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Maeda M, Tanabe-Shibuya J, Miyazato P, Masutani H, Yasunaga JI, Usami K, Shimizu A, Matsuoka M. IL-2/IL-2 Receptor Pathway Plays a Crucial Role in the Growth and Malignant Transformation of HTLV-1-Infected T Cells to Develop Adult T-Cell Leukemia. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32210945 PMCID: PMC7067701 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transform into malignant/leukemic cells and develop adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) after a long latency period. The tax (transactivator from the X-gene region) and HBZ (HTLV-1 bZIP factor) genes of HTLV-1 play crucial roles in the development of ATL. The process and mechanism by which HTLV-1-infected T cells acquire malignancy and develop ATL remain to be elucidated. Constitutive expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α-chain (IL-2Rα/CD25), induced by the tax and HBZ genes of HTLV-1, on ATL cells implicates the involvement of IL-2/IL-2R pathway in the growth and development of ATL cells in vivo. However, the leukemic cells in the majority of ATL patients appeared unresponsive to IL-2, raising controversies on the role of this pathway for the growth of ATL cells in vivo. Here, we report the establishment of 32 IL-2-dependent T-cell lines infected with HTLV-1 from 26 ATL patients, including eight leukemic cell lines derived from five ATL patients, while no T-cell lines were established without IL-2. We have shown that the IL-2-dependent ATL cell lines evolved into IL-2-independent/-unresponsive growth phase, resembling ATL cells in vivo. Moreover, the IL-2-dependent non-leukemic T-cell lines infected with HTLV-1 acquired IL-2-independency and turned into tumor-producing cancer cells as with the ATL cell lines. HTLV-1-infected T cells in vivo could survive and proliferate depending on IL-2 that was produced in vivo by the HTLV-1-infected T cells of ATL patients and patients with HTLV-1-associated diseases and, acts as a physiological molecule to regulate T-cell growth. These results suggest that ATL cells develop among the HTLV-1-infected T cells growing dependently on IL-2 and that most of the circulating ATL cells progressed to become less responsive to IL-2, acquiring the ability to proliferate without IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyuki Maeda
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Tanabe-Shibuya
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paola Miyazato
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masutani
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Tenri Health Care University, Tenri, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Advancement for Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akira Shimizu
- Institute for Advancement for Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Wong JC, Lee SB, Bell MD, Reynolds PA, Fiore E, Stamenkovic I, Truong V, Oliner JD, Gerald WL, Haber DA. Induction of the interleukin-2/15 receptor beta-chain by the EWS-WT1 translocation product. Oncogene 2002; 21:2009-19. [PMID: 11960373 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2001] [Revised: 12/11/2001] [Accepted: 12/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
EWS-WT1 is a chimeric transcription factor resulting from fusion of the N-terminal domain of the Ewing sarcoma gene EWS to the three C-terminal zinc fingers of the Wilms tumor suppressor WT1. This translocation underlies desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), which is noted for the abundance of reactive stroma surrounding islets of tumor cells, suggestive of paracrine signals contributing to tumor cell proliferation. Hybridization to high-density oligonucleotide microarrays can be used to identify targets of EWS-WT1. Expression of EWS-WT1 from a tetracycline-regulated promoter leads to the induction of growth-associated genes, of which the most remarkable is the beta-chain of the interleukin-2/15 receptor (IL-2/15Rbeta). Potent transcriptional activation by the chimeric protein maps to two bindings sites within the IL-2/15Rbeta promoter. Analysis of primary DSRCT tumor specimens demonstrates high levels of IL-2/15Rbeta within the tumor cells, along with expression of IL-2 and IL-15 by the abundant hyperplastic endothelial cells within the reactive stroma. Activation of this cytokine signaling pathway is consistent with the nuclear localization of its downstream effectors, phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT5. These observations suggest that the transcriptional induction of a cytokine receptor by a tumor-associated translocation product enables a proliferative response of epithelial cancer cells to ligands secreted by the surrounding stroma.
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MESH Headings
- Abdominal Neoplasms/genetics
- Abdominal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Abdominal Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit
- Interleukin-5/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 1
- Janus Kinase 3
- Male
- Milk Proteins
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Response Elements/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenise C Wong
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, MA 02129, USA
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Constitutive activation of LIL-Stat in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.8.2715.008k22_2715_2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation status of a recently identified STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) factor, LIL-Stat (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]/IL-1–inducible Stat) in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells was investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays using nuclear extracts of leukemic cells from 7 patients with ATL and a GAS (gamma interferon activation site)-like element termed LILRE (LPS/IL-1–responsive element), which is found in the human prointerleukin 1β (IL1B) gene. Spontaneous DNA binding of LIL-Stat was observed in all ATL cells examined. However, in normal human peripheral lymphocytes, DNA binding of LIL-Stat was detected only after stimulation with IL-1. These results demonstrated that LIL-Stat is constitutively activated in ATL cells. Furthermore, our transient transfection studies using LILRE chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporters argue that LIL-Stat in ATL cells functions as a transcriptional activator through binding to the LILRE in theIL1B gene.
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