Hemogen /BRG1 cooperativity modulates promoter and enhancer activation during erythropoiesis

Chromatin accessibility: biological functions, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic application

The dynamic regulation of chromatin accessibility is one of the prominent characteristics of eukaryotic genome. The inaccessible regions are mainly located in heterochromatin, which is multilevel compressed and access restricted. The remaining accessible loci are generally located in the euchromatin, which have less nucleosome occupancy and higher regulatory activity. The opening of chromatin is the most important prerequisite for DNA transcription, replication, and damage repair, which is regulated by genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and other factors, playing a vital role in multiple biological progresses. Currently, based on the susceptibility difference of occupied or free DNA to enzymatic cleavage, solubility, methylation, and transposition, there are many methods to detect chromatin accessibility both in bulk and single-cell level. Through combining with high-throughput sequencing, the genome-wide chromatin accessibility landscape of many tissues and cells types also have been constructed. The chromatin accessibility feature is distinct in different tissues and biological states. Research on the regulation network of chromatin accessibility is crucial for uncovering the secret of various biological processes. In this review, we comprehensively introduced the major functions and mechanisms of chromatin accessibility variation in different physiological and pathological processes, meanwhile, the targeted therapies based on chromatin dynamics regulation are also summarized.

Upregulation of nuclear protein Hemgn by transcriptional repressor Gfi1 through repressing PU.1 contributes to the anti-apoptotic activity of Gfi1

Gfi1 is a transcriptional repressor that plays a critical role in hematopoiesis. The repressive activity of Gfi1 is mediated mainly by its SNAG domain that interacts with and thereby recruits the histone demethylase LSD1 to its target genes. An important function of Gfi1 is to protect hematopoietic cells against stress-induced apoptosis, which has been attributed to its participation in the posttranscriptional modifications of p53 protein, leading to suppression of p53 activity. In this study, we show that Gfi1 upregulated the expression of Hemgn, a nuclear protein, through a 16-bp promoter region spanning from +47 to +63 bp relative to the transcription start site (TSS), which was dependent on its interaction with LSD1. We further demonstrate that Gfi1, Ikaros, and PU.1 are bound to this 16-bp region. However, while Ikaros activated Hemgn and collaborated with Gfi1 to augment Hemgn expression, it was not required for Gfi1-mediated Hemgn upregulation. In contrast, PU.1 repressed Hemgn and inhibited Hemgn upregulation by Gfi1. Notably, PU.1 knockdown and deficiency, while augmenting Hemgn expression, abolished Hemgn upregulation by Gfi1. PU.1 (Spi-1) is repressed by Gfi1. We show here that PU.1 repression by Gfi1 preceded and correlated well with Hemgn upregulation. Thus, our data strongly suggest that Gfi1 upregulates Hemgn by repressing PU.1. In addition, we demonstrate that Hemgn upregulation contributed to the anti-apoptotic activity of Gfi1 in a p53-independent manner.

Elevating fetal hemoglobin: recently discovered regulators and mechanisms

ABSTRACT

It has been known for over half a century that throughout ontogeny, humans produce different forms of hemoglobin, a tetramer of α- and β-like hemoglobin chains. The switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin occurs around the time of birth when erythropoiesis shifts from the fetal liver to the bone marrow. Naturally, diseases caused by defective adult β-globin genes, such as sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia, manifest themselves as the production of fetal hemoglobin fades. Reversal of this developmental switch has been a major goal to treat these diseases and has been a driving force to understand its underlying molecular biology. Several review articles have illustrated the long and at times arduous paths that led to the discovery of the first transcriptional regulators involved in this process. Here, we survey recent developments spurred by the discovery of CRISPR tools that enabled for the first time high-throughput genetic screens for new molecules that impact the fetal-to-adult hemoglobin switch. Numerous opportunities for therapeutic intervention have thus come to light, offering hope for effective pharmacologic intervention for patients for whom gene therapy is out of reach.