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Antosz K, Batko J, Błażejewska M, Gawor A, Sleziak J, Gomułka K. Insight into IL-5 as a Potential Target for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1531. [PMID: 39062104 PMCID: PMC11275030 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 functions as a B-cell differentiation factor, but more importantly, in the context of this review, it plays a variety of roles in eosinophil biology, including eosinophil differentiation and maturation in the bone marrow, and facilitates eosinophil migration to tissue sites, usually in the context of an allergic reaction. Given the availability of selective anti-IL-5 drugs such as mepolizumab and reslizumab, as well as the IL-5 receptor antagonist benralizumab, it is worth investigating whether they could be used in some cases of allergic disease. Asthma has a well-documented involvement of IL-5 in its pathophysiology and has clear benefits in the case of anti-IL-5 therapy; therefore, current knowledge is presented to provide a reference point for the study of less-described diseases such as atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic spontaneous urticaria, and its association with both IL-5 and anti-IL-5 treatment options. We then review the current literature on these diseases, explain where appropriate potential reasons why anti-IL-5 treatments are ineffective, and then point out possible future directions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Antosz
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Joanna Batko
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Marta Błażejewska
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Antoni Gawor
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakub Sleziak
- Student Research Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Gomułka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Yin M, Wadhwa R, Marshall JE, Gillis CM, Kim RY, Dua K, Palsson-McDermott EM, Fallon PG, Hansbro PM, O'Neill LAJ. 4-Octyl Itaconate Alleviates Airway Eosinophilic Inflammation by Suppressing Chemokines and Eosinophil Development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:13-23. [PMID: 37991425 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
4-Octyl itaconate (4-OI) is a derivative of the Krebs cycle-derived metabolite itaconate and displays an array of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties through modifying cysteine residues within protein targets. We have found that 4-OI significantly reduces the production of eosinophil-targeted chemokines in a variety of cell types, including M1 and M2 macrophages, Th2 cells, and A549 respiratory epithelial cells. Notably, the suppression of these chemokines in M1 macrophages was found to be NRF2-dependent. In addition, 4-OI can interfere with IL-5 signaling and directly affect eosinophil differentiation. In a model of eosinophilic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice, 4-OI alleviated airway resistance and reduced eosinophil recruitment to the lungs. Our findings suggest that itaconate derivatives could be promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Yin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Marshall
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin M Gillis
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eva M Palsson-McDermott
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Immune Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Mycroft K, Paplińska-Goryca M, Proboszcz M, Nejman-Gryz P, Krenke R, Górska K. Blood and Sputum Eosinophils of COPD Patients Are Differently Polarized than in Asthma. Cells 2023; 12:1631. [PMID: 37371101 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Different eosinophil subpopulations have been identified in asthma and other eosinophilic disorders. However, there is a paucity of data on eosinophil subpopulations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to compare eosinophil phenotypes in blood and induced sputum in patients with COPD, asthma and controls. Stable patients with mild-to-moderate COPD (n = 15) and asthma (n = 14) with documented blood eosinophilia ≥100 cells/µL in the year prior to the study and the control group (n = 11) were included to the study. The blood and sputum eosinophil phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. IL-5, IL-13, CCL5 and eotaxin-3 levels were measured in the induced sputum. The marker expression on blood eosinophils was similar among control, asthma and COPD groups. The expressions of CD125, CD193, CD14 and CD62L were higher on blood than on sputum eosinophils in all three groups. We found increased levels of CD193+ and CD66b+ sputum eosinophils from COPD patients, and an elevated level of CD11b+ sputum eosinophils in asthma compared to COPD patients. The results of our study suggest that the profile of marker expression on COPD sputum eosinophils differed from other groups, suggesting a distinct phenotype of eosinophils of COPD patients than in asthma or healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mycroft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Paplińska-Goryca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Proboszcz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Nejman-Gryz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Krenke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Górska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Alhirmizi IAO, Uysal F, Arslan SO, Özünlü SAÇ, Koç A, Parlar A, Bayram KK. Fenofibrate Attenuates Asthma Features in an Ovalbumin-induced Mouse Model Via Suppressing NF-κB Binding Activity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023:104083. [PMID: 37295485 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with a high prevalence. Asthma has a complex pathophysiology and about 5-10% of patients are not fully responsive to the currently available treatments. The aim of this study is to investigate the involvement of NF-κB in the effects of fenofibrate on a mouse model of allergic asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 49 BALB/c mice were randomly distributed into 7 groups (n=7). Allergic asthma model was created by administering i.p. injections of ovalbumin on days 0, 14 and 21, followed by provocation with inhaled ovalbumin on days 28, 29 and 30. Fenofibrate was orally given in 3 different doses; 1, 10 and 30mg/kg through days 21 to 30 of the experiment. On day 31, pulmonary function test using whole body plethysmography was performed. The mice were sacrificed 24hours later. Blood samples were obtained, and serum of each sample was separated for IgE determination. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected to measure IL-5 and IL-13 levels. Nuclear extracts of lung tissues were employed to assess nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 binding activity. RESULTS Enhanced Pause (Penh) values were significantly increased in ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice (p<0.01). Administration of fenofibrate (10 and 30mg/kg) resulted in improved pulmonary function as shown by significantly lower Penh values (p<0.01). Interleukin (IL) -5 and IL-13 levels in BALF and lung tissues and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in serum were significantly elevated in the allergic mice. IL-5 levels in the lung tissues of mice treated with 1mg/kg fenofibrate (FEN1) group were significantly reduced (p<0.01). BALF and lung tissue IL-5 and IL-13 levels in mice treated with 10 and 30mg/kg fenofibrate, FEN10 and FEN30, respectively, were significantly diminished when compared to the ovalbumin-treated (OVA) group, whereas treatment with 1mg/kg fenofibrate resulted in insignificant changes. IgE levels in the serum of FEN30 group mice have shown a prominent reduction (p<0.01). NF-κB p65 binding activity was higher in mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (p<0.01). NF-κB p65 binding activity was significantly reduced in allergic mice treated with 30mg/kg (p<0.01) fenofibrate. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we showed that administration of 10 and 30mg/kg fenofibrate effectively attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma, possibly through inhibition of NF-κB binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma Uysal
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Seyfullah Oktay Arslan
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - Saliha Ayşenur Çam Özünlü
- Medical Pharmacology, Ankara, Türkiye Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ayşegül Koç
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ali Parlar
- Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Adıyaman, Adıyaman, Türkiye
| | - Keziban Korkmaz Bayram
- Medical Genetic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Onodera A, Kokubo K, Okano M, Onoue M, Kiuchi M, Iwamura C, Iinuma T, Kimura MY, Ebihara N, Hanazawa T, Nakayama T, Hirahara K. Pathogenic helper T cells as the novel therapeutic targets for immune-mediated intractable diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 247:108445. [PMID: 37201737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases arise from a complex interplay between immune system and environmental factors. A link between the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and type 2 immune responses has become evident, with conventional and pathogenic type 2 helper T (Th2) cells involved in both. Recently, there has been a significant development in therapeutic agents for allergic diseases: IL-5 and IL-5 receptor antagonists, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Mepolizumab, an IL-5, and Benralizumab, an IL-5 receptor antagonist, modulate eosinophilic inflammation mediated by IL-5-producing Th2 cells. Delgocitinib shows that JAK-associated signaling is essential for the inflammatory reaction in atopic dermatitis, one of the common allergic diseases. SLIT has a significant effect on allergic rhinitis by reducing pathogenic Th2 cell numbers. More recently, novel molecules that are involved in pathogenic Th2 cell-mediated allergic diseases have been identified. These include calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging machinery regulated by the Txnip-Nrf2-Blvrb axis, and myosin light chain 9 (Myl9), which interacts with CD69. This review provides an updated view of the recent research on treatment of allergic diseases and their cause: conventional and pathogenic Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kota Kokubo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mikiko Okano
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Miki Onoue
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Chiaki Iwamura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Iinuma
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motoko Y Kimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Chiba University "Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Hanazawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Chiba University "Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiba, Japan.
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6
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Yun Y, Shi H, Wang Y, Yang F, Zhang Y, Feng H, Chen J, Wang X. Pre-Protection and Mechanism of Crude Extracts from Dioscorea alata L. on H 2O 2-Induced IPEC-J2 Cells Oxidative Damage. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081401. [PMID: 37106964 PMCID: PMC10135252 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purple tubers of Dioscorea alata L. have been found to contain a variety of bioactive chemical components, including anthocyanins, which make it significant to investigate the pre-protective effects of Dioscorea alata L. and its crude extracts on cells prior to oxidative stress. To establish a suitable oxidative damage model, an injured model of IPEC-J2 cells was created using H2O2 as the oxidant. Specifically, when the concentration of H2O2 was 120 μmol/L and the injured time was 8 h, the survival rate of cells decreased to approximately 70%, and the cells exhibited a noticeable oxidative stress reaction. Moreover, the crude extracts of Dioscorea alata L. demonstrated beneficial pre-protective effects on IPEC-J2 cells by increasing the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) activities, augmenting the expression of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and its genes, reducing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and its expression of genes, and promoting the expression of glucose transporter SGLT1 gene while reducing that of GULT2 gene, thereby facilitating the entry of anthocyanins into cells. In addition, the 50 μg/mL crude extracts effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB and the p65 protein, thus reducing cellular oxidative stress. Given these findings, Dioscorea alata L. can be considered a natural antioxidant for practical breeding and production purposes, with an optimal concentration of crude extracts in this experiment being 50 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Huiyu Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haibo Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Junpu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Walter S, Ho J, Alvarado R, Smith G, Croucher DR, Liang S, Grayson JW, Mangussi-Gomes J, Van Es SL, Earls P, Rimmer J, Campbell R, Kalish L, Sacks R, Harvey RJ. Mepolizumab decreases tissue eosinophils while increasing type-2 cytokines in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:1403-1413. [PMID: 35475305 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis is an often treatment-resistant inflammatory disease mediated by type-2 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-5. Mepolizumab, a monoclonal antibody drug targeting IL-5, has demonstrated efficacy and safety in inflammatory airway disease, but there is negligible evidence on direct tissue response. The study's aim was to determine the local effect of mepolizumab on inflammatory biomarkers in sinonasal tissue of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis patients. METHODS Adult patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis received 100mg mepolizumab subcutaneously at four-weekly intervals for 24 weeks in this prospective phase 2 clinical trial. Tissue eosinophil counts, eosinophil degranulation (assessed as submucosal eosinophil peroxidase deposition by immunohistochemistry) and cytokine levels (measured in homogenates by immunoassay) were evaluated in ethmoid sinus tissue biopsies collected at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 16 and 24. RESULTS Twenty patients (47.7 ± 11.7 years, 50% female) were included. Sinonasal tissue eosinophil counts decreased after 24 weeks of treatment with mepolizumab (101.64 ± 93.80 vs 41.74 ± 53.76 cells per 0.1 mm2 ; p = .035), eosinophil degranulation remained unchanged (5.79 ± 2.08 vs 6.07 ± 1.20, p = .662), and type-2 cytokine levels increased in sinonasal tissue for IL-5 (10.84 ± 18.65 vs 63.98 ± 50.66, p = .001), IL-4 (4.48 ± 3.77 vs 9.38 ± 7.56, p = .004), IL-13 (4.02 ± 2.57 vs 6.46 ± 3.99, p = .024) and GM-CSF (1.51 ± 1.74 vs 4.50 ± 2.97, p = .001). CONCLUSION Mepolizumab reduced eosinophils in sinonasal tissue, demonstrating that antagonism of IL-5 suppresses eosinophil trafficking. With reduced tissue eosinophils, a local type-2 inflammatory feedback loop may occur. The study exposes mechanistic factors which may explain incomplete treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Walter
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raquel Alvarado
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Greg Smith
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharron Liang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jessica W Grayson
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - João Mangussi-Gomes
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simone L Van Es
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,New South Wales Health Education and Training Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Earls
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet Rimmer
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Woolcock Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Notre Dame University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raewyn Campbell
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Larry Kalish
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Concord General Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raymond Sacks
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Concord General Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J Harvey
- Rhinology and Skull Base Research Group, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Lentinan improves intestinal inflammation and gut dysbiosis in antibiotics-induced mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19609. [PMID: 36380080 PMCID: PMC9666428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is already a global problem after antibiotic overuse. This study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of lentinan and the mechanism of recovery of intestinal inflammation on broad-spectrum antibiotic-driven gut microbial dysbiosis in mice. Gut microbiota was elucidated by the Illumina MiSeq platform. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to investigate short-chain fatty acid content. Colon histology, expression of tight-junction associated proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were evaluated. The results showed that the gut microbiota of diversity and richness were reduced and various taxonomic levels of the gut microbiota were perturbed after antibiotics gavage. The abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes shifted to Proteobacteria and increased the relative abundance of harmful microbiota (Parabacteroides and Klebsiella) post-antibiotics, whereas lentinan administration reversed the dysbiosis and increased beneficial microbiota, including S24-7, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus and Allobaculum. The concentrations of propionic acid and butyric acid were significantly increased by treatment with lentinan. And lentinan improved colon tissue morphology and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines via altering NF-κB signaling pathway in antibiotic-driven gut microbial dysbiosis mice. Taken together, the results proved that lentinan can be used as a prebiotic and the result provided a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of broad-spectrum antibiotics side effects.
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9
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Eosinophilic inflammation: An Appealing Target for Pharmacologic Treatments in Severe Asthma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092181. [PMID: 36140282 PMCID: PMC9496162 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma is characterized by different endotypes driven by complex pathologic mechanisms. In most patients with both allergic and non-allergic asthma, predominant eosinophilic airway inflammation is present. Given the central role of eosinophilic inflammation in the pathophysiology of most cases of severe asthma and considering that severe eosinophilic asthmatic patients respond partially or poorly to corticosteroids, in recent years, research has focused on the development of targeted anti-eosinophil biological therapies; this review will focus on the unique and particular biology of the eosinophil, as well as on the current knowledge about the pathobiology of eosinophilic inflammation in asthmatic airways. Finally, current and prospective anti-eosinophil therapeutic strategies will be discussed, examining the reason why eosinophilic inflammation represents an appealing target for the pharmacological treatment of patients with severe asthma.
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10
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Xu L, Tian D, Zhou M, Ma J, Sun G, Jin H, Li M, Zhang D, Wu J. OX40 Expression in Eosinophils Aggravates OVA-Induced Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841141. [PMID: 35720294 PMCID: PMC9201343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Eosinophils are the main inflammatory effector cells that damage gastrointestinal tissue in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs). Activation of the OX40 pathway aggravates allergic diseases, such as asthma, but it is not clear whether OX40 is expressed in eosinophils to regulate inflammation in EGIDs. In this study, we assessed the expression and effect of OX40 on eosinophils in WT and Ox40-/- eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) mice. Methods Eosinophil infiltration, ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Ig production, OX40 expression and inflammatory factor levels in the intestine and bone marrow (BM) were investigated to evaluate inflammation. Results We confirmed that OVA-challenged mice produced high levels of Ox40, Mbp, Ccl11, Il5, Il4, Il13, and Il6 mRNA and a low level of Ifng mRNA in the intestine. Increased eosinophils were observed in intestinal and lymph tissues, accompanied by significantly upregulated OX40 and Type 2 cytokine production in eosinophils of EGE mice. Ox40 deficiency ameliorated OVA-induced inflammation, eosinophil infiltration, and cytokine production in the intestine. Consistently, Ox40-/ - eosinophils exhibited decreased proliferation and proinflammatory function. The stimulation of the agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, OX86, promoted the effect of OX40 on eosinophils. The present study also showed that Ox40 deficiency dampened the Traf2/6-related NF-κB signaling pathway in eosinophils. Conclusions OX40 may play a critical role in the progress of OVA-induced EGE by promoting the maturation and function of eosinophils via the Traf2/6-related NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Minsi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuyue Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
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11
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Sylvester M, Son A, Schwartz DM. The Interactions Between Autoinflammation and Type 2 Immunity: From Mechanistic Studies to Epidemiologic Associations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818039. [PMID: 35281022 PMCID: PMC8907424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases are a group of clinical syndromes characterized by constitutive overactivation of innate immune pathways. This results in increased production of or responses to monocyte- and neutrophil-derived cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Type 1 interferon (IFN). By contrast, clinical allergy is caused by dysregulated type 2 immunity, which is characterized by expansion of T helper 2 (Th2) cells and eosinophils, as well as overproduction of the associated cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. Traditionally, type 2 immune cells and autoinflammatory effectors were thought to counter-regulate each other. However, an expanding body of evidence suggests that, in some contexts, autoinflammatory pathways and cytokines may potentiate type 2 immune responses. Conversely, type 2 immune cells and cytokines can regulate autoinflammatory responses in complex and context-dependent manners. Here, we introduce the concepts of autoinflammation and type 2 immunity. We proceed to review the mechanisms by which autoinflammatory and type 2 immune responses can modulate each other. Finally, we discuss the epidemiology of type 2 immunity and clinical allergy in several monogenic and complex autoinflammatory diseases. In the future, these interactions between type 2 immunity and autoinflammation may help to expand the spectrum of autoinflammation and to guide the management of patients with various autoinflammatory and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKella Sylvester
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aran Son
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Diny NL, Schonfeldova B, Shapiro M, Winder ML, Varsani-Brown S, Stockinger B. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor contributes to tissue adaptation of intestinal eosinophils in mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20210970. [PMID: 35238865 PMCID: PMC8899390 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are potent sources of inflammatory and toxic mediators, yet they reside in large numbers in the healthy intestine without causing tissue damage. We show here that intestinal eosinophils were specifically adapted to their environment and underwent substantial transcriptomic changes. Intestinal eosinophils upregulated genes relating to the immune response, cell-cell communication, extracellular matrix remodeling, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor with broad functions in intestinal homeostasis. Eosinophils from AHR-deficient mice failed to fully express the intestinal gene expression program, including extracellular matrix organization and cell junction pathways. AHR-deficient eosinophils were functionally impaired in the adhesion to and degradation of extracellular matrix, were more prone to degranulation, and had an extended life span. Lack of AHR in eosinophils had wider effects on the intestinal immune system, affecting the T cell compartment in nave and helminth-infected mice. Our study demonstrates that the response to environmental triggers via AHR partially shapes tissue adaptation of eosinophils in the small intestine.
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13
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Salter B, Lacy P, Mukherjee M. Biologics in Asthma: A Molecular Perspective to Precision Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:793409. [PMID: 35126131 PMCID: PMC8807637 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.793409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in therapeutic strategies have provided alternatives to corticosteroids as the cornerstone treatment for managing airway inflammation in asthma. The past two decades have witnessed a tremendous boost in the development of anti-cytokine monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies for the management of severe asthma. Novel biologics that target eosinophilic inflammation (or type 2, T2 inflammation) have been the most successful at treating asthma symptoms, though there are a few in the drug development pipeline for treating non-eosinophilic or T2-low asthma. There has been significant improvement in clinical outcomes for asthmatics treated with currently available monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) E, anti-interleukin (IL)-4 receptor α subunit, anti-IL-5, anti-IL-5Rα, anti-IL-6, anti-IL-33, and anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Despite these initiatives in precision medicine for asthma therapy, a significant disease burden remains, as evident from modest reduction of exacerbation rates, i.e., approximately 40-60%. There are numerous studies that highlight predictors of good responses to these biologics, but few have focused on those who fail to respond adequately despite targeted treatment. Phenotyping asthmatics based on blood eosinophils is proving to be inadequate for choosing the right drug for the right patient. It is therefore pertinent to understand the underlying immunology, and perhaps, carry out immune endotyping of patients before prescribing appropriate drugs. This review summarizes the immunology of asthma, the cytokines or receptors currently targeted, the possible mechanisms of sub-optimal responses, and the importance of determining the immune make-up of individual patients prior to prescribing mAb therapy, in the age of precision medicine for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Salter
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Manali Mukherjee
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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14
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Morgan DM, Ruiter B, Smith NP, Tu AA, Monian B, Stone BE, Virk-Hundal N, Yuan Q, Shreffler WG, Love JC. Clonally expanded, GPR15-expressing pathogenic effector T H2 cells are associated with eosinophilic esophagitis. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabi5586. [PMID: 34389613 PMCID: PMC8686696 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi5586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic disorder characterized by the recruitment of eosinophils to the esophagus, resulting in chronic inflammation. We sought to understand the cellular populations present in tissue biopsies of patients with EoE and to determine how these populations are altered between active disease and remission. To this end, we analyzed cells obtained from esophageal biopsies, duodenal biopsies, and peripheral blood of patients with EoE diagnosed with active disease or remission with single-cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. Pathogenic effector TH2 (peTH2) cells present in the esophageal biopsies of patients with active disease expressed distinct gene signatures associated with the synthesis of eicosanoids. The esophageal tissue-resident peTH2 population also exhibited clonal expansion, suggesting antigen-specific activation. Peripheral CRTH2+CD161- and CRTH2+CD161+ memory CD4+ T cells were enriched for either a conventional TH2 phenotype or a peTH2 phenotype, respectively. These cells also exhibited substantial clonal expansion and convergence of TCR sequences, suggesting that they are expanded in response to a defined set of antigens. The esophagus-homing receptor GPR15 was up-regulated by peripheral peTH2 clonotypes that were also detected in the esophagus. Finally, GPR15+ peTH2 cells were enriched among milk-reactive CD4+ T cells in patients with milk-triggered disease, suggesting that these cells are an expanded, food antigen-specific population with enhanced esophagus homing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan M Morgan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bert Ruiter
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neal P Smith
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ang A Tu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Immunitas Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brinda Monian
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brandon E Stone
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Qian Yuan
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne G Shreffler
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Sastre B, del Pozo V. Emerging Evidence for Pleiotropism of Eosinophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137075. [PMID: 34209213 PMCID: PMC8269185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are complex granulocytes with the capacity to react upon diverse stimuli due to their numerous and variable surface receptors, which allows them to respond in very different manners. Traditionally believed to be only part of parasitic and allergic/asthmatic immune responses, as scientific studies arise, the paradigm about these cells is continuously changing, adding layers of complexity to their roles in homeostasis and disease. Developing principally in the bone marrow by the action of IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF, eosinophils migrate from the blood to very different organs, performing multiple functions in tissue homeostasis as in the gastrointestinal tract, thymus, uterus, mammary glands, liver, and skeletal muscle. In organs such as the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, eosinophils are able to act as immune regulatory cells and also to perform direct actions against parasites, and bacteria, where novel mechanisms of immune defense as extracellular DNA traps are key factors. Besides, eosinophils, are of importance in an effective response against viral pathogens by their nuclease enzymatic activity and have been lately described as involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 immunity. The pleiotropic role of eosinophils is sustained because eosinophils can be also detrimental to human physiology, for example, in diseases like allergies, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis, where exosomes can be significant pathophysiologic units. These eosinophilic pathologies, require specific treatments by eosinophils control, such as new monoclonal antibodies like mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab. In this review, we describe the roles of eosinophils as effectors and regulatory cells and their involvement in pathological disorders and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
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16
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Renz H, Bachert C, Berek C, Hamelmann E, Levi-Schaffer F, Raap U, Simon HU, Ploetz S, Taube C, Valent P, Voehringer D, Werfel T, Zhang N, Ring J. Physiology and pathology of eosinophils: Recent developments: Summary of the Focus Workshop Organized by DGAKI. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13032. [PMID: 33624312 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last century, eosinophils have been regarded ambiguously either as 'friends' or 'foes'. Recent developments have greatly enhanced our understanding of the role and function of eosinophils in health and disease. Pathogenic eosinophilic inflammation can lead to severe diseases in various organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, airways, heart and skin. In a 2-day focus workshop of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI), the state of the art was discussed and practical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic diseases, with a particular focus on new biologics, such as anti-interleukin 5 and anti-interleukin 5R, were derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory and Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Berek
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Ein Institut der Leibnizgemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckard Hamelmann
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany.,Allergy Center of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ulrike Raap
- Clinics of Dermatology and Allergy, Faculty of Medical Health and Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology & Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory and Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johannes Ring
- Deptment of Dermatology and Allergology Biederstein, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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Liu YK, Jia YJ, Liu SH, Ma J. FSTL1 increases cisplatin sensitivity in epithelial ovarian cancer cells by inhibition of NF-κB pathway. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 87:405-414. [PMID: 33392640 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of FSTL1-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway on cisplatin (DDP) sensitivity of EOC cells. METHODS FSTL1 expression was determined in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues and corresponding adjacent tissues using immunohistochemistry. SKOV3 and SKOV3/DDP cells were transfected and grouped into Blank, Vector, and FSTL1 groups. The sensitivity and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cells treated with different concentrations of DDP were detected by MTT assay. SKOV3/DDP cells were treated with 20 μM DDP, followed by evaluation of cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and determination of NF-κB pathway-related proteins while SKOV3 cells without. RESULTS FSTL1 expression in EOC tissues and cells was significantly down-regulated, especially decreased in DDP-resistant EOC cells SKOV3/DDP. In SKOV3 cells and SKOV3/DDP cells, the cell viability was reduced and the DDP sensitivity was improved with the decreased IC50 after over-expressing FSTL1. Compared with Blank group, FSTL1 group had declined number of SKOV3 cell colonies and increased cell apoptosis, with obvious up-regulations of FSTL1, Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 expression and the down-regulations of p-IκBα, p-p65 and survivin expression. Combination of up-regulation of FSTL1 and DDP treatment can also effectively reduce cell colony forming, increase cell apoptosis, and inhibit NF-κB pathway activity of SKOV3/DDP cells. Moreover, this combination can also significantly suppress the growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice. CONCLUSION FSTL1 may inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway to suppress the growth and promote the apoptosis of epithelial ovarian cancer cells, and thereby enhancing its DDP sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Kun Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China.
| | - Ya-Jing Jia
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Shi-Hao Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Gynecology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
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18
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Zustakova M, Kratochvilova L, Slama P. Apoptosis of Eosinophil Granulocytes. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120457. [PMID: 33321726 PMCID: PMC7763668 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Eosinophil granulocytes (eosinophils) belong to the family of white blood cells that play important roles in the development of asthma and various types of allergy. Eosinophils are cells with a diameter of 12–17 µm and they originate from myeloid precursors. They were discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 in the process of staining fixed blood smears with aniline dyes. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is the process by which cells lose their functionality. Therefore, it is very important to study the apoptosis of eosinophils and their survival factors to understand how to develop new drugs based on the modulation of eosinophil apoptosis for the treatment of asthma and allergic diseases. Abstract In the past 10 years, the number of people in the Czech Republic with allergies has doubled to over three million. Allergic pollen catarrh, constitutional dermatitis and asthma are the allergic disorders most often diagnosed. Genuine food allergies today affect 6–8% of nursing infants, 3–5% of small children, and 2–4% of adults. These disorders are connected with eosinophil granulocytes and their apoptosis. Eosinophil granulocytes are postmitotic leukocytes containing a number of histotoxic substances that contribute to the initiation and continuation of allergic inflammatory reactions. Eosinophilia results from the disruption of the standard half-life of eosinophils by the expression of mechanisms that block the apoptosis of eosinophils, leading to the development of chronic inflammation. Glucocorticoids are used as a strong acting anti-inflammatory medicine in the treatment of hypereosinophilia. The removal of eosinophils by the mechanism of apoptosis is the effect of this process. This work sums up the contemporary knowledge concerning the apoptosis of eosinophils, its role in the aforementioned disorders, and the indications for the use of glucocorticoids in their related therapies.
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19
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Eosinophil homing to the bone marrow. Blood 2020; 136:2602-2603. [PMID: 33270852 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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He Y, Hwang S, Ahmed YA, Feng D, Li N, Ribeiro M, Lafdil F, Kisseleva T, Szabo G, Gao B. Immunopathobiology and therapeutic targets related to cytokines in liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:18-37. [PMID: 33203939 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury with any etiology can progress to fibrosis and the end-stage diseases cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The progression of liver disease is controlled by a variety of factors, including liver injury, inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and the gut microbiome. In the current review, we discuss recent data on a large number of cytokines that play important roles in regulating liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and regeneration, with a focus on interferons and T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th9, Th17, interleukin (IL)-1 family, IL-6 family, and IL-20 family cytokines. Hepatocytes can also produce certain cytokines (such as IL-7, IL-11, and IL-33), and the functions of these cytokines in the liver are briefly summarized. Several cytokines have great therapeutic potential, and some are currently being tested as therapeutic targets in clinical trials for the treatment of liver diseases, which are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yeni Ait Ahmed
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Marcelle Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fouad Lafdil
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, F-94000, Créteil, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, F-75231, Cedex 05, France
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Oyesola OO, Früh SP, Webb LM, Tait Wojno ED. Cytokines and beyond: Regulation of innate immune responses during helminth infection. Cytokine 2020; 133:154527. [PMID: 30241895 PMCID: PMC6422760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infection elicits a type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. During type 2 inflammation, damaged or stimulated epithelial cells exposed to helminths and their products produce alarmins and cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These factors promote innate immune cell activation that supports the polarization of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Activated innate and Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, -5, -9, and -13 that perpetuate immune activation and act back on the epithelium to cause goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial cell turnover. Together, these events facilitate worm expulsion and wound healing processes. While the role of Th2 cells in this context has been heavily studied, recent work has revealed that epithelial cell-derived cytokines are drivers of key innate immune responses that are critical for type 2 anti-helminth responses. Cutting-edge studies have begun to fully assess how other factors and pathways, including lipid mediators, chemokines, Fc receptor signaling, danger-associated molecular pattern molecules, and direct cell-cell interactions, also participate in shaping innate cell-mediated type 2 inflammation. In this review, we discuss how these pathways intersect and synergize with pathways controlled by epithelial cell-derived cytokines to coordinate innate immune responses that drive helminth-induced type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola O Oyesola
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Simon P Früh
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lauren M Webb
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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22
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Mycroft K, Krenke R, Górska K. Eosinophils in COPD-Current Concepts and Clinical Implications. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:2565-2574. [PMID: 32251737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, heterogeneity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) inflammatory patterns has been recognized as a basis for more precise treatment interventions because current therapies have limited effectiveness. Eosinophilic airway inflammation in COPD has become a subject of research interest as a potential treatment target for inhaled corticosteroid therapy. However, the role of eosinophils in COPD is still unclear, and it is unknown why only some patients with COPD develop eosinophilic airway inflammation. Induced sputum analysis is the most common method of assessing the type of airway inflammation. Accessibility to sputum induction, however, is limited in clinical practice, and blood eosinophils have been proposed to serve as a surrogate marker and treatment guide. Blood eosinophil count has been shown to poorly predict sputum eosinophilia, and, moreover, it seems to be fairly unstable and affected by various factors. Nevertheless, in several trials, blood eosinophil count appeared to predict good response to inhaled corticosteroids However, biologics targeting eosinophils do not appear to be effective in COPD. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on eosinophils in COPD pathogenesis. Then, we discuss the use of blood eosinophil count in COPD in relation to the recent Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease recommendations, their ability to predict sputum eosinophilia, and their potential role in guiding treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mycroft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Krenke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Górska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Felaco P, Felaco M, Franceschelli S, Ferrone A, Gatta DMP, Speranza L, Patruno A, De Lutiis MA, Ballerini P, Sirolli V, Grilli A, Bonomini M, Pesce M. Erythropoietin induces miRNA-210 by JAK2/STAT5 signaling in PBMCs of End-stage Renal Disease patients. FEBS J 2020; 287:5167-5182. [PMID: 32196922 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anemia of chronic kidney disease is associated with blunted response/resistance to erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Several molecules have been successfully associated with ESA responsiveness; however, none of them is now considered a valid therapeutic biomarker of erythropoietin resistance in these patients. We performed an evaluation of the level of specific plasma circulating miRNAs in blood samples of HD patients, in relation to ESA treatment, with a follow-up of 1 year (T0-T3). We found significantly lower circulating levels of all miRNAs analyzed at baseline (T0) in HD patients vs. healthy control (HC). The plasmatic levels of miRNA-210 resulted significantly and negatively associated with Erythropoietin Resistance Index (ERI), and the variance of ΔmiRNA-210 (miRNA-210T3 minus miRNA-210T0 ) explained significant percentage of ΔERI (ERIT3 minus ERIT0 ) variance. The receiver operating characteristic analysis at T0 showed that the plasmatic level of miRNA-210 could distinguish HD patients with positive or negative trend in ERI at T3. In vitro, recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) induced significant release of miRNA-210 from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells, through the activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling, but not by the activation of the MAPK protein 38α and extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½. Accordingly, HD patients with negative ΔERI showed higher level of phosphor-Janus kinase 2 and nuclear translocation of phosphor-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5. vs. patients with positive ΔERI or HC. Our data highlighted that chronic HD significantly reduces the circulating level of the miRNAs evaluated; within the targets analyzed, the miRNA-210 could be considered as a prognostic indicator of ESA responsiveness and index for anemia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Felaco
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Felaco
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Franceschelli
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessio Ferrone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniela M P Gatta
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lorenza Speranza
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria A De Lutiis
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ballerini
- Department Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sirolli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alfredo Grilli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mario Bonomini
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mirko Pesce
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Medicine and Health Science School, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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24
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Nguyen WNT, Jacobsen EA, Finney CAM, Colarusso P, Patel KD. Intravital imaging of eosinophils: Unwrapping the enigma. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:83-91. [PMID: 32170880 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hr0220-396r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are traditionally associated with allergic and parasitic inflammation. More recently, eosinophils have also been shown to have roles in diverse processes including development, intestinal health, thymic selection, and B-cell survival with the majority of these insights being derived from murine models and in vitro assays. Despite this, tools to measure the dynamic activity of eosinophils in situ have been lacking. Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool that enables direct visualization of leukocytes and their dynamic behavior in real-time in a wide range of processes in both health and disease. Until recently eosinophil researchers have not been able to take full advantage of this technology due to a lack of tools such as genetically encoded reporter mice. This mini-review examines the history of intravital microscopy with a focus on eosinophils. The development and use of eosinophil-specific Cre (EoCre) mice to create GFP and tdTomato fluorescent reporter animals is also described. Genetically encoded eosinophil reporter mice combined with intravital microscopy provide a powerful tool to add to the toolbox of technologies that will help us unravel the mysteries still surrounding this cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N T Nguyen
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Constance A M Finney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pina Colarusso
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kamala D Patel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Pelaia C, Paoletti G, Puggioni F, Racca F, Pelaia G, Canonica GW, Heffler E. Interleukin-5 in the Pathophysiology of Severe Asthma. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1514. [PMID: 31920718 PMCID: PMC6927944 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) exerts a central pathogenic role in differentiation, recruitment, survival, and degranulation of eosinophils. Indeed, during the last years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the powerful actions of IL-5 finalized to the induction, maintenance, and amplification of eosinophilic inflammation. Therefore, IL-5 is a suitable target for add-on biological therapies based on either IL-5 inhibition (mepolizumab, reslizumab) or blockade of its receptor (benralizumab). These modern treatments can result in being definitely beneficial for patients with severe type 2 (T2)-high eosinophilic asthma, refractory to conventional anti-inflammatory drugs such as inhaled and even systemic corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paoletti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Puggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Racca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
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26
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Kandikattu HK, Upparahalli Venkateshaiah S, Mishra A. Synergy of Interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-18 in eosinophil mediated pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:83-98. [PMID: 31126874 PMCID: PMC6781864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are circulating granulocytes that have pleiotropic effects in response to inflammatory signals in the body. In response to allergens or pathogens, exposure eosinophils are recruited in various organs that execute pathological immune responses. IL-5 plays a key role in the differentiation, development, and survival of eosinophils. Eosinophils are involved in a variety of allergic diseases including asthma, dermatitis and various gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). IL-5 signal transduction involves JAK-STAT-p38MAPK-NFκB activation and executes extracellular matrix remodeling, EMT transition and immune responses in allergic diseases. IL-18 is a classical cytokine also involved in immune responses and has a critical role in inflammasome pathway. We recently identified the IL-18 role in the generation, transformation, and maturation of (CD101+CD274+) pathogenic eosinophils. In, addition, several other cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, IL-21, and IL-33 also contribute in advancing eosinophils associated immune responses in innate and adaptive immunity. This review discusses with a major focus (1) Eosinophils and its constituents, (2) Role of IL-5 and IL-18 in eosinophils development, transformation, maturation, signal transduction of IL-5 and IL-18, (3) The role of eosinophils in allergic disorders and (4) The role of several other associated cytokines in promoting eosinophils mediated allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Anil Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
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27
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Zubareva EV, Nadezhdin SV, Burda YE, Nadezhdina NA, Gashevskaya A. Pleiotropic effects of Erythropoietin. Influence of Erythropoietin on processes of mesenchymal stem cells differentiation. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.33457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure and synthesis of Erythropoietin: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone.Recombinant Erythropoietin (Epoetin): Human recombinant erythropoietin is characterised as a factor which stimulates differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursor cells, and as a tissue protective factor.Anti-ischemic effects of recombinant Erythropoietin: Erythropoietin is one of the most perspective humoral agents which are involved in the preconditioning phenomenon.Erythropoietin receptors and signal transduction pathways: Erythropoietin effects on cells through their interconnection with erythropoietin receptors, which triggers complex intracellular signal cascades, such as JAK2/STAT signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways.Mechanisms of the effect of Erythropoietin on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and tissues: In addition to regulation of haemopoiesis, erythropoietin mediates bone formation as it has an effect on hematopoietic stem cells and osteoblastic niche, and this illustrates connection between the processes of haematopoiesis and osteopoiesis which take place in the red bone marrow.The effect of Erythropoietin on mesenchymal stem cells and process of bone tissue formation: Erythropoietin promotes mesenchymal stem cells proliferation, migration and differentiation in osteogenic direction. The evidence of which is expression of bone phenotype by cells under the influence of EPO, including activation of bone specific transcription factors Runx2, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein.Conclusion: Erythropoietin has a pleiotropic effect on various types of cells and tissues. But the mechanisms which are involved in the process of bone tissue restoration via erythropoietin are still poorly understood.
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28
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Magnen M, Gueugnon F, Petit-Courty A, Baranek T, Sizaret D, Brewah YA, Humbles AA, Si-Tahar M, Courty Y. Tissue kallikrein regulates alveolar macrophage apoptosis early in influenza virus infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1127-L1140. [PMID: 30908937 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00379.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell proteases are involved in influenza pathogenesis. We examined the role of tissue kallikrein 1 (KLK1) by comparing wild-type (WT) and KLK1-deficient mice infected with influenza H3N2 virus. The levels of KLK1 in lung tissue and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid increased substantially during infection. KLK1 did not promote virus infectivity despite its trypsin-like activity, but it did decrease the initial virus load. We examined two cell types involved in the early control of pathogen infections, alveolar macrophages (AMs) and natural killer (NK) cells to learn more about the antiviral action of KLK1. Inactivating the Klk1 gene or treating WT mice with an anti-KLK1 monoclonal antibody to remove KLK1 activity accelerated the initial virus-induced apoptotic depletion of AMs. Intranasal instillation of deficient mice with recombinant KLK1 (rKLK1) reversed the phenotype. The levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in infected BAL fluid were significantly lower in KLK1-deficient mice than in WT mice. Treating lung epithelial cells with rKLK1 increased secretion of this factor known to enhance AM resistance to pathogen-induced apoptosis. The recruitment of NK cells to the air spaces peaked 3 days after infection in WT mice but not in KLK1-deficient mice, as did increases in several NK-attracting chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL10) in BAL. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are highly susceptible to viral infection, and we observed that the KLK1 mRNA levels decreased with increasing COPD severity. Our findings indicate that KLK1 intervenes early in the antiviral defense modulating the severity of influenza infection. Decreased KLK1 expression in COPD patients could contribute to the worsening of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melia Magnen
- INSERM, U1100-Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires , Tours , France.,Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Fabien Gueugnon
- INSERM, U1100-Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires , Tours , France.,Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Agnès Petit-Courty
- INSERM, U1100-Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires , Tours , France.,Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM, U1100-Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires , Tours , France.,Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Damien Sizaret
- INSERM, U1100-Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires , Tours , France.,Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | | | | | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, U1100-Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires , Tours , France.,Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Yves Courty
- INSERM, U1100-Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires , Tours , France.,Université de Tours , Tours , France
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29
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Zhang M, Ma Y, Wang Z, Han Z, Gao W, Zhou Q, Gu Y. A CD44-Targeting Programmable Drug Delivery System for Enhancing and Sensitizing Chemotherapy to Drug-Resistant Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:5851-5861. [PMID: 30648841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmable drug delivery systems hold great promise to enhance cancer treatment. Herein, a programmable drug delivery system using a chondroitin sulfate (CS)-based composite nanoparticle was developed for enhancing and sensitizing chemotherapy to drug-resistant cancer. The nanoparticle was composed of a cross-linked CS hydrogel shell and hydrophobic cores containing both free drugs and CS-linked prodrugs. Interestingly, the nanoparticle could mediate tumor-specific CD44 targeting. After specific cellular uptake, the payloads were suddenly released because of the decomposition of the CS shell, and the free drug molecules with synergistic effects induced tumor-specific cytotoxicity rapidly. Subsequently, the inner cores of the nanoparticles sustainedly release their cargos in drug-resistant tumor cells to keep the effective drug concentration against the drug efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein. CS dissociated from the outer shell and sensitized cancer cells to the antitumor drugs through downregulation of Bcl-XL, an antiapoptosis protein. Such a programmable drug delivery system with specific tumor-targeting and sensitized therapy is promising for rational drug delivery and provides more versatility for controlled release in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Sciences and Engineering , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Yi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhihao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Weidong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Qiumei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yueqing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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30
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Willebrand R, Dietschmann A, Nitschke L, Krappmann S, Voehringer D. Murine eosinophil development and allergic lung eosinophilia are largely dependent on the signaling adaptor GRB2. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1786-1795. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Willebrand
- Department of Infection Biology; University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Germany
| | - Axel Dietschmann
- Department of Infection Biology; University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Department of Biology; Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Hygiene and Immunology; University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology; University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU); Germany
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31
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Suarez-Mendez S, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Juárez-Rojop IE, Bermúdez-Ocaña DY. Erythropoietin: A potential drug in the management of diabetic neuropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:956-961. [PMID: 30021390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is required for promoting the progress of erythroid differentiation. However, the discovery of EPO and the EPO receptor (EPOR) in the nervous system may contribute to new treatment strategies for the use of EPO in neurodegenerative disorders. Diabetic neuropathy is a neurodegenerative disease that affects a large proportion of diabetic patients and results in alterations in functionality, mood and sleep. The pathogenic mechanisms generating diabetic neuropathy involve: Schwannopathy, polyol pathway activity, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) accumulation, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, increased hexosamine pathway flux, oxidative stress, nitric oxide and inflammation. In this sense, evidence from both clinical and experimental studies indicates that EPO may reverse diabetic neuropathy through an antioxidant action by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, restoring Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and blocking the generation of pro-apoptotic proteins. The aim of this review is to discuss the neuroprotector effect of EPO on pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Suarez-Mendez
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Gregorio Méndez 2838-A. Col. Tamulté, C.P. 86100, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur, Cuarta Sección, C.P. 86650, Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Isela E Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Gregorio Méndez 2838-A. Col. Tamulté, C.P. 86100, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Deysi Y Bermúdez-Ocaña
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur, Cuarta Sección, C.P. 86650, Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico.
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Momeny M, Yousefi H, Eyvani H, Moghaddaskho F, Salehi A, Esmaeili F, Alishahi Z, Barghi F, Vaezijoze S, Shamsaiegahkani S, Zarrinrad G, Sankanian G, Sabourinejad Z, Hamzehlou S, Bashash D, Aboutorabi ES, Ghaffari P, Dehpour AR, Tavangar SM, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A, Ghaffari SH. Blockade of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Roufosse F. Targeting the Interleukin-5 Pathway for Treatment of Eosinophilic Conditions Other than Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:49. [PMID: 29682504 PMCID: PMC5897501 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the contribution of eosinophils to various chronic inflammatory conditions, most notably allergic asthma, has encouraged development of monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting mediators and surface receptors involved in eosinophil expansion and activation. The pivotal role of interleukin-5 (IL-5) in eosinophil biology, its high specificity for this leukocyte subset, and its involvement in the majority of eosinophilic conditions make it a very enticing target for treatment of eosinophil-mediated disorders. Two types of antibodies have been developed to target eosinophils: antibodies against IL-5 (mepolizumab and reslizumab), and an antibody against the IL-5-receptor-alpha-chain (IL-5Rα) (benralizumab). Both types of antibodies prevent IL-5 from engaging its receptor and in addition, anti-IL-5Rα antibodies induce target-cell lysis. They have been shown to reduce circulating eosinophil counts rapidly in humans with various disorders. Herein, a brief overview of the role of IL-5 in eosinophil biology will be presented, followed by a description of the development and characteristics of antibodies targeting IL-5 or its receptor. Results of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of these new antibodies in diseases (other than eosinophilic asthma) with prominent tissue eosinophilia are reviewed, followed by safety considerations and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Roufosse
- Hôpital Erasme, Department of Internal Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Fu Z, Gu L, Li N, Ma Z, Ling M, Wang Y. Upregulated TRPC5 plays an important role in development of nasal polyps by activating eosinophilic inflammation and NF-κB signaling pathways. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:1935-1945. [PMID: 31938299 PMCID: PMC6958183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of nasal polyps (NP) remains unclear, however, several ion channels may participate. Whether transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channel play a role in NP remains unknown. We investigated expression of TRPC, eosinophil infiltration, IL-6, and NF-κB in 58 patients with NP and 35 control subjects using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry, real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (real-time RT-PCR), Western blotting, and calcium imaging. Compared with normal nasal mucosa, TRPC5 mRNA and protein expression increased in NP. Eosinophil counts, IL-6 expression, and phosphorylation levels of NF-κB were higher in NP than in normal mucosa. TRPC5 expression was positively correlated with eosinophils, IL-6, and phosphorylation levels of NF-κB. Blocking of TRPC5 channel decreased store-operated calcium influx, IL-6 expression, and phosphorylation levels of NF-κB in blood eosinophils from patients with NP. In conclusion, TRPC5 was upregulated in NP and played an important role in development of NP by activating eosinophilic inflammation and NF-κB signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Lintao Gu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public HealthJinan 250012, China
- The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular MedicineJinan 250012, China
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public HealthJinan 250012, China
- The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular MedicineJinan 250012, China
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Mingying Ling
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, China
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Peinhaupt M, Roula D, Theiler A, Sedej M, Schicho R, Marsche G, Sturm EM, Sabroe I, Rothenberg ME, Heinemann A. DP1 receptor signaling prevents the onset of intrinsic apoptosis in eosinophils and functions as a transcriptional modulator. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:159-171. [PMID: 29607536 PMCID: PMC6032830 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma1017-404r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is the ligand for the G-protein coupled receptors DP1 (D-type prostanoid receptor 1) and DP2 (also known as chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule, expressed on Th2 cells; CRTH2). Both, DP1 and DP2 are expressed on the cellular surface of eosinophils; although it has become quite clear that PGD2 induces eosinophil migration mainly via DP2 receptors, the role of DP1 in eosinophil responses has remained elusive. In this study, we addressed how DP1 receptor signaling complements the pro-inflammatory effects of DP2. We found that PGD2 prolongs the survival of eosinophils via a DP1 receptor-mediated mechanism that inhibits the onset of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade. The DP1 agonist BW245c prevented the activation of effector caspases in eosinophils and protected mitochondrial membranes from depolarization which-as a consequence-sustained viability of eosinophils. DP1 activation in eosinophils enhanced the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-XL , but also induced pro-inflammatory genes, such as VLA-4 and CCR3. In HEK293 cells that overexpress recombinant DP1 and/or DP2 receptors, activation of DP1, but not DP2, delayed cell death and stimulated proliferation, along with induction of serum response element (SRE), a regulator of anti-apoptotic, early-response genes. We conclude that DP1 receptors promote the survival via SRE induction and induction of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, targeting DP1 receptors, along with DP2, may contribute to anti-inflammatory therapy in eosinophilic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Peinhaupt
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - David Roula
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Theiler
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Sedej
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Sturm
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ian Sabroe
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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Esnault S, Kelly EA. Essential Mechanisms of Differential Activation of Eosinophils by IL-3 Compared to GM-CSF and IL-5. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 36:429-444. [PMID: 28605348 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence has demonstrated that the eosinophils bring negative biological outcomes in several diseases, including eosinophilic asthma and hypereosinophilic syndromes. Eosinophils produce and store a broad range of toxic proteins and other mediators that enhance the inflammatory response and lead to tissue damage. For instance, in asthma, a close relationship has been demonstrated between increased lung eosinophilia, asthma exacerbation, and loss of lung function. The use of an anti-IL-5 therapy in severe eosinophilic asthmatic patients is efficient to reduce exacerbations. However, anti-IL-5-treated patients still display a relatively high amount of functional lung tissue eosinophils, indicating that supplemental therapies are required to damper the eosinophil functions. Our recent published works suggest that compared to IL-5, IL-3 can more strongly and differentially affect eosinophil functions. In this review, we summarize our and other investigations that have compared the effects of the three β-chain receptor cytokines (IL-5, GM-CSF and IL-3) on eosinophil biology. We focus on how IL-3 differentially activates eosinophils compared to IL-5 or GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Esnault
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K4/928, Madison, WI 53792-9988
| | - Elizabeth A Kelly
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC K4/928, Madison, WI 53792-9988
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eosinophils are a subset of granulocytes generally associated with type 2 immune responses. They can contribute to protection against helminths but also mediate pro-inflammatory functions during allergic immune responses. Only recently, eosinophils were also found to exert many other functions such as regulation of glucose and fat metabolism, thermogenesis, survival of plasma cells, and antitumor activity. The mechanisms that control eosinophil development and survival are only partially understood. RECENT FINDINGS Here we review new findings regarding the role of cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic factors for eosinophilopoiesis and eosinophil homeostasis. Several reports provide new insights in the regulation of eosinophil development by transcription factors, miRNAs and epigenetic modifications. Danger signals like lipopolysaccharide or alarmins can activate eosinophils but also prolong their lifespan. We further reflect on the observations that eosinophil development is tightly controlled by the unfolded protein stress response and formation of cytoplasmic granules. SUMMARY Eosinophils emerge as important regulators of diverse biological processes. Their differentiation and survival is tightly regulated by factors that are still poorly understood. Newly identified pathways involved in eosinophilopoiesis and eosinophil homeostasis may lead to development of new therapeutic options for treatment of eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Eosinophils and eosinophil-associated diseases: An update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:505-517. [PMID: 29045815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this series is to offer a survey of the latest literature for clinicians and scientists alike, providing a list of important recent advances relevant to the broad field of allergy and immunology. This particular assignment was to cover the topic of eosinophils. In an attempt to highlight major ideas, themes, trends, and advances relevant to basic and clinical aspects of eosinophil biology, a search of articles published since 2015 in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and other high-impact journals was performed. Articles were then reviewed and organized, and then key findings were summarized. Given space limitations, many outstanding articles could not be included, but the hope is that what follows provides a succinct overview of recently published work that has significantly added to our knowledge of eosinophils and eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Varricchi G, Senna G, Loffredo S, Bagnasco D, Ferrando M, Canonica GW. Reslizumab and Eosinophilic Asthma: One Step Closer to Precision Medicine? Front Immunol 2017; 8:242. [PMID: 28344579 PMCID: PMC5344894 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eosinophils represent approximately 1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. However, these cells have the propensity to leave the blood stream and migrate into inflamed tissues. Eosinophilic inflammation is present in a significant proportion of patients with severe asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects more than 315 million people worldwide, with 10% having severe uncontrolled disease. Although the majority of patients can be efficiently treated, severe asthmatics continue to be uncontrolled and are at risk of exacerbations and even death. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) plays a fundamental role in eosinophil differentiation, maturation, activation and inhibition of apoptosis. Therefore, targeting IL-5 is an appealing approach to the treatment of patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Reslizumab, a humanized anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody, binds with high affinity to amino acids 89–92 of IL-5 that are critical for binding to IL-5 receptor α. Two phase III studies have demonstrated that reslizumab administration in adult patients with severe asthma and eosinophilia (≥400 cells/μL) improved lung function, asthma control, and symptoms. Thus, the use of blood eosinophils as a baseline biomarker could help to select patients with severe uncontrolled asthma who are likely to achieve benefits in asthma control with reslizumab. In conclusion, targeted therapy with reslizumab represents one step closer to precision medicine in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianenrico Senna
- Asthma Center and Allergy Unit, Verona University, General Hospital , Verona , Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Bagnasco
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, University of Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrando
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, University of Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Personalized Medicine Clinic Asthma and Allergy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University , Rozzano, Milano , Italy
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Wagh AD, Sharma M, Mahapatra J, Chatterjee A, Jain M, Addepalli V. Investigation into the Role of PI3K and JAK3 Kinase Inhibitors in Murine Models of Asthma. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:82. [PMID: 28293189 PMCID: PMC5328984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a clinical disorder commonly characterized by chronic eosinophilic inflammation, remodeling and hyper responsiveness of the airways. However, the kinases like Phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) are involved in mast cell proliferation, activation, recruitment, migration, and prolonged survival of inflammatory cells. The present study was designed to evaluate the in-vivo comparative effects of two kinase inhibitors on airway inflammation and airway remodeling in acute and chronic models of asthma. Mice were sensitized twice intra-peritoneally and then challenged by inhalation with ovalbumin (OVA). They developed an extensive inflammatory response, goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition, airway smooth muscle thickening similar to pathologies observed in human asthma. The effects of PI3K inhibitor (30 mg/kg, p.o), JAK3 inhibitor (30 mg/kg, p.o) and Dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg) on airway inflammation and remodeling in OVA sensitized/challenged BALB/c mice were evaluated. Twenty-four hours after the final antigen challenge, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and histological examinations were carried out. It was observed that kinase inhibitors significantly reduced airway inflammation as evidenced by the decrease in pro inflammatory cytokines in BALF and lung homogenate and inflammatory cell count in sensitized mice after allergen challenge. Lung histological analysis showed increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, hyperplasia of goblet cells and the collagen deposition, which were significantly reduced with kinase inhibitor. In conclusion, our data suggest that PI3K and JAK3 inhibitors showed promising alternative therapeutic activity in asthma, which might significantly counteract the airway inflammation in patients with allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya D Wagh
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP SPTM, SVKM's NMIMSMumbai, India; Department of Pharmacology, Zydus Research CentreAhmedabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Mukul Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Zydus Research Centre Ahmedabad, India
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IL-33-Induced Cytokine Secretion and Survival of Mouse Eosinophils Is Promoted by Autocrine GM-CSF. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163751. [PMID: 27690378 PMCID: PMC5045177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are major effector cells during allergic responses and helminth infections. Recent studies further highlight eosinophils as important players in many other biological processes. Therefore it is important to understand how these cells can be modulated in terms of survival and effector function. In the present study we investigated how eosinophils respond to the alarmin IL-33. We show that IL-33 promotes eosinophil survival in a ST2- and MyD88-dependent manner. IL-33-mediated protection from apoptosis was dependent on autocrine GM-CSF release. In addition, GM-CSF increased the IL-33-induced secretion of IL-4 and IL-13 from eosinophils. Unexpectedly, this effect was further enhanced by cross-linking of Siglec-F, a proposed inhibitory and apopotosis-inducing receptor on eosinophils. Co-culture experiments with eosinophils and macrophages revealed that the IL-33-induced release of IL-4 and IL-13 from eosinophils was required for differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). The differentiation of AAMs could be further increased in the presence of GM-CSF. These results indicate that cross-talk between Siglec-F and the receptors for IL-33, LPS and GM-CSF plays an important role for efficient secretion of IL-4 and IL-13. Deciphering the molecular details of this cross-talk could lead to the development of new therapeutic option to treat eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Erythropoietin Pathway: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050677. [PMID: 27164096 PMCID: PMC4881503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, accumulating evidence from both clinical and experimental studies has indicated that erythropoietin may have antidepressant effects. In addition to the kidney and liver, many organs have been identified as secretory tissues for erythropoietin, including the brain. Its receptor is expressed in cerebral and spinal cord neurons, the hypothalamus, hippocampus, neocortex, dorsal root ganglia, nerve axons, and Schwann cells. These findings may highlight new functions for erythropoietin, which was originally considered to play a crucial role in the progress of erythroid differentiation. Erythropoietin and its receptor signaling through JAK2 activate multiple downstream signaling pathways including STAT5, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK. These factors may play an important role in inflammation and neuroprogression in the nervous system. This is particularly true for the hippocampus, which is possibly related to learning, memory, neurocognitive deficits and mood alterations. Thus, the influence of erythropoietin on the downstream pathways known to be involved in the treatment of depression makes the erythropoietin-related pathway an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Focusing on erythropoietin may help us understand the pathogenic mechanisms of depression and the molecular basis of its treatment.
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Schwartz C, O'Grady K, Lavelle EC, Fallon PG. Interleukin 33: an innate alarm for adaptive responses beyond Th2 immunity-emerging roles in obesity, intestinal inflammation, and cancer. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1091-100. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwartz
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Katie O'Grady
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Ed C. Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
| | - Padraic G. Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
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Ryu SH, Na HY, Sohn M, Han SM, Choi W, In H, Hong S, Jeon H, Seo JY, Ahn J, Park CG. Reduced expression of granule proteins during extended survival of eosinophils in splenocyte culture with GM-CSF. Immunol Lett 2016; 173:7-20. [PMID: 26969350 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a multifaceted hematopoietic cytokine and the culture of mouse bone marrow with GM-CSF produces a variety of myeloid cells including granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. In the present study, we cultured mouse splenocytes with GM-CSF and examined the changes in hematopoietic cell populations over a week. Most of the splenic hematopoietic cells disappeared significantly from culture within 6days with or without the presence of GM-CSF. Among the splenic granulocyte populations, only eosinophils fully survived throughout the culture with GM-CSF for more than a week. During 10days of culture with GM-CSF, splenic eosinophils maintained their morphology as well as most of their surface molecules at high levels, including CCR3 and Siglec F. Meanwhile, the expression of mRNAs encoding major basic protein-1 (MBP-1) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), two major eosinophil-derived granule proteins, was diminished significantly from the cultured eosinophils. EPO assays also revealed that eosinophils in culture for more than 5days retained 30% or less EPO activity compared to those in uncultured splenocytes. In contrast, culture of splenocytes with GM-CSF did not change the capacity of eosinophils to migrate in response to eotaxin-1. Our results indicate that mouse splenic eosinophils are effectively cultured for lengthy periods while their expression of eosinophil-derived granule proteins is specifically suppressed. The relevance of these findings to eosinophilic inflammatory response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Hye Ryu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Na
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Moah Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Murray Han
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanho Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju In
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookyung Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Seo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongcheol Ahn
- WOOJUNG Life Science Research Center, WOOJUNGBSC, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Abstract
Eosinophilia is associated with a wide variety of allergic, rheumatologic, infectious, neoplastic, and rare idiopathic disorders. Clinical manifestations range from benign asymptomatic presentations to life-threatening complications, including endomyocardial fibrosis and thromboembolism. The prognosis and choice of treatment depend not only on the degree of eosinophilia and severity of organ involvement, but also on the etiology of the eosinophilia. Unfortunately, despite recent advances in molecular and immunologic techniques, the etiology remains unproven in the overwhelming majority of cases. This review presents a practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients presenting with unexplained marked eosinophilia. A brief overview of the mechanisms of eosinophilia and eosinophil pathogenesis is also provided.
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