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Holicek P, Guilbaud E, Klapp V, Truxova I, Spisek R, Galluzzi L, Fucikova J. Type I interferon and cancer. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:115-127. [PMID: 37667466 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is a class of proinflammatory cytokines with a dual role on malignant transformation, tumor progression, and response to therapy. On the one hand, robust, acute, and resolving type I IFN responses have been shown to mediate prominent anticancer effects, reflecting not only their direct cytostatic/cytotoxic activity on (at least some) malignant cells, but also their pronounced immunostimulatory functions. In line with this notion, type I IFN signaling has been implicated in the antineoplastic effects of various immunogenic therapeutics, including (but not limited to) immunogenic cell death (ICD)-inducing agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). On the other hand, weak, indolent, and non-resolving type I IFN responses have been demonstrated to support tumor progression and resistance to therapy, reflecting the ability of suboptimal type I IFN signaling to mediate cytoprotective activity, promote stemness, favor tolerance to chromosomal instability, and facilitate the establishment of an immunologically exhausted tumor microenvironment. Here, we review fundamental aspects of type I IFN signaling and their context-dependent impact on malignant transformation, tumor progression, and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Holicek
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vanessa Klapp
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sakatoku K, Nakashima Y, Nagasaki J, Nishimoto M, Hirose A, Nakamae M, Koh H, Hino M, Nakamae H. Immunomodulatory and Direct Activities of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b on Cancer Cells in Mouse Models of Leukemia. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2246-2257. [PMID: 35441749 PMCID: PMC9277408 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ropeginterferon alfa‐2b has recently been clinically applied to myeloproliferative neoplasms with promising results, its antitumor mechanism has not been thoroughly investigated. Using a leukemia model developed in immunocompetent mice, we evaluated the direct cytotoxic effects and indirect effects induced by ropeginterferon alfa‐2b in tumor cells. Ropeginterferon alfa‐2b therapy significantly prolonged the survival of mice bearing leukemia cells and led to long‐term remission in some mice. Alternatively, conventional interferon‐alpha treatment slightly extended the survival and all mice died. When ropeginterferon alfa‐2b was administered to interferon‐alpha receptor 1–knockout mice after the development of leukemia to verify the direct effect on the tumor, the survival of these mice was slightly prolonged; nevertheless, all of them died. In vivo CD4+ or CD8+ T‐cell depletion resulted in a significant loss of therapeutic efficacy in mice. These results indicate that the host adoptive immunostimulatory effect of ropeginterferon alfa‐2b is the dominant mechanism through which tumor cells are suppressed. Moreover, mice in long‐term remission did not develop leukemia, even after tumor rechallenge. Rejection of rechallenge tumors was canceled only when both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were removed in vivo, which indicates that each T‐cell group functions independently in immunological memory. We show that ropeginterferon alfa‐2b induces excellent antitumor immunomodulation in hosts. Our finding serves in devising therapeutic strategies with ropeginterferon alfa‐2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sakatoku
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakashima
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Joji Nagasaki
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Nishimoto
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asao Hirose
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Nakamae
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Koh
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Guru SA, Sumi MP, Mir AR, Beg MMA, koner BC, Saxena A. Aberrant hydroxymethylation in promoter CpG regions of genes related to the cell cycle and apoptosis characterizes advanced chronic myeloid leukemia disease, poor imatinib respondents and poor survival. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:405. [PMID: 35421941 PMCID: PMC9008925 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There is strong evidence that disease progression, drug response and overall clinical outcomes of CML disease are not only decided by BCR/ABL1 oncoprotein but depend on accumulation of additional genetic and epigenetic aberrations. DNA hydroxymethylation is implicated in the development of variety of diseases. DNA hydroxymethylation in gene promoters plays important roles in disease progression, drug response and clinical outcome of various diseases. Therefore in this study, we aimed to explore the role of aberrant hydroxymethylation in promoter regions of different tumor suppressor genes in relation to CML disease progression, response to imatinib therapy and clinical outcome.
Methods
We recruited 150 CML patients at different clinical stages of the disease. Patients were followed up for 48 months and haematological/molecular responses were analysed. Haematological response was analysed by peripheral blood smear. BCR/ABL1 specific TaqMan probe based qRT-PCR was used for assessing the molecular response of CML patients on imatinib therapy. Promoter hydroxymethylation of the genes was characterized using MS-PCR.
Results
We observed that promoter hydroxymethylation of DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A and p14ARFARF genes characterize advanced CML disease and poor imatinib respondents. Although, cytokine signalling (SOCS1) gene was hypermethylated in advanced stages of CML and accumulated in patients with poor imatinib response, but the differences were not statistically significant. Moreover, we found hypermethylation of p14ARF, RASSF1 and p16INK4A genes and cytokine signalling gene (SOCS1) significantly associated with poor overall survival of CML patients on imatinib therapy. The results of this study are in agreement of the role of aberrant DNA methylation of different tumor suppressor genes as potential biomarkers of CML disease progression, poor imatinib response and overall clinical outcome.
Conclusion
In this study, we report that promoter hydroxymethylation of DAPK1, RIZ1, P16INK4A, RASSF1A and p14ARFARF genes is a characteristic feature of CML disease progressions, defines poor imatinib respondents and poor overall survival of CML patients to imatinib therapy.
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Innate Immune Mechanisms and Immunotherapy of Myeloid Malignancies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111631. [PMID: 34829860 PMCID: PMC8615731 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other cancers, myeloid malignancies are thought to subvert the immune system during their development. This subversion occurs via both malignant cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms and involves manipulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Multiple strategies are being studied to rejuvenate, redirect, or re-enforce the immune system in order to fight off myeloid malignancies. So far, the most successful strategies include interferon treatment and antibody-based therapies, though chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors are also promising therapies. In this review, we discuss the inherent immune mechanisms of defense against myeloid malignancies, currently-approved agents, and agents under investigation. Overall, we evaluate the efficacy and potential of immuno-oncology in the treatment of myeloid malignancies.
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Matsushita M. Novel Treatment Strategies Utilizing Immune Reactions against Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215435. [PMID: 34771599 PMCID: PMC8582551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are highly effective in the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are known to be resistant to TKIs. As a result, the application of immunotherapies against LSCs may cure CML. Abstract Introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has improved the prognosis of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and treatment-free remission (TFR) is now a treatment goal. However, about half of the patients experience molecular relapse after cessation of TKIs, suggesting that leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are resistant to TKIs. Eradication of the remaining LSCs using immunotherapies including interferon-alpha, vaccinations, CAR-T cells, and other drugs would be a key strategy to achieve TFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of cytokines in harnessing the immune system to eradicate cancer has been an important treatment modality. However, the dose-limiting toxicities of these cytokines limited their usage in clinic. Here, we review the basic biology of cytokines involved in the treatment of melanoma and discuss their therapeutic applications. Moreover, we describe several innovative technological approaches that have been developed to improve the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of these cytokines. RECENT FINDINGS The safety and the anti-tumor activity of newly engineered cytokines including PEGylated IL-2 (NKTR-214), PEGylated IL-10 (AM0010), and IL-15 super agonist (ALT-803) have been evaluated in clinical trials with encouraging clinical activity and acceptable safety profile, both as single agents and in combination with immuno-oncology agents. A greater understanding of the mechanisms of action and effective dosing of these newly engineered cytokine together with determination of optimum combination therapy regimens may yield greater clinical benefits in the future.
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Mu H, Zhu X, Jia H, Zhou L, Liu H. Combination Therapies in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia for Potential Treatment-Free Remission: Focus on Leukemia Stem Cells and Immune Modulation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:643382. [PMID: 34055612 PMCID: PMC8155539 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.643382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), patients are not cured with the current therapy modalities. Also, the more recent goal of CML treatment is to induce successful treatment-free remission (TFR) among patients achieving durable deep molecular response (DMR). Together, it is necessary to develop novel, curative treatment strategies. With advancements in understanding the biology of CML, such as dormant Leukemic Stem Cells (LSCs) and impaired immune modulation, a number of agents are now under investigation. This review updates such agents that target LSCs, and together with TKIs, have the potential to eradicate CML. Moreover, we describe the developing immunotherapy for controlling CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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C/EBPβ is a critical mediator of IFN-α-induced exhaustion of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Blood Adv 2020; 3:476-488. [PMID: 30755436 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in the era of ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors, eradication of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) stem cells is necessary for complete cure of the disease. Interferon-α (IFN-α) has long been used for the treatment of chronic-phase CML, but its mechanisms of action against CML stem cells remain unclear. We found that IFN-α upregulated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) in BCR-ABL-expressing mouse cells by activating STAT1 and STAT5, which were recruited to a newly identified 3' distal enhancer of Cebpb that contains tandemly aligned IFN-γ-activated site elements. Suppression or deletion of the IFN-γ-activated site elements abrogated IFN-α-dependent upregulation of C/EBPβ. IFN-α induced differentiation and exhaustion of CML stem cells, both in vitro and in vivo, in a C/EBPβ-dependent manner. In addition, IFN-α upregulated C/EBPβ and induced exhaustion of lineage- CD34+ cells from CML patients. Collectively, these results clearly indicate that C/EBPβ is a critical mediator of IFN-α-induced differentiation and exhaustion of CML stem cells.
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Zhou L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang M, Sun W, Dai T, Wang A, Wu X, Zhang S, Wang S, Zhou F. A Dual Role of Type I Interferons in Antitumor Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900237. [PMID: 33245214 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a family of cytokines that exert direct antiviral effects and regulate innate and adaptive immune responses through direct and indirect mechanisms. It is generally believed that IFN-Is repress tumor development via restricting tumor proliferation and inducing antitumor immune responses. However, recent emerging evidence suggests that IFN-Is play a dual role in antitumor immunity. That is, in the early stage of tumorigenesis, IFN-Is promote the antitumor immune response by enhancing antigen presentation in antigen-presenting cells and activating CD8+ T cells. However, in the late stage of tumor progression, persistent expression of IFN-Is induces the expression of immunosuppressive factors (PD-L1, IDO, and IL-10) on the surface of dendritic cells and other bone marrow cells and inhibits their antitumor immunity. This review outlines these dual functions of IFN-Is in antitumor immunity and elucidates the involved mechanisms, as well as their applications in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Meirong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wenhuan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tong Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Xiaojin Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Suping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Pharmacology, Base for international Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Chan O, Talati C, Sweet K, Pinilla-Ibarz J. Can increased immunogenicity in chronic myeloid leukemia improve outcomes? Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:225-233. [PMID: 30855193 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1588105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has long been thought to be the model disease for immunotherapy with its characteristic BCR-ABL fusion protein. Although targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is highly effective at inducing remission, most patients require life-long TKI to decrease the risk of relapse. In recent years, much effort has been devoted to finding ways to eliminate CML stem cells (LSCs); the source of disease persistence. Areas covered: In this review, the authors present recent immunologic findings pertinent to CML, vaccinations targeting leukemia antigens, interferon combination therapies, and other emerging strategies aimed at increasing immunogenicity and improving outcomes in patients with CML. Recent publications and abstracts found in Pubmed and hematology/oncology meetings related to these topics were identified and incorporated into this review. Expert commentary: Further understanding of the immune system and antigenic composition of LSCs has allowed for novel therapeutic development. Immunotherapies are effective at the malignant stem cell level and combining these approaches with TKI is a promising option. Despite ongoing challenges, it is increasingly recognized that a cure may be achievable through immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyee Chan
- a Moffitt Cancer Center , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Chetasi Talati
- b Division of Malignant Hematology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Kendra Sweet
- b Division of Malignant Hematology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
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Flörcken A, Kopp J, Kölsch U, Meisel C, Dörken B, Pezzutto A, Westermann J. DC generation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: Influence of interferons on DC yield and functional properties. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1117-23. [PMID: 26864050 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1132965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), standard treatment consists of modern tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI). Nevertheless, there is evidence that immune responses against leukemia-associated antigens (LAA) may play an important role in disease control. Dendritic cell (DC)- based immunotherapy is able to induce T cell responses against LAA and might therefore pose an interesting therapeutic option in CML, especially in the setting of minimal residual disease (MRD). GMP production of DC for clinical vaccination remains a time- and cost- intensive procedure and standardized DC generation is warranted. We asked whether maturation-induction with IFN-γ and IFN-α has an influence on functional properties of DC derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in CML patients. Monocyte-derived DC from healthy donors and from patients with CML were analyzed after maturation-induction with our TNF-α-containing standard cytokine cocktail with or without addition of IFN-α and/or IFN-γ. Our results confirm that the addition of IFN-γ leads to enhanced IL-12 secretion in healthy donors. In contrast, in CML patients, IFN-γ was not able to increase IL-12 secretion, possibly due to a higher degree of cell adherence and lower cell yield during the cell culture. Our data suggest, that- in contrast to healthy donors-, additional interferons are not beneficial for maturation induction during large-scale DC production in patients with CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Flörcken
- a Department of Hematology , Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité- University Medicine, Campus-Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin , Germany.,b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Joachim Kopp
- c Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité- University Medicine, Campus Berlin-Buch , Berlin , Germany
| | - Uwe Kölsch
- b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Christian Meisel
- b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany.,d Institute of Immunology, Charité- University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin , Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- a Department of Hematology , Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité- University Medicine, Campus-Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin , Germany.,b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Antonio Pezzutto
- e Department of Hematology , Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité- University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Jörg Westermann
- a Department of Hematology , Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité- University Medicine, Campus-Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin , Germany.,b Labor Berlin Charité Vivantes GmbH , Berlin , Germany
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Zheng Q, Cao J, Hamad N, Kim HJ, Moon JH, Sohn SK, Jung CW, Lipton JH, Kim DDH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in apoptosis pathway are associated with response to imatinib therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Transl Med 2016; 14:82. [PMID: 27009330 PMCID: PMC4806489 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism of action of imatinib is known to involve the Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway. Consequently inter-individual variations in this apoptosis pathway might be associated with imatinib response or resistance. Methods This study attempted to focus on eight genotypes in the apoptosis pathway including FAS (rs1800682, rs2229521, rs2234767 and rs2234978), FASLG (rs763110), CASP10 (rs13006529), and APAF1 (rs1439123, rs2288713) and analyzed their association with treatment outcomes including molecular response with 4.5 log reduction (MR4.5), following imatinib therapy in 187 Korean CML patients. Results The GG/GA genotype in FAS (rs2234767) showed a higher rate of MR4.5 than the AA genotype (at 5 years 59.7 vs 37.4 %, p = 0.013). Using a bootstrap procedure for internal validation we confirmed that FAS (rs2234767) correlates with MR4.5 (p = 0.050). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the FAS genotype (rs2234767) is an independent surrogate for MR4.5 (p = 0.019, HR 0.43, 95 % CI [0.22–0.87]). Conclusions The Fas/FasL signaling pathway may represent the major pathway that mediates apoptosis in CML treated with imatinib. SNP markers in the apoptosis pathway including FAS genotype (rs2234767) can be potential surrogates for predicting deeper molecular response after imatinib therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0837-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Nada Hamad
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Kyun Sohn
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chul Won Jung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jeffrey H Lipton
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dennis Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Caruso JP, Cohen-Inbar O, Bilsky MH, Gerszten PC, Sheehan JP. Stereotactic radiosurgery and immunotherapy for metastatic spinal melanoma. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 38:E6. [PMID: 25727228 DOI: 10.3171/2014.11.focus14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The management of metastatic spinal melanoma involves maximizing local control, preventing recurrence, and minimizing treatment-associated toxicity and spinal cord damage. Additionally, therapeutic measures should promote mechanical stability, facilitate rehabilitation, and promote quality of life. These objectives prove difficult to achieve given melanoma's elusive nature, radioresistant and chemoresistant histology, vascular character, and tendency for rapid and early metastasis. Different therapeutic modalities exist for metastatic spinal melanoma treatment, including resection (definitive, debulking, or stabilization procedures), stereotactic radiosurgery, and immunotherapeutic techniques, but no single treatment modality has proven fully effective. The authors present a conceptual overview and critique of these techniques, assessing their effectiveness, separately and combined, in the treatment of metastatic spinal melanoma. They provide an up-to-date guide for multidisciplinary treatment strategies. Protocols that incorporate specific, goal-defined surgery, immunotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery would be beneficial in efforts to maximize local control and minimize toxicity.
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Distinct Functions of Neutrophil in Cancer and Its Regulation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:701067. [PMID: 26648665 PMCID: PMC4663337 DOI: 10.1155/2015/701067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation and are usually associated with inflammation and with fighting infections. In recent years the role immune cells play in cancer has been a matter of increasing interest. In this context the function of neutrophils is controversial as neutrophils were shown to possess both tumor promoting and tumor limiting properties. Here we provide an up-to-date review of the pro- and antitumor properties neutrophils possess as well as the environmental cues that regulate these distinct functions.
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Talpaz M, Mercer J, Hehlmann R. The interferon-alpha revival in CML. Ann Hematol 2015; 94 Suppl 2:S195-207. [PMID: 25814086 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-015-2326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFNα) was once the standard of frontline treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Its pleiotropic mechanism of action in CML includes immune activation and specific targeting of CML stem cells. Early studies of IFNα in CML demonstrated that patients in chronic phase could attain extremely stable remissions, which correlated with long-term survival. Some patients even sustained their remission after discontinuing therapy, but the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not well understood. Today, BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib, induce remarkable responses in CML patients and have become the mainstay of CML therapy. Although TKIs target the pathogenic BCR-ABL protein in CML, they cannot fully eradicate CML stem cells. Some of the clinical trials testing IFNα plus imatinib combination therapy suggest that addition of IFNα increases the speed and rate of responses with imatinib therapy. However, the undesirable side effects of IFNα can make this therapy difficult to deliver, and the optimal therapeutic window for using IFNα in combination therapy is unknown. Further studies are needed to clarify the best niche for IFNα use in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Talpaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Comprehensive Cancer Center Room 4302, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5936, USA,
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16
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Andzinski L, Wu CF, Lienenklaus S, Kröger A, Weiss S, Jablonska J. Delayed apoptosis of tumor associated neutrophils in the absence of endogenous IFN-β. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:572-83. [PMID: 24806531 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of neutrophils in tumor immune surveillance, invasive growth and angiogenesis becomes increasingly clear. Many of neutrophil activities are controlled by endogenous IFN-β. Here, we provide evidence that endogenous IFN-β is regulating the apoptosis of pro-angiogenic tumor infiltrating neutrophils by influencing both, the extrinsic as well as the intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Accordingly, the life span of tumor associated neutrophils (TANs) is remarkably prolonged in tumor bearing Ifnb1(-/-) mice compared to wild type controls. Lower expression of Fas, reactive oxygen species, active Caspase 3 and 9, as well as a change in expression pattern of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family and the major apoptosome constituent Apaf-1 is observed under such conditions. In line with inhibition of apoptosis and the prolonged neutrophil survival, in the absence of endogenous IFN-β, a strong enhancement of G-CSF expression and PI3 Kinase phosphorylation is detected. These data explain the increased longevity of tumor infiltrating neutrophils and the accumulation of such cells in tumors. Taken together, our findings add to the important role of Type I IFN in immune surveillance against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Andzinski
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
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17
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Abramowski P, Otto B, Martin R. The orally available, synthetic ether lipid edelfosine inhibits T cell proliferation and induces a type I interferon response. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91970. [PMID: 24667731 PMCID: PMC3965404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug edelfosine is a synthetic analog of 2-lysophosphatidylcholine. Edelfosine is incorporated by highly proliferating cells, e.g. activated immune cells. It acts on cellular membranes by selectively aggregating the cell death receptor Fas in membrane rafts and interference with phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Edelfosine has been proposed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). Earlier studies on the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have generated first evidence for the efficacy of edelfosine treatment. However, it is unknown if the previously described mechanisms for edelfosine action, which are derived from in vitro studies, are solely responsible for the amelioration of EAE or if edelfosine may exert additional effects, which may be beneficial in the context of autoimmunity. Since it was the purpose of our studies to assess the potential usefulness of edelfosine for the treatment of MS, we examined its mechanism/s of action on immune functions in human T cells. Low doses of edelfosine led to a decrease in homeostatic proliferation, and further studies of the mechanism/s of action by genome-wide transcriptional profiling showed that edelfosine reduces the expression of MHC class II molecules, of molecules involved in MHC class II-associated processing and presentation, and finally upregulated a series of type I interferon-associated genes. The inhibition of homeostatic proliferation, as well as the effects on MHC class II expression and -presentation, and the induction of type I interferon-associated genes are novel and interesting in the context of developing edelfosine for clinical use in MS and possibly also other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Abramowski
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical Multiple Sclerosis Research (inims), ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Clinic for Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Otto
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Martin
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Clinical Multiple Sclerosis Research (inims), ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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18
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Dicitore A, Caraglia M, Gaudenzi G, Manfredi G, Amato B, Mari D, Persani L, Arra C, Vitale G. Type I interferon-mediated pathway interacts with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ): at the cross-road of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:42-52. [PMID: 24295567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains an unresolved therapeutic challenge because of its intrinsically refractoriness to both chemo- and radiotherapy due to the complexity of signaling and the activation of survival pathways in cancer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that the combination of some drugs, targeting most of aberrant pathways crucial for the survival of pancreatic cancer cells may be a valid antitumor strategy for this cancer. Type I interferons (IFNs) may have a role in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but the limit of their clinical use is due to the activation of tumor resistance mechanisms, including JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway. Moreover, aberrant constitutive activation of STAT-3 proteins has been frequently detected in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The selective targeting of these cell survival cascades could be a promising strategy in order to enhance the antitumor effects of type I IFNs. The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), on the other hand, has a suppressive activity on STAT-3. In fact, PPAR-γ agonists negatively modulate STAT-3 through direct and/or indirect mechanisms in several normal and cancer models. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and antitumor activity of these two promising classes of drugs for pancreatic cancer therapy. Finally, the synergistic antiproliferative activity of combined IFN-β and troglitazone treatment on pancreatic cancer cell lines, evaluated in vitro, and the consequent potential clinical applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dicitore
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Manfredi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Geriatric Unit IRCCS Ca' Grande Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Animal Facility, National Cancer Institute of Naples Fondazione "G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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19
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Du W, Erden O, Pang Q. TNF-α signaling in Fanconi anemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 52:2-11. [PMID: 23890415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and the acute phase reaction. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including Fanconi anemia (FA). FA is a genomic instability syndrome characterized by progressive bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility. The patients with FA are often found overproducing TNF-α, which may directly affect hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function by impairing HSC survival, homing and proliferation, or indirectly change the bone marrow microenvironment critical for HSC homeostasis and function, therefore contributing to disease progression in FA. In this brief review, we discuss the link between TNF-α signaling and FA pathway with emphasis on the implication of inflammation in the pathophysiology and abnormal hematopoiesis in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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20
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Talpaz M, Hehlmann R, Quintás-Cardama A, Mercer J, Cortes J. Re-emergence of interferon-α in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2012; 27:803-12. [PMID: 23238589 PMCID: PMC3703612 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has evolved from chemotherapy (busulfan, hydroxyurea) to interferon-α (IFNα), and finally to tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib. Although imatinib has profoundly improved outcomes for patients with CML, it has limitations. Most significantly, imatinib cannot eradicate CML primitive progenitors, which likely accounts for the high relapse rate when imatinib is discontinued. IFNα, unlike imatinib, preferentially targets CML stem cells. Early studies with IFNα in CML demonstrated its ability to induce cytogenetic remission. Moreover, a small percentage of patients treated with IFNα were able to sustain durable remissions after discontinuing therapy and were probably cured. The mechanisms by which IFNα exerts its antitumor activity in CML are not well understood; however, activation of leukemia-specific immunity may have a role. Some clinical studies have demonstrated that the combination of imatinib and IFNα is superior to either therapy alone, perhaps because of their different mechanisms of action. Nonetheless, the side effects of IFNα often impede its administration, especially in combination therapy. Here, we review the role of IFNα in CML treatment and the recent developments that have renewed interest in this once standard therapy for patients with CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Talpaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5936, USA.
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21
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Ng AP. Hematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells and leukemic stem cells in adult myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:922-33. [PMID: 23013358 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.734615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of myeloproliferative neoplasms has changed dramatically since Dameshek proposed his classification over 50 years ago. Our knowledge of the types of cells which constitute the hematopoietic system and of how they are regulated has also appreciated significantly over this time. This review relates what is currently known about the acquired genetic mutations associated with adult myeloproliferative neoplasms to how they lead to the hematopoietic perturbations of myeloproliferative disease. There is a particular focus on how stem and progenitor cell compartments are affected by BCR-ABL1 and JAK2V617F mutations, and the particular issue of resistance of leukemic stem cells to conventional and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Ng
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Yim HY, Yang Y, Lim JS, Lee MS, Zhang DE, Kim KI. The mitochondrial pathway and reactive oxygen species are critical contributors to interferon-α/β-mediated apoptosis in Ubp43-deficient hematopoietic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:436-40. [PMID: 22683641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
UBP43 (also known as USP18) plays a role in the negative regulation of interferon-α/β signaling, and bone marrow cells in Ubp43-deficient mice exhibited hypersensitivity to interferon-α/β-mediated apoptosis. Here, we show that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and reactive oxygen species are major contributors to the elevated interferon-α/β-mediated apoptosis in Ubp43-deficient mouse bone marrow cells and in UBP43-knockdown THP-1 cells. Furthermore, TRAIL and FASL, which were proposed as apoptosis inducers upon interferon-α/β treatment in UBP43-knockdown adherent cancer cells, did not cause apoptosis in these hematopoietic cells. Therefore, although UBP43 depletion can cause hypersensitivity to interferon-α/β-mediated apoptosis in a broad range of cell types, the downstream pathway may vary depending on the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Young Yim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, South Korea
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23
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Wang BX, Fish EN. The yin and yang of viruses and interferons. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:190-7. [PMID: 22321608 PMCID: PMC7106503 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs)-α/β are critical effectors of the innate immune response to virus infections. Through activation of the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR), they induce expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode antiviral proteins capable of suppressing viral replication and promoting viral clearance. Many highly pathogenic viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade an IFN response and the balance between the robustness of the host immune response and viral antagonistic mechanisms determines whether or not the virus is cleared. Here, we discuss IFNs as broad-spectrum antivirals for treatment of acute virus infections. In particular, they are useful for treatment of re-emerging virus infections, where direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have limited utility due to DAA-resistant mutations, and for newly emerging virus strains in which the time to vaccine availability precludes vaccination at the onset of an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben X Wang
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Emami-Shahri N, Hagemann T. Resistance--the true face of biological defiance. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 51:413-22. [PMID: 22109797 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological therapeutics are widely used in chronic inflammatory and malignant disease. The underlying mechanisms of treatment failure for these drugs are poorly understood. Resistance to these biological agents and the further subdivision into intrinsic and acquired resistance are not clearly defined. In this review, we explore the current understanding of the mechanisms of action of several biological agents as well as the complex biological processes that underlie resistance. A better understanding of why biologicals fail might help to improve their single or combinational use and will ultimately help to alleviate disease burden more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Emami-Shahri
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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25
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Apoptosis induced by mammalian reovirus is beta interferon (IFN) independent and enhanced by IFN regulatory factor 3- and NF-κB-dependent expression of Noxa. J Virol 2011; 86:1650-60. [PMID: 22090144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05924-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of signal transduction pathways are activated in response to viral infection, which dampen viral replication and transmission. These mechanisms involve both the induction of type I interferons (IFNs), which evoke an antiviral state, and the triggering of apoptosis. Mammalian orthoreoviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that elicit apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) are required for the expression of IFN-β and the efficient induction of apoptosis in reovirus-infected cells. However, it is not known whether IFN-β induction is required for apoptosis, nor have the genes induced by IRF-3 and NF-κB that are responsible for apoptosis been identified. To determine whether IFN-β is required for reovirus-induced apoptosis, we used type I IFN receptor-deficient cells, IFN-specific antibodies, and recombinant IFN-β. We found that IFN synthesis and signaling are dispensable for the apoptosis of reovirus-infected cells. These results indicate that the apoptotic response following reovirus infection is mediated directly by genes responsive to IRF-3 and NF-κB. Noxa is a proapoptotic BH3-domain-only protein of the Bcl-2 family that requires IRF-3 and NF-κB for efficient expression. We found that Noxa is strongly induced at late times (36 to 48 h) following reovirus infection in a manner dependent on IRF-3 and NF-κB. The level of apoptosis induced by reovirus is significantly diminished in cells lacking Noxa, indicating a key prodeath function for this molecule during reovirus infection. These results suggest that prolonged innate immune response signaling induces apoptosis by eliciting Noxa expression in reovirus-infected cells.
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26
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NK cells are dysfunctional in human chronic myelogenous leukemia before and on imatinib treatment and in BCR-ABL-positive mice. Leukemia 2011; 26:465-74. [PMID: 21904381 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although BCR-ABL+ stem cells in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resist elimination by targeted pharmacotherapy in most patients, immunological graft-versus-leukemia effects can cure the disease. Besides cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells may have a role in immune control of CML. Here, we explored the functionality of NK cells in CML patients and in a transgenic inducible BCR-ABL mouse model. Compared with controls, NK-cell proportions among lymphocytes were decreased at diagnosis of CML and did not recover during imatinib-induced remission for 10-34 months. Functional experiments revealed limited in vitro expansion of NK cells from CML patients and a reduced degranulation response to K562 target cells both at diagnosis and during imatinib therapy. Consistent with the results in human CML, relative numbers of NK1.1+ NK cells were reduced following induction of BCR-ABL expression in mice, and the defects persisted after BCR-ABL reversion. Moreover, target-induced degranulation by expanded BCR-ABL+ NK cells was compromised. We conclude that CML is associated with quantitative and functional defects within the NK-cell compartment, which is reproduced by induced BCR-ABL expression in mice. Further work will aim at identifying the mechanisms of NK-cell deficiency in CML and at developing strategies to exploit NK cells for immunotherapy.
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27
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Jeong JM, Kim JW, Park HJ, Song JH, Kim DH, Park CI. Molecular cloning and characterisation of the rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, Fas (CD95/APO-1), and its expression analysis in response to bacterial or viral infection. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 1:11-7. [PMID: 24371547 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fas belongs to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and can transmit a death signal leading to apoptosis. In the present study, we isolated the full-length cDNA for rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) Fas (RbFas). The full-length RbFas cDNA was 1770 bp long and contained an open reading frame of 957 bp that encoded 319 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 35.1 kDa. The 319 amino-acid predicted RbFas sequence is homologous to other Fas sequences, contains three cysteine-rich domains and a death domain (DD) and two potential N-glycosylation sites. Expression of RbFas mRNA was detected in nine different tissues from healthy rock bream and was the highest in red blood cells. In analyses of mitogen-stimulated RbFas expression in peripheral blood leucocytes, expression of RbFas mRNA was observed between 1 and 36 h after stimulation with LPS, and 1 and 3 h stimulation with poly I:C. In the case of bacterial injection, the RbFas transcript peaked 6 h after injection in both the kidney and the spleen. Otherwise, the RbFas transcript peaked after 1 h in spleen and 6 h in kidney following injection with RSIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Jeong
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Jun Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Song
- The College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Fish Health Center and Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
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28
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Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer whose worldwide incidence is rising faster than any other cancer. Few treatment options are available to patients with metastatic disease, and standard chemotherapeutic agents are generally ineffective. Cytokines such as IFN-α or IL-2 can promote immune recognition of melanoma, occasionally inducing dramatic and durable clinical responses. Here, we discuss several immunomodulatory agents, the safety of which are being evaluated in clinical trials. Challenges include an incomplete understanding of signaling pathways, appropriate clinical dose and route, and systemic immunosuppression in advanced melanoma patients. We consider how targeted cytokine therapy will integrate into the clinical arena, as well as the low likelihood of success of single cytokine therapies. Evidence supports a synergy between cytokine immunotherapy and other therapeutic approaches in melanoma, and strengthening this area of research will improve our understanding of how to use cytokine therapy better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Nicholas
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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29
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Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia has a progressive course starting in a benign phase and terminating in a blastic phase. In this study, we show that human homolog double minute 2 (HDM2) inhibition, with MI-219-a novel compound, and consequently p53 stabilization induce chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) blast crisis cells to undergo apoptosis regardless of the presence of the T315I mutation in the BCR-ABL kinase domain. The response to MI-219 is associated with the downregulation of c-Myc and the induction of p21(WAF1). The p53 target and pro-apoptotic proteins PUMA, Noxa and Bax are induced, whereas full length Bid protein decreases with increased activity of pro-apoptotic cleaved Bid, and decrease of Mcl-1 is observed by increased caspase activity. CD95/FAS (FAS antigen) receptor is also induced by MI-219, indicating that both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic responses are transcriptionally induced. In addition, p53 protein accumulates in the mitochondrial fraction of treated cells involved in transcription-independent induction of apoptosis. We conclude that HDM-2 inhibition with MI-219 effectively induces p53-dependent apoptosis in most blast crisis CML cells, with or without BCR-ABL mutation(s).
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30
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Abstract
Previous experience in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) has shown that the achievement of clinical, morphological and cytogenetic remission does not indicate eradication of the disease. A complete molecular response (CMR; no detectable BCR-ABL mRNA) represents a deeper level of response, but even CMR is not a guarantee of elimination of the leukaemia, because the significance of CMR is determined by the detection limit of the assay that is used. Two studies of imatinib cessation in CMR are underway, cumulatively involving over 100 patients. The current estimated rate of stable CMR after stopping imatinib is approximately 40%, but the duration of follow-up is relatively short. The factors that determine relapse risk are yet to be identified. The intrinsic capacity of any residual leukaemia [corrected] cells to proliferate following the withdrawal of treatment may be important, but there may also be a role for immunological suppression of the leukaemia [corrected] clone. No currently available test can formally prove that the leukaemic clone is eradicated. Here we discuss the sensitive measurement of minimal residual disease, and speculate on the biology of BCR-ABL-positive cells that may persist after effective therapy of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ross
- Department of Haematology, SA Pathology Centre for Cancer Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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31
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Fritsch G, Witt V, Dubovsky J, Matthes S, Peters C, Buchinger P, Printz D, Handgretinger R, Lion T, Gadner H. Flow cytometric monitoring of hematopoietic reconstitution in myeloablated patients following allogeneic transplantation. Cytotherapy 2010; 1:295-309. [PMID: 20426555 DOI: 10.1080/0032472031000141265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a routine flow cytometric (FACS) approach to quantify circulating leukocytes (NC) in myeloablated patients before and during regeneration after allogeneic transplantation of either whole bone marrow (BM) or of highly purified (> 99%) blood-derived CD34(+) cells (PBSC). METHODS Blood samples were analyzed daily between infusion of the transplant and hematopoietic reconstitution. Significant differences in the composition of NC types and CD34(+) cells were observed between the two CD34 sources. The detection threshold for NC was roughly 1 cell per w L blood. RESULTS The cell nadir of < 100 NC/ microL was reached on Day +4 (BM) and on day 0 (PBSC), when unusual CD34(+) cells of recipient genotype were detected in all patients. They were not clonogenic, showed high CD34 expression, but were negative for CD45, CD38, CD33, CD50, HLA-DR and Stro-1. Between Days +5 and +16, the onset of hematopoietic reconstitution was clearly detectable in multi-parameter evaluation of the FACS data. This was a median of 3.5 days before NC increased above 200/ w L blood and 4-10 days before granulocyte counts were > 500/ microL. It was marked by the appearance of monocytes, immature (CD38(+)) granulocytes, and clonogenic donor CD34(+) cells exhibited normal size and phenotype. DISCUSSION We conclude that dynamic FACS analyses can reliably detect hematopoietic reconstitution, but also graft rejection, before a visible increase NC numbers. This may have considerable impact on clinical management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fritsch
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderspital, Vienna, Austria
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Bekisz J, Baron S, Balinsky C, Morrow A, Zoon KC. Antiproliferative Properties of Type I and Type II Interferon. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:994-1015. [PMID: 20664817 PMCID: PMC2907165 DOI: 10.3390/ph3040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical possibilities of interferon (IFN) became apparent with early studies demonstrating that it was capable of inhibiting tumor cells in culture and in vivo using animal models. IFN gained the distinction of being the first recombinant cytokine to be licensed in the USA for the treatment of a malignancy in 1986, with the approval of IFN-α2a (Hoffman-La Roche) and IFN-α2b (Schering-Plough) for the treatment of Hairy Cell Leukemia. In addition to this application, other approved antitumor applications for IFN-α2a are AIDS-related Kaposi's Sarcoma and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) and other approved antitumor applications for IFN-α2b are Malignant Melanoma, Follicular Lymphoma, and AIDS-related Kapoisi's Sarcoma. In the ensuing years, a considerable number of studies have been conducted to establish the mechanisms of the induction and action of IFN's anti-tumor activity. These include identifying the role of Interferon Regulatory Factor 9 (IRF9) as a key factor in eliciting the antiproliferative effects of IFN-α as well as identifying genes induced by IFN that are involved in recognition of tumor cells. Recent studies also show that IFN-activated human monocytes can be used to achieve >95% eradication of select tumor cells. The signaling pathways by which IFN induces apoptosis can vary. IFN treatment induces the tumor suppressor gene p53, which plays a role in apoptosis for some tumors, but it is not essential for the apoptotic response. IFN-α also activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which is associated with cell survival. Downstream of PI3K is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) which, in conjunction with PI3K, may act in signaling induced by growth factors after IFN treatment. This paper will explore the mechanisms by which IFN acts to elicit its antiproliferative effects and more closely examine the clinical applications for the anti-tumor potential of IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bekisz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Type I interferon induction is detrimental during infection with the Whipple's disease bacterium, Tropheryma whipplei. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000722. [PMID: 20090833 PMCID: PMC2798751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first line of defense against pathogens. Upon infection macrophages usually produce high levels of proinflammatory mediators. However, macrophages can undergo an alternate polarization leading to a permissive state. In assessing global macrophage responses to the bacterial agent of Whipple's disease, Tropheryma whipplei, we found that T. whipplei induced M2 macrophage polarization which was compatible with bacterial replication. Surprisingly, this M2 polarization of infected macrophages was associated with apoptosis induction and a functional type I interferon (IFN) response, through IRF3 activation and STAT1 phosphorylation. Using macrophages from mice deficient for the type I IFN receptor, we found that this type I IFN response was required for T. whipplei-induced macrophage apoptosis in a JNK-dependent manner and was associated with the intracellular replication of T. whipplei independently of JNK. This study underscores the role of macrophage polarization in host responses and highlights the detrimental role of type I IFN during T. whipplei infection. Innate immune cells are sentinels allowing the host to sense invading pathogens. Among them, macrophages are highly microbicidal and are able to kill microorganisms. However, several pathogens have evolved strategies to hijack macrophage responses in order to survive or replicate. Tropheryma whipplei is the agent of Whipple's disease, a systemic disease that associates arthropathy, weight loss and gastrointestinal symptoms. It has been known for several years that this bacterium has a tropism for macrophages, in which it replicates. In this study, we have shown that T. whipplei induces host cell apoptosis and a surprising macrophage activation, characterized by anti-inflammatory molecules and type I interferon (IFN) signaling, which is generally associated to viral infections. We demonstrate that this type I IFN response is critical for bacterial pathogenicity, as it is required for bacterial replication and provides the first step of the apoptotic program of infected macrophages. By identifying these signaling events induced in macrophage by T. whipplei, we can now better understand the molecular basis of the pathophysiology of Whipple's disease, of interest for clinical and therapeutic ends.
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Guilhot F, Roy L, Saulnier PJ, Guilhot J. Interferon in chronic myeloid leukaemia: past and future. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2009; 22:315-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN) induce the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG). The products of some of these genes have direct antiviral effects, others are involved in immunoregulation or modulate signaling pathways and gene expression, and others yet are mediators of cell growth and death. Their role in autoimmune diseases has been found to be both beneficial and detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam S Kunzi
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Omokaro SO, Desierto MJ, Eckhaus MA, Ellison FM, Chen J, Young NS. Lymphocytes with aberrant expression of Fas or Fas ligand attenuate immune bone marrow failure in a mouse model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3414-22. [PMID: 19265119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) and lymphocyte samples from aplastic anemia patients show up-regulated Fas and Fas-ligand (FasL) expression, respectively, supporting a relationship between immune-mediated BM destruction and the Fas apoptotic pathway. Mice with spontaneous lymphoproliferation (lpr) and generalized lymphoproliferative disease (gld) mutations exhibit abnormal expression of Fas and FasL, serving as potential models to elucidate underlying mechanisms of BM failure. We examined cellular and functional characteristics of lpr and gld mutants on the C57BL/6 (B6) background. Lymph node (LN) cells from lpr and gld mice produced less apoptosis when coincubated with C.B10-H2(b)/LilMcd (C.B10) BM cells in vitro. This functional difference was confirmed by infusing lpr, gld, and B6 LN cells into sublethally irradiated CB10 mice. All donor LN cells showed significant T cell expansion and activation, but only B6 LN cells caused severe BM destruction. Mice infused with gld LN cells developed mild to moderate BM failure despite receiving FasL-deficient effectors, thus suggesting the existence of alternative pathways or incomplete penetrance of the mutation. Paradoxically, mice that received Fas-deficient lpr LN cells also had reduced BM failure, likely due to down-regulation of proapoptotic genes, an effect that can be overcome by higher doses of lpr LN cells. Our model demonstrates that abnormal Fas or FasL expression interferes with the development of pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia, validating a major role for the Fas/FasL cytotoxic pathway in immune-mediated BM failure, although disruption of this pathway does not completely abolish marrow destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie O Omokaro
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,MD 20892, USA.
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Zimmerer JM, Lehman AM, Ruppert AS, Noble CW, Olencki T, Walker MJ, Kendra K, Carson WE. IFN-α-2b–Induced Signal Transduction and Gene Regulation in Patient Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Not Enhanced by a Dose Increase from 5 to 10 Megaunits/m2. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1438-45. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kujawski LA, Talpaz M. The role of interferon-alpha in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:459-71. [PMID: 17703986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biological agents have long been used in the treatment of cancer, and interferon-alpha was the first human cytokine to be widely studied in this setting. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder for which interferon-alpha has demonstrated substantial activity. In the 1980s interferon-alpha became first-line therapy for patients with chronic-phase CML, not eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Following the discovery of the leukemic oncogene BCR/ABL and its causal association with CML, the potent BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate was developed. Imatinib proved to be superior to interferon-alpha in all outcome measures, making imatinib the new standard of care for patients with CML. There is both clinical and laboratory evidence suggesting imatinib therapy alone is not curative in CML, whereas IFN has induced a low but reproducible curative effect in some patients. This unique activity may be the basis for the reincorporation of IFN into the management of CML. These observations may be best explained by imatinib's negligible activity against the leukemic stem cell (LSC) population. This review discusses the history of interferon-alpha in the treatment of CML, the evolution of molecularly targeted therapies, and some of the lessons we have learned from years of informative research in CML. It also explores the new challenge of managing minimal residual disease in the imatinib era, and addresses the promising role for LSC-directed therapies in the future treatment of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Kujawski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Holm GH, Zurney J, Tumilasci V, Leveille S, Danthi P, Hiscott J, Sherry B, Dermody TS. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I and interferon-beta promoter stimulator-1 augment proapoptotic responses following mammalian reovirus infection via interferon regulatory factor-3. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21953-61. [PMID: 17540767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, cells initiate antiviral responses to contain replication and inhibit virus spread. One protective mechanism involves activation of transcription factors interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and NF-kappaB, resulting in secretion of the antiviral cytokine, interferon-beta. Another is induction of apoptosis, killing the host cell before virus disseminates. Mammalian reovirus induces both interferon-beta and apoptosis, raising the possibility that both pathways are initiated by a common cellular sensor. We show here that reovirus activates IRF-3 with kinetics that parallel the activation of NF-kappaB, a known mediator of reovirus-induced apoptosis. Activation of IRF-3 requires functional retinoic acid inducible gene-I and interferon-beta promoter stimulator-1, but these intracellular sensors are dispensable for activation of NF-kappaB. Interferon-beta promoter stimulator-1 and IRF-3 are required for efficient apoptosis following reovirus infection, suggesting a common mechanism of antiviral cytokine induction and activation of the cell death response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey H Holm
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2581, USA
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Cavalheiro S, Dastoli PA, Silva NS, Toledo S, Lederman H, da Silva MC. Use of interferon alpha in intratumoral chemotherapy for cystic craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst 2005; 21:719-24. [PMID: 16133276 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-005-1226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the intratumoral activity of interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) in the treatment of cystic craniopharyngiomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2000 to January 2004, nine patients presenting with cystic craniopharyngiomas were treated with intratumoral injection of IFN-alpha at the Pediatric Oncology Institute of the Federal University of São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina. Age ranged from 1 year and 10 months to 18 years (mean 10 years). All intratumoral catheters were inserted by a subfrontal approach. Doses varied from 36 to 108 MU. RESULTS There was complete disappearance of the lesion in seven cases. In two cases, partial reduction of tumor size was observed at follow-up. Follow-up varied from 1 year to 3 years and 6 months (mean 1 year 8 months). CONCLUSIONS IFN-alpha proved to be an effective drug in the control of cystic craniopharyngiomas. Additional studies should be carried out to determine the optimal dose of IFN-alpha in the treatment of cystic craniopharyngioma. In addition, other drugs possessing high efficacy and low neurotoxicity should be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua Botucatu 591/42, 4023-061, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Marley SB, Gordon MY. Chronic myeloid leukaemia: stem cell derived but progenitor cell driven. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109:13-25. [PMID: 15966868 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biology of CML (chronic myeloid leukaemia) has been extensively investigated as the disease is a paradigm of neoplasms induced when a translocation results in expression of a novel fusion protein, in this instance p210(BCR-ABL). Although CML manifests itself principally as unregulated expansion of the myeloid lineage, the lesion is present in the stem cell population and it has long been assumed that disregulated stem cell kinetics must underlie the basic pathology of the disease. In this review, we present evidence that, in normal haemopoiesis, less primitive precursor cells retain considerable flexibility in their capacity to undergo self-renewal, allowing them to maintain lineage-specific homoeostasis without inflicting proliferative stress upon the stem cell population. This mechanism is dysregulated in CML and we have developed a self-renewal assay for CFU-GM (colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage) which demonstrates that, in CML, the PI (proliferative index) of the myeloid progenitor cell population is increased. The ability to measure the PI as an endpoint of p210(BCR-ABL) expression gives considerable versatility to the in vitro investigation of putative therapeutic regimes in CML.
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MESH Headings
- Benzamides
- Cell Proliferation
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Marley
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, DuCane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Sconocchia G, Lau M, Provenzano M, Rezvani K, Wongsena W, Fujiwara H, Hensel N, Melenhorst J, Li J, Ferrone S, Barrett AJ. The antileukemia effect of HLA-matched NK and NK-T cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia involves NKG2D-target-cell interactions. Blood 2005; 106:3666-72. [PMID: 16046526 PMCID: PMC1895055 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antileukemic activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), we investigated the ability of HLA-matched and mismatched CD56(+) cells to inhibit granulocyte macrophage-colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) formation by leukemic CD34(+) cells. In 14 HLA-identical donor-recipient pairs, donor CD56(+) cells inhibited CML CFU-GM comparably to effectors from 14 HLA-mismatched unrelated individuals (mean inhibition 42% +/- 9% vs 39.5% +/- 7% at a 10:1 effector-to-target (E/T) ratio), suggesting that killer inhibitory receptor (KIR) incompatibility was not essential for an antileukemic effect. Both CD56(+)CD3(-) (natural killer [NK]) and CD56(+)CD3(+)(NK-T) cells inhibited CFU-GM growth of CML but not normal CD34(+) cells. A mechanism for this leukemia-specific cytotoxicity was suggested by the abnormal overexpression of major histocompatibility class I chain-related gene A or gene B (MICA/B) on CML CD34 cells and their ability to bind the NK activation ligand NKG2D. However, in vivo, CML cells may avoid NK-cell-mediated immune destruction by immune escape, shedding MICA into the plasma, thereby down-regulating NKG2D on CML CD56(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sconocchia
- Stem Cell Allotransplantation Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Vermeulen K, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN. Apoptosis: mechanisms and relevance in cancer. Ann Hematol 2005; 84:627-39. [PMID: 16041532 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-005-1065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a process with typical morphological characteristics including plasma membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and fragmentation. A family of cystein-dependent aspartate-directed proteases, called caspases, is responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of cellular proteins leading to the characteristic apoptotic features, e.g. cleavage of caspase-activated DNase resulting in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Currently, two pathways for activating caspases have been studied in detail. One starts with ligation of a death ligand to its transmembrane death receptor, followed by recruitment and activation of caspases in the death-inducing signalling complex. The second pathway involves the participation of mitochondria, which release caspase-activating proteins into the cytosol, thereby forming the apoptosome where caspases will bind and become activated. In addition, two other apoptotic pathways are emerging: endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and caspase-independent apoptosis. Naturally occurring cell death plays a critical role in many normal processes like foetal development and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of apoptosis contributes to many diseases, including cancer. On the other hand, apoptosis-regulating proteins also provide targets for drug discovery and new approaches to the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vermeulen
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Simrit Parmar
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Onocology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hougardy BMT, van der Zee AGJ, van den Heuvel FAJ, Timmer T, de Vries EGE, de Jong S. Sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis in high-risk HPV-positive human cervical cancer cells: relationship with Fas, caspase-8, and Bid. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 97:353-64. [PMID: 15863130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Binding of Fas ligand or agonistic anti-Fas antibody to the death receptor Fas can activate a caspase-cascade resulting in apoptosis. In the present study, the functionality of the Fas pathway was studied in human cervical cancer cells with different HPV and p53 status. METHODS HeLa (HPV-18 positive), CaSki, and SiHa (both HPV-16 positive) contain wild-type p53, while C33A (HPV negative) expresses mutant p53. Fas cell surface expression was determined by flow cytometry. Expression of proteins involved in the apoptotic pathway was analyzed by Western blotting and apoptosis was measured by acridine orange staining of nuclear chromatin. RESULTS Despite high Fas membrane expression in the HPV-positive cells, CaSki was highly sensitive, HeLa slightly sensitive, and SiHa and C33A were resistant for agonistic anti-Fas antibody. Almost undetectable Fas membrane levels can explain the non-responsiveness of C33A for anti-Fas. Although interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) strongly and cisplatin to a lesser extend enhanced Fas membrane expression in all HPV-positive cells, sensitization to anti-Fas by IFNgamma or cisplatin was only observed in HeLa. Analysis of the Fas apoptotic pathway showed that anti-Fas treatment induced caspase-8 activation and concomitantly Bid cleavage, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage and apoptosis in HeLa and CaSki. IFNgamma plus anti-Fas treatment, in contrast to anti-Fas alone, facilitated caspase-8 activation in HeLa and SiHa, while an increase in Bid cleavage, caspase-9 activation and apoptosis was only observed in HeLa. Apoptotic failure in SiHa (even in the presence of IFNgamma) was probably due to low caspase-8, almost undetectable Bid protein levels and therefore lack of caspase-9 activation. CONCLUSION Sensitivity to anti-Fas depends on Fas, caspase-8, and Bid protein levels in cervical cancer cells. Additionally, IFNgamma and cisplatin can increase sensitivity to anti-Fas in a subset of HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines by upregulation of Fas and caspase-8 expression without major changes in p53 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte M T Hougardy
- Department of Gynecology-Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Takada E, Shimo K, Hata K, Abiake M, Mukai Y, Moriyama M, Heasley L, Mizuguchi J. Interferon-β-induced activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mediates apoptosis through up-regulation of CD95 in CH31 B lymphoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2005; 304:518-30. [PMID: 15748896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN)-induced antitumor action is due in part to apoptosis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying IFN-induced apoptosis remain largely unresolved. In the present study, we demonstrate that IFN-beta induced apoptosis and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m) in the murine CH31 B lymphoma cell line, and this was accompanied by the up-regulation of CD95, but not CD95-ligand (CD95-L), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Pretreatment with anti-CD95-L mAb partially prevented the IFN-beta-induced loss of delta psi m, suggesting that the interaction of IFN-beta-up-regulated CD95 with CD95-L plays a crucial role in the induction of fratricide. IFN-beta induced a sustained activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), but not extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). The IFN-beta-induced apoptosis and loss of delta psi m were substantially compromised in cells overexpressing a dominant-negative form of JNK1 (dnJNK1), and it was slightly enhanced in cells carrying a constitutively active JNK construct, MKK7-JNK1 fusion protein. The IFN-beta-induced up-regulation of CD95 together with caspase-8 activation was also abrogated in the dnJNK1 cells while it was further enhanced in the MKK7-JNK1 cells. The levels of cellular FLIP (c-FLIP), competitively interacting with caspase-8, were down-regulated by stimulation with IFN-beta but were reversed by the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. Collectively, the IFN-beta-induced sustained activation of JNK mediates apoptosis, at least in part, through up-regulation of CD95 protein in combination with down-regulation of c-FLIP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Takada
- Department of Immunology and Intractable Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8402, Tokyo, Japan
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Carotenuto P, van Riel D, Artsen A, Bruijns S, Uytdehaag FG, Laman JD, van Nunen AB, Zondervan PE, De Man RA, Osterhaus AD, Pontesilli O. Antiviral treatment with alpha interferon up-regulates CD14 on liver macrophages and its soluble form in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:590-9. [PMID: 15673738 PMCID: PMC547278 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.2.590-599.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether therapy with alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) induces changes in intrahepatic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we obtained liver biopsy specimens before, during, and after therapy with IFN-alpha from chronic hepatitis B patients whose viral load had already been reduced by at least 8 weeks of treatment with lamivudine. HLA-DR, CD1a, and CD83 were not modified by the therapy. The intralobular expression of CD68 on Kupffer cells remained stable, denoting no changes in the number of resident macrophages during IFN-alpha treatment. In contrast, CD14 was weakly expressed in the absence of IFN-alpha and was significantly up-regulated during therapy. At the same time, the levels of soluble CD14 and interleukin-10 in plasma increased significantly. In vitro, monocytes maintained in the presence of IFN-alpha differentiated into macrophages or dendritic cells with higher levels of expression of CD14 than that for the control cultures. During therapy with IFN-alpha, T-cell infiltration in the portal spaces was reduced, mainly due to a significant decrease in the number of CD8(+) T cells. These findings show that IFN-alpha is biologically active on APCs in vivo and in vitro and suggest that this newly described regulatory function, together with the already known inhibitory effects on lymphocytes, may cooperate to reduce inflammation and consequent tissue damage in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Carotenuto
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Room L363, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Liu LG, Tanaka H, Ito K, Ito T, Sultana TA, Kyo T, Kimura A. Absence of gene mutation in TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) in chronic myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, and analysis of mRNA Expressions of TRAIL and TRAIL-related genes in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Acta Haematol 2005; 113:113-23. [PMID: 15802890 DOI: 10.1159/000083449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an interferon (IFN)-induced molecule with apoptotic activity. We examined gene mutations in the death domains of TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1) and TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), and in the TRAIL gene promoter in 46 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. In 23 of the 46 patients, all the coding regions of TRAIL-R2 were also examined. However, no mutation or loss of heterozygosity was found. Furthermore, no mutation in the death domains of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 genes, which causes amino acid change, was found in 18 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using polymorphonuclear neutrophils of five new CML patients showed that the TRAIL mRNA expression was very low before in vitro IFN-alpha stimulation and markedly upregulated after IFN-alpha stimulation. FAS mRNA was also upregulated with IFN-alpha stimulation but the fold induction was far lower than that of TRAIL mRNA. In addition, RPA revealed that the ratio of (TRAIL-R1 plus TRAIL-R2) to TRAIL-R3 was also increased after IFN-alpha stimulation. Taken together, gene mutations of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2 are infrequent in patients with CML and MDS. And so is the TRAIL promoter for CML. These mutations seem unrelated to tumorigenesis, disease progression, and response to IFN-alpha therapy in CML. A markedly high induction of TRAIL mRNA by IFN-alpha may have some relevance to IFN-alpha action in CML patients.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Interferon-alpha/pharmacology
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/drug therapy
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gen Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi, Hiroshima, Japan
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Tagliaferri P, Caraglia M, Budillon A, Marra M, Vitale G, Viscomi C, Masciari S, Tassone P, Abbruzzese A, Venuta S. New pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic tools for interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment of human cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1-10. [PMID: 15693134 PMCID: PMC11032854 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) has been widely used in the treatment of human solid and haematologic malignancies. Although the antitumour activity of IFN-alpha is well recognised at present, no major advances have been achieved in the last few years. Recent findings have provided new information on the molecular mechanisms of the antitumour activity of the cytokine. In fact, IFN-alpha appears to block cell proliferation, at least in part, through the induction of apoptotic effects. This cytokine can also regulate the progression of tumour cells through the different phases of the cell cycle inducing an increase of the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. However, it must be considered that IFN-alpha is a physiologic molecule with ubiquitously expressed receptors that is likely to activate survival mechanisms in the cell. We have recently identified an epidermal growth factor (EGF) Ras-dependent protective response to the apoptosis induced by IFN-alpha in epidermoid cancer cells. The identification of tissue- and/or tumour-specific survival pathways and their selective targeting might provide a new approach to improve the efficacy of IFN-alpha-based treatment of human cancer. Moreover, new pegylated species of IFN-alpha are now available with a more favourable pharmacokinetic profile. We will review these achievements, and we will specifically address the topic of IFN-alpha-based molecularly targeted combinatory antitumour approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Via T. Campanella 115, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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50
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Hisaka T, Yano H, Ogasawara S, Momosaki S, Nishida N, Takemoto Y, Kojiro S, Katafuchi Y, Kojiro M. Interferon-alphaCon1 suppresses proliferation of liver cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. J Hepatol 2004; 41:782-9. [PMID: 15519651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Revised: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We investigated the effects of consensus interferon (IFN-alphaCon1), a nonnaturally occurring type I interferon with higher specific activity than other type I IFNs, on the growth of human liver cancer cells. METHODS The effect of IFN-alphaCon1 on the proliferation of 13 liver cancer cell lines was investigated in vitro. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (KIM-1 and HAK-1B) were transplanted subcutaneously into the back of nude mice, then IFN-alphaCon1 was subcutaneously administered to the mice once a day for 2 weeks, and tumor volume and histology were examined. RESULTS IFN-alphaCon1 expressed a dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect in all cell lines in vitro. KIM-1 tumor volume in mice that received 0.01 microg (10(4)IU)/mouse/day of IFN-alphaCon1 (similar to the clinical dose for chronic hepatitis C) was 62% of the control, 0.1microg/mouse/day resulted in 26%, and 1 microg/mouse/day resulted in 10%. HAK-1B tumor volume under the same treatment was 61, 24 and 0% of the control, respectively. The number of apoptotic cells significantly increased and the number of blood vessels significantly decreased with the increase in IFN-alphaCon1 dose. CONCLUSIONS IFN-alphaCon1 suppressed HCC growth in nude mice. These data indicate the potential clinical application of IFN-alphaCon1 in the prevention and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hisaka
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Research Center of Innovative Cancer Therapy of the 21 Century COE Program for Medical Science, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, 830-0011 Kurume, Japan
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