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The fluid membrane determines mechanics of erythrocyte extracellular vesicles and is softened in hereditary spherocytosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4960. [PMID: 30470753 PMCID: PMC6251882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely studied regarding their role in cell-to-cell communication and disease, as well as for applications as biomarkers or drug delivery vehicles. EVs contain membrane and intraluminal proteins, affecting their structure and thereby likely their functioning. Here, we use atomic force microscopy for mechanical characterization of erythrocyte, or red blood cell (RBC), EVs from healthy individuals and from patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) due to ankyrin deficiency. While these EVs are packed with proteins, their response to indentation resembles that of fluid liposomes lacking proteins. The bending modulus of RBC EVs of healthy donors is ~15 kbT, similar to the RBC membrane. Surprisingly, whereas RBCs become more rigid in HS, patient EVs have a significantly (~40%) lower bending modulus than donor EVs. These results shed light on the mechanism and effects of EV budding and might explain the reported increase in vesiculation of RBCs in HS patients. Red blood cell disorders are often accompanied by increased release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), but their structural and mechanical properties are not fully understood. Here, the authors show that red blood cell EVs show liposome-like mechanical features and are softened in blood disorder patients.
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2
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Bortolussi G, Baj G, Vodret S, Viviani G, Bittolo T, Muro AF. Age-dependent pattern of cerebellar susceptibility to bilirubin neurotoxicity in vivo in mice. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1057-68. [PMID: 25062689 PMCID: PMC4142726 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal jaundice is caused by high levels of unconjugated bilirubin. It is usually a temporary condition caused by delayed induction of UGT1A1, which conjugates bilirubin in the liver. To reduce bilirubin levels, affected babies are exposed to phototherapy (PT), which converts toxic bilirubin into water-soluble photoisomers that are readily excreted out. However, in some cases uncontrolled hyperbilirubinemia leads to neurotoxicity. To study the mechanisms of bilirubin-induced neurological damage (BIND) in vivo, we generated a mouse model lacking the Ugt1a1 protein and, consequently, mutant mice developed jaundice as early as 36 hours after birth. The mutation was transferred into two genetic backgrounds (C57BL/6 and FVB/NJ). We exposed mutant mice to PT for different periods and analyzed the resulting phenotypes from the molecular, histological and behavioral points of view. Severity of BIND was associated with genetic background, with 50% survival of C57BL/6‑Ugt1−/− mutant mice at postnatal day 5 (P5), and of FVB/NJ-Ugt1−/− mice at P11. Life-long exposure to PT prevented cerebellar architecture alterations and rescued neuronal damage in FVB/NJ-Ugt1−/− but not in C57BL/6-Ugt1−/− mice. Survival of FVB/NJ-Ugt1−/− mice was directly related to the extent of PT treatment. PT treatment of FVB/NJ-Ugt1−/− mice from P0 to P8 did not prevent bilirubin-induced reduction in dendritic arborization and spine density of Purkinje cells. Moreover, PT treatment from P8 to P20 did not rescue BIND accumulated up to P8. However, PT treatment administered in the time-window P0–P15 was sufficient to obtain full rescue of cerebellar damage and motor impairment in FVB/NJ-Ugt1−/− mice. The possibility to modulate the severity of the phenotype by PT makes FVB/NJ-Ugt1−/− mice an excellent and versatile model to study bilirubin neurotoxicity, the role of modifier genes, alternative therapies and cerebellar development during high bilirubin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bortolussi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Baj
- Basic Research and Integrative Neuroscience (BRAIN) Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Vodret
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Viviani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tamara Bittolo
- Basic Research and Integrative Neuroscience (BRAIN) Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrés F Muro
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Lalle M, Currà C, Ciccarone F, Pace T, Cecchetti S, Fantozzi L, Ay B, Breton CB, Ponzi M. Dematin, a component of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, is internalized by the malaria parasite and associates with Plasmodium 14-3-3. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:1227-36. [PMID: 21084299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.194613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite invades the terminally differentiated erythrocytes, where it grows and multiplies surrounded by a parasitophorous vacuole. Plasmodium blood stages translocate newly synthesized proteins outside the parasitophorous vacuole and direct them to various erythrocyte compartments, including the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane. Here, we show that the remodeling of the host cell directed by the parasite also includes the recruitment of dematin, an actin-binding protein of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton and its repositioning to the parasite. Internalized dematin was found associated with Plasmodium 14-3-3, which belongs to a family of conserved multitask molecules. We also show that, in vitro, the dematin-14-3-3 interaction is strictly dependent on phosphorylation of dematin at Ser(124) and Ser(333), belonging to two 14-3-3 putative binding motifs. This study is the first report showing that a component of the erythrocyte spectrin-based membrane skeleton is recruited by the malaria parasite following erythrocyte infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lalle
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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4
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The rat red blood cell proteome is altered by priming with 2-butoxyethanol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 230:338-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Khan AA, Hanada T, Mohseni M, Jeong JJ, Zeng L, Gaetani M, Li D, Reed BC, Speicher DW, Chishti AH. Dematin and adducin provide a novel link between the spectrin cytoskeleton and human erythrocyte membrane by directly interacting with glucose transporter-1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:14600-9. [PMID: 18347014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707818200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dematin and adducin are actin-binding proteins located at the spectrin-actin junctions, also called the junctional complex, in the erythrocyte membrane. Here we propose a new model whereby dematin and adducin link the junctional complex to human erythrocyte plasma membrane. Using a combination of surface labeling, immunoprecipitation, and vesicle proteomics approaches, we have identified glucose transporter-1 as the receptor for dematin and adducin in the human erythrocyte membrane. This finding is the first description of a transmembrane protein that binds to dematin and adducin, thus providing a rationale for the attachment of the junctional complex to the lipid bilayer. Because homologues of dematin, adducin, and glucose transporter-1 exist in many non-erythroid cells, we propose that a conserved mechanism may exist that couples sugar and other related transporters to the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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6
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Pasini EM, Kirkegaard M, Salerno D, Mortensen P, Mann M, Thomas AW. Deep coverage mouse red blood cell proteome: a first comparison with the human red blood cell. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1317-30. [PMID: 18344233 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700458-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice have close genetic/physiological relationships to humans, breed rapidly, and can be genetically modified, making them the most used mammal in biomedical research. Because the red blood cell (RBC) is the sole gas transporter in vertebrates, diseases of the RBC are frequently severe; much research has therefore focused on RBC and cardiovascular disorders of mouse and humans. RBCs also host malaria parasites. Recently we presented an in-depth proteome for the human RBC. Here we present directly comparable data for the mouse RBC as membrane-only, soluble-only, and combined membrane-bound/soluble proteomes (comprising, respectively, 247, 232, and 165 proteins). All proteins were identified, validated, and categorized in terms of subcellular localization, protein family, and function, and in comparison with the human RBC, were classified as orthologs, family-related, or unique. Splice isoforms were identified, and polypeptides migrating with anomalous apparent molecular weights were grouped into putatively ubiquitinated or partially degraded complexes. Overall there was close concordance between mouse and human proteomes, confirming the unexpected RBC complexity. Several novel findings in the human proteome have been confirmed here. This comparison sheds light on several open issues in RBC biology and provides a departure point for more comprehensive understanding of RBC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Pasini
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 139, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Richart T, Thijs L, Kuznetsova T, Tikhonoff V, Zagato L, Lijnen P, Fagard R, Wang J, Bianchi G, Staessen JA. Intra-erythrocyte cation concentrations in relation to the C1797T beta-adducin polymorphism in a general population. J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21:387-92. [PMID: 17301826 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability in the ADD1 (Gly460Trp) and ADD2 (C1797T) subunits of the cytoskeleton protein adducin plays a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, possibly via changes in intracellular cation concentrations. ADD2 1797CC homozygous men have decreased erythrocyte count and hematocrit. We investigated possible association between intra-erythrocyte cations and the adducin polymorphisms. In 259 subjects (mean age 47.7 years), we measured intra-erythrocyte Na(+) [iNa], K(+) [iK] and Mg(2+) [iMg], serum cations and adducin genotypes. Genotype frequencies (ADD1: GlyGly 61.5%, Trp 38.5%; ADD2: CC 80.4%, T 19.6%) complied with Hardy-Weinberg proportions. In men, ADD2 CC homozygotes (n=100) compared to T-carriers (n=23) had slightly lower iK (85.8 versus 87.5 mmol/l cells; P=0.107), higher iMg (1.92 versus 1.80 mmol/l cells; P=0.012), but similar iNa (6.86 versus 6.88 mmol/l cells; P=0.93). In men, iK, iMg and iNa did not differ according to ADD1 genotypes. In men, iK (R(2)=0.128) increased with age and serum Na(+), but decreased with serum total calcium and the daily intake of alcohol. iMg (R(2)=0.087) decreased with age, but increased with serum total calcium. After adjustment for these covariates (P<or=0.04 for all), findings in men for iK (CC versus T: 85.8 versus 87.3 mmol/l; P=0.14) and iMg (1.91 versus 1.82 mmol/l; P=0.03) remained consistent. In 136 women, none of the phenotype-genotype relations reached significance. Changes in intra-erythrocyte cations in ADD2 1797CC homozygous men might lead to osmotic fragility of erythrocytes, but to what extent they reflect systemic changes or are possibly involved in blood pressure regulation remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Richart
- Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Studies Coordinating Centre, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Chen H, Khan AA, Liu F, Gilligan DM, Peters LL, Messick J, Haschek-Hock WM, Li X, Ostafin AE, Chishti AH. Combined deletion of mouse dematin-headpiece and beta-adducin exerts a novel effect on the spectrin-actin junctions leading to erythrocyte fragility and hemolytic anemia. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4124-35. [PMID: 17142833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610231200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dematin and adducin are actin-binding proteins of the erythrocyte "junctional complex." Individually, they exert modest effects on erythrocyte shape and membrane stability, and their homologues are expressed widely in non-erythroid cells. Here we report generation and characterization of double knock-out mice lacking beta-adducin and the headpiece domain of dematin. The combined mutations result in altered erythrocyte morphology, increased membrane instability, and severe hemolysis. Peripheral blood analysis shows evidence of severe hemolytic anemia with reduced number of erythrocytes/hematocrit/hemoglobin and an approximately 12-fold increase in the number of circulating reticulocytes. The presence of a variety of misshapen and fragmented erythrocytes correlates with increased osmotic fragility and reduced in vivo life span. Despite the apparently normal protein composition of the mutant erythrocyte membrane, the retention of the spectrin-actin complex in the membrane under low ionic strength conditions is significantly reduced by the double mutation. Atomic force microscopy reveals an increase in grain size and a decrease in filament number of the mutant membrane cytoskeleton, although the volume parameter is similar to wild type erythrocytes. Aggregated, disassembled, and irregular features are visualized in the mutant membrane, consistent with the presence of large protein aggregates. Importantly, purified dematin binds to the stripped inside-out vesicles in a saturable manner, and dematin-membrane binding is abolished upon pretreatment of membrane vesicles with trypsin. Together, these results reveal an essential role of dematin and adducin in the maintenance of erythrocyte shape and membrane stability, and they suggest that the dematin-membrane interaction could link the junctional complex to the plasma membrane in erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology/Cancer Center, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Yang H, Reaves PY, Katovich MJ, Raizada MK. Decrease in Hypothalamic Gamma Adducin in Rat Models of Hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43:324-8. [PMID: 14732736 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000113045.12850.cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a decrease in hypothalamic gamma adducin (γ-adducin) is associated with hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). In view of many inherent issues with SHR, our objective in the present study was to provide proof of this concept with the use of 2 nongenetic rat models of hypertension. Subcutaneous angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion for 2 weeks (55 ng/kg per day) resulted in an increase in blood pressure (BP) of 18 mm Hg. This was associated with a 70% decrease in hypothalamic γ-adducin. Concomitant administration of losartan attenuated the development of hypertension and a decrease in γ-adducin. Deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension also caused a 70% decrease in hypothalamic γ-adducin. Finally, neuronal cultures from neonatal rat brains were incubated with 100 nmol/L Ang II for 4 hours to mimic the in vivo Ang II infusion rat model. This chronic incubation with Ang II resulted in a 60% decrease in the neuronal γ-adducin. Taken together, these observations strengthen our hypothesis that a decrease in hypothalamic γ-adducin is linked to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Yang H, Francis SC, Sellers K, DeBarros M, Sun C, Sumners C, Ferrario CM, Katovich MJ, Muro AF, Raizada MK. Hypertension-linked decrease in the expression of brain gamma-adducin. Circ Res 2002; 91:633-9. [PMID: 12364392 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000036749.73316.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene profiling data coupled with adducin polymorphism studies led us to hypothesize that decreased expression of this cytosolic protein in the brain could be a key event in the central control of hypertension. Thus, our objectives in the present study were to (1) determine which adducin subunit gene demonstrates altered expression in the hypothalamus and brainstem (two cardioregulatory-relevant brain areas) in two genetic strains of hypertensive rats and (2) analyze the role of adducins in neurotransmission at the cellular level. All three adducin subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) were present in the hypothalamus and brainstem of Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. However, only the gamma-adducin subunit expression was 40% to 60% lower in the SH rat compared with WKY rat. A similar decrease in gamma-adducin expression was observed in the hypothalamus and brainstem of the renin transgenic rat compared with its normotensive control. Losartan treatment of the SH rat failed to normalize gamma-adducin gene expression. A hypertension-linked decrease of gamma-adducin was confirmed by demonstrating a decrease in gamma-adducin expression in hypothalamic/brainstem neuronal cultures from prehypertensive SH rats. Neuronal firing rate was evaluated to analyze the role of this protein in neurotransmission. Perfusion of a gamma-adducin-specific antibody caused a 2-fold increase in the neuronal firing rate, an effect similar to that observed with angiotensin II. Finally, we observed that preincubation of neuronal cultures for 8 hours with 100 nmol/L angiotensin II caused a 60% decrease in endogenous gamma-adducin and was associated with a 2-fold increase in basal firing rate. These observations support our hypothesis that a decrease in gamma-adducin expression in cardioregulatory-relevant brain areas is linked to hypertension possibly by regulating the release of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine and University of Florida McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Fla 32610, USA
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11
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Khanna R, Chang SH, Andrabi S, Azam M, Kim A, Rivera A, Brugnara C, Low PS, Liu SC, Chishti AH. Headpiece domain of dematin is required for the stability of the erythrocyte membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6637-42. [PMID: 12011427 PMCID: PMC124455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052155999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dematin is an actin-binding and bundling protein of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. Dematin is localized to the spectrin-actin junctions, and its actin-bundling activity is regulated by phosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The carboxyl terminus of dematin is homologous to the "headpiece" domain of villin, an actin-bundling protein of the microvillus cytoskeleton. The headpiece domain contains an actin-binding site, a cAMP-kinase phosphorylation site, plays an essential role in dematin self-assembly, and bundles F-actin in vitro. By using homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells, the headpiece domain of dematin was deleted to evaluate its function in vivo. Dematin headpiece null mice were viable and born at the expected Mendelian ratio. Hematological evaluation revealed evidence of compensated anemia and spherocytosis in the dematin headpiece null mice. The headpiece null erythrocytes were osmotically fragile, and ektacytometry/micropore filtration measurements demonstrated reduced deformability and filterability. In vitro membrane stability measurements indicated significantly greater membrane fragmentation of the dematin headpiece null erythrocytes. Finally, biochemical characterization, including the vesicle/cytoskeleton dissociation, spectrin self-association, and chemical crosslinking measurements, revealed a weakened membrane skeleton evidenced by reduced association of spectrin and actin to the plasma membrane. Together, these results provide evidence for the physiological significance of dematin and demonstrate a role for the headpiece domain in the maintenance of structural integrity and mechanical properties of erythrocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie Khanna
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA
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Marro ML, Scremin OU, Jordan MC, Huynh L, Porro F, Roos KP, Gajovic S, Baralle FE, Muro AF. Hypertension in beta-adducin-deficient mice. Hypertension 2000; 36:449-53. [PMID: 10988280 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic variants of the cytoskeletal protein adducin have been associated with hypertension in humans and rats. However, the direct role of this protein in modulating arterial blood pressure has never been demonstrated. To assess the effect of beta-adducin on blood pressure, a beta-adducin-deficient mouse strain (-/-) was studied and compared with wild-type controls (+/+). Aortic blood pressure was measured in nonanesthetized, freely moving animals with the use of telemetry implants. It is important to note that these mice have at least 98% of C57Bl/6 genetic background, with the only difference from wild-type animals being the beta-adducin mutation. We found statistically significant higher levels of systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (mean+/-SE values: -/-: 126.94+/-1.14, n=5; +/+: 108.06+/-2. 34, n=6; P:</=0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (-/-: 83.54+/-1.07; +/+: 74.87+/-2.23; P:</=0.005), and pulse blood pressure (-/-: 43. 32+/-1.10; +/+: 33.19+/-1.96; P:</=0.001) in beta-adducin-deficient mice. Western blot analysis showed that as a result of the introduced genetic modification, beta-adducin was not present in heart protein extracts from -/- mice. Consequently, this deficiency produced a sharp decrease of alpha-adducin and a lesser reduction in gamma-adducin levels. However, we found neither cardiac remodeling nor modification of the heart function in these animals. This is the first report showing direct evidence that hypertension is triggered by a mutation in the adducin gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Marro
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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