as B23) is a multifunctional protein involved in a variety of cellular processes, including ribosomal maturation, centrosome replication, maintenance of genomic stability, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. NPM1 is the most commonly mutated gene in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is present in approximately 40% of all AML cases. The underlying mechanisms of mutant NPM1 (NPM1mut) in leukemogenesis remain unclear. This review summarizes the structure and physiological function of NPM1, mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NPM1-mutated AML, and the potential role of NPM1 as a therapeutic target. It is reported that dysfunctional NPM1 might cause AML pathogenesis via its role as a protein chaperone, inhibiting differentiation of leukemia stem cells and regulation of non-coding RNAs. Besides conventional chemotherapies, NPM1 is a promising therapeutic target against AML that warrants further investigation. NPM1-based therapeutic strategies include inducing nucleolar relocalisation of NPM1 mutants, interfering with NPM1 oligomerization, and NPM1 as an immune response target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Shi
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, The Huaian Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Xue
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, The Huaian Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, The Huaian Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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5
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Novel NPM1 exon 5 mutations and gene fusions leading to aberrant cytoplasmic nucleophosmin in AML. Blood 2021; 138:2696-2701. [PMID: 34343258 PMCID: PMC9037756 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) affect exon 12, but also sporadically affect exons 9 and 11, causing changes at the protein C-terminal end (tryptophan loss, nuclear export signal [NES] motif creation) that lead to aberrant cytoplasmic NPM1 (NPM1c+), detectable by immunohistochemistry. Combining immunohistochemistry and molecular analyses in 929 patients with AML, we found non-exon 12 NPM1 mutations in 5 (1.3%) of 387 NPM1c+ cases. Besides mutations in exons 9 (n = 1) and 11 (n = 1), novel exon 5 mutations were discovered (n = 3). Another exon 5 mutation was identified in an additional 141 patients with AML selected for wild-type NPM1 exon 12. Three NPM1 rearrangements (NPM1/RPP30, NPM1/SETBP1, NPM1/CCDC28A) were detected and characterized among 13 979 AML samples screened by cytogenetic/fluorescence in situ hybridization and RNA sequencing. Functional studies demonstrated that in AML cases, new NPM1 proteins harbored an efficient extra NES, either newly created or already present in the fusion partner, ensuring its cytoplasmic accumulation. Our findings support NPM1 cytoplasmic relocation as critical for leukemogenesis and reinforce the role of immunohistochemistry in predicting AML-associated NPM1 genetic lesions. This study highlights the need to develop new assays for molecular diagnosis and monitoring of NPM1-mutated AML.
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6
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Venanzi A, Rossi R, Martino G, Annibali O, Avvisati G, Mameli MG, Sportoletti P, Tiacci E, Falini B, Martelli MP. A Curious Novel Combination of Nucleophosmin ( NPM1) Gene Mutations Leading to Aberrant Cytoplasmic Dislocation of NPM1 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091426. [PMID: 34573408 PMCID: PMC8468273 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations occurring in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (about 50 so far identified) cluster almost exclusively in exon 12 and lead to common changes at the NPM1 mutants C-terminus, i.e., loss of tryptophans 288 and 290 (or 290 alone) and creation of a new nuclear export signal (NES), at the bases of exportin-1(XPO1)-mediated aberrant cytoplasmic NPM1. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) detects cytoplasmic NPM1 and is predictive of the molecular alteration. Besides IHC and molecular sequencing, Western blotting (WB) with anti-NPM1 mutant specific antibodies is another approach to identify NPM1-mutated AML. Here, we show that among 382 AML cases with NPM1 exon 12 mutations, one was not recognized by WB, and describe the discovery of a novel combination of two mutations involving exon 12. This appeared as a conventional mutation A with the known TCTG nucleotides insertion/duplication accompanied by a second event (i.e., an 8-nucleotide deletion occurring 15 nucleotides downstream of the TCTG insertion), resulting in a new C-terminal protein sequence. Strikingly, the sequence included a functional NES ensuring cytoplasmic relocation of the new mutant supporting the role of cytoplasmic NPM1 as critical in AML leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Venanzi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.V.); (R.R.); (P.S.); (E.T.); (B.F.)
- Hematology Section, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.V.); (R.R.); (P.S.); (E.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Giovanni Martino
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy;
- Department of Pathology, AOU Cagliari, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ombretta Annibali
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (O.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Avvisati
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (O.A.); (G.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Mameli
- Hematology Section, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Paolo Sportoletti
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.V.); (R.R.); (P.S.); (E.T.); (B.F.)
- Hematology Section, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Enrico Tiacci
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.V.); (R.R.); (P.S.); (E.T.); (B.F.)
- Hematology Section, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.V.); (R.R.); (P.S.); (E.T.); (B.F.)
- Hematology Section, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Maria Paola Martelli
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (A.V.); (R.R.); (P.S.); (E.T.); (B.F.)
- Hematology Section, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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7
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How I diagnose and treat NPM1-mutated AML. Blood 2021; 137:589-599. [PMID: 33171486 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene, encoding for a nucleolar multifunctional protein, occur in approximately one-third of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). NPM1-mutated AML exhibits unique molecular, pathological, and clinical features, which led to its recognition as distinct entity in the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms. Although WHO criteria for the diagnosis of NPM1-mutated AML are well established, its distinction from other AML entities may be difficult. Moreover, the percentage of blasts required to diagnose NPM1-mutated AML remains controversial. According to the European LeukemiaNet (ELN), determining the mutational status of NPM1 (together with FLT3) is mandatory for accurate relapse-risk assessment. NPM1 mutations are ideal targets for measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring, since they are AML specific, frequent, very stable at relapse, and do not drive clonal hematopoiesis of undetermined significance. MRD monitoring by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of NPM1-mutant transcripts, possibly combined with ELN genetic-based risk stratification, can guide therapeutic decisions after remission. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry can be very useful in selected situations, such as diagnosis of NPM1-mutated myeloid sarcoma. Herein, we present 4 illustrative cases of NPM1-mutated AML that address important issues surrounding the biology, diagnosis, and therapy of this common form of leukemia.
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8
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Abstract
Mouse models of human myeloid malignancies support the detailed and focused investigation of selected driver mutations and represent powerful tools in the study of these diseases. Carefully developed murine models can closely recapitulate human myeloid malignancies in vivo, enabling the interrogation of a number of aspects of these diseases including their preclinical course, interactions with the microenvironment, effects of pharmacological agents, and the role of non-cell-autonomous factors, as well as the synergy between co-occurring mutations. Importantly, advances in gene-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, have opened new avenues for the development and study of genetically modified mice and also enable the direct modification of mouse and human hematopoietic cells. In this review we provide a concise overview of some of the important mouse models that have advanced our understanding of myeloid leukemogenesis with an emphasis on models relevant to clonal hematopoiesis, myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute myeloid leukemia with a normal karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Basheer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
- Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Vassiliou
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
- Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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9
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Onaciu A, Munteanu R, Munteanu VC, Gulei D, Raduly L, Feder RI, Pirlog R, Atanasov AG, Korban SS, Irimie A, Berindan-Neagoe I. Spontaneous and Induced Animal Models for Cancer Research. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E660. [PMID: 32878340 PMCID: PMC7555044 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the complexity of the current framework in oncology, the relevance of animal models in biomedical research is critical in light of the capacity to produce valuable data with clinical translation. The laboratory mouse is the most common animal model used in cancer research due to its high adaptation to different environments, genetic variability, and physiological similarities with humans. Beginning with spontaneous mutations arising in mice colonies that allow for pursuing studies of specific pathological conditions, this area of in vivo research has significantly evolved, now capable of generating humanized mice models encompassing the human immune system in biological correlation with human tumor xenografts. Moreover, the era of genetic engineering, especially of the hijacking CRISPR/Cas9 technique, offers powerful tools in designing and developing various mouse strains. Within this article, we will cover the principal mouse models used in oncology research, beginning with behavioral science of animals vs. humans, and continuing on with genetically engineered mice, microsurgical-induced cancer models, and avatar mouse models for personalized cancer therapy. Moreover, the area of spontaneous large animal models for cancer research will be briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Onaciu
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.O.); (R.M.); (R.-I.F.)
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.O.); (R.M.); (R.-I.F.)
| | - Vlad Cristian Munteanu
- Department of Urology, The Oncology Institute “Prof Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.O.); (R.M.); (R.-I.F.)
| | - Lajos Raduly
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Richard-Ionut Feder
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine - Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.O.); (R.M.); (R.-I.F.)
| | - Radu Pirlog
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.); (R.P.)
- Department of Morphological Sciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Schuyler S. Korban
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Alexandru Irimie
- 11th Department of Surgical Oncology and Gynaecological Oncology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Surgery, The Oncology Institute Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta, 34–36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.); (R.P.)
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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NPM1 mutated AML can relapse with wild-type NPM1: persistent clonal hematopoiesis can drive relapse. Blood Adv 2019; 2:3118-3125. [PMID: 30455361 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018023432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with NPM1 mutation (NPM1 mut) defines a World Health Organization entity. Absence of minimal residual disease (MRD) following induction chemotherapy is associated with an excellent prognosis. Data are conflicting on NPM1 mut AML relapsing with wild-type NPM1 (NPM1 wt ). We analyzed 104 paired samples of NPM1 mut AML patients with relapse and identified 14/104 that relapsed with NPM1 wt AML. Blood counts at diagnosis differed significantly between patients with NPM1 mut and NPM1 wt relapse (median white blood cell count, 30 vs 3 × 109/L, P = .008; platelet count, 66 vs 128 × 109/l, P = .018). NPM1 mut relapse occurred significantly earlier than NPM1 wt relapse (14 vs 43 months, P = .004). At diagnosis, FLT3-ITD were more frequent in patients with NPM1 mut relapse (P = .029), whereas DNMT3A mutations were more frequent in patients with NPM1 wt relapse (P = .035). Sequencing analysis of paired samples at diagnosis, molecular remission, and NPM1 wt relapse identified cooccurring mutations that persist from diagnosis throughout remission and at relapse, suggestive of a preexisting clonal hematopoiesis. We provide evidence that AML relapsing with NPM1 wt is a distinct disease and that initial leukemia and relapse potentially arise from a premalignant clonal hematopoiesis.
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11
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Di Natale C, La Manna S, Malfitano AM, Di Somma S, Florio D, Scognamiglio PL, Novellino E, Netti PA, Marasco D. Structural insights into amyloid structures of the C-terminal region of nucleophosmin 1 in type A mutation of acute myeloid leukemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:637-644. [PMID: 30710643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and a molecularly heterogeneous disease characterized by the accumulation of undifferentiated and uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. The sub-group named "AML with gene mutations" includes mutations in nucleophosmin (NPM1) assumed as a distinct leukemic entity. NPM1 is an abundant multifunctional protein belonging to the nucleoplasmin family of nuclear chaperones. AML mutated protein is translocated into the cytoplasm (NPM1c+) retaining all functional domains except the loss of a unique NoLs (nucleolar localization signal) at the C-term domain (CTD) and the subsequent disruption of a three helix bundle as tertiary structure. The oligomeric state of NPM1 is of outmost importance for its biological roles and our previous studies linked an aggregation propensity of distinct regions of CTD to leukomogenic potentials of AML mutations. Here we investigated a polypeptide spanning the third and second helices of the bundle of type A mutated CTD. By a combination of several techniques, we ascertained the amyloid character of the aggregates and of fibrils resulting from a self-recognition mechanism. Further amyloid assemblies resulted cytoxic in MTT assay strengthening a new idea of a therapeutic strategy in AML consisting in the self-degradation of mutated NPM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Di Natale
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy; Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
| | | | - Sarah Di Somma
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
| | - Daniele Florio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
| | | | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care (CABHC), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Italy.
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12
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Brunetti L, Gundry MC, Goodell MA. New insights into the biology of acute myeloid leukemia with mutated NPM1. Int J Hematol 2019; 110:150-160. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-018-02578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Brunetti L, Gundry MC, Sorcini D, Guzman AG, Huang YH, Ramabadran R, Gionfriddo I, Mezzasoma F, Milano F, Nabet B, Buckley DL, Kornblau SM, Lin CY, Sportoletti P, Martelli MP, Falini B, Goodell MA. Mutant NPM1 Maintains the Leukemic State through HOX Expression. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:499-512.e9. [PMID: 30205049 PMCID: PMC6159911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
NPM1 is the most frequently mutated gene in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In AML cells, NPM1 mutations result in abnormal cytoplasmic localization of the mutant protein (NPM1c); however, it is unknown whether NPM1c is required to maintain the leukemic state. Here, we show that loss of NPM1c from the cytoplasm, either through nuclear relocalization or targeted degradation, results in immediate downregulation of homeobox (HOX) genes followed by differentiation. Finally, we show that XPO1 inhibition relocalizes NPM1c to the nucleus, promotes differentiation of AML cells, and prolongs survival of Npm1-mutated leukemic mice. We describe an exquisite dependency of NPM1-mutant AML cells on NPM1c, providing the rationale for the use of nuclear export inhibitors in AML with mutated NPM1.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleophosmin
- Proteolysis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brunetti
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Michael C Gundry
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniele Sorcini
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna G Guzman
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yung-Hsin Huang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Raghav Ramabadran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ilaria Gionfriddo
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Mezzasoma
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Milano
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dennis L Buckley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia and Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paolo Sportoletti
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Martelli
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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14
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He C, Luo B, Jiang N, Liang Y, He Y, Zeng J, Liu J, Zheng X. OncomiR or antioncomiR: Role of miRNAs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2018; 60:284-294. [PMID: 30187809 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1480769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic progenitor/stem cell disorder in which neoplastic myeloblasts are stopped at an immature stage of differentiation and lost the normal ability of proliferation and apoptosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding, single-stranded RNA molecules that can mediate the expression of target genes. While miRNAs mean to contribute the developments of normal functions, abnormal expression of miRNAs and regulations on their corresponding targets have often been found in the developments of AML and described in recent years. In leukemia, miRNAs may function as regulatory molecules, acting as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Overexpression of miRNAs can down-regulate tumor suppressors or other genes involved in cell differentiation, thereby contributing to AML formation. Similarly, miRNAs can down-regulate different proteins with oncogenic activity as tumor suppressors. We herein review the current data on miRNAs, specifically their targets and their biological function based on apoptosis in the development of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng He
- a People's Hospital of Zhongjiang , Deyang , Sichuan , P. R. China.,b College of Preclinical Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Bo Luo
- b College of Preclinical Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- b College of Preclinical Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Yu Liang
- b College of Preclinical Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Yancheng He
- b College of Preclinical Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Jingyuan Zeng
- b College of Preclinical Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- b College of Preclinical Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- b College of Preclinical Medicine , Southwest Medical University , Luzhou , Sichuan , P. R. China
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15
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Zhang W, Zhao C, Zhao J, Zhu Y, Weng X, Chen Q, Sun H, Mi JQ, Li J, Zhu J, Chen Z, Pandolfi PP, Chen S, Yan X, Xu J. Inactivation of PBX3 and HOXA9 by down-regulating H3K79 methylation represses NPM1-mutated leukemic cell survival. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4359-4371. [PMID: 30214626 PMCID: PMC6134928 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an NPM1 mutation (NPMc+) has a distinct gene expression signature and displays molecular abnormalities similar to mixed lineage leukemia (MLL), including aberrant expression of the PBX3 and HOXA gene cluster. However, it is unclear if the aberrant expression of PBX3 and HOXA is essential for the survival of NPM1-mutated leukemic cells. Methods: Using the gene expression profiling of TCGA and E-MTAB-3444 datasets, we screened for high co-expression of PBX3 and HOXA9 in NPMc+ leukemia patients. We performed NPMc+ depletion and overexpression experiments to examine aberrant H3K79 methylation through epigenetic regulation. Through RNA interference technology and small-molecule inhibitor treatment, we evaluated the effect of methyl-modified H3K79 on cell survival and explored the possible underlying mechanism. Results: We showed that NPMc+ increased the expression of PBX3 and HOXA9, which are both poor prognosis indicators in AML. High PBX3 and HOXA9 expression was accompanied by increased dimethylated and trimethylated H3K79 in transgenic murine Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+ cells and human NPMc+ leukemia cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) assays of NPMc+ cells, we determined that hypermethylated H3K79 was present at the expressed HOXA9 gene but not the PBX3 gene. PBX3 expression was positively regulated by HOXA9, and a reduction in either PBX3 or HOXA9 resulted in NPMc+ cell apoptosis. Importantly, an inhibitor of DOT1L, EPZ5676, effectively and selectively promoted NPMc+ human leukemic cell apoptosis by reducing HOXA9 and PBX3 expression. Conclusion: Our data indicate that NPMc+ leukemic cell survival requires upregulation of PBX3 and HOXA9, and this action can be largely attenuated by a DOT1L inhibitor.
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16
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Lampreht Tratar U, Horvat S, Cemazar M. Transgenic Mouse Models in Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2018; 8:268. [PMID: 30079312 PMCID: PMC6062593 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of existing mouse models in cancer research is of utmost importance as they aim to explore the casual link between candidate cancer genes and carcinogenesis as well as to provide models to develop and test new therapies. However, faster progress in translating mouse cancer model research into the clinic has been hampered due to the limitations of these models to better reflect the complexities of human tumors. Traditionally, immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice with syngeneic and xenografted tumors transplanted subcutaneously or orthotopically have been used. These models are still being widely employed for many different types of studies, in part due to their widespread availability and low cost. Other types of mouse models used in cancer research comprise transgenic mice in which oncogenes can be constitutively or conditionally expressed and tumor-suppressor genes silenced using conventional methods, such as retroviral infection, microinjection of DNA constructs, and the so-called "gene-targeted transgene" approach. These traditional transgenic models have been very important in studies of carcinogenesis and tumor pathogenesis, as well as in studies evaluating the development of resistance to therapy. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing approach has revolutionized the field of mouse cancer models and has had a profound and rapid impact on the development of more effective systems to study human cancers. The CRISPR/Cas9-based transgenic models have the capacity to engineer a wide spectrum of mutations found in human cancers and provide solutions to problems that were previously unsolvable. Recently, humanized mouse xenograft models that accept patient-derived xenografts and CD34+ cells were developed to better mimic tumor heterogeneity, the tumor microenvironment, and cross-talk between the tumor and stromal/immune cells. These features make them extremely valuable models for the evaluation of investigational cancer therapies, specifically new immunotherapies. Taken together, improvements in both the CRISPR/Cas9 system producing more valid mouse models and in the humanized mouse xenograft models resembling complex interactions between the tumor and its environment might represent one of the successful pathways to precise individualized cancer therapy, leading to improved cancer patient survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursa Lampreht Tratar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Isola, Slovenia
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17
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The human nucleophosmin 1 mutation A inhibits myeloid differentiation of leukemia cells by modulating miR-10b. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71477-71490. [PMID: 27669739 PMCID: PMC5342094 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) gene are the most frequent genetic alteration in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we showed that enforced expression of NPM1 mutation type A (NPM1-mA) inhibits myeloid differentiation of leukemia cells, whereas knockdown of NPM1-mA has the opposite effect. Our analyses of normal karyotype AML samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset revealed that miR-10b is commonly overexpressed in NPM1-mutated AMLs. We also found high expression of miR-10b in primary NPM1-mutated AML blasts and NPM1-mA positive OCI-AML3 cells. In addition, NPM1-mA knockdown enhanced myeloid differentiation, while induced expression of miR-10b reversed this effect. Finally, we showed that KLF4 is downregulated in NPM1-mutated AMLs. These results demonstrated that miR-10b exerts its effects by repressing the translation of KLF4 and that NPM1-mA inhibits myeloid differentiation through the miR-10b/KLF4 axis. This sheds new light on the effect of NPM1 mutations' on leukemogenesis.
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18
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Forthun RB, Aasebø E, Rasinger JD, Bedringaas SL, Berven F, Selheim F, Bruserud Ø, Gjertsen BT. Phosphoprotein DIGE profiles reflect blast differentiation, cytogenetic risk stratification, FLT3/NPM1 mutations and therapy response in acute myeloid leukaemia. J Proteomics 2017; 173:32-41. [PMID: 29175091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive blood cancer characterized by a distinct block in differentiation of myeloid progenitors, recurrent chromosomal translocations and gene mutations of which >50% involve signal transduction through dysregulated kinases and phosphatases. In search for novel protein biomarkers for disease stratification we investigated the phosphoproteome in leukaemic cells from 62 AML patients at time of diagnosis using immobilized metal-affinity chromatography, protein separation by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry before validation by selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Unsupervised clustering found 27 phosphoproteins significantly discriminating patients according to leukaemic cell differentiation (French-American-British (FAB) classification), cytogenetic and mutational (FLT3, NPM1) status or response to chemotherapy. Monocytic differentiation (FAB M4-M5) correlated with enrichment of proteins involved in apoptosis (MOES, ANXA5 and EFHD2). TALDO, a protein associated with thrombocytopenia if down-regulated, was elevated in patients with wild type NPM1 compared to patients with NPM1 mutation. This study demonstrates the potential of quantitative proteomics in AML classification and risk stratification. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Patients diagnosed with AML are currently categorized according to cellular morphology, cytogenetic alterations and mutations, although the majority of these cellular and genetic alterations have no or unsolved impact on therapy selection or prognosis. We therefore explored the phosphoproteome for abundance changes associated with traditional classifiers to unravel patterns that could stratify patients at the protein level. MOES, ANXA5 and EFHD2 were confirmed by SRM to be correlated to monocytic differentiation, whilst TALDO was elevated in NPM1 wild type patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Brendsdal Forthun
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Aasebø
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomic Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, Leukemia Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Siv Lise Bedringaas
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Berven
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomic Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Selheim
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomic Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, Leukemia Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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19
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Zou Q, Tan S, Yang Z, Zhan Q, Jin H, Xian J, Zhang S, Yang L, Wang L, Zhang L. NPM1 Mutant Mediated PML Delocalization and Stabilization Enhances Autophagy and Cell Survival in Leukemic Cells. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2289-2304. [PMID: 28740552 PMCID: PMC5505061 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has defined nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutation as a driver genetic event in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), whereas the pathogenesis of NPM1-mutated AML remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we showed that mutant NPM1 elevated autophagic activity and autophagic activation contributed to leukemic cell survival in vitro. Meanwhile, we also found high expression of promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) and its cytoplasmic dislocation in primary NPM1-mutated AML blasts and NPM1-mA positive OCI-AML3 cells. Mechanically, mutant NPM1 interacted with PML and mediated it delocalization as well as stabilization. Notably, NPM1-mA knockdown impaired autophagic activity, while induced expression of PML reversed this effect. Finally, we confirmed that PML modulated autophagic activity via AKT signal. These findings suggest that aberrant PML expression and autophagy are beneficial to the leukemic transformation driven by NPM1 mutations. This indicates an attractive therapeutic avenue for PML targeting and/or autophagy inhibition in the treatment of NPM1-mutated AML.
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20
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Tripodo C, Burocchi A, Piccaluga PP, Chiodoni C, Portararo P, Cappetti B, Botti L, Gulino A, Isidori A, Liso A, Visani G, Martelli MP, Falini B, Pandolfi PP, Colombo MP, Sangaletti S. Persistent Immune Stimulation Exacerbates Genetically Driven Myeloproliferative Disorders via Stromal Remodeling. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3685-3699. [PMID: 28536276 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immune stimulation has been associated with increased risk of myeloid malignancies, but the pathogenic link is unknown. We demonstrate in animal models that experimental systemic immune activation alters the bone marrow stromal microenvironment, disarranging extracellular matrix (ECM) microarchitecture, with downregulation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and collagen-I and induction of complement activation. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in Treg frequency and by an increase in activated effector T cells. Under these conditions, hematopoietic precursors harboring nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1) mutation generated myeloid cells unfit for normal hematopoiesis but prone to immunogenic death, leading to neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. NET fostered the progression of the indolent NPM1-driven myeloproliferation toward an exacerbated and proliferative dysplastic phenotype. Enrichment in NET structures was found in the bone marrow of patients with autoimmune disorders and in NPM1-mutated acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients. Genes involved in NET formation in the animal model were used to design a NET-related inflammatory gene signature for human myeloid malignancies. This signature identified two AML subsets with different genetic complexity and different enrichment in NPM1 mutation and predicted the response to immunomodulatory drugs. Our results indicate that stromal/ECM changes and priming of bone marrow NETosis by systemic inflammatory conditions can complement genetic and epigenetic events towards the development and progression of myeloid malignancy. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3685-99. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Department of Health Science, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Chiodoni
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Portararo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Cappetti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Botti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Department of Health Science, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Isidori
- Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Center, AORMN, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Liso
- Department of Hematology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Visani
- Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Center, AORMN, Pesaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute and Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sabina Sangaletti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Heath EM, Chan SM, Minden MD, Murphy T, Shlush LI, Schimmer AD. Biological and clinical consequences of NPM1 mutations in AML. Leukemia 2017; 31:798-807. [PMID: 28111462 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by accumulation of myeloid cells in the bone marrow because of impaired differentiation and proliferation, resulting in hematopoietic insufficiency. NPM1 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in AML, present in 20-30% of cases. Mutations in NPM1 represent a distinct entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and commonly indicate a better risk prognosis. In this review, we discuss the many functions of NPM1, the consequence of mutations in NPM1 and possible mechanisms through which mutations lead to leukemogenesis. We also discuss clinical consequences of mutations, associated gene expression patterns and the role of NPM1 mutations in informing prognosis and therapeutic decisions and predicting relapse in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Heath
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Murphy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L I Shlush
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Hirsch P, Zhang Y, Tang R, Joulin V, Boutroux H, Pronier E, Moatti H, Flandrin P, Marzac C, Bories D, Fava F, Mokrani H, Betems A, Lorre F, Favier R, Féger F, Mohty M, Douay L, Legrand O, Bilhou-Nabera C, Louache F, Delhommeau F. Genetic hierarchy and temporal variegation in the clonal history of acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12475. [PMID: 27534895 PMCID: PMC4992157 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) initiating pre-leukaemic lesions can be identified through three major hallmarks: their early occurrence in the clone, their persistence at relapse and their ability to initiate multilineage haematopoietic repopulation and leukaemia in vivo. Here we analyse the clonal composition of a series of AML through these characteristics. We find that not only DNMT3A mutations, but also TET2, ASXL1 mutations, core-binding factor and MLL translocations, as well as del(20q) mostly fulfil these criteria. When not eradicated by AML treatments, pre-leukaemic cells with these lesions can re-initiate the leukaemic process at various stages until relapse, with a time-dependent increase in clonal variegation. Based on the nature, order and association of lesions, we delineate recurrent genetic hierarchies of AML. Our data indicate that first lesions, variegation and treatment selection pressure govern the expansion and adaptive behaviour of the malignant clone, shaping AML in a time-dependent manner. Pre-leukaemic clones, together with the propensity to cause disease in mice, are characterized by appearing early in myeloid leukaemia and being found at relapse. Here, the authors identify clones in human samples and find that they are characterized by hierarchically organized genetic lesions, which can be used to track evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hirsch
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital St Antoine, Service d'Hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS 1170, CNRS GDR 3697 Micronit, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Ruoping Tang
- AP-HP, Hôpital St Antoine, Service d'Hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Joulin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS 1170, CNRS GDR 3697 Micronit, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Hélène Boutroux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Pronier
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Hannah Moatti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Flandrin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Marzac
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bories
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Unité d'Hématologie Moléculaire, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Fanny Fava
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Hayat Mokrani
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aline Betems
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Lorre
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire commun de biologie et génétique moléculaires, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Favier
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Féger
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Luc Douay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Ollivier Legrand
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital St Antoine, Service d'Hématologie clinique et de thérapie cellulaire, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Chrystèle Bilhou-Nabera
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Fawzia Louache
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS 1170, CNRS GDR 3697 Micronit, 94805 Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - François Delhommeau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, GRC n°7, Groupe de Recherche Clinique sur les Myéloproliférations Aiguës et Chroniques MYPAC, F-75012 Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine &Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service d'hématologie biologique, F-75012 Paris, France
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23
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Mannelli F, Ponziani V, Bonetti MI, Bencini S, Cutini I, Gianfaldoni G, Scappini B, Pancani F, Rondelli T, Benelli M, Caporale R, Grazia Gelli AM, Peruzzi B, Longo G, Bosi A. Multilineage dysplasia as assessed by immunophenotype has no impact on clinical-biological features and outcome of NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:869-879.e22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Falini B, Sportoletti P, Brunetti L, Martelli MP. Perspectives for therapeutic targeting of gene mutations in acute myeloid leukaemia with normal cytogenetics. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:305-22. [PMID: 25891481 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) genome contains more than 20 driver recurrent mutations. Here, we review the potential for therapeutic targeting of the most common mutations associated with normal cytogenetics AML, focusing on those affecting the FLT3, NPM1 and epigenetic modifier genes (DNMT3A, IDH1/2, TET2). As compared to early compounds, second generation FLT3 inhibitors are more specific and have better pharmacokinetics. They also show higher anti-leukaemic activity, leading to about 50% of composite complete remissions in refractory/relapsed FLT3-internal tandem duplication-mutated AML. However, rapid relapses invariably occur due to various mechanisms of resistance to FLT3 inhibitors. This issue and the best way for using FLT3 inhibitors in combination with other therapeutic modalities are discussed. Potential approaches for therapeutic targeting of NPM1-mutated AML include: (i) reverting the aberrant nuclear export of NPM1 mutant using exportin-1 inhibitors; (ii) disruption of the nucleolus with drugs blocking the oligomerization of wild-type nucleophosmin or inducing nucleolar stress; and (iii) immunotherapeutic targeting of highly expressed CD33 and IL3RA (CD123) antigens. Finally, we discuss the role of demethylating agents (decitabine and azacitidine) and IDH1/2 inhibitors in the treatment of AML patients carrying mutations of genes (DNMT3A, IDH1/2 and TET2) involved in the epigenetic regulation of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Haematology-CREO (Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche), Ospedale S. Maria Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Sportoletti
- Institute of Haematology-CREO (Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche), Ospedale S. Maria Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brunetti
- Institute of Haematology-CREO (Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche), Ospedale S. Maria Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Martelli
- Institute of Haematology-CREO (Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche), Ospedale S. Maria Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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25
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Sportoletti P, Varasano E, Rossi R, Mupo A, Tiacci E, Vassiliou G, Martelli MP, Falini B. Mouse models of NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia: biological and clinical implications. Leukemia 2014; 29:269-78. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Advancements in sequencing techniques have led to the discovery of numerous genes not previously implicated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) biology. Further in vivo studies are necessary to discern the biological impact of these mutations. Murine models, the most commonly used in vivo system, provide a physiologic context for the study of specific genes. These systems have provided deep insights into the role of genetic translocations, mutations, and dysregulated gene expression on leukemia pathogenesis. This review focuses on the phenotype of newly identified genes, including NPM1, IDH1/2, TET2, MLL, DNMT3A, EZH2, EED, and ASXL1, in mouse models and the implications on AML biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Perry
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Eyal C Attar
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA.
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27
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Rau R, Magoon D, Greenblatt S, Li L, Annesley C, Duffield AS, Huso D, McIntyre E, Clohessy JG, Reschke M, Pandolfi PP, Small D, Brown P. NPMc+ cooperates with Flt3/ITD mutations to cause acute leukemia recapitulating human disease. Exp Hematol 2013; 42:101-13.e5. [PMID: 24184354 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic nucleophosmin (NPMc(+)) mutations and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations are two of the most common known molecular alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML); they frequently occur together, suggesting cooperative leukemogenesis. To explore the specific relationship between NPMc+ and FLT3/ITD in vivo, we crossed Flt3/ITD knock-in mice with transgenic NPMc+ mice. Mice with both mutations develop a transplantable leukemia of either myeloid or lymphoid lineage, definitively demonstrating cooperation between Flt3/ITD and NPMc+. In mice with myeloid leukemia, functionally significant loss of heterozygosity of the wild-type Flt3 allele is common, similar to what is observed in human FLT3/ITD+ AML, providing further in vivo evidence of the importance of loss of wild-type FLT3 in leukemic initiation and progression. Additionally, in vitro clonogenic assays reveal that the combination of Flt3/ITD and NPMc+ mutations causes a profound monocytic expansion, in excess of that seen with either mutation alone consistent with the predominance of myelomonocytic phenotype in human FLT3/ITD+/NPMc+ AML. This in vivo model of Flt3/ITD+/NPMc+ leukemia closely recapitulates human disease and will therefore serve as a tool for the investigation of the biology of this common disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rau
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Daniel Magoon
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Greenblatt
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Li Li
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Colleen Annesley
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy S Duffield
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Huso
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily McIntyre
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John G Clohessy
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Reschke
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald Small
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Brown
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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