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Tentolouris A, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Terpos E. Obesity and multiple myeloma: emerging mechanisms and perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:45-60. [PMID: 37030643 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global pandemic that has been associated with the development of breast, endometrial, large intestine, renal, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer. Obesity is also involved in the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, an increase in the incidence of obesity-related cancers has been reported. Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy, after lymphoma. The aim of this review is to examine the epidemiological data on obesity and MM, assess the effect of obesity on MM outcomes, evaluate the possible mechanisms through which obesity might increase the incidence of MM and provide the effects of obesity management on MM. Current evidence indicates that obesity may have an impact on the progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to MM and increase the prevalence of MM. However, data regarding the effect of obesity on MGUS incidence are controversial; further studies are needed to examine whether obesity affects the development of MGUS or the progression of MGUS to MM. In addition, obesity affects MM outcomes. Increased BMI is associated with decreased survival in patients with MM, while data regarding the effect of obesity on newly diagnosed MM subjects and autologous stem cell transplantation are limited. Interestingly, the obesity paradox may also apply to patients with relapsed/refractory MM who are overweight or obese, because they may have a survival advantage. The pathophysiological pathways linking obesity to MM are very complicated and include bone marrow adipose tissue; adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin; inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, such as TNF-α and IL-6; hormones including insulin and the insulin-like growth factor system as well as sex hormones. In terms of the effect of pharmacological management of obesity, orlistat has been shown to alter the proliferation of MM cells, whereas no data exist on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, naltrexone/bupropion, or phentermine/topiramate. Bariatric surgery may be associated with a reduction in the incidence of MM, however, further studies are needed.
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Mehdi SH, Nafees S, Mehdi SJ, Morris CA, Mashouri L, Yoon D. Animal Models of Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease. Front Genet 2021; 12:640954. [PMID: 34163520 PMCID: PMC8215650 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.640954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell disorder characterized by the proliferation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow, the presence of monoclonal serum immunoglobulin, and osteolytic lesions. It is the second most common hematological malignancy and considered an incurable disease despite significant treatment improvements. MM bone disease (MMBD) is defined as the presence of one or more osteolytic bone lesions or diffused osteoporosis with compression fracture attributable to the underlying clonal PC disorder. MMBD causes severe morbidity and increases mortality. Cumulative evidence shows that the interaction of MM cells and bone microenvironment plays a significant role in MM progression, suggesting that these interactions may be good targets for therapy. MM animal models have been developed and studied in various aspects of MM tumorigenesis. In particular, MMBD has been studied in various models, and each model has unique features. As the general features of MM animal models have been reviewed elsewhere, the current review will focus on the features of MMBD animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hassan Mehdi
- Myeloma Center, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Sana Nafees
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Jafar Mehdi
- Myeloma Center, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Carol A Morris
- Myeloma Center, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Ladan Mashouri
- Myeloma Center, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Donghoon Yoon
- Myeloma Center, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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3
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Immunological Prognostic Factors in Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073587. [PMID: 33808304 PMCID: PMC8036885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by an abnormal proliferation of clonal, terminally differentiated B lymphocytes. Current approaches for the treatment of MM focus on developing new diagnostic techniques; however, the search for prognostic markers is also crucial. This enables the classification of patients into risk groups and, thus, the selection of the most optimal treatment method. Particular attention should be paid to the possible use of immune factors, as the immune system plays a key role in the formation and course of MM. In this review, we focus on characterizing the components of the immune system that are of prognostic value in MM patients, in order to facilitate the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic directions.
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Signaling Pathway Mediating Myeloma Cell Growth and Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020216. [PMID: 33435632 PMCID: PMC7827005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), and delineation of the intracellular signaling pathways activated in the BM microenvironment in MM cells is essential to develop novel therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcome. Abstract The multiple myeloma (MM) bone marrow (BM) microenvironment consists of different types of accessory cells. Both soluble factors (i.e., cytokines) secreted from these cells and adhesion of MM cells to these cells play crucial roles in activation of intracellular signaling pathways mediating MM cell growth, survival, migration, and drug resistance. Importantly, there is crosstalk between the signaling pathways, increasing the complexity of signal transduction networks in MM cells in the BM microenvironment, highlighting the requirement for combination treatment strategies to blocking multiple signaling pathways.
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Peng Y, Li F, Zhang P, Wang X, Shen Y, Feng Y, Jia Y, Zhang R, Hu J, He A. IGF-1 promotes multiple myeloma progression through PI3K/Akt-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2020; 249:117503. [PMID: 32142767 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the role and mechanism of insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1)-mediated EMT on multiple myeloma (MM) growth and metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression data from GEO datasets were utilized to explore the expression levels of IGF-1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in MM. Western blotting and flow cytometry analysis were performed to detect the protein levels of EMT markers as well as key components of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell proliferation ability was assessed using colony formation assay and EdU incorporation assays. Transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to assess cell metastasis properties. Vimentin was knocked down by using electro-transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to detect the effect of IGF-1-mediated EMT on MM cell growth and metastasis. KEY FINDINGS First of all, the analysis of GEO database revealed that IGF-1 was excessively expressed and closely correlated with the expression of the EMT markers in MM patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IGF-1 enhanced the acquisition of mesenchymal features in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, in vitro studies revealed that IGF-1-mediated mesenchymal phenotype promoted MM migration, invasion and colony formation. Finally, the mechanism study showed PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was involved in the IGF-1-induced EMT in MM cells. SIGNIFICANCE IGF-1-induced mesenchymal phenotype contributed to MM progression via the PI3K/Akt pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Peng
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fangmei Li
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaman Wang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuandong Feng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yachun Jia
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Aili He
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'An City, Shaanxi Province, China.
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6
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Bieghs L, Johnsen HE, Maes K, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, Overgaard MT, Nyegaard M, Conover CA, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. The insulin-like growth factor system in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48732-48752. [PMID: 27129151 PMCID: PMC5217049 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous plasma cell malignancy. The MM cells reside in the bone marrow (BM), where reciprocal interactions with the BM niche foster MM cell survival, proliferation, and drug resistance. As in most cancers, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been demonstrated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of MM. The IGF system consists of IGF ligands, IGF receptors, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and IGFBP proteases and contributes not only to the survival, proliferation, and homing of MM cells, but also MM-associated angiogenesis and osteolysis. Furthermore, increased IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression on MM cells correlates with a poor prognosis in MM patients. Despite the prominent role of the IGF system in MM, strategies targeting the IGF-IR using blocking antibodies or small molecule inhibitors have failed to translate into the clinic. However, increasing preclinical evidence indicates that IGF-I is also involved in the development of drug resistance against current standard-of-care agents against MM, including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and corticoids. IGF-IR targeting has been able to overcome or revert this drug resistance in animal models, enhancing the efficacy of standard-of-care agents. This finding has generated renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of IGF-I targeting in MM. The present review provides an update of the impact of the different IGF system components in MM and discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Bieghs
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans E Johnsen
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark.,Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Kanehira M, Fujiwara T, Nakajima S, Okitsu Y, Onishi Y, Fukuhara N, Ichinohasama R, Okada Y, Harigae H. An Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors 1 and 3 Axis Governs Cellular Senescence of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Promotes Growth and Vascularization of Multiple Myeloma. Stem Cells 2016; 35:739-753. [PMID: 27641212 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells and there is much interest in how MSCs contribute to the regulation of the tumor microenvironment. Whether MSCs exert a supportive or suppressive effect on tumor progression is still controversial, but is likely dependent on a variety of factors that are tumor-type dependent. Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by growth of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. It has been shown that the progression of MM is governed by MSCs, which act as a stroma of the myeloma cells. Although stroma is created via mutual communication between myeloma cells and MSCs, the mechanism is poorly understood. Here we explored the role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in cellular events where MSCs were converted into either MM-supportive or MM-suppressive stroma. We found that myeloma cells stimulate MSCs to produce autotaxin, an indispensable enzyme for the biosynthesis of LPA, and LPA receptor 1 (LPA1) and 3 (LPA3) transduce opposite signals to MSCs to determine the fate of MSCs. LPA3-silenced MSCs (siLPA3-MSCs) exhibited cellular senescence-related phenotypes in vitro, and significantly promoted progression of MM and tumor-related angiogenesis in vivo. In contrast, siLPA1-MSCs showed resistance to cellular senescence in vitro, and efficiently delayed progression of MM and tumor-related angiogenesis in vivo. Consistently, anti-MM effects obtained by LPA1-silencing in MSCs were completely reproduced by systemic administration of Ki6425, an LPA1 antagonist. Collectively, our results indicate that LPA signaling determines the fate of MSCs and has potential as a therapeutic target in MM. Stem Cells 2017;35:739-753.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Kanehira
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tohru Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Molecular Hematology/Oncology, Hebita, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakajima
- Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Hebita, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Yoko Okitsu
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Onishi
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Noriko Fukuhara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryo Ichinohasama
- Division of Hematopathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Department of Thoracic surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Molecular Hematology/Oncology, Hebita, Ishinomaki, Japan
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8
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Kellner J, Liu B, Kang Y, Li Z. Fact or fiction--identifying the elusive multiple myeloma stem cell. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:91. [PMID: 24314019 PMCID: PMC4029203 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a debilitating disease of proliferating and malignant plasma cells that is currently incurable. The ability of monoclonal recurrence of disease suggests it might arise from a stem cell-like population capable of self-renewal. The difficulty to isolate the cancer stem-like cell in MM has introduced confusion toward this hypothesis. However, recent evidence has suggested that MM originates from the B cell lineage with memory-B cell like features, allowing for self-renewal of the progenitor-like status and differentiation to a monoclonal plasma cell population. Furthermore, this tumor-initiating cell uses signaling pathways and microenvironment similar to the hematopoietic stem cell, though hijacking these mechanisms to create and favor a more tumorigenic environment. The bone marrow niche allows for pertinent evasion, either through avoiding immunosurveillance or through direct interaction with the stroma, inducing quiescence and thus drug resistance. Understanding the interaction of the MM stem cell to the microenvironment and the mechanisms utilized by various stem cell-like populations to allow persistence and therapy-resistance can enable for better targeting of this cell population and potential eradication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zihai Li
- Hollings Cancer Center, 29425 Charleston, SC, USA.
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9
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Libouban H, Moreau MF, Lesourd M, Baslé MF, Chappard D. Osteolytic Bone Lesions in the 5T2 Multiple Myeloma Model: Radiographic, Scanning Electron Microscopic, and Microtomographic Studies. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2001.24.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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10
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Pappa CA, Tsirakis G, Psarakis FE, Kolovou A, Tsigaridaki M, Stafylaki D, Sfiridaki K, Alexandrakis MG. Lack of correlation between angiogenic cytokines and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with multiple myeloma. Med Oncol 2012; 30:363. [PMID: 23266941 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are many growth factors influencing the expansion of multiple myeloma (MM). Angiogenesis is a process that may enhance MM growth, in various manners. Among them, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a major factor, acting in many levels. The aim of the study was to measure serum levels of IGF-1 in newly diagnosed MM patients and to correlate them with clinical stage of the disease and with markers of angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and interleukin-6 and 15 (IL-6 and IL-15). Serum levels of the above factors were measured, by ELISA, in 57 newly diagnosed MM patients and in 20 healthy controls. There was no difference in serum levels of IGF-1 in MM patients and in controls, contrary to angiogenic factors, which were higher in MM patients (p < 0.001). Similarly, IGF-1 did not correlate with clinical stage of the disease nor the other angiogenic factors, which also correlated with each other (p < 0.001). Serum IGF-1 concentrations are not influenced in MM patients. Therefore, although it is a proliferation cytokine, it cannot be used as marker of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Pappa
- Hematology Department, Venizelion Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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11
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Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule is upregulated by IGF-1 signaling and modulates Akt activation and IRF4 expression in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2012; 27:1165-71. [PMID: 23138182 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of terminally differentiated B-lymphoid cells. Here, we investigate the role of Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM) in MM. We demonstrate that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) treatment upregulated FAIM expression in MM cells in a dose-dependent manner. Silencing of FAIM expression attenuates Akt signaling downstream of IGF-1 and compromises the viability of MM cells. We further showed that IGF-1 stimulation of MM cells leads to enhanced expression of IRF4, a known 'addictive' factor for MM. This upregulation of IRF4 expression by IGF-1 treatment of MM cells is abrogated when FAIM expression is silenced or Akt activation is inhibited. Thus, FAIM modulates IGF-1-induced Akt activation and IRF4 expression and has a role in MM cell survival. Consistent with these findings, FAIM expression is shown to be higher in plasma cells of symptomatic MM patients compared with normal individuals or patients with premalignant conditions. Moreover, a higher level of FAIM expression is shown to correlate with poorer survival outcomes of newly diagnosed MM patients treated with stem cell transplantation or relapsed MM patients treated in clinical trials with Bortezomib. Thus taken together, our study reveals a novel, as well as clinically relevant role for FAIM in MM.
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12
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Jernberg-Wiklund H, Nilsson K. Targeting the IGF-1R signaling and mechanisms for epigenetic gene silencing in human multiple myeloma. Ups J Med Sci 2012; 117:166-77. [PMID: 22348393 PMCID: PMC3339548 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2012.659293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy characterized by the expansion of clonal plasmablast/plasma cells within the bone-marrow. It is well established that the bone-marrow microenvironment has a pivotal role in providing critical cytokines and cell-cell interactions to support the growth and survival of the MM tumor clone. The pathogenesis of MM is, however, only fragmentarily understood. Detailed genomic analysis reveals a heterogeneous and complex pattern of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations. In this review we will discuss some of the recent results on the functional role and potential clinical use of the IGF-1R, one of the major mediators of growth and survival for MM. We will also describe some of our results on epigenetic gene silencing in MM, as it may indeed constitute a novel basis for the understanding of tumor initiation and maintenance in MM and thus may change the current view on treatment strategies for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jernberg-Wiklund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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13
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Lemaire M, Fristedt C, Agarwal P, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, De Bruyne E, Österborg A, Atadja P, Larsson O, Axelson M, Van Camp B, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Vanderkerken K. The HDAC Inhibitor LBH589 Enhances the Antimyeloma Effects of the IGF-1RTK Inhibitor Picropodophyllin. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2230-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Zhang S, Farag SS. From cell biology to therapy: ENMD-2076 in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1015-28. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.584869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Lemaire M, Deleu S, De Bruyne E, Van Valckenborgh E, Menu E, Vanderkerken K. The microenvironment and molecular biology of the multiple myeloma tumor. Adv Cancer Res 2011; 110:19-42. [PMID: 21704227 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386469-7.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a deadly plasma cell cancer that resides in the bone marrow (BM). Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of the BM microenvironment supporting tumor growth, angiogenesis, bone disease and drug resistance. Reciprocal interactions between the different components of the BM microenvironment and the MM cells are necessary to regulate migration, differentiation, proliferation and survival of the malignant plasma cells. In this review we focus on the interactions and molecular mechanisms by which the BM microenvironment exert these effects. Better understanding of these interactions and the study of the epigenetic changes that tumor cells undergo are necessary in order to improve current treatments and for the discovery of new therapies that may eventually lead to a potential cure.
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De Bruyne E, Bos TJ, Schuit F, Van Valckenborgh E, Menu E, Thorrez L, Atadja P, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Vanderkerken K. IGF-1 suppresses Bim expression in multiple myeloma via epigenetic and posttranslational mechanisms. Blood 2010; 115:2430-40. [PMID: 20086250 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-232801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an important growth and survival factor in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we demonstrate that IGF-1 induces significant down-regulation of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim in MM cells. Reduced Bim levels by RNA interference (RNAi) protected cells from drug-induced cell death. The IGF-1-mediated down-regulation of Bim was the result of (1) reduced transcription by activation of the Akt pathway and inactivation of the transcription factor FoxO3a, (2) increased proteasome-mediated degradation of the Bim extra-long protein by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and (3) epigenetic regulation of both the Bim and the FoxO3a promoter. Treatment of cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 resulted in a clear up-regulation in the expression of Bim. Furthermore, the methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine (decitabine) significantly increased the effects of LBH589. On IGF-1 treatment, the Bim promoter region was found to be unmethylated, whereas chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the IGF-1-treated cells showed both a reduced histone H3 tail Lys9 (H3K9) acetylation and an increased H3K9 dimethylation, which contributed actively to its silencing. These data identify a new mechanism in the IGF-1-dependent survival of MM cells and emphasize the need for IGF-1-targeted drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Jernberg-Wiklund H, Nilsson K. Control of apoptosis in human multiple myeloma by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Adv Cancer Res 2009; 97:139-65. [PMID: 17419944 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)97006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the expansion of neoplastic plasmablasts/plasma cells with complex genetic aberrations and high dependence for survival and growth on cytokines produced in the bone marrow microenvironment. As tools in the study of MM about 80 authentic MM cell lines and a few relevant in vivo mouse models are available. The dependence on insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) signaling in the development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype in a variety of cancers is a rationale for attempts to improve tumor treatment by selectively inhibiting the IGF-IR in malignant cells by neutralizing antibodies, dominant negative IGF-IR, and IGF-IR siRNA. Testing the hypothesis that abrogating IGF-IR-mediated signaling of survival should make MM cells more susceptible to apoptosis, our studies have so far provided proof-of-principle by the demonstration that inhibition of a signaling pathway stimulating survival renders cells susceptible to drug-induced apoptosis when the drug (dexamethasone) and inhibitor (rapamycin) converge on the same target, that is p70(S6K). The recent publication of the three-dimensional structure of the IGF-IR kinase domain has facilitated the development of IGF-IR inhibitors of the cyclolignan family, that is picropodophyllin, with capacity to distinguish also in vivo between the IGF-IR and the insulin receptor. Studies in vitro and in vivo with picropodophyllin show promising effects, that is apoptosis induction and growth arrest, and have made it possible to evaluate the biological and therapeutic effects of inhibition of the IGF-IR signaling in MM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor/cytology
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Molecular
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Multiple Myeloma/physiopathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Podophyllotoxin/analogs & derivatives
- Podophyllotoxin/pharmacology
- Podophyllotoxin/therapeutic use
- Protein Conformation
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/physiology
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jernberg-Wiklund
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Menu E, van Valckenborgh E, van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. The role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor axis in multiple myeloma. Arch Physiol Biochem 2009; 115:49-57. [PMID: 19234898 DOI: 10.1080/13813450902736583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma remains a fatal B cell malignancy with severe clinical features such as anaemia and bone fractures, caused by the predominant localization of the myeloma cells in the bone marrow (BM). The MM cells first migrate towards the BM, followed by their clonal expansion and induction of angiogenesis and osteolysis. Insulin-like growth factor 1 or IGF-1 is a cytokine which plays a role in myeloma development. Besides serving as a growth and survival factor, it attracts the cells towards the BM, and is involved in the angiogenesis process. This makes the IGF-1R an interesting target for therapeutical interventions. Apart from mediating aspects of the malignant phenotype, it also appears not to be an absolute requirement for normal cell homeostasis. Various strategies targeting the IGF-1R have emerged with the two main strategies being blocking antibodies and small molecule inhibitors. After encouraging preclinical results both strategies are now in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Menu
- Myeloma Research Centre, Brussels, Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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19
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Bone marrow stem cells transplanted to the testis of sterile mice do not differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells and have no protective effect on fertility. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:1549-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Lacy MQ, Alsina M, Fonseca R, Paccagnella ML, Melvin CL, Yin D, Sharma A, Enriquez Sarano M, Pollak M, Jagannath S, Richardson P, Gualberto A. Phase I, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of the Anti–Insulinlike Growth Factor Type 1 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody CP-751,871 in Patients With Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:3196-203. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.9319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A phase I first-in-human study was conducted to characterize the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of the anti–insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-IR) monoclonal antibody CP-751,871. Patients and Methods After informed consent and screening, 47 patients with multiple myeloma in relapse or refractory phase were enrolled into 11 dose-escalation cohorts of CP-751,871 at doses from 0.025 to 20 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Patients with less than a partial response to CP-751,871 treatment were eligible to receive CP-751,871 in combination with oral dexamethasone at the discretion of the investigator. Treatment with CP-751,871 and rapamycin with or without dexamethasone was also offered to patients enrolled in the 10 and 20 mg/kg cohorts with less than a partial response to initial therapy with single-agent CP-751,871. Results No CP-751,871-related dose-limiting toxicities were identified. Plasma CP-751,871 concentrations increased with dose and concentration-time profiles were consistent with those of antibodies with target-mediated disposition. Importantly, CP-751,871 administration led to a decrease in granulocyte IGF-IR expression and serum insulinlike growth factor 1 accumulation at high doses, suggesting systemic IGF-IR inhibition. Tumor response was assessed according to the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation criteria. Nine responses were reported in 27 patients treated with CP-751,871 in combination with dexamethasone. Of interest, two of the patients with a partial response were progressing from dexamethasone treatment at study entry. Conclusion These data indicate that CP-751,871 is well tolerated and may constitute a novel agent in the treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Q. Lacy
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melissa Alsina
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rafael Fonseca
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M. Luisa Paccagnella
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carrie L. Melvin
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donghua Yin
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amarnath Sharma
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M. Enriquez Sarano
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Pollak
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Richardson
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antonio Gualberto
- From the Mayo Clinic, Divisions of Hematology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Rochester, MN; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Scottsdale, AZ; Pfizer Global Research & Development, New London, CT; St Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY; Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston, MA; and the McGill University and Lady Davis Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mitsiades CS, McMillin DW, Klippel S, Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Richardson PG, Munshi NC, Anderson KC. The role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the pathophysiology of myeloma and its significance in the development of more effective therapies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008; 21:1007-34, vii-viii. [PMID: 17996586 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is viewed as a prototypic disease state for the study of how neoplastic cells interact with their local bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. This interaction reflects not only the osteo-tropic clinical behavior of MM and the clinical impact of the lytic bone lesions caused by its tumor cells but also underlines the broadly accepted notion that nonneoplastic cells of the BM can attenuate the activity of cytotoxic chemotherapy and glucocorticoids. This article summarizes the recent progress in characterization, at the molecular and cellular levels, of how the BM milieu interacts with MM cells and modifies their biologic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine S Mitsiades
- Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support. There is need, therefore, for continuous efforts directed toward the development of novel rational-based therapeutics for MM, which requires a detailed knowledge of the mutations driving this malignancy. In improving the success rate of effective drug development, it is equally imperative that biologic systems be developed to better validate these target genes. Here we review the recent developments in the generation of mouse models of MM and their impact as preclinical models for designing and assessing target-based therapeutic approaches.
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23
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Extravasation and homing mechanisms in multiple myeloma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 25:325-34. [PMID: 17952614 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant B-cell disorder characterized by a monoclonal expansion of plasma cells (PC) in the bone marrow (BM). During the main course of disease evolution, MM cells depend on the BM microenvironment for their growth and survival. Reciprocal interactions between MM cells and the BM mediate not only MM cell growth, but also protect them against apoptosis and cause bone disease and angiogenesis. A striking feature of MM represents the predominant localization and retention of MM cells in the BM. Although BM PC indeed represent the main neoplastic cell type, small numbers of MM cells can also be detected in the peripheral blood circulation. It can be assumed that these circulating cells represent the tumour-spreading component of the disease. This implicates that MM cells have the capacity to (re)circulate, to extravasate and to migrate to the BM (homing). In analogy to the migration and homing of normal leucocytes, the BM homing of MM cells is mediated by a multistep process of extravasation with adhesion to the endothelium, invasion of the subendothelial basement membrane, followed by further migration within the stroma, mediated by chemotactic factors. At the end stage of disease, MM cells are thought to develop autocrine growth supporting loops that enable them to survive and proliferate in the absence of the BM microenvironment and to become stroma-independent. In this stage, the number of circulating cells increases and growth at extramedullary sites can occur, associated with alteration in adhesion molecule and chemokine receptor expression. This review summarizes the recent progress in the study of the extravasation and homing mechanisms of MM cells.
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Hideshima T, Mitsiades C, Tonon G, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Understanding multiple myeloma pathogenesis in the bone marrow to identify new therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:585-98. [PMID: 17646864 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by complex heterogeneous cytogenetic abnormalities. The bone marrow microenvironment promotes multiple myeloma cell growth and resistance to conventional therapies. Although multiple myeloma remains incurable, novel targeted agents, used alone or in combination, have shown great promise to overcome conventional drug resistance and improve patient outcome. Recent oncogenomic studies have further advanced our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma, providing the framework for new prognostic classification and identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Hideshima
- Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Edwards CM, Mueller G, Roelofs AJ, Chantry A, Perry M, Russell RGG, Van Camp B, Guyon-Gellin Y, Niesor EJ, Bentzen CL, Vanderkerken K, Croucher PI. Apomine, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA-reductase, promotes apoptosis of myeloma cells in vitro and is associated with a modulation of myeloma in vivo. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1657-63. [PMID: 17230522 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apomine, a novel 1,1 bisphosphonate ester, increases the rate of degradation of HMG-CoA reductase, inhibiting the mevalonate pathway and thereby blocking cholesterol biosynthesis. We have investigated whether Apomine can induce myeloma cell apoptosis in vitro and modulate myeloma disease in vivo. Apomine induced a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis in NCI H929, RPMI 8226 and JJN-3 human myeloma cells. Apomine, unlike the bisphosphonate, alendronate, had no measurable effect on osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. To investigate the effect of Apomine in vivo, 5T2MM murine myeloma cells were injected into C57BL/KaLwRij mice. After 8 weeks all animals had a serum paraprotein and were treated with Apomine (200 mg/kg), or vehicle, for 4 weeks. Animals injected with 5T2MM cells and treated with vehicle developed osteolytic bone lesions, reduced cancellous bone area, decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased osteoclast number. Apomine caused a decrease in serum paraprotein and a decrease in tumor burden. Apomine inhibited the development of osteolytic lesions and prevented the tumor-induced decreases in BMD. Apomine had no effect on osteoclast number in contrast to what had been seen previously with the bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, suggesting that these are direct effects of Apomine on myeloma cells. This demonstrates that Apomine is able to promote myeloma cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibit the development of multiple myeloma and lytic bone disease in vivo. The use of bisphosphonate esters such as Apomine represents a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of myeloma and, indirectly, the associated bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Edwards
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences and the Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, Oxford, United Kingdom
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26
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Wu KD, Zhou L, Burtrum D, Ludwig DL, Moore MAS. Antibody targeting of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor enhances the anti-tumor response of multiple myeloma to chemotherapy through inhibition of tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:343-57. [PMID: 16832681 PMCID: PMC11031103 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although many multiple myeloma (MM) patients initially respond to cytotoxic therapy, most eventually relapse. Novel therapeutic strategies employing a combination of chemotherapy with targeted biologics may significantly enhance the response of tumor cells to treatment. We tested a fully human anti-IGF-IR antibody (A12) against MM, and showed specific inhibition of IGF-I or serum-induced IGF-IR signaling in MM cells in vitro. The A12 as a single agent was demonstrated to exert modest to significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo in various subcutaneous xenograft MM models. The A12 was also evaluated in a disseminated xenograft MM.1S NOD/SCID model as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs (bortezomib, melphalan) currently in clinical use. The tumor burden, as determined by luciferase bioimaging, was sharply decreased, and overall survival significantly prolonged when the therapies were combined. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the A12 treated tumors had significantly decreased vascularization compared to control tumors. Furthermore, most MM lines constitutively secreted significant quantities of VEGF, and this was enhanced following IGF-I treatment. Inhibition of IGF-IR by the A12 in vitro suppressed both constitutive and IGF-I-induced secretion of VEGF, indicating that a putative anti-angiogenic mechanism associated with the A12 treatment may contribute to its anti-tumor effect.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Boronic Acids/administration & dosage
- Bortezomib
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Pyrazines/administration & dosage
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/immunology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Survival Rate
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Da Wu
- James Ewing Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Li Zhou
- James Ewing Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | | | | | - Malcolm A. S. Moore
- James Ewing Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021 USA
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Heath DJ, Vanderkerken K, Cheng X, Gallagher O, Prideaux M, Murali R, Croucher PI. An Osteoprotegerin-like Peptidomimetic Inhibits Osteoclastic Bone Resorption and Osteolytic Bone Disease in Myeloma. Cancer Res 2007; 67:202-8. [PMID: 17210700 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow and the development of osteolytic bone disease. Myeloma cells express the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), induce RANKL expression in the bone marrow, and down-regulate expression of the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin, thereby promoting bone resorption. Targeting this system in myeloma has clear therapeutic potential. However, osteoprotegerin also binds tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and prevents TRAIL-induced apoptosis of myeloma cells. Whether or not osteoprotegerin can bind TRAIL and prevent apoptosis in vivo and the relative importance of osteoprotegerin binding to TRAIL and RANKL are unclear. In the present study, we have investigated the ability of an osteoprotegerin-like peptidomimetic (OP3-4), designed to block the RANKL/RANK interaction, to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vitro and myeloma bone disease in vivo. OP3-4 inhibited osteoclast formation (P < 0.01) and bone resorption (P < 0.01) in vitro. However, OP3-4 had no effect on TRAIL-induced apoptosis of RPMI 8226 myeloma cells. Treatment of 5T2MM myeloma-bearing mice with OP3-4 decreased osteoclast number and the proportion of bone surface covered by osteoclasts (P < 0.05). Treatment also prevented the tumor-induced decrease in cancellous bone area and the development of osteolytic lesions (P < 0.05). OP3-4 also reduced tumor burden when compared with the control (P < 0.05). These data suggest that OP3-4 and the selective inhibition of RANKL, but not TRAIL activity, are effective in preventing myeloma bone disease and offer a novel therapeutic approach to treating this aspect of myeloma. [Cancer Res 2007;67(1):202-8].
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Heath
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Division of Clinical Sciences (South), University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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28
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Guvakova MA. Insulin-like growth factors control cell migration in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:890-909. [PMID: 17113337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) have an ancient origin and play essential roles in fundamental biological processes. Although IGFs are principally known for their roles in regulating cell growth and survival, their ability to influence cell motility is just as significant. In the past 20 years, research has provided indisputable evidence for the regulatory role of IGFs in the migration of various cell types. Cell migration is crucial for reproduction, development, and tissue regeneration; IGFs play an important role in coordinating these processes. Moreover, studies continue to uncover the IGFs' role in stimulating cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. This review surveys current knowledge on the cell migration-modulating properties of IGFs and the biochemical pathways by which these peptides regulate cell movement in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Guvakova
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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29
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Hayun M, Naor Y, Weil M, Albeck M, Peled A, Don J, Haran-Ghera N, Sredni B. The immunomodulator AS101 induces growth arrest and apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma: Association with the Akt/Survivin pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1423-31. [PMID: 16889755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a clonal B-cell malignancy affecting both the immune and the skeletal systems, and accounts for 10% of all hematological cancers. The immunomodulator ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-O,O') tellurate (AS101) is a non-toxic compound which has direct anti-tumoral properties in several tumor models. The present study examined the anti-tumoral activity of AS101 in MM by targeting the Akt/Survivin signaling pathway, crucial for survival. We showed that AS101 inhibites cell proliferation and colonies formation of MM cell lines, in a dose-dependent manner. AS101 induced G(2)/M growth arrest and increased both cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(waf1) protein levels and Cdk1 (p34(cdc2))-inhibitory phosphorylation. Longer incubation of MM cells with AS101 resulted in accumulation of apoptotic cell population and in increased caspase 9, 3 and 7 activities. We also showed that AS101 down-regulated Akt phosphorylation and decreased expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis, survivin. Since Akt and survivin are potentials targets for MM therapy, we suggest that AS101, currently being used in clinical studies, may have therapeutic implications in myeloma and other hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hayun
- Safdié Institute for AIDS and Immunology Research, The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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30
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Hideshima T, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Current therapeutic uses of lenalidomide in multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:171-9. [PMID: 16433596 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide has demonstrated a broad spectrum of pharmacological and immunological effects, with potential therapeutic applications that span a wide spectrum of diseases: cancer and related conditions; infectious diseases; autoimmune diseases; dermatological diseases; and other disorders such as sarcoidosis, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Immunomodulatory derivative lenalidomide has more potent antitumour and anti-inflammatory effects. The molecular mechanisms of antitumour activity of lenalidomide have been extensively studied in multiple myeloma (MM). It directly induces growth arrest and/or apoptosis of even drug-resistant MM cells; inhibits binding of MM cells to bone marrow extracellular matrix proteins and stromal cells; modulates cytokine secretion and inhibits angiogenesis in the bone marrow milieu; and augments host antitumour immunity. Importantly, lenalidomide induces significant clinical responses even in patients with relapsed/refractory MM. Therefore, lenalidomide represents a new class of antitumour agents that is useful in the treatment of MM. Lenalidomide has received fast track designation from the FDA for the treatment of MM and myelodysplastic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Hideshima
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Menu E, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Stromberg T, De Raeve H, Girnita L, Larsson O, Axelson M, Asosingh K, Nilsson K, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Inhibiting the IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase with the cyclolignan PPP: an in vitro and in vivo study in the 5T33MM mouse model. Blood 2006; 107:655-60. [PMID: 16046527 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractInsulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays a pleiotropic role in multiple myeloma (MM), that is, in survival, proliferation, chemotaxis, and angiogenesis. Strategies targeting the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) may therefore be important to develop efficient anti-MM agents. In this work we investigated the effect of an IGF-1R tyrosine kinase (IGF-1RTK) inhibitor (picropodophyllin or PPP) in the 5T33MM mouse model. In vitro data showed that PPP reduced IGF-1R autophosphorylation and downstream ERK activation, leading to inhibition of IGF-1–stimulated proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion of MM cells. In an in vivo study, PPP reduced the bone marrow tumor burden and serum paraprotein in 5T33MM mice by 77% and 90%, respectively, compared to vehicle-treated animals. Angiogenesis was assessed by quantifying the microvessel density on CD31-stained paraffin sections and this was reduced by 60% in the PPP-treated group. In a separate survival experiment, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant increase in survival in PPP-treated 5T33MM animals compared to the vehicle controls (28 versus 18 days). These data suggest that the IGF-1RTK inhibitor PPP possesses a marked antitumor activity and strongly points to the possibility of using IGF-1R inhibitors in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Hideshima T, Podar K, Chauhan D, Anderson KC. Cytokines and signal transduction. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2005; 18:509-24. [PMID: 16026734 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have characterized the role of growth factors in multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis and have derived novel therapies to improve patient outcome based upon targeting cytokines and their signaling cascades both in the MM cell and in the bone-marrow (BM) microenvironment. These cytokines include interleukin 6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha), IL-21, B-cell stimulating factor 3 (BSF-3) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). These cytokines are secreted from stromal cells (SCs), endothelial cells and/or osteoclasts, and promote MM cell growth, survival and migration, as well as paracrine cytokine secretion and angiogenesis in the BM milieu. Thus inhibition of signaling cascades induced by these cytokine provides rationale for a therapeutic option for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Hideshima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institite, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Menu E, Asosingh K, Van Riet I, Croucher P, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Myeloma cells (5TMM) and their interactions with the marrow microenvironment. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005; 33:111-9. [PMID: 15315788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myeloma is a deadly B-cell neoplasm, characterized by the monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells, the development of osteolytic lesions, and the induction of angiogenesis. Myeloma cells are predominantly localized in the marrow where they receive the appropriate survival and proliferation signals. To reach or spread over the marrow, the myeloma cells need to migrate from the vascular to the extravascular compartment of the marrow. A process called "homing". In this review, the steps of the homing scheme, analyzed in the 5TMM model, will be described. These murine models originated from spontaneously developed myeloma in elderly mice and have since been propagated by intravenous injection of myeloma cells into young syngeneic mice. These models resemble the human condition closely. The different studies reported here demonstrate that adhesion of 5TMM cells to marrow endothelial cells is partially mediated by CD44v10 and to stromal cells by CD44v6. The 5TMM cells migrate to the marrow through the effects of MCP-1, laminin-1, and IGF-1. Once past the marrow endothelium, they invade the extravascular compartment of the marrow by secreting MMP-9 and uPA. When they have settled in the marrow, they become susceptible to the effects of IGF-1, which stimulates the cells to proliferate and produce VEGF. Furthermore, studies targeting the marrow with inhibitors will be highlighted. These studies show that the 5TMM models are useful for unraveling basic biological processes and for identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Savino W, Smaniotto S, Dardenne M. Hematopoiesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2005; 567:167-85. [PMID: 16370140 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-26274-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Department of Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Van Valckenborgh E, Croucher PI, De Raeve H, Carron C, De Leenheer E, Blacher S, Devy L, Noël A, De Bruyne E, Asosingh K, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Multifunctional role of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple myeloma: a study in the 5T2MM mouse model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:869-78. [PMID: 15331411 PMCID: PMC1618595 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to play a role in cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and bone degradation, all important events in the pathogenesis of cancer. Multiple myeloma is a B-cell cancer characterized by the proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, increased angiogenesis, and the development of osteolytic bone disease. The role of MMPs in the development of multiple myeloma is poorly understood. Using SC-964, a potent inhibitor of several MMPs (MMP-2, -3, -8, -9, and -13), we investigated the role of MMPs in the 5T2MM murine model. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the presence of mRNA for MMP-2, -8, -9, and -13 in 5T2MM-diseased bone marrow. Mice bearing 5T2MM cells were given access to food containing SC-964. The concentration of SC-964 measured in the plasma of mice after 11 days of treatment was able to inhibit MMP-9 activity in gelatin zymography. Treatment of 5T2MM-bearing mice resulted in a significant reduction in tumor burden, a significant decrease in angiogenesis, and partially protective effect against the development of osteolytic bone disease. The direct role of MMPs in these different processes was confirmed by in vitro experiments. All these results support the multifunctional role of MMPs in the development of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhou Q, Yao Y, Ericson SG. The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is required for interleukin 6 signaling in U266 myeloma cells. Int J Hematol 2004; 79:63-73. [PMID: 14979481 DOI: 10.1007/bf02983536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine whether CD45 mediates interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling in human multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We chose U266 MM cells as a study model and isolated cells into CD45+ and CD45- subpopulations. CD45+ and CD45- U266 cells were cocultured with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). IL-6-induced proliferation in CD45+ U266 cells was inhibited by vanadate, a potent protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. However, IL-6-independent CD45- U266 cell growth was not affected by vanadate. CD45+ U266 cells, but not CD45- U266 cells, have the capability of cell adhesion concomitant with actin filament polymerization at the adherent cells. Adhesion of CD45+ U266 cells to BMSCs was impaired by vanadate. We clarified the signaling differences between CD45+ and CD45- U266 cells in response to IL-6. In CD45+ U266 cells, IL-6 increased tyrosine phosphorylation of gp130 and STAT3 and stimulated the level of Mcl-1 protein expression. An association between CD45 and the Src-family protein tyrosine kinase, Lyn, was maintained in the presence of IL-6; the formation of the CD45/Lyn complex was impaired by vanadate. Additionally, IL-6-induced Lyn kinase activity in CD45+ U266 cells was increased by the cross-linking of CD45, and this increase was due to the dephosphorylation of Tyr507 at Lyn. In conclusion, IL-6-dependent MM cells require CD45 to initiate IL-6 signaling and to maintain Lyn kinase activity, both of which are essential for cell proliferation and cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Blood and Marrow Transplant and Hematologic Malignancy Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
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37
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Menu E, Kooijman R, Valckenborgh EV, Asosingh K, Bakkus M, Camp BV, Vanderkerken K. Specific roles for the PI3K and the MEK-ERK pathway in IGF-1-stimulated chemotaxis, VEGF secretion and proliferation of multiple myeloma cells: study in the 5T33MM model. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:1076-83. [PMID: 14997210 PMCID: PMC2409634 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been described as an important factor in proliferation, cell survival and migration of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Angiogenesis correlates with development and prognosis of the MM disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the prominent factors involved in this process. The different functions of IGF-1 were investigated in the 5TMM mouse model with emphasis on proliferation, migration and VEGF secretion, and the signalling pathways involved. Western Blot analysis revealed that ERK1/2 and Akt (PKB) were activated after IGF-1 stimulation. The activation of ERK1/2 was reduced by the PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin, implying that the PI3K pathway is involved in its activation. Insulin-like growth factor-1 induced an increase in DNA synthesis in MM cells, which was mediated by a PI3K/Akt-MEK/ERK pathway. Insulin-like growth factor-1 enhanced F-actin assembly and this process was only PI3K mediated. Stimulation by IGF-1 of VEGF production was reduced by PD98059, indicating that only the MEK–ERK pathway is involved in IGF-1-stimulated VEGF production. In conclusion, IGF-1 mediates its multiple effects on MM cells through different signal transduction pathways. In the future, we can study the potential in vivo effects of IGF-1 inhibition on tumour growth and angiogenesis in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel – VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Kooijman
- Department of Neuroendocrine Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel – VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel – VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Asosingh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel – VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Bakkus
- Laboratorium of Molecular Hematology, AZ-VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Van Camp
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel – VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel – VUB, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel – VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail:
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38
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39
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Asosingh K, De Raeve H, Menu E, Van Riet I, Van Marck E, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Angiogenic switch during 5T2MM murine myeloma tumorigenesis: role of CD45 heterogeneity. Blood 2003; 103:3131-7. [PMID: 15070695 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The active role of angiogenesis during disease progression is well recognized in solid tumors. In hematologic malignancies such as multiple myeloma (MM), it is not known whether tumor neovascularization is an epiphenomenon or whether it is actively involved in disease progression. At clinical presentation, myeloma disease and the associated angiogenesis are both well established. Here the 5T2MM murine model was used to analyze angiogenesis during preclinical myeloma stages. Bone marrow (BM) of 5T2MM-inoculated mice was analyzed at weekly intervals until the end stage of the disease. Histologic analysis and assessment of microvessel density (MVD) by CD31 staining demonstrated a preangiogenic stage of small tumor aggregates followed by an angiogenic switch and subsequently an angiogenic stage of progressive tumor growth and large, confluent tumor nodules. Flow cytometric analysis that indicated an increase in percentage CD45- MM cells preceded the angiogenic switch. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of sorted CD45+ and CD45- MM cells indicated higher vascular endothelial growth factor 120 (VEGF120) and VEGF164 transcripts in CD45- MM cells. VEGF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed high secretion by CD45- MM cells but no protein secretion by CD45+ MM cells, indicating angiogenic heterogeneity among the MM cells. These data suggest that, like in solid tumors, angiogenic switch and angiogenic heterogeneity exist in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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40
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Qiang YW, Yao L, Tosato G, Rudikoff S. Insulin-like growth factor I induces migration and invasion of human multiple myeloma cells. Blood 2003; 103:301-8. [PMID: 14504085 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable form of cancer characterized by accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. During the course of this disease, tumor cells cross endothelial barriers and home to the bone marrow. In latter stages, myeloma cells extravasate through blood vessels and may seed a variety of organs. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is one of several growth factors shown to promote the growth of MM cells. In the current study, we have assessed the ability of IGF-I to serve additionally as a chemotactic factor affecting the mobility and invasive properties of these cells. Results indicate that IGF-I promotes transmigration through vascular endothelial cells and bone marrow stromal cell lines. Analysis of endogenous signaling pathways revealed that protein kinase D/protein kinase Cmicro (PKD/PKCmicro) and RhoA were both activated in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)-dependent manner. Inhibition of PI-3K, PKCs, or Rho-associated kinase by pharmacologic inhibitors abrogated migration, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Akt, and p70S6 kinase inhibitors had no effect. These results suggest that IGF-I promotes myeloma cell migration by activation of PI-3K/PKCmicro and PI-3K/RhoA pathways independent of Akt. The identification of IGF-I as both a proliferative and migratory factor provides a rational basis for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies directed at IGF-I in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Qiang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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41
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Vanderkerken K, Asosingh K, Croucher P, Van Camp B. Multiple myeloma biology: lessons from the 5TMM models. Immunol Rev 2003; 194:196-206. [PMID: 12846816 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell neoplasm characterized by the monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, the development of osteolytic lesions and the induction of angiogenesis. These different processes require three-dimensional interactions, with both humoral and cellular contacts. The 5TMM models are suitable models to study these interactions. These murine models originate from spontaneously developed myeloma in elderly mice, which are propagated by in vivo transfer of the myeloma cells into young syngeneic mice. In this review we report on studies performed in the 5TMM models with special emphasis on the homing of the myeloma cells, the characterization of the migrating and proliferating clone and the identification of the isotype switch variants. The bone marrow microenvironment was further targeted with osteoprotegerin (OPG) to block the RANK/RANKL/OPG system and with potent bisphosphonates. Both treatments resulted in a significant protection against myeloma-associated bone disease, and they decreased myeloma disease, as evidenced by a lower tumor load and an increased survival of the mice. These different studies demonstrate the strength of these models, not only in unraveling basic biological processes but also in the testing of potentially new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Vanderkerken
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Hematology and Immunology, Brussels, Belgium.
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Asosingh K, De Raeve H, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Multiple myeloma tumor progression in the 5T2MM murine model is a multistage and dynamic process of differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. Blood 2003; 101:3136-41. [PMID: 12480692 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
At clinical presentation, multiple myeloma (MM) is already a well-established disease. The processes involved in earlier stages are, however, unknown. Here the 5T2MM murine model was used to analyze differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of MM cells during disease progression. Naive mice were injected with 5T2MM cells and from the onset of the experiment 3 mice were killed each week until the end stage. Myeloma cells were isolated from the bone marrow and selected by sequential gating of 5T2MM idiotype(+) cells by flow cytometry. Microscopic analysis of these sorted 5T2MM idiotype(+) cells confirmed their identity as true myeloma cells. Based on serum paraprotein concentration and bone marrow tumor load, 3 disease stages were distinguished: a quiescent stage, an intermediate stage, and an end stage, of slow, moderate, and accelerated tumor progression, respectively. In the quiescent stage, the majority of the myeloma cells were CD45(+)CD138(-)IL-6R alpha(+), corresponding to an immature, invasive, and apoptosis-resistant phenotype. In the end stage the majority of the myeloma cells had differentiated into CD45(-)CD138(+)IL-6R alpha(-) cells, corresponding to a mature, less invasive, and apoptosis-sensitive phenotype. In the intermediate stage a gradual transition from the quiescent toward the end stage was observed. In line with these data, analysis of sorted 5T2MM cells demonstrated a significant decrease in invasive capacity and a significant increase in (dexamethasone-induced) apoptosis sensitivity and in proliferation during the disease progression. These data suggest that myeloma disease progression is a multistage and dynamic process of differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Croucher PI, De Hendrik R, Perry MJ, Hijzen A, Shipman CM, Lippitt J, Green J, Van Marck E, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Zoledronic acid treatment of 5T2MM-bearing mice inhibits the development of myeloma bone disease: evidence for decreased osteolysis, tumor burden and angiogenesis, and increased survival. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:482-92. [PMID: 12619933 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.3.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is characterized by the growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow and the development of osteolytic bone disease. Myeloma cells are found closely associated with bone, and targeting this environment may therefore affect both the bone disease and the growth of myeloma cells. We have investigated the effect of the potent bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, on the development of bone disease, tumor burden, and disease-free survival in the 5T2MM model of myeloma. 5T2MM murine myeloma cells were injected intravenously into C57BL/KaLwRij mice. After 8 weeks, all animals had a paraprotein. Animals were treated with zoledronic acid (120 microg/kg, subcutaneously, twice weekly) or vehicle, from the time of tumor cell injection or from paraprotein detection for 12 or 4 weeks, respectively. All animals injected with tumor cells developed osteolytic lesions, a decrease in cancellous bone volume, an increase in osteoclast perimeter, and a decrease in bone mineral density. Zoledronic acid prevented the formation of lesions, prevented cancellous bone loss and loss of bone mineral density, and reduced osteoclast perimeter. Zoledronic acid also decreased paraprotein concentration, decreased tumor burden, and reduced angiogenesis. In separate experiments, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a significant increase in survival after treatment with zoledronic acid when compared with control (47 vs. 35 days). A single dose of zoledronic acid was also shown to be effective in preventing the development of osteolytic bone disease. These data show that zoledronic acid is able to prevent the development of osteolytic bone disease, decrease tumor burden in bone, and increase survival in a model of established myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter I Croucher
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Standal T, Borset M, Lenhoff S, Wisloff F, Stordal B, Sundan A, Waage A, Seidel C. Serum insulinlike growth factor is not elevated in patients with multiple myeloma but is still a prognostic factor. Blood 2002; 100:3925-9. [PMID: 12393395 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has growth-promoting effects on myeloma cells in vitro as well as in vivo. In this study, we measured the concentration of IGF-1 and its major binding protein, IGF- binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), in serum from 127 patients with multiple myeloma. Serum had been drawn at the time of diagnosis, before treatment with high-dose melphalan. IGFBP-3 in myeloma patients (1.6 +/- 0.73 microg/mL; mean +/- SD) was significantly decreased compared to healthy age- and sex-matched controls (2.2 +/- 0.42 microg/mL). However, IGFBP-3 had no prognostic value in this study. The mean IGF-1 level did not differ between myeloma patients (17.8 +/- 7.7 nM) and controls (17.3 +/- 5.6 nM). Nevertheless, IGF-1 was a strong indicator of prognosis. After 80 months of follow-up, myeloma patients with low levels (< 13 nM) of serum IGF-1 had not reached median survival. In the patient group with IGF-1 levels above 13 nM, median survival was 62 months (P =.006). These findings support the hypothesis of a role for IGF-1 in myeloma disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Standal
- Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Menu E, Braet F, Timmers M, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. The F-actin content of multiple myeloma cells as a measure of their migration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 973:124-36. [PMID: 12485848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the main characteristics of multiple myeloma (MM) cells is their specific homing and growth in the bone marrow (BM). For their homing, MM cells need chemotactic signals to be attracted towards the BM and to be activated. Profound knowledge of the different chemokines for MM cells and their signal transduction pathways is necessary to interfere in this process. We studied here an extra possible tool for the investigation of the different chemokines and their pathways. The 5T experimental mouse model was used to investigate the migration of MM cells towards BM stromal cells. We studied the changes of the F-actin content in the 5TMM cells in the presence of BM stromal cell conditioned medium and we correlated this with their migratory capacity. F-actin became polarized when the cells were migrating, in contrast to nonmigrating cells. This polarization could not only be seen by fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy, but also could be quantified by fluorometry and flow cytometry. The correlation between the F-actin content of the MM cells and their migration capacity thus makes its quantification a useful tool in studying their migratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Free University Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Van Valckenborgh E, Bakkus M, Munaut C, Noël A, St Pierre Y, Asosingh K, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in murine 5T33 multiple myeloma cells by interaction with bone marrow endothelial cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 101:512-8. [PMID: 12237890 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
MM is a B-cell malignancy mainly characterized by monoclonal expansion of plasma cells in the BM, presence of paraprotein in serum and occurrence of osteolytic bone lesions. MMPs are a family of proteolytic enzymes that can contribute to cancer growth, invasion, angiogenesis, bone degradation and other processes important in the pathogenesis of MM. We investigated MMP-9 production in the 5T33MM murine model. Expression of MMP-9 protein in supernatant and cell extracts was analyzed by gelatin zymography. The in vitro, stroma-independent variant 5T33MMvt showed no protein expression of MMP-9 in contrast to in vivo growing MM cells, 5T33MMvv. However, when 5T33MMvt cells were injected into naive mice and isolated after tumor take (5T33MMvt-vv), they secreted a significant amount of MMP-9. These results were confirmed by specific staining of cytospins with an anti-MMP-9 antibody. The MMP-9 production by 5T33MMvt-vv cells disappeared when the cells were recultured in vitro. These data demonstrated that upregulation of MMP-9 occurs in vivo and that this process is dependent on the microenvironment. Cocultures of 5T33MMvt cells with STR10 BMECs induced MMP-9 in MM cells, as determined by both gelatin zymography and flow-cytometric analysis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that MMP-9 production by MM cells is upregulated in vivo by the interaction of MM cells with BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Free University Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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Van Valckenborgh E, De Raeve H, Devy L, Blacher S, Munaut C, Noël A, Van Marck E, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. Murine 5T multiple myeloma cells induce angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:796-802. [PMID: 11875745 PMCID: PMC2375323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2001] [Revised: 11/26/2001] [Accepted: 12/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a B cell malignancy. Recently, it has been demonstrated that bone marrow samples of patients with multiple myeloma display an enhanced angiogenesis. The mechanisms involved seem to be multiple and complex. We here demonstrate that the murine 5T multiple myeloma models are able to induce angiogenesis in vitro by using a rat aortic ring assay and in vivo by determining the microvessel density. The rat aortic rings cultured in 5T multiple myeloma conditioned medium exhibit a higher number of longer and more branched microvessels than the rings cultured in control medium. In bone marrow samples from 5T multiple myeloma diseased mice, a statistically significant increase of the microvessel density was observed when compared to bone marrow samples from age-matched controls. The angiogenic phenotype of both 5T multiple myeloma cells could be related, at least in part, to their capacity to produce vascular endothelial growth factor. These data clearly demonstrate that the 5T multiple myeloma models are good models to study angiogenesis in multiple myeloma and will allow to unravel the mechanisms of neovascularisation, as well as to test new putative inhibitors of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, Free University Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Bakkus MH, Asosingh K, Vanderkerken K, Thielemans K, Hagemeijer A, De Raeve H, Van Camp B. Myeloma isotype-switch variants in the murine 5T myeloma model: evidence that myeloma IgM and IgA expressing subclones can originate from the IgG expressing tumour. Leukemia 2001; 15:1127-32. [PMID: 11455984 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2000] [Accepted: 03/12/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isotype-switch variants can easily be detected in a significant proportion of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. The biological significance of these isotype-switch variants remains obscure. Therefore, we studied the appearance of these isotype-switch variants in two murine MM models, 5T2MM and 5T33MM, both of IgG isotype. With a MM-specific PCR assay we could detect isotype-switch variants in the bone marrow of both the 5T2MM and the 5T33MM bearing mice, reflecting again the close resemblance of this mouse model to the human MM. These isotype-switch variants were not found in an in vitro stroma-independent variant of the 5T33MM line. However, when this 5T33MMvitro line was injected into young syngeneic mice, isotype-switch variants appeared thereafter in the isolated tumour cells. These isotype-switch variants could only originate from the MM-IgG expressing cell since IgG subclones from the 5T33MMvitro line again gave rise to isotype-switch variants. The appearance of IgA cells can be explained by down-stream switching of IgG to IgA, while the emergence of IgM cells have to occur via trans-switching to the sister chromatid as the Cmu region is deleted from the CIS-chromosome. This study demonstrates that isotype-switch variants originate from the major tumour clone suggesting no role for the MM-IgM expressing cell as a pre-switch precursor MM cell. The appearance of isotype-switch variants should be considered as a rare but normal event now becoming visible due to the high number of clonal cells present in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Bakkus
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, KUL, Leuven, Belgium
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Asosingh K, De Raeve H, Croucher P, Goes E, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. In vivo homing and differentiation characteristics of mature (CD45-) and immature (CD45+) 5T multiple myeloma cells. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:77-84. [PMID: 11164108 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma, a plasma cell malignancy, is predominantly localized in the bone marrow. These tumoral cells display a heterogeneous expression of CD45. It is, however, unclear which subpopulation is responsible for the homing and outgrowth of the myeloma cells. In this work, we investigated the in vivo homing, proliferation, and differentiation of both CD45+ and CD45- cells in two murine myeloma models.5T2MM and 5T33MM in vivo lines of murine multiple myeloma were used. CD45 and IGF-I receptor expression was analyzed by FACS. Proliferative capacity was assessed by in vivo bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. 5TMM cells were separated into CD45+ and CD45- fractions by MACS. Initial homing was investigated in vivo by tracing of radioactively labeled cells. Myeloma cells were detected by FACS and histology. Osteolytic lesions were analyzed by radiography. Both CD45+ and CD45- 5TMM cells were able to home to the bone marrow, although the migration of the latter subset was lower, which was related to a low IGF-I receptor expression. Recipients of both fractions developed myeloma as evidenced by the presence of serum paraprotein, osteolytic lesions, and bone marrow infiltration by myeloma cells. The tumor load in the recipients of CD45- cells was higher than the CD45+ cells, which could be explained by a lower proliferation rate of the latter population. While the separated cells before injection had a homogenous expression of CD45, cells isolated from the bone marrow of these terminally diseased mice had a heterogeneous expression pattern, indicating an in vivo differentiation pattern of CD45- to CD45+ cells and vice versa. We conclude that both CD45+ and CD45- 5TMM subpopulations contain clonogenic myeloma cells with bone marrow homing and proliferative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Asosingh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Brussels Free University, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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Ferlin M, Noraz N, Hertogh C, Brochier J, Taylor N, Klein B. Insulin-like growth factor induces the survival and proliferation of myeloma cells through an interleukin-6-independent transduction pathway. Br J Haematol 2000; 111:626-34. [PMID: 11122111 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell neoplasia that is associated with an increased level of bone resorption. One important mediator of bone remodelling, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of human myeloma cells. However, the mechanisms of action of IGF-I in these cells have not been determined. Using interleukin (IL)-6-dependent myeloma cell lines, we show IGF-I to be as potent a survival and proliferation factor as IL-6. We demonstrated that IGF-I functions independently of the IL-6 transducer gp130 and that these two cytokines have additive effects. Moreover, inhibition of the IGF-I pathway did not modulate the proliferative effect of IL-6. Accordingly, we found that IL-6 and IGF-I activated distinct downstream signalling molecules: IL-6 activated STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas IGF-I treatment resulted in the phosphorylation of IRS-1. Interestingly, these signalling pathways appear to converge as both cytokines activated the ras/MAPK pathway. Thus, IGF-I acts as a potent survival and proliferation factor for myeloma cells by stimulating an IL-6-independent signalling cascade. These data, together with the finding that, in vivo, IGF-I is normally expressed in close proximity to myeloma cells within the bone matrix, strongly suggest a role for this cytokine in the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferlin
- INSERM U475 and Unit for Cellular Therapy, CHU Montpellier, France, and Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, UMR5535, IFR-24, Montpellier, France
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