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Vízkeleti L, Spisák S. Rewired Metabolism Caused by the Oncogenic Deregulation of MYC as an Attractive Therapeutic Target in Cancers. Cells 2023; 12:1745. [PMID: 37443779 PMCID: PMC10341379 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC is one of the most deregulated oncogenes on multiple levels in cancer. As a node transcription factor, MYC plays a diverse regulatory role in many cellular processes, including cell cycle and metabolism, both in physiological and pathological conditions. The relentless growth and proliferation of tumor cells lead to an insatiable demand for energy and nutrients, which requires the rewiring of cellular metabolism. As MYC can orchestrate all aspects of cellular metabolism, its altered regulation plays a central role in these processes, such as the Warburg effect, and is a well-established hallmark of cancer development. However, our current knowledge of MYC suggests that its spatial- and concentration-dependent contribution to tumorigenesis depends more on changes in the global or relative expression of target genes. As the direct targeting of MYC is proven to be challenging due to its relatively high toxicity, understanding its underlying regulatory mechanisms is essential for the development of tumor-selective targeted therapies. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize the diverse forms of MYC oncogenic deregulation, including DNA-, transcriptional- and post-translational level alterations, and their consequences for cellular metabolism. Furthermore, we also review the currently available and potentially attractive therapeutic options that exploit the vulnerability arising from the metabolic rearrangement of MYC-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vízkeleti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Sándor Spisák
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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Lim TY, Wilde BR, Thomas ML, Murphy KE, Vahrenkamp JM, Conway ME, Varley KE, Gertz J, Ayer DE. TXNIP loss expands Myc-dependent transcriptional programs by increasing Myc genomic binding. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001778. [PMID: 36930677 PMCID: PMC10058090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Myc protooncogene places a demand on glucose uptake to drive glucose-dependent biosynthetic pathways. To meet this demand, c-Myc protein (Myc henceforth) drives the expression of glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, and represses the expression of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), which is a potent negative regulator of glucose uptake. A Mychigh/TXNIPlow gene signature is clinically significant as it correlates with poor clinical prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) but not in other subtypes of breast cancer, suggesting a functional relationship between Myc and TXNIP. To better understand how TXNIP contributes to the aggressive behavior of TNBC, we generated TXNIP null MDA-MB-231 (231:TKO) cells for our study. We show that TXNIP loss drives a transcriptional program that resembles those driven by Myc and increases global Myc genome occupancy. TXNIP loss allows Myc to invade the promoters and enhancers of target genes that are potentially relevant to cell transformation. Together, these findings suggest that TXNIP is a broad repressor of Myc genomic binding. The increase in Myc genomic binding in the 231:TKO cells expands the Myc-dependent transcriptome we identified in parental MDA-MB-231 cells. This expansion of Myc-dependent transcription following TXNIP loss occurs without an apparent increase in Myc's intrinsic capacity to activate transcription and without increasing Myc levels. Together, our findings suggest that TXNIP loss mimics Myc overexpression, connecting Myc genomic binding and transcriptional programs to the nutrient and progrowth signals that control TXNIP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yeh Lim
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Blake R Wilde
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mallory L Thomas
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kristin E Murphy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jeffery M Vahrenkamp
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Megan E Conway
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Katherine E Varley
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Donald E Ayer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Chen H, Yang K, Pang L, Fei J, Zhu Y, Zhou J. ANKRD22 is a potential novel target for reversing the immunosuppressive effects of PMN-MDSCs in ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-005527. [PMID: 36822671 PMCID: PMC9950970 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the deadliest type of malignant gynecological tumor. Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) are involved ovarian cancer and are closely related to adverse outcomes. However, the immunosuppressive mechanism of PMN-MDSCs remains elusive. METHODS The types and numbers of ANKRD22-expressing cells were investigated by bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Ankrd22-/- C57BL/6 mice were constructed with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Mouse PMN-MDSCs were obtained from bone marrow (BM)-derived CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow cells sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting with treatment of GM-CSF and IL-6, and the immunosuppressive activity of PMN-MDSCs was evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM) and ELISA. The expression level of CCR2 and the exogenous glucose uptake capacity were determined by FCM. RT-qPCR was used to detect ANKRD22 expression in CD11b+HLA-DR-CD14-CD15+ cells from human ovarian cancer tissues, and the correlations of ANKRD22 expression with the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients were evaluated by the χ2 test. RESULTS We identified a novel protein involved in regulating the immunosuppressive ability of PMN-MDSCs, ANKRD22. Ankrd22 expression was high in mouse CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow cells and could be significantly downregulated after exposure to a simulated microenvironmental stimulus. Knockout of Ankrd22 increased the expression level of CCR2 of CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow cells and the immunosuppressive activity of PMN-MDSCs. BM-derived CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow cells of Ankrd22-/- mice significantly promoted the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells in tumor xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing showed that Wdfy1 expression was obviously increased in Ankrd22-knockout BM-derived CD11b+Ly6G+ Ly6Clow cells and that ectopic expression of Wdfy1 increased the levels of Arg1, Inos, Ido and Pdl1 in Ankrd22+/+ PMN-MDSCs derived from BM-derived CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow cells. Surprisingly, an ANKRD22-activating candidate small-molecule compound attenuated the immunosuppressive activity of Ankrd22+/+ PMN-MDSCs. Finally, we found that low ANKRD22 levels in CD11b+HLA-DR-CD14-CD15+ cells derived from primary ovarian tissues were associated with a more advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, a higher recurrence rate, and a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ANKRD22 is a potential novel target for reversing the immunosuppressive effects of PMN-MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Second affiliated hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keqing Yang
- Second affiliated hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingxiao Pang
- Second affiliated hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Fei
- Second affiliated hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Zhu
- Second affiliated hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Second affiliated hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Prexler C, Knape MS, Erlewein-Schweizer J, Roll W, Specht K, Woertler K, Weichert W, von Luettichau I, Rossig C, Hauer J, Richter GHS, Weber W, Burdach S. Correlation of Transcriptomics and FDG-PET SUVmax Indicates Reciprocal Expression of Stemness-Related Transcription Factor and Neuropeptide Signaling Pathways in Glucose Metabolism of Ewing Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235999. [PMID: 36497479 PMCID: PMC9735504 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ewing sarcoma (EwS), long-term treatment effects and poor survival rates for relapsed or metastatic cases require individualization of therapy and the discovery of new treatment methods. Tumor glucose metabolic activity varies significantly between patients, and FDG-PET signals have been proposed as prognostic factors. However, the biological basis for the generally elevated but variable glucose metabolism in EwS is not well understood. METHODS We retrospectively included 19 EwS samples (17 patients). Affymetrix gene expression was correlated with maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) using machine learning, linear regression modelling, and gene set enrichment analyses for functional annotation. RESULTS Expression of five genes correlated (MYBL2, ELOVL2, NETO2) or anticorrelated (FAXDC2, PLSCR4) significantly with SUVmax (adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05). Additionally, we identified 23 genes with large SUVmax effect size, which were significantly enriched for "neuropeptide Y receptor activity (GO:0004983)" (adjusted p-value = 0.0007). The expression of the members of this signaling pathway (NPY, NPY1R, NPY5R) anticorrelated with SUVmax. In contrast, three transcription factors associated with maintaining stemness displayed enrichment of their target genes with higher SUVmax: RNF2, E2F family, and TCF3. CONCLUSION Our large-scale analysis examined comprehensively the correlations between transcriptomics and tumor glucose utilization. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that stemness may be associated with increased glucose uptake, whereas neuroectodermal differentiation may anticorrelate with glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Prexler
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Sophie Knape
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Roll
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A1, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Woertler
- Musculoskeletal Radiology Section, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Irene von Luettichau
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
- ERN PaedCan, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Guenther H. S. Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charite–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Academy of Translational Medicine and Department of Molecular Oncology–British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Prochownik EV, Wang H. Normal and Neoplastic Growth Suppression by the Extended Myc Network. Cells 2022; 11:747. [PMID: 35203395 PMCID: PMC8870482 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the first discovered and most prominent cellular oncogenes is MYC, which encodes a bHLH-ZIP transcription factor (Myc) that both activates and suppresses numerous genes involved in proliferation, energy production, metabolism and translation. Myc belongs to a small group of bHLH-ZIP transcriptional regulators (the Myc Network) that includes its obligate heterodimerization partner Max and six "Mxd proteins" (Mxd1-4, Mnt and Mga), each of which heterodimerizes with Max and largely opposes Myc's functions. More recently, a second group of bHLH-ZIP proteins (the Mlx Network) has emerged that bears many parallels with the Myc Network. It is comprised of the Myc-like factors ChREBP and MondoA, which, in association with the Max-like member Mlx, regulate smaller and more functionally restricted repertoires of target genes, some of which are shared with Myc. Opposing ChREBP and MondoA are heterodimers comprised of Mlx and Mxd1, Mxd4 and Mnt, which also structurally and operationally link the two Networks. We discuss here the functions of these "Extended Myc Network" members, with particular emphasis on their roles in suppressing normal and neoplastic growth. These roles are complex due to the temporal- and tissue-restricted expression of Extended Myc Network proteins in normal cells, their regulation of both common and unique target genes and, in some cases, their functional redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V. Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
- The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- The Hillman Cancer Center of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- The Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Huabo Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
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