1
|
Erman B, Aba U, Ipsir C, Pehlivan D, Aytekin C, Cildir G, Cicek B, Bozkurt C, Tekeoglu S, Kaya M, Aydogmus C, Cipe F, Sucak G, Eltan SB, Ozen A, Barıs S, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Kıykım A, Karaatmaca B, Kose H, Uygun DFK, Celmeli F, Arikoglu T, Ozcan D, Keskin O, Arık E, Aytekin ES, Cesur M, Kucukosmanoglu E, Kılıc M, Yuksek M, Bıcakcı Z, Esenboga S, Ayvaz DÇ, Sefer AP, Guner SN, Keles S, Reisli I, Musabak U, Demirbas ND, Haskologlu S, Kilic SS, Metin A, Dogu F, Ikinciogulları A, Tezcan I. Genetic Evaluation of the Patients with Clinically Diagnosed Inborn Errors of Immunity by Whole Exome Sequencing: Results from a Specialized Research Center for Immunodeficiency in Türkiye. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:157. [PMID: 38954121 PMCID: PMC11219406 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) plays a critical role in determining patients' long-term prognosis, treatment options, and genetic counseling. Over the past decade, the broader utilization of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques in both research and clinical settings has facilitated the evaluation of a significant proportion of patients for gene variants associated with IEI. In addition to its role in diagnosing known gene defects, the application of high-throughput techniques such as targeted, exome, and genome sequencing has led to the identification of novel disease-causing genes. However, the results obtained from these different methods can vary depending on disease phenotypes or patient characteristics. In this study, we conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES) in a sizable cohort of IEI patients, consisting of 303 individuals from 21 different clinical immunology centers in Türkiye. Our analysis resulted in likely genetic diagnoses for 41.1% of the patients (122 out of 297), revealing 52 novel variants and uncovering potential new IEI genes in six patients. The significance of understanding outcomes across various IEI cohorts cannot be overstated, and we believe that our findings will make a valuable contribution to the existing literature and foster collaborative research between clinicians and basic science researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baran Erman
- Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Can Sucak Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Umran Aba
- Can Sucak Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Canberk Ipsir
- Can Sucak Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Damla Pehlivan
- Can Sucak Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Caner Aytekin
- Pediatric Immunology, SBU Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Cildir
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Begum Cicek
- Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceren Bozkurt
- Can Sucak Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sidem Tekeoglu
- Can Sucak Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melisa Kaya
- Can Sucak Research Laboratory for Translational Immunology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Aydogmus
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Cipe
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Altinbas University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsan Sucak
- Medical Park Bahçeşehir Hospital, Clinic of Hematology and Transplantation, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Bilgic Eltan
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Barıs
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kıykım
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Karaatmaca
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulya Kose
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Diyarbakir Children Hospital, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Dilara Fatma Kocacık Uygun
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Celmeli
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Antalya Training and Research Hospital Pediatric Immunology and Allergy Diseases, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tugba Arikoglu
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ozcan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Balcali Hospital, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Elif Arık
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Elif Soyak Aytekin
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Cesur
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ercan Kucukosmanoglu
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kılıc
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Yuksek
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Zafer Bıcakcı
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saliha Esenboga
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Çagdaş Ayvaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Asena Pınar Sefer
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Sukrü Nail Guner
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Medicine Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Medicine Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ismail Reisli
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Medicine Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ugur Musabak
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazlı Deveci Demirbas
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sule Haskologlu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Division of Pediatric Immunology-Rheumatology, Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
- Translational Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayse Metin
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Dogu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydan Ikinciogulları
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kostel Bal S, Giuliani S, Block J, Repiscak P, Hafemeister C, Shahin T, Kasap N, Ransmayr B, Miao Y, van de Wetering C, Frohne A, Jimenez Heredia R, Schuster M, Zoghi S, Hertlein V, Thian M, Bykov A, Babayeva R, Bilgic Eltan S, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Shaw LE, Chowdhury I, Varjosalo M, Argüello RJ, Farlik M, Ozen A, Serfling E, Dupré L, Bock C, Halbritter F, Hannich JT, Castanon I, Kraakman MJ, Baris S, Boztug K. Biallelic NFATC1 mutations cause an inborn error of immunity with impaired CD8+ T-cell function and perturbed glycolysis. Blood 2023; 142:827-845. [PMID: 37249233 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors plays central roles in adaptive immunity in murine models; however, their contribution to human immune homeostasis remains poorly defined. In a multigenerational pedigree, we identified 3 patients who carry germ line biallelic missense variants in NFATC1, presenting with recurrent infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and decreased antibody responses. The compound heterozygous NFATC1 variants identified in these patients caused decreased stability and reduced the binding of DNA and interacting proteins. We observed defects in early activation and proliferation of T and B cells from these patients, amenable to rescue upon genetic reconstitution. Stimulation induced early T-cell activation and proliferation responses were delayed but not lost, reaching that of healthy controls at day 7, indicative of an adaptive capacity of the cells. Assessment of the metabolic capacity of patient T cells revealed that NFATc1 dysfunction rendered T cells unable to engage in glycolysis after stimulation, although oxidative metabolic processes were intact. We hypothesized that NFATc1-mutant T cells could compensate for the energy deficit due to defective glycolysis by using enhanced lipid metabolism as an adaptation, leading to a delayed, but not lost, activation responses. Indeed, we observed increased 13C-labeled palmitate incorporation into citrate, indicating higher fatty acid oxidation, and we demonstrated that metformin and rosiglitazone improved patient T-cell effector functions. Collectively, enabled by our molecular dissection of the consequences of loss-of-function NFATC1 mutations and extending the role of NFATc1 in human immunity beyond receptor signaling, we provide evidence of metabolic plasticity in the context of impaired glycolysis observed in patient T cells, alleviating delayed effector responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Kostel Bal
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Giuliani
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Block
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Repiscak
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tala Shahin
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nurhan Kasap
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bernhard Ransmayr
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yirun Miao
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Frohne
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raul Jimenez Heredia
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samaneh Zoghi
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Hertlein
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marini Thian
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandr Bykov
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Royala Babayeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Bilgic Eltan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lisa E Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rafael J Argüello
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Matthias Farlik
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Loïc Dupré
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Christoph Bock
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - J Thomas Hannich
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irinka Castanon
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Safa Baris
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Boztug
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma M, Leung D, Momenilandi M, Jones LC, Pacillo L, James AE, Murrell JR, Delafontaine S, Maimaris J, Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Del Bel KL, Lu HY, Chua GT, Di Cesare S, Fornes O, Liu Z, Di Matteo G, Fu MP, Amodio D, Tam IYS, Chan GSW, Sharma AA, Dalmann J, van der Lee R, Blanchard-Rohner G, Lin S, Philippot Q, Richmond PA, Lee JJ, Matthews A, Seear M, Turvey AK, Philips RL, Brown-Whitehorn TF, Gray CJ, Izumi K, Treat JR, Wood KH, Lack J, Khleborodova A, Niemela JE, Yang X, Liang R, Kui L, Wong CSM, Poon GWK, Hoischen A, van der Made CI, Yang J, Chan KW, Rosa Duque JSD, Lee PPW, Ho MHK, Chung BHY, Le HTM, Yang W, Rohani P, Fouladvand A, Rokni-Zadeh H, Changi-Ashtiani M, Miryounesi M, Puel A, Shahrooei M, Finocchi A, Rossi P, Rivalta B, Cifaldi C, Novelli A, Passarelli C, Arasi S, Bullens D, Sauer K, Claeys T, Biggs CM, Morris EC, Rosenzweig SD, O’Shea JJ, Wasserman WW, Bedford HM, van Karnebeek CD, Palma P, Burns SO, Meyts I, Casanova JL, Lyons JJ, Parvaneh N, Nguyen ATV, Cancrini C, Heimall J, Ahmed H, McKinnon ML, Lau YL, Béziat V, Turvey SE. Human germline heterozygous gain-of-function STAT6 variants cause severe allergic disease. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221755. [PMID: 36884218 PMCID: PMC10037107 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) is a transcription factor that plays a central role in the pathophysiology of allergic inflammation. We have identified 16 patients from 10 families spanning three continents with a profound phenotype of early-life onset allergic immune dysregulation, widespread treatment-resistant atopic dermatitis, hypereosinophilia with esosinophilic gastrointestinal disease, asthma, elevated serum IgE, IgE-mediated food allergies, and anaphylaxis. The cases were either sporadic (seven kindreds) or followed an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern (three kindreds). All patients carried monoallelic rare variants in STAT6 and functional studies established their gain-of-function (GOF) phenotype with sustained STAT6 phosphorylation, increased STAT6 target gene expression, and TH2 skewing. Precision treatment with the anti-IL-4Rα antibody, dupilumab, was highly effective improving both clinical manifestations and immunological biomarkers. This study identifies heterozygous GOF variants in STAT6 as a novel autosomal dominant allergic disorder. We anticipate that our discovery of multiple kindreds with germline STAT6 GOF variants will facilitate the recognition of more affected individuals and the full definition of this new primary atopic disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehul Sharma
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daniel Leung
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mana Momenilandi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lauren C.W. Jones
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lucia Pacillo
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alyssa E. James
- Translational Allergic Immunopathology Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jill R. Murrell
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Selket Delafontaine
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunodeficiencies Division, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jesmeen Maimaris
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Dept. of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maryam Vaseghi-Shanjani
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kate L. Del Bel
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Henry Y. Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dept. of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gilbert T. Chua
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Allergy Centre, Union Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Oriol Fornes
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhongyi Liu
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maggie P. Fu
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Genome Science and Technology Program, Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Issan Yee San Tam
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Joshua Dalmann
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robin van der Lee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Géraldine Blanchard-Rohner
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Unit of Immunology and Vaccinology, Division of General Pediatrics, Dept. of Woman, Child, and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan Lin
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Quentin Philippot
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Phillip A. Richmond
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica J. Lee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Genome Science and Technology Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Allison Matthews
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Dept. of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Seear
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra K. Turvey
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rachael L. Philips
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terri F. Brown-Whitehorn
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J. Gray
- Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kosuke Izumi
- Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James R. Treat
- Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen H. Wood
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asya Khleborodova
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Xingtian Yang
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Kui
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christina Sze Man Wong
- Dept. of Medicine, Divison of Dermatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Wing Kit Poon
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jing Yang
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Koon Wing Chan
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jaime Sou Da Rosa Duque
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pamela Pui Wah Lee
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marco Hok Kung Ho
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Virtus Medical, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Hon Yin Chung
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huong Thi Minh Le
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Wanling Yang
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fouladvand
- Pediatrics, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Hassan Rokni-Zadeh
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Miryounesi
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- DPUO, Research Unit of Infectivology and Pediatrics Drugs Development, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cifaldi
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Passarelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Arasi
- Allergy Unit, Area of Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Dominique Bullens
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy Division, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kate Sauer
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Division, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Pulmonology Division, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Claeys
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology Division, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Catherine M. Biggs
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Emma C. Morris
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Dept. of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - John J. O’Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wyeth W. Wasserman
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - H. Melanie Bedford
- Dept. of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clara D.M. van Karnebeek
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Depts. of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paolo Palma
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Academic Dept. of Pediatrics (DPUO), Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Siobhan O. Burns
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Dept. of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Pediatric Immunodeficiencies Division, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Lyons
- Translational Allergic Immunopathology Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anh Thi Van Nguyen
- Dept. of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Division of Primary Immunodeficiency, Vietnam National Children’s Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Dept. of System Medicine, Pediatric Chair, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Bambin Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Jennifer Heimall
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hanan Ahmed
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Yu Lung Lau
- Dept. of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Dept. of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|