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Hor JL, Germain RN. Spatiotemporal and cell-state control of antigen presentation during tolerance and immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102357. [PMID: 37331219 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Effective adaptive immunity is rendered possible by highly organized tissue architecture and coordinated cellular crosstalk. While detailed spatiotemporal analyses of antigen presentation and adaptive immune activation in secondary lymphoid tissues have been a major focus of study, it is clear that antigen presentation in other tissues also plays a critical role in shaping the immune response. In this article, we concentrate on two opposing aspects of adaptive immunity: tolerance and antitumor immunity, to illustrate how a complex set of antigen presentation mechanisms contributes to maintaining a delicate balance between robust immunity and avoidance of autoimmune pathology. We emphasize the importance of how immune cell identity, state, and location collectively determine the nature of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh Liang Hor
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA.
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2
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Vennettilli M, González L, Hilgert N, Mugler A. Autologous chemotaxis at high cell density. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:024413. [PMID: 36109906 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.024413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autologous chemotaxis, in which cells secrete and detect molecules to determine the direction of fluid flow, is thwarted at high cell density because molecules from other cells interfere with a given cell's signal. Using a minimal model of autologous chemotaxis, we determine the cell density at which sensing fails, and we find that it agrees with experimental observations of metastatic cancer cells. To understand this agreement, we derive a physical limit to autologous chemotaxis in terms of the cell density, the Péclet number, and the lengthscales of the cell and its environment. Surprisingly, in an environment that is uniformly oversaturated in the signaling molecule, we find that not only can sensing fail, but it can be reversed, causing backwards cell motion. Our results get to the heart of the competition between chemical and mechanical cellular sensing, and they shed light on a sensory strategy employed by cancer cells in dense tumor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vennettilli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Louis González
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Nicholas Hilgert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Andrew Mugler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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3
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Kichuk TC, Carrasco-López C, Avalos JL. Lights up on organelles: Optogenetic tools to control subcellular structure and organization. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1500. [PMID: 32715616 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the neurobiological inception of optogenetics, light-controlled molecular perturbations have been applied in many scientific disciplines to both manipulate and observe cellular function. Proteins exhibiting light-sensitive conformational changes provide researchers with avenues for spatiotemporal control over the cellular environment and serve as valuable alternatives to chemically inducible systems. Optogenetic approaches have been developed to target proteins to specific subcellular compartments, allowing for the manipulation of nuclear translocation and plasma membrane morphology. Additionally, these tools have been harnessed for molecular interrogation of organelle function, location, and dynamics. Optogenetic approaches offer novel ways to answer fundamental biological questions and to improve the efficiency of bioengineered cell factories by controlling the assembly of synthetic organelles. This review first provides a summary of available optogenetic systems with an emphasis on their organelle-specific utility. It then explores the strategies employed for organelle targeting and concludes by discussing our perspective on the future of optogenetics to control subcellular structure and organization. This article is categorized under: Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese C Kichuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - César Carrasco-López
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - José L Avalos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Poplimont H, Georgantzoglou A, Boulch M, Walker HA, Coombs C, Papaleonidopoulou F, Sarris M. Neutrophil Swarming in Damaged Tissue Is Orchestrated by Connexins and Cooperative Calcium Alarm Signals. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2761-2776.e7. [PMID: 32502410 PMCID: PMC7372224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are major inflammatory cells that rapidly infiltrate wounds to provide antimicrobial functions. Within the damaged tissue, neutrophil migration behavior often switches from exploratory patrolling to coordinated swarming, giving rise to dense clusters that further disrupt tissue architecture. This aggregation response is self-organized by neutrophil paracrine chemoattractant signaling (most notably of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene B4 [LTB4]). The coordination mechanism and possible evolutionary benefits of neutrophil swarms are elusive. Here, we show that neutrophil swarms require mutual reinforcement of damage signaling at the wound core. New biosensors and live imaging in zebrafish revealed that neutrophil chemoattractant synthesis is triggered by a sustained calcium flux upon contact with necrotic tissue that requires sensing of the damage signal ATP. This "calcium alarm" signal rapidly propagates in the nascent neutrophil cluster in a contact-dependent manner via connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels, which are mediators of active ATP release. This enhances chemoattractant biosynthesis in the growing cluster, which is instrumental for coordinated motion and swarming. Inhibition of neutrophil Cx43 compromises clearance of wound-colonizing P. aeruginosa bacteria and exacerbates infection-induced morbidity. Thus, cooperative production of alarm signals among pioneer clustering neutrophils fuels the growth of dense antimicrobial cell masses that effectively seal off breached tissue barriers from opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Poplimont
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Antonios Georgantzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Morgane Boulch
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Hazel A Walker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Caroline Coombs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Foteini Papaleonidopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Milka Sarris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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5
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Lämmermann T, Kastenmüller W. Concepts of GPCR-controlled navigation in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:205-231. [PMID: 30977203 PMCID: PMC6487968 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G‐protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is essential for the spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics during immune responses. For efficient navigation through mammalian tissues, most leukocyte types express more than one GPCR on their surface and sense a wide range of chemokines and chemoattractants, leading to basic forms of leukocyte movement (chemokinesis, haptokinesis, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and chemorepulsion). How leukocytes integrate multiple GPCR signals and make directional decisions in lymphoid and inflamed tissues is still subject of intense research. Many of our concepts on GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation in the presence of multiple GPCR signals derive from in vitro chemotaxis studies and lower vertebrates. In this review, we refer to these concepts and critically contemplate their relevance for the directional movement of several leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, T cells, and dendritic cells) in the complexity of mouse tissues. We discuss how leukocyte navigation can be regulated at the level of only a single GPCR (surface expression, competitive antagonism, oligomerization, homologous desensitization, and receptor internalization) or multiple GPCRs (synergy, hierarchical and non‐hierarchical competition, sequential signaling, heterologous desensitization, and agonist scavenging). In particular, we will highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation by intravital microscopy of immune cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Boulch M, Grandjean CL, Cazaux M, Bousso P. Tumor Immunosurveillance and Immunotherapies: A Fresh Look from Intravital Imaging. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1022-1034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Hu W, Li Q, Li B, Ma K, Zhang C, Fu X. Optogenetics sheds new light on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2019; 227:119546. [PMID: 31655444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics has demonstrated great potential in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, from basic research to clinical applications. Spatiotemporal encoding during individual development has been widely identified and is considered a novel strategy for regeneration. A as a noninvasive method with high spatiotemporal resolution, optogenetics are suitable for this strategy. In this review, we discuss roles of dynamic signal coding in cell physiology and embryonic development. Several optogenetic systems are introduced as ideal optogenetic tools, and their features are compared. In addition, potential applications of optogenetics for tissue engineering are discussed, including light-controlled genetic engineering and regulation of signaling pathways. Furthermore, we present how emerging biomaterials and photoelectric technologies have greatly promoted the clinical application of optogenetics and inspired new concepts for optically controlled therapies. Our summation of currently available data conclusively demonstrates that optogenetic tools are a promising method for elucidating and simulating developmental processes, thus providing vast prospects for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Hu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiankun Li
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bingmin Li
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, PR China.
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8
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Abstract
This chapter describes the use of optogenetic heterodimerization in single cells within whole-vertebrate embryos. This method allows the use of light to reversibly bind together an "anchor" protein and a "bait" protein. Proteins can therefore be directed to specific subcellular compartments, altering biological processes such as cell polarity and signaling. I detail methods for achieving transient expression of fusion proteins encoding the phytochrome heterodimerization system in early zebrafish embryos (Buckley et al., Dev Cell 36(1):117-126, 2016) and describe the imaging parameters used to achieve subcellular light patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Buckley
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Ueda Y, Sato M. Induction of Signal Transduction by Using Non-Channelrhodopsin-Type Optogenetic Tools. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1217-1231. [PMID: 29577530 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Signal transductions are the basis for all cellular functions. Previous studies investigating signal transductions mainly relied on pharmacological inhibition, RNA interference, and constitutive active/dominant negative protein expression systems. However, such studies do not allow the modulation of protein activity with high spatial and temporal precision in cells, tissues, and organs in animals. Recently, non-channelrhodopsin-type optogenetic tools for regulating signal transduction have emerged. These photoswitches address several disadvantages of previous techniques, and allow us to control a variety of signal transductions such as cell membrane dynamics, calcium signaling, lipid signaling, and apoptosis. In this review we summarize recent advances in the development of such photoswitches and in how these optotools are applied to signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshibumi Ueda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- AMED-PRIME (Japan), Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Sato
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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10
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O'Banion CP, Lawrence DS. Optogenetics: A Primer for Chemists. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1201-1216. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin P. O'Banion
- Department of Chemistry; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry and; Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - David S. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry and; Department of Pharmacology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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11
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Bourke AM, Bowen AB, Kennedy MJ. New approaches for solving old problems in neuronal protein trafficking. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:48-66. [PMID: 29649542 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental cellular properties are determined by the repertoire and abundance of proteins displayed on the cell surface. As such, the trafficking mechanisms for establishing and maintaining the surface proteome must be tightly regulated for cells to respond appropriately to extracellular cues, yet plastic enough to adapt to ever-changing environments. Not only are the identity and abundance of surface proteins critical, but in many cases, their regulated spatial positioning within surface nanodomains can greatly impact their function. In the context of neuronal cell biology, surface levels and positioning of ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors play essential roles in establishing important properties, including cellular excitability and synaptic strength. Here we review our current understanding of the trafficking pathways that control the abundance and localization of proteins important for synaptic function and plasticity, as well as recent technological advances that are allowing the field to investigate protein trafficking with increasing spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron B Bowen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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12
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Jiang Z, Li Y, Ji X, Tang Y, Yu H, Ding L, Yu M, Cui Q, Zhang M, Ma Y, Li M. Protein profiling identified key chemokines that regulate the maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14510. [PMID: 29109449 PMCID: PMC5674019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment (or niche)-providing chemokines regulate many important biological functions of tissue-specific stem cells. However, to what extent chemokines influence human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is not yet completely understood. In this study, we applied protein array to screen chemokines found within the cytokine pool in the culture supernatant of hPSCs. Our results showed that chemokines were the predominant supernatant components, and came from three sources: hPSCs, feeder cells, and culture media. Chemotaxis analysis of IL-8, SDF-1α, and IP-10 suggested that chemokines function as uniform chemoattractants to mediate in vitro migration of the hPSCs. Chemokines mediate both differentiated and undifferentiated states of hPSCs. However, balanced chemokine signaling tends to enhance their stemness in vitro. These results indicate that chemokines secreted from both stem cells and feeder cells are essential to mobilize hPSCs and maintain their stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Jiang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Xinglai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Yiyuli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Haijing Yu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Min Yu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
| | - Meizhang Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
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13
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Endo M, Ozawa T. Strategies for development of optogenetic systems and their applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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