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Eskandari A, Leow TC, Rahman MBA, Oslan SN. Advances in Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Their Obstacles, and Prospects Toward Tumor Immunotherapy. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01144-3. [PMID: 38625508 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, cancer immunotherapy has experienced a significant revolution due to the advancements in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell therapies (ACTs), along with their regulatory approvals. In recent times, there has been hope in the effectiveness of cancer vaccines for therapy as they have been able to stimulate de novo T-cell reactions against tumor antigens. These tumor antigens include both tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and tumor-specific antigen (TSA). Nevertheless, the constant quest to fully achieve these abilities persists. Therefore, this review offers a broad perspective on the existing status of cancer immunizations. Cancer vaccine design has been revolutionized due to the advancements made in antigen selection, the development of antigen delivery systems, and a deeper understanding of the strategic intricacies involved in effective antigen presentation. In addition, this review addresses the present condition of clinical tests and deliberates on their approaches, with a particular emphasis on the immunogenicity specific to tumors and the evaluation of effectiveness against tumors. Nevertheless, the ongoing clinical endeavors to create cancer vaccines have failed to produce remarkable clinical results as a result of substantial obstacles, such as the suppression of the tumor immune microenvironment, the identification of suitable candidates, the assessment of immune responses, and the acceleration of vaccine production. Hence, there are possibilities for the industry to overcome challenges and enhance patient results in the coming years. This can be achieved by recognizing the intricate nature of clinical issues and continuously working toward surpassing existing limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Eskandari
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Fan T, Zhang M, Yang J, Zhu Z, Cao W, Dong C. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: advancements, challenges, and prospects. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:450. [PMID: 38086815 PMCID: PMC10716479 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development and regulatory approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, cancer immunotherapy has undergone a profound transformation over the past decades. Recently, therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown promise by eliciting de novo T cell responses targeting tumor antigens, including tumor-associated antigens and tumor-specific antigens. The objective was to amplify and diversify the intrinsic repertoire of tumor-specific T cells. However, the complete realization of these capabilities remains an ongoing pursuit. Therefore, we provide an overview of the current landscape of cancer vaccines in this review. The range of antigen selection, antigen delivery systems development the strategic nuances underlying effective antigen presentation have pioneered cancer vaccine design. Furthermore, this review addresses the current status of clinical trials and discusses their strategies, focusing on tumor-specific immunogenicity and anti-tumor efficacy assessment. However, current clinical attempts toward developing cancer vaccines have not yielded breakthrough clinical outcomes due to significant challenges, including tumor immune microenvironment suppression, optimal candidate identification, immune response evaluation, and vaccine manufacturing acceleration. Therefore, the field is poised to overcome hurdles and improve patient outcomes in the future by acknowledging these clinical complexities and persistently striving to surmount inherent constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fan
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingna Zhang
- Postgraduate Training Base, Shanghai East Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jingxian Yang
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhounan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanlu Cao
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chunyan Dong
- Department of Oncology, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Kausar MA, Anwar S, El-Horany HES, Khan FH, Tyagi N, Najm MZ, Sadaf, Eisa AA, Dhara C, Gantayat S. Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:130. [PMID: 37830150 PMCID: PMC10622179 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the primary and one of the most prominent causes of the rising global mortality rate, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths annually. Specific methods have been devised to cure cancerous tumours. Effective therapeutic approaches must be developed, both at the cellular and genetic level. Immunotherapy offers promising results by providing sustained remission to patients with refractory malignancies. Genetically modified T‑lymphocytic cells have emerged as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid tumours, haematological malignancies, and relapsed/refractory B‑lymphocyte malignancies as a result of recent clinical trial findings; the treatment is referred to as chimeric antigen receptor T‑cell therapy (CAR T‑cell therapy). Leukapheresis is used to remove T‑lymphocytes from the leukocytes, and CARs are created through genetic engineering. Without the aid of a major histocompatibility complex, these genetically modified receptors lyse malignant tissues by interacting directly with the carcinogen. Additionally, the outcomes of preclinical and clinical studies reveal that CAR T‑cell therapy has proven to be a potential therapeutic contender against metastatic breast cancer (BCa), triple‑negative, and HER 2+ve BCa. Nevertheless, unique toxicities, including (cytokine release syndrome, on/off‑target tumour recognition, neurotoxicities, anaphylaxis, antigen escape in BCa, and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in solid tumours, negatively impact the mechanism of action of these receptors. In this review, the potential of CAR T‑cell immunotherapy and its method of destroying tumour cells is explored using data from preclinical and clinical trials, as well as providing an update on the approaches used to reduce toxicities, which may improve or broaden the effectiveness of the therapies used in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Adnan Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hemat El-Sayed El-Horany
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Farida Habib Khan
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | | | - Sadaf
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Alaa Abdulaziz Eisa
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandrajeet Dhara
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna, Gurugram 122003, Haryana
| | - Saumyatika Gantayat
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna, Gurugram 122003, Haryana
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Zhou Y, Huang X, Wang L, Luo Y. The Expression Characteristics and Function of the RECQ Family in Pan-Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2318. [PMID: 37626815 PMCID: PMC10452384 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genes of the RECQ DNA helicase family play a part in preserving the stability of the genome and controlling different disease mechanisms. However, the expression features of RECQs in relation to pan-cancer, their correlation with the immune microenvironment of tumors, and the landscape of prognostic power are still undisclosed. METHODS Various sequence and clinical data extracted from 33 cancers were utilized to generate a comprehensive overview of RECQs in the landscape. Afterward, we discovered variations in gene expression, potential enrichment of functions, genetic alterations, and analysis related to the immune response in tumors. Additionally, we explored the clinical characteristics and diagnostic significance of RECQs. And the important association of RECQL4 with liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) was investigated. RESULTS RECQs exhibited extensive mutations in different types of cancers. The expression of RECQ may be influenced by an oncogenic mutation in certain types of cancer, resulting in the observed genomic and epigenetic changes in diverse tumor formations. Furthermore, RECQs originating from tumors exhibited a significant association with the immune microenvironment of the tumor, indicating their potential as promising targets for therapy. Patient prognosis was significantly associated with the majority of genes in the RECQ family. In LIHC, RECQL4 eventually emerged as a separate prognostic determinant. CONCLUSIONS To summarize, RECQs are essential for the regulation of the immune system in tumors, and RECQL4 serves as a prognostic indicator in LIHC. The results of our study offer fresh perspectives on RECQs from a bioinformatics perspective and emphasize the importance of RECQs in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (Y.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Xucheng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China;
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; (Y.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Yujia Luo
- Department of NICU, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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Bosenberg M, Liu ET, Yu CI, Palucka K. Mouse models for immuno-oncology. Trends Cancer 2023:S2405-8033(23)00041-9. [PMID: 37087398 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Realizing the clinical promise of cancer immunotherapy is hindered by gaps in our knowledge of in vivo mechanisms underlying treatment response as well as treatment limiting toxicity. Preclinical in vivo model systems and technologies are required to address these knowledge gaps and to surmount the challenges faced in the clinical application of immunotherapy. Mice are commonly used for basic and translational research to support development and testing of immune interventions, including for cancer. Here, we discuss the advantages and the limitations of current models as well as future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Edison T Liu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
| | - Chun I Yu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
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Chuprin J, Buettner H, Seedhom MO, Greiner DL, Keck JG, Ishikawa F, Shultz LD, Brehm MA. Humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology research. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:192-206. [PMID: 36635480 PMCID: PMC10593256 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy, they are associated with variable clinical responses, and substantial gaps remain in our understanding of their mechanisms of action and specific biomarkers of response. Currently, the number of preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate interactions between the human immune system and tumours and enable evaluation of human-specific immunotherapies in vivo is limited. Humanized mice, a term that refers to immunodeficient mice co-engrafted with human tumours and immune components, provide several advantages for immuno-oncology research. In this Review, we discuss the benefits and challenges of the currently available humanized mice, including specific interactions between engrafted human tumours and immune components, the development and survival of human innate immune populations in these mice, and approaches to study mice engrafted with matched patient tumours and immune cells. We highlight the latest advances in the generation of humanized mouse models, with the aim of providing a guide for their application to immuno-oncology studies with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chuprin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Buettner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mina O Seedhom
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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A Novel Immune Gene-Related Prognostic Score Predicts Survival and Immunotherapy Response in Glioma. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 59:medicina59010023. [PMID: 36676646 PMCID: PMC9866308 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The clinical prognosis and survival prediction of glioma based on gene signatures derived from heterogeneous tumor cells are unsatisfactory. This study aimed to construct an immune gene-related prognostic score model to predict the prognosis of glioma and identify patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. Methods: 23 immune-related genes (IRGs) associated with glioma prognosis were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and Univariate Cox regression analysis based on large-scale RNA-seq data. Eight IRGs were retained as candidate predictors and formed an immune gene-related prognostic score (IGRPS) by multifactorial Cox regression analysis. The potential efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy of different subgroups was compared by The Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm. We further adopted a series of bioinformatic methods to characterize the differences in clinicopathological features and the immune microenvironment between the different risk groups. Finally, a nomogram integrating IGRPS and clinicopathological characteristics was built to accurately predict the prognosis of glioma. Results: Patients in the low-risk group had a better prognosis than those in the high-risk group. Patients in the high-risk group showed higher TIDE scores and poorer responses to ICB therapy, while patients in the low-risk group may benefit more from ICB therapy. The distribution of age and tumor grade between the two subgroups was significantly different. Patients with low IGRPS harbor a high proportion of natural killer cells and are sensitive to ICB treatment. While patients with high IGRPS display relatively poor prognosis, a higher expression level of DNA mismatch repair genes, high infiltrating of immunosuppressive cells, and poor ICB therapeutic outcomes. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the IGRPS model can independently predict the clinical prognosis as well as the ICB therapy responses of glioma patients, thus having important implications on the design of immune-based therapeutic strategies.
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Jiao Z, Feng X, Cui Y, Wang L, Gan J, Zhao Y, Meng Q. Expression characteristic, immune signature, and prognosis value of EFNA family identified by multi-omics integrative analysis in pan-cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:871. [PMID: 35945523 PMCID: PMC9364540 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EphrinA (EFNA) are Eph receptor ligands that regulate various disease processes. Nonetheless, the expression characteristics of EFNAs in pan-cancer, their relationship with tumor immune microenvironment, and prognostic value landscape remain unknown. Methods A comprehensive landscape of EFNAs was created using various statistical data extracted from 33 cancers. Subsequently, we identified differential expression, genetic variations, potential function enrichment, tumor immune-related analysis, and drug sensitivity. Further, we investigated the clinical features and diagnostic prognostic value of EFNAs. RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to validate the expression level and significant clinical value of EFNA5 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and tissues. Results EFNAs were highly mutated in various cancers. Genomic and epigenetic alterations of EFNAs were observed in various tumors, where an oncogenic mutation in specific cancer types potentially affected EFNA expression. Moreover, tumor-derived EFNAs were significantly related to the tumor immune microenvironment, suggesting that they are promising therapeutic targets. The majority of EFNA family genes were significantly linked to patient prognosis. Eventually, EFNA5 was an independent prognostic factor in lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusion In summary, EFNAs are crucial in tumor immune regulation, and EFNA5 is a prognostic marker in lung adenocarcinoma. Our findings provide new insights into EFNAs from a bioinformatics standpoint and highlight the significance of EFNAs in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09951-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Jiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.,Department of Oncology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuqing Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Junqing Gan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The clinical activity of new immunotherapies in cancer, such as anti-Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/Programmed death-ligand 1, has revealed the importance of the patient's immune system in controlling tumor development. As in infectious diseases, dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for inducing immune responses in cancer. Unfortunately, autologous DC-based vaccines have not yet demonstrated their clinical benefit. Here, we review recent research using allogeneic DCs as alternatives to autologous DCs to develop innovative therapeutic cancer vaccines. RECENT FINDINGS A novel approach using an allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) line as an antigen presentation platform showed great potency when used to prime and expand antitumor-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo in a humanized mouse model. This PDC platform, named PDC∗vac, was first evaluated in the treatment of melanoma with encouraging results and is currently being evaluated in the treatment of lung cancer in combination with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. SUMMARY Therapeutic cancer vaccines are of particular interest because they aim to help patients, to mount effective antitumor responses, especially those who insufficiently respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The use of an allogeneic plasmacytoid DC-based platform such as PDC∗vac could greatly potentiate the efficacy of these new immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Plumas
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes
- Research and Development Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
- PDC∗line Pharma SAS, Grenoble, France
- PDC∗line Pharma SA, Liège, Belgium
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Tian W, Chen K, Yan G, Han X, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Liu M. A Novel Prognostic Tool for Glioma Based on Enhancer RNA-Regulated Immune Genes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:798445. [PMID: 35127714 PMCID: PMC8811171 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.798445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gliomas are the most malignant tumors of the nervous system. Even though their survival outcome is closely affected by immune-related genes (IRGs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), the corresponding regulatory mechanism remains poorly characterized. Methods: Specific enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) can be found in tumors, where they control downstream genes. The present study aimed to identify eRNA-regulated IRGs, evaluate their influence on the TME, and use them to construct a novel prognostic model for gliomas. Results: Thirteen target genes (ADCYAP1R1, BMP2, BMPR1A, CD4, DDX17, ELN, FGF13, MAPT, PDIA2, PSMB8, PTPN6, SEMA6C, and SSTR5) were identified and integrated into a comprehensive risk signature, which distinguished two risk subclasses. Discrepancies between these subclasses were compared to explore potential mechanisms attributed to eRNA-regulated genes, including immune cell infiltration, clinicopathological features, survival outcomes, and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity. Furthermore, the risk signature was used to construct a prognostic tool that was evaluated by calibration curve, clinical utility, Harrell’s concordance index (0.87; 95% CI: 0.84–0.90), and time-dependent receiver operator characteristic curves (AUCs: 0.93 and 0.89 at 3 and 5 years, respectively). The strong reliability and robustness of the established prognostic tool were validated in another independent cohort. Finally, potential subtypes were explored in patients with grade III tumors. Conclusion: Overall, eRNAs were associated with immune-related dysfunctions in the TME. Targeting of IRGs regulated by eRNAs could improve immunotherapeutic/therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kegong Chen
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangcan Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinhao Han
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuju Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meina Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Kundu M, Raha S, Roy A, Pahan K. Regression of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in a Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model by Monoclonal Antibodies against IL-12 p40 Monomer. Cells 2022; 11:259. [PMID: 35053375 PMCID: PMC8773899 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some therapies are available for regular breast cancers, there are very few options for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we demonstrated that serum level of IL-12p40 monomer (p40) was much higher in breast cancer patients than healthy controls. On the other hand, levels of IL-12, IL-23 and p40 homodimer (p402) were lower in serum of breast cancer patients as compared to healthy controls. Similarly, human TNBC cells produced greater level of p40 than p402. The level of p40 was also larger than p402 in serum of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model. Accordingly, neutralization of p40 by p40 mAb induced death of human TNBC cells and tumor shrinkage in PDX mice. While investigating the mechanism, we found that neutralization of p40 led to upregulation of human CD4+IFNγ+ and CD8+IFNγ+ T cell populations, thereby increasing the level of human IFNγ and decreasing the level of human IL-10 in PDX mice. Finally, we demonstrated the infiltration of human cytotoxic T cells, switching of tumor-associated macrophage M2 (TAM2) to TAM1 and suppression of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in tumor tissues of p40 mAb-treated PDX mice. Our studies identify a possible new immunotherapy for TNBC in which p40 mAb inhibits tumor growth in PDX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuchhanda Kundu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.K.); (S.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Sumita Raha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.K.); (S.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.K.); (S.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.K.); (S.R.); (A.R.)
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Johanna I, Hernández-López P, Heijhuurs S, Scheper W, Bongiovanni L, de Bruin A, Beringer DX, Oostvogels R, Straetemans T, Sebestyen Z, Kuball J. Adding Help to an HLA-A*24:02 Tumor-Reactive γδTCR Increases Tumor Control. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752699. [PMID: 34759930 PMCID: PMC8573335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cell receptors (γδTCRs) recognize a broad range of malignantly transformed cells in mainly a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, making them valuable additions to the engineered immune effector cell therapy that currently focuses primarily on αβTCRs and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). As an exception to the rule, we have previously identified a γδTCR, which exerts antitumor reactivity against HLA-A*24:02-expressing malignant cells, however without the need for defined HLA-restricted peptides, and without exhibiting any sign of off-target toxicity in humanized HLA-A*24:02 transgenic NSG (NSG-A24:02) mouse models. This particular tumor-HLA-A*24:02-specific Vγ5Vδ1TCR required CD8αα co-receptor for its tumor reactive capacity when introduced into αβT cells engineered to express a defined γδTCR (TEG), referred to as TEG011; thus, it was only active in CD8+ TEG011. We subsequently explored the concept of additional redirection of CD4+ T cells through co-expression of the human CD8α gene into CD4+ and CD8+ TEG011 cells, later referred as TEG011_CD8α. Adoptive transfer of TEG011_CD8α cells in humanized HLA-A*24:02 transgenic NSG (NSG-A24:02) mice injected with tumor HLA-A*24:02+ cells showed superior tumor control in comparison to TEG011, and to mock control groups. The total percentage of mice with persisting TEG011_CD8α cells, as well as the total number of TEG011_CD8α cells per mice, was significantly improved over time, mainly due to a dominance of CD4+CD8+ double-positive TEG011_CD8α, which resulted in higher total counts of functional T cells in spleen and bone marrow. We observed that tumor clearance in the bone marrow of TEG011_CD8α-treated mice associated with better human T cell infiltration, which was not observed in the TEG011-treated group. Overall, introduction of transgenic human CD8α receptor on TEG011 improves antitumor reactivity against HLA-A*24:02+ tumor cells and further enhances in vivo tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Johanna
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Sabine Heijhuurs
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Scheper
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dennis X Beringer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rimke Oostvogels
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Trudy Straetemans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Wu Z, He L, Yang L, Fang X, Peng L. Potential Role of NEU1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Study Based on Comprehensive Bioinformatical Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:651525. [PMID: 34513919 PMCID: PMC8427823 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.651525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aberrant expression of NEU1 has been identified in many malignancies. Nevertheless, the clinical significance of NEU1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully elucidated. Methods: In our study, multiple databases, including ONCOMINE, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter, MethSurv, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), and Metascape, etc., were utilized to investigate the expression, prognostic value, and function of NEU1 in HCC. Results: ONCOMINE, GEO, and TCGA analyses revealed that NEU1 was more highly expressed in HCC compared to normal tissues. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression levels of NEU1 were increased in liver cancer cell lines and HCC tissues, respectively. Moreover, a trend toward increased NEU1 expression with advanced stage or grade was found. Furthermore, higher mRNA expression of NEU1 was found to be remarkably correlated with worse survival in HCC patients, and multivariate Cox analysis indicated that high mRNA expression of NEU1 was an independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis of HCC patients. Also, 21 methylated CpGs were found to be significantly related to HCC prognosis. Besides, functional enrichment analyses indicated that high NEU1 expression group had lower levels of B cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and T helper cells, etc. than the low NEU1 expression group, and NEU1 may regulate a variety of tumor-related proteins and pathways, including lysosome, spliceosome, mTOR signaling pathway and so on. Conclusion: High expression level of NEU1 was positively correlated with unfavorable prognosis of HCC patients, which may be related to the regulation of cancer-associated pathways and the inhibition of immune function by NEU1. Thus, NEU1 could be used as a potential prognostic biomarker and target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhulin Wu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Bialek-Waldmann JK, Domning S, Esser R, Glienke W, Mertens M, Aleksandrova K, Arseniev L, Kumar S, Schneider A, Koenig J, Theobald SJ, Tsay HC, Cornelius ADA, Bonifacius A, Eiz-Vesper B, Figueiredo C, Schaudien D, Talbot SR, Bleich A, Spineli LM, von Kaisenberg C, Clark C, Blasczyk R, Heuser M, Ganser A, Köhl U, Farzaneh F, Stripecke R. Induced dendritic cells co-expressing GM-CSF/IFN-α/tWT1 priming T and B cells and automated manufacturing to boost GvL. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:621-641. [PMID: 34095345 PMCID: PMC8142053 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with minimal residual disease and receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) have poor survival. Adoptive administration of dendritic cells (DCs) presenting the Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1) leukemia-associated antigen can potentially stimulate de novo T and B cell development to harness the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect after HCT. We established a simple and fast genetic modification of monocytes for simultaneous lentiviral expression of a truncated WT1 antigen (tWT1), granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon (IFN)-α, promoting their self-differentiation into potent “induced DCs” (iDCtWT1). A tricistronic integrase-defective lentiviral vector produced under good manufacturing practice (GMP)-like conditions was validated. Transduction of CD14+ monocytes isolated from peripheral blood, cord blood, and leukapheresis material effectively induced their self-differentiation. CD34+ cell-transplanted Nod.Rag.Gamma (NRG)- and Nod.Scid.Gamma (NSG) mice expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A∗0201 (NSG-A2)-immunodeficient mice were immunized with autologous iDCtWT1. Both humanized mouse models showed improved development and maturation of human T and B cells in the absence of adverse effects. Toward clinical use, manufacturing of iDCtWT1 was up scaled and streamlined using the automated CliniMACS Prodigy system. Proof-of-concept clinical-scale runs were feasible, and the 38-h process enabled standardized production and high recovery of a cryopreserved cell product with the expected identity characteristics. These results advocate for clinical trials testing iDCtWT1 to boost GvL and eradicate leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Bialek-Waldmann
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Domning
- Molecular Medicine Group, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Esser
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Glienke
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mira Mertens
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Lubomir Arseniev
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Koenig
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Theobald
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hsin-Chieh Tsay
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela D A Cornelius
- Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Agnes Bonifacius
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Loukia M Spineli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Caren Clark
- Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnold Ganser
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI and University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Molecular Medicine Group, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Renata Stripecke
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Laboratory of Regenerative Immune Therapies Applied, REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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15
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Guil-Luna S, Sedlik C, Piaggio E. Humanized Mouse Models to Evaluate Cancer Immunotherapeutics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050520-100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment. The advent of numerous novel approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint antibodies, adoptive transfer of CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells and TCR (T cell receptor) T cells, NK (natural killer) cells, T cell engagers, oncolytic viruses, and vaccines, is revolutionizing the treatment for different tumor types. Some are already in the clinic, and many others are underway. However, not all patients respond, resistance develops, and as available therapies multiply there is a need to further understand how they work, how to prioritize their clinical evaluation, and how to combine them. For this, animal models have been highly instrumental, and humanized mice models (i.e., immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune and cancer cells) represent a step forward, although they have several limitations. Here, we review the different humanized models available today, the approaches to overcome their flaws, their use for the evaluation of cancer immunotherapies, and their anticipated evolution as tools to help personalized clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guil-Luna
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, 75248 Paris, France;,
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, 75248 Paris, France;,
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16
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Jiang Y, Lv X, Ge X, Qu H, Zhang Q, Lu K, Lu Y, Xue C, Zhang L, Wang X. Wilms tumor gent 1 (WT1)-specific adoptive immunotherapy in hematologic diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107504. [PMID: 33657524 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As an attractive tumor-associated antigen (TAA), Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) is usually overexpressed in malignant hematological diseases. In recent years, WT1-specific adoptive immunotherapy has been the "hot spot" for tumor treatment. The main immunotherapeutic techniques associated with WT1 include WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), vaccine, and T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy. WT1-based adoptive immunotherapy exhibited promising anti-tumorous effect with tolerable safety. There are still many limitations needed to be improved including the weak immunogenetics of WT1, immune tolerance, and short persistence of the immune response. In this review, we summarized the progress of productive technologies and the clinical or preclinical investigations of WT1-specific immunotherapy in hematological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xueling Ge
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Huiting Qu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Yingxue Lu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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17
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Martinov T, McKenna KM, Tan WH, Collins EJ, Kehret AR, Linton JD, Olsen TM, Shobaki N, Rongvaux A. Building the Next Generation of Humanized Hemato-Lymphoid System Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643852. [PMID: 33692812 PMCID: PMC7938325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, mice have been repopulated with human hematopoietic cells to study the fundamental biology of human hematopoiesis and immunity, as well as a broad range of human diseases in vivo. Multiple mouse recipient strains have been developed and protocols optimized to efficiently generate these “humanized” mice. Here, we review three guiding principles that have been applied to the development of the currently available models: (1) establishing tolerance of the mouse host for the human graft; (2) opening hematopoietic niches so that they can be occupied by human cells; and (3) providing necessary support for human hematopoiesis. We then discuss four remaining challenges: (1) human hematopoietic lineages that poorly develop in mice; (2) limited antigen-specific adaptive immunity; (3) absent tolerance of the human immune system for its mouse host; and (4) sub-functional interactions between human immune effectors and target mouse tissues. While major advances are still needed, the current models can already be used to answer specific, clinically-relevant questions and hopefully inform the development of new, life-saving therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelly M McKenna
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wei Hong Tan
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emily J Collins
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allie R Kehret
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan D Linton
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nour Shobaki
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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18
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Mian SA, Anjos-Afonso F, Bonnet D. Advances in Human Immune System Mouse Models for Studying Human Hematopoiesis and Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619236. [PMID: 33603749 PMCID: PMC7884350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has established itself as a promising tool for cancer treatment. There are many challenges that remain including lack of targets and some patients across various cancers who have not shown robust clinical response. One of the major problems that have hindered the progress in the field is the dearth of appropriate mouse models that can reliably recapitulate the complexity of human immune-microenvironment as well as the malignancy itself. Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human immune cells offer a unique opportunity to comprehensively evaluate immunotherapeutic strategies. These immunosuppressed and genetically modified mice, with some overexpressing human growth factors, have improved human hematopoietic engraftment as well as created more functional immune cell development in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues in these mice. In addition, several new approaches to modify or to add human niche elements to further humanize these immunodeficient mice have allowed a more precise characterization of human hematopoiesis. These important refinements have opened the possibility to evaluate not only human immune responses to different tumor cells but also to investigate how malignant cells interact with their niche and most importantly to test immunotherapies in a more preclinically relevant setting, which can ultimately lead to better success of these drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Anjos-Afonso
- Haematopoietic Signalling Group, European Cancer Stem Cell Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Yin L, Wang XJ, Chen DX, Liu XN, Wang XJ. Humanized mouse model: a review on preclinical applications for cancer immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4568-4584. [PMID: 33415020 PMCID: PMC7783739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the refractory and partial sensitive treatments to malignant cancers, immunotherapy has increasingly become a hotspot in effective anti-tumor research. However, at present, existing animal models could not accurately describe the interaction between human tissue and tumor cells for preclinical trials. Furthermore, it is a tough obstacle to reconstitute the immune system and microenvironment in a mouse model identical to humans due to species differences. In the establishment of the humanized mouse model, the co-transplantation of human immunocytes with/without tissues and tumor cells is the key breakthrough to solve this problem. The compelling progress has been investigated in the preclinical drug test for diverse tumor types. This review mainly summarized the development of immunodeficient mice, and the construction and practicability of the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, the investigators also highlight the pros and cons, and recent progress in immunotherapy research for advanced utility of human cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xue-Jing Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - De-Xi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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20
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Identification of a tumor-specific allo-HLA-restricted γδTCR. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2870-2882. [PMID: 31585951 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019032409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells are key players in cancer immune surveillance because of their ability to recognize malignant transformed cells, which makes them promising therapeutic tools in the treatment of cancer. However, the biological mechanisms of how γδT-cell receptors (TCRs) interact with their ligands are poorly understood. Within this context, we describe the novel allo-HLA-restricted and CD8α-dependent Vγ5Vδ1TCR. In contrast to the previous assumption of the general allo-HLA reactivity of a minor fraction of γδTCRs, we show that classic anti-HLA-directed, γδTCR-mediated reactivity can selectively act on hematological and solid tumor cells, while not harming healthy tissues in vitro and in vivo. We identified the molecular interface with proximity to the peptide-binding groove of HLA-A*24:02 as the essential determinant for recognition and describe the critical role of CD8 as a coreceptor. We conclude that alloreactive γδT-cell repertoires provide therapeutic opportunities, either within the context of haplotransplantation or as individual γδTCRs for genetic engineering of tumor-reactive T cells.
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21
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Pearson FE, Tullett KM, Leal-Rojas IM, Haigh OL, Masterman KA, Walpole C, Bridgeman JS, McLaren JE, Ladell K, Miners K, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Price DA, Tunger A, Schmitz M, Miles JJ, Lahoud MH, Radford KJ. Human CLEC9A antibodies deliver Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen to CD141 + dendritic cells to activate naïve and memory WT1-specific CD8 + T cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1141. [PMID: 32547743 PMCID: PMC7292901 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Vaccines that prime Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1)‐specific CD8+ T cells are attractive cancer immunotherapies. However, immunogenicity and clinical response rates may be enhanced by delivering WT1 to CD141+ dendritic cells (DCs). The C‐type lectin‐like receptor CLEC9A is expressed exclusively by CD141+ DCs and regulates CD8+ T‐cell responses. We developed a new vaccine comprising a human anti‐CLEC9A antibody fused to WT1 and investigated its capacity to target human CD141+ DCs and activate naïve and memory WT1‐specific CD8+ T cells. Methods WT1 was genetically fused to antibodies specific for human CLEC9A, DEC‐205 or β‐galactosidase (untargeted control). Activation of WT1‐specific CD8+ T‐cell lines following cross‐presentation by CD141+ DCs was quantified by IFNγ ELISPOT. Humanised mice reconstituted with human immune cell subsets, including a repertoire of naïve WT1‐specific CD8+ T cells, were used to investigate naïve WT1‐specific CD8+ T‐cell priming. Results The CLEC9A‐WT1 vaccine promoted cross‐presentation of WT1 epitopes to CD8+ T cells and mediated priming of naïve CD8+ T cells more effectively than the DEC‐205‐WT1 and untargeted control‐WT1 vaccines. Conclusions Delivery of WT1 to CD141+ DCs via CLEC9A stimulates CD8+ T cells more potently than either untargeted delivery or widespread delivery to all Ag‐presenting cells via DEC‐205, suggesting that cross‐presentation by CD141+ DCs is sufficient for effective CD8+ T‐cell priming in humans. The CLEC9A‐WT1 vaccine is a promising candidate immunotherapy for malignancies that express WT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Pearson
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba Australia 4102 Australia
| | - Kirsteen M Tullett
- Infection and Immunity Program Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Ingrid M Leal-Rojas
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba Australia 4102 Australia
| | - Oscar L Haigh
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba Australia 4102 Australia
| | - Kelly-Anne Masterman
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba Australia 4102 Australia
| | - Carina Walpole
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba Australia 4102 Australia
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Division of Infection and Immunity Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff UK
| | - Kelly Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff UK
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff UK.,Systems Immunity Research Institute Cardiff University School of Medicine Cardiff UK
| | - Antje Tunger
- Institute of Immunology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universistät Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universistät Dresden Dresden Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universistät Dresden Dresden Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany
| | - John J Miles
- Australian Institute of Health and Medical Research James Cook University Cairns QLD Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Infection and Immunity Program Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland Translational Research Institute Woolloongabba Australia 4102 Australia
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22
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Johanna I, Hernández-López P, Heijhuurs S, Bongiovanni L, de Bruin A, Beringer D, van Dooremalen S, Shultz LD, Ishikawa F, Sebestyen Z, Straetemans T, Kuball J. TEG011 persistence averts extramedullary tumor growth without exerting off-target toxicity against healthy tissues in a humanized HLA-A*24:02 transgenic mice. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1069-1079. [PMID: 32022317 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma0120-228r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells play an important role in cancer immunosurveillance and are able to distinguish malignant cells from their healthy counterparts via their γδTCR. This characteristic makes γδT cells an attractive candidate for therapeutic application in cancer immunotherapy. Previously, we have identified a novel CD8α-dependent tumor-specific allo-HLA-A*24:02-restricted Vγ5Vδ1TCR with potential therapeutic value when used to engineer αβT cells from HLA-A*24:02 harboring individuals. αβT cells engineered to express this defined Vγ5Vδ1TCR (TEG011) have been suggested to recognize spatial changes in HLA-A*24:02 present selectively on tumor cells but not their healthy counterparts. However, in vivo efficacy and toxicity studies of TEG011 are still limited. Therefore, we extend the efficacy and toxicity studies as well as the dynamics of TEG011 in vivo in a humanized HLA-A*24:02 transgenic NSG (NSG-A24:02) mouse model to allow the preparation of a first-in-men clinical safety package for adoptive transfer of TEG011. Mice treated with TEG011 did not exhibit any graft-versus-host disease-like symptoms and extensive analysis of pathologic changes in NSG-A24:02 mice did not show any off-target toxicity of TEG011. However, loss of persistence of TEG011 in tumor-bearing mice was associated with the outgrowth of extramedullary tumor masses as also observed for mock-treated mice. In conclusion, TEG011 is well tolerated without harming HLA-A*24:02+ expressing healthy tissues, and TEG011 persistence seems to be crucial for long-term tumor control in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Johanna
- Department of Hematology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Hernández-López
- Department of Hematology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Heijhuurs
- Department of Hematology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Pathobiology, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Beringer
- Department of Hematology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne van Dooremalen
- Department of Hematology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard D Shultz
- Department of Immunology, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Fumihiko Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Department of Hematology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Straetemans
- Department of Hematology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology and Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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CAR-T Cell Therapy in Cancer: Tribulations and Road Ahead. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1924379. [PMID: 32411789 PMCID: PMC7201836 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1924379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-) T cell therapy is one of the most recent innovative immunotherapies and is rapidly evolving. Like other technologies, CAR-T cell therapy has undergone a long development process, and persistent explorations of the actions of the intracellular signaling domain and make several improvements have led to the superior efficacy when anti-CD19 CAR-T cell treatments in B cell cancers. At present, CAR-T cell therapy is developing rapidly, and many clinical trials have been established on a global scale, which has great commercial potential. This review mainly describes the toxicity of CAR-T cell therapy and the challenges of CAR-T cells in the treatment of solid tumors, and looks forward to future development and opportunities for immunotherapy and reviews major breakthroughs in CAR-T cell therapy.
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24
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Yu CI, Marches F, Wu TC, Martinek J, Palucka K. Techniques for the generation of humanized mouse models for immuno-oncology. Methods Enzymol 2020; 636:351-368. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Humanized Mice as an Effective Evaluation System for Peptide Vaccines and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246337. [PMID: 31888191 PMCID: PMC6940818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide vaccination was developed for the prevention and therapy of acute and chronic infectious diseases and cancer. However, vaccine development is challenging, because the patient immune system requires the appropriate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) recognition with the peptide. Moreover, antigens sometimes induce a low response, even if the peptide is presented by antigen-presenting cells and T cells recognize it. This is because the patient immunity is dampened or restricted by environmental factors. Even if the immune system responds appropriately, newly-developed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are used to increase the immune response against cancer, make the immune environment more complex. The ICIs may activate T cells, although the ratio of responsive patients is not high. However, the vaccine may induce some immune adverse effects in the presence of ICIs. Therefore, a system is needed to predict such risks. Humanized mouse systems possessing human immune cells have been developed to examine human immunity in vivo. One of the systems which uses transplanted human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may become a new diagnosis strategy. Various humanized mouse systems are being developed and will become good tools for the prediction of antibody response and immune adverse effects.
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26
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Lee JY, Han AR, Lee DR. T Lymphocyte Development and Activation in Humanized Mouse Model. Dev Reprod 2019; 23:79-92. [PMID: 31321348 PMCID: PMC6635618 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.2.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humanized mice, containing engrafted human cells and tissues, are emerging as an
important in vivo platform for studying human diseases. Since
the development of Nod scid gamma (NSG) mice bearing mutations
in the IL-2 receptor gamma chain, many investigators have used NSG mice
engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to generate functional
human immune systems in vivo, results in high efficacy of human
cell engraftment. The development of NSG mice has allowed significant advances
to be made in studies on several human diseases, including cancer and
graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), and in regenerative medicine. Based on the
human HSC transplantation, organ transplantation including thymus and liver in
the renal capsule has been performed. Also, immune reconstruction of cells, of
the lymphoid as well as myeloid lineages, has been partly accomplished. However,
crosstalk between pluripotent stem cell derived therapeutic cells with human
leukocyte antigen (HLA) mis/matched types and immune CD3 T cells have not been
fully addressed. To overcome this hurdle, human major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) molecules, not mouse MHC molecules, are required to generate functional T
cells in a humanized mouse model. Here, we briefly summarize characteristics of
the humanized mouse model, focusing on development of CD3 T cells with MHC
molecules. We also highlight the necessity of the humanized mouse model for the
treatment of various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Lee
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - A-Reum Han
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
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27
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Wunderlich M, Chou FS, Sexton C, Presicce P, Chougnet CA, Aliberti J, Mulloy JC. Improved multilineage human hematopoietic reconstitution and function in NSGS mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209034. [PMID: 30540841 PMCID: PMC6291127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of NOD/SCID (NS) mice has yielded numerous sub-strains with specific traits useful for the study of human hematopoietic xenografts, each with unique characteristics. Here, we have compared the engraftment and output of umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ cells in four immune-deficient strains: NS, NS with additional IL2RG knockout (NSG), NS with transgenic expression of human myeloid promoting cytokines SCF, GM-CSF, and IL-3 (NSS), and NS with both IL2RG knockout and transgenic cytokine expression (NSGS). Overall engraftment of human hematopoietic cells was highest in the IL2RG knockout strains (NSG and NSGS), while myeloid cell output was notably enhanced in the two strains with transgenic cytokine expression (NSS and NSGS). In further comparisons of NSG and NSGS mice, several additional differences were noted. NSGS mice were found to have a more rapid reconstitution of T cells, improved B cell differentiation, increased levels of NK cells, reduced platelets, and reduced maintenance of primitive CD34+ cells in the bone marrow. NSGS were superior hosts for secondary engraftment and both strains were equally suitable for experiments of graft versus host disease. Increased levels of human cytokines as well as human IgG and IgM were detected in the serum of humanized NSGS mice. Furthermore, immunization of humanized NSGS mice provided evidence of a functional response to repeated antigen exposure, implying a more complete hematopoietic graft was generated in these mice. These results highlight the important role that myeloid cells and myeloid-supportive cytokines play in the formation of a more functional xenograft immune system in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MW); (JM)
| | - Fu-Sheng Chou
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christina Sexton
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julio Aliberti
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James C. Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MW); (JM)
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28
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Law SC, Haigh OL, Walpole CM, Keane C, Miles JJ, Gandhi MK, Radford KJ, Steptoe RJ. Simple, rapid and inexpensive typing of common HLA class I alleles for immunological studies. J Immunol Methods 2018; 465:72-76. [PMID: 30537479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current HLA-typing methods are typically designed to provide exquisitely-detailed identification of multiple HLA-alleles to satisfy the requirements for organ and bone marrow transplantation or genetic studies. Many human immunological studies, on the other hand, focus around only a small number of HLA alleles that are abundant or of relevance to specific diseases. Consequently, for such studies, many HLA typing approaches are not cost-effective and are potentially complicated, slow and not easily performed in-house. Work-flow would be streamlined by a simple, inexpensive and rapid typing method able to be performed in-house. We outline a straightforward approach that provides appropriate data for much immunological research. In a predominantly Caucasian population, flow cytometry using anti-HLA-A2, -B8 and -B7 antibodies consistently and accurately screened for samples carrying the highly-abundant HLA class I alleles HLA-A*02:01, -B*08:01 and -B*07:02 that form the focus of immunological studies. Next, we describe a straightforward and simple strategy for design and use of allele-specific PCR primers to identify, at high-resolution, alleles of interest. When combined with a simple gDNA extraction technique this provides reliable, simple and inexpensive in-house HLA typing demonstrated here for highly-abundant HLA class I alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soi Cheng Law
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oscar L Haigh
- Mater Research UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carina M Walpole
- Mater Research UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colm Keane
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine & Health, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maher K Gandhi
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Mater Research UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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29
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Minagawa A, Yoshikawa T, Yasukawa M, Hotta A, Kunitomo M, Iriguchi S, Takiguchi M, Kassai Y, Imai E, Yasui Y, Kawai Y, Zhang R, Uemura Y, Miyoshi H, Nakanishi M, Watanabe A, Hayashi A, Kawana K, Fujii T, Nakatsura T, Kaneko S. Enhancing T Cell Receptor Stability in Rejuvenated iPSC-Derived T Cells Improves Their Use in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:850-858.e4. [PMID: 30449714 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Limited T cell availability and proliferative exhaustion present major barriers to successful T cell-based immunotherapies and may potentially be overcome through the use of "rejuvenated" induced pluripotent stem cells derived from antigen-specific T cells (T-iPSCs). However, strict antigen specificity is essential for safe and efficient T cell immunotherapy. Here, we report that CD8αβ T cells from human T-iPSCs lose their antigen specificity through additional rearrangement of the T cell receptor (TCR) α chain gene during the CD4/CD8 double positive stage of in vitro differentiation. CRISPR knockout of a recombinase gene in the T-iPSCs prevented this additional TCR rearrangement. Moreover, when CD8αβ T cells were differentiated from monocyte-derived iPSCs that were transduced with an antigen-specific TCR, they showed monoclonal expression of the transduced TCR. TCR-stabilized, regenerated CD8αβ T cells effectively inhibit tumor growth in xenograft cancer models. These approaches could contribute to safe and effective regenerative T cell immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Minagawa
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mihoko Kunitomo
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Japan; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shoichi Iriguchi
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Maiko Takiguchi
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Japan; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kassai
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Japan; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Eri Imai
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawai
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Hayashi
- Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Japan; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Takeda-CiRA Joint Program (T-CiRA), Fujisawa, Japan; Facility for iPS Cell Therapy, CiRA, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
Immunotherapy is one of the most exciting recent breakthroughs in the field of cancer treatment. Many different approaches are being developed and a number have already gained regulatory approval or are under investigation in clinical trials. However, learning from the past, preclinical animal models often insufficiently reflect the physiological situation in humans, which subsequently causes treatment failures in clinical trials. Due to species-specific differences in most parts of the immune system, the transfer of knowledge from preclinical studies to clinical trials is eminently challenging. Human tumor cell line-based or patient-derived xenografts in immunocompromised mice have been successfully applied in the preclinical testing of cytotoxic or molecularly targeted agents, but naturally these systems lack the human immune system counterpart. The co-transplantation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells is employed to overcome this limitation. This review summarizes some important aspects of the different available tumor xenograft mouse models, their history, and their implementation in drug development and personalized therapy. Moreover, recent progress, opportunities and limitations of different humanized mouse models will be discussed.
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31
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Manipulating the tumor microenvironment by adoptive cell transfer of CAR T-cells. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:739-756. [PMID: 29987406 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T-cells expressing synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have revolutionized immuno-oncology and highlighted the use of adoptive cell transfer, for the treatment of cancer. The phenomenal clinical success obtained in the treatment of hematological malignancies with CAR T-cells has not been reproduced in the treatment of solid tumors, mainly due to the suppressive and hostile tumor microenvironment (TME). This review will address the immunosuppressive features of the TME, which include the stroma, cytokine and chemokine milieu, suppressive regulatory cells and hypoxic conditions, which can all pose formidable barriers for the effective anti-tumor function of CAR T-cells. Some of the novel next generation CARs that have been developed and tested against the TME, will be discussed, to highlight the status of current research in CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors.
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32
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Carrillo MA, Zhen A, Kitchen SG. The Use of the Humanized Mouse Model in Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy for HIV and Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:746. [PMID: 29755454 PMCID: PMC5932400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV and cancer remain prevailing sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are current efforts to discover novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment or cure of these diseases. Humanized mouse models provide the investigative tool to study the interaction between HIV or cancer and the human immune system in vivo. These humanized models consist of immunodeficient mice transplanted with human cells, tissues, or hematopoietic stem cells that result in reconstitution with a nearly full human immune system. In this review, we discuss preclinical studies evaluating therapeutic approaches in stem cell-based gene therapy and T cell-based immunotherapies for HIV and cancer using a humanized mouse model and some recent advances in using checkpoint inhibitors to improve antiviral or antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A Carrillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Tat T, Li H, Constantinescu CS, Onaciu A, Chira S, Osan C, Pasca S, Petrushev B, Moisoiu V, Micu WT, Berce C, Tranca S, Dima D, Berindan-Neagoe I, Shen J, Tomuleasa C, Qian L. Genetically enhanced T lymphocytes and the intensive care unit. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16557-16572. [PMID: 29662667 PMCID: PMC5893262 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells) and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) are important protocols in lymphocyte engineering. CAR-T cells have emerged as a new modality for cancer immunotherapy due to their potential efficacy against hematological malignancies. These genetically modified receptors contain an antigen-binding moiety, a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular costimulatory domain resulting in lymphocyte T cell activation subsequent to antigen binding. In present-day medicine, four generations of CAR-T cells are described depending on the intracellular signaling domain number of T cell receptors. DLI represents a form of adoptive therapy used after hematopoietic stem cell transplant for its anti-tumor and anti-infectious properties. This article covers the current status of CAR-T cells and DLI research in the intensive care unit (ICU) patient, including the efficacy, toxicity, side effects and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiberiu Tat
- Intensive Care Unit, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Research, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Anesthesiology-Intensive Care, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Huming Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Catalin-Sorin Constantinescu
- Intensive Care Unit, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Research, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Chira
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Osan
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Moisoiu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Wilhelm-Thomas Micu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Berce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian Tranca
- Department of Anesthesiology-Intensive Care, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Research, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Jianliang Shen
- Department of Hematology, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Research, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine / Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Liren Qian
- Department of Hematology, Navy General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Baruch EN, Berg AL, Besser MJ, Schachter J, Markel G. Adoptive T cell therapy: An overview of obstacles and opportunities. Cancer 2017; 123:2154-2162. [PMID: 28543698 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) in cancer patients was first acknowledged 3 decades ago, but it was an esoteric approach at the time. In recent years, technological advancements have transformed ACT into a viable therapeutic option that can be curative in some patients. In fact, current ACT response rates are 80% to 90% for hematological malignancies and 30% for metastatic melanoma refractory to multiple lines of therapy. Although these results are encouraging, there is still much to be done to fulfill ACT's potential, specifically with regard to improving clinical efficacy, expanding clinical indications, reducing toxicity, and increasing production and cost-effectiveness. This review addresses the current major obstacles to ACT and presents potential solutions. Cancer 2017;123:2154-62. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Nissim Baruch
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amy Lauren Berg
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michal Judith Besser
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Understanding CD8 + T-cell responses toward the native and alternate HLA-A*02:01-restricted WT1 epitope. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e134. [PMID: 28435676 PMCID: PMC5382434 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen is expressed in solid and hematological malignancies, but not healthy tissues, making it a promising target for cancer immunotherapies. Immunodominant WT1 epitopes, the native HLA-A2/WT1126-134 (RMFPNAPYL) (HLA-A2/RMFPNAPYL epitope (WT1A)) and its modified variant YMFPNAPYL (HLA-A2/YMFPNAPYL epitope (WT1B)), can induce WT1-specific CD8+ T cells, although WT1B is more stably bound to HLA-A*02:01. Here, to further determine the benefits of those two targets, we assessed the naive precursor frequencies; immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of CD8+ T cells directed toward these two WT1 epitopes. Ex vivo naive WT1A- and WT1B-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in healthy HLA-A*02:01+ individuals with comparable precursor frequencies (1 in 105–106) to other naive CD8+ T-cell pools (for example, A2/HIV-Gag77-85), but as expected, ~100 × lower than those found in memory populations (influenza, A2/M158-66; EBV, A2/BMLF1280-288). Importantly, only WT1A-specific naive precursors were detected in HLA-A2.1 mice. To further assess the immunogenicity and recruitment of CD8+ T cells responding to WT1A and WT1B, we immunized HLA-A2.1 mice with either peptide. WT1A immunization elicited numerically higher CD8+ T-cell responses to the native tumor epitope following re-stimulation, although both regimens produced functionally similar responses toward WT1A via cytokine analysis and CD107a expression. Interestingly, however, WT1B immunization generated cross-reactive CD8+ T-cell responses to WT1A and could be further expanded by WT1A peptide revealing two distinct populations of single- and cross-reactive WT1A+CD8+ T cells with unique T-cell receptor-αβ gene signatures. Therefore, although both epitopes are immunogenic, the clinical benefits of WT1B vaccination remains debatable and perhaps both peptides may have separate clinical benefits as treatment targets.
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Walsh NC, Kenney LL, Jangalwe S, Aryee KE, Greiner DL, Brehm MA, Shultz LD. Humanized Mouse Models of Clinical Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:187-215. [PMID: 27959627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human cells and tissues, that is, humanized mice, have become increasingly important as small, preclinical animal models for the study of human diseases. Since the description of immunodeficient mice bearing mutations in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2rgnull) in the early 2000s, investigators have been able to engraft murine recipients with human hematopoietic stem cells that develop into functional human immune systems. These mice can also be engrafted with human tissues such as islets, liver, skin, and most solid and hematologic cancers. Humanized mice are permitting significant progress in studies of human infectious disease, cancer, regenerative medicine, graft-versus-host disease, allergies, and immunity. Ultimately, use of humanized mice may lead to the implementation of truly personalized medicine in the clinic. This review discusses recent progress in the development and use of humanized mice and highlights their utility for the study of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sonal Jangalwe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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