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Skayneh H, Jishi B, Hleihel R, Hamieh M, Darwiche N, Bazarbachi A, El Sabban M, El Hajj H. A Critical Review of Animal Models Used in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Pathophysiology. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E614. [PMID: 31412687 PMCID: PMC6722578 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most frequent, complex, and heterogeneous hematological malignancies. AML prognosis largely depends on acquired cytogenetic, epigenetic, and molecular abnormalities. Despite the improvement in understanding the biology of AML, survival rates remain quite low. Animal models offer a valuable tool to recapitulate different AML subtypes, and to assess the potential role of novel and known mutations in disease progression. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of select available AML animal models. These include the non-mammalian Zebrafish and Drosophila models as well as the mammalian rodent systems, comprising rats and mice. The suitability of each animal model, its contribution to the advancement of knowledge in AML pathophysiology and treatment, as well as its advantages and limitations are discussed. Despite some limitations, animal models represent a powerful approach to assess toxicity, and permit the design of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Skayneh
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Batoul Jishi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rita Hleihel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Maguy Hamieh
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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Niwa O, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Globus RK, Harrison JD, Hendry JH, Jacob P, Martin MT, Seed TM, Shay JW, Story MD, Suzuki K, Yamashita S. ICRP Publication 131: Stem Cell Biology with Respect to Carcinogenesis Aspects of Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP 2016; 44:7-357. [PMID: 26637346 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315595585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a review of stem cells/progenitor cells and their responses to ionising radiation in relation to issues relevant to stochastic effects of radiation that form a major part of the International Commission on Radiological Protection's system of radiological protection. Current information on stem cell characteristics, maintenance and renewal, evolution with age, location in stem cell 'niches', and radiosensitivity to acute and protracted exposures is presented in a series of substantial reviews as annexes concerning haematopoietic tissue, mammary gland, thyroid, digestive tract, lung, skin, and bone. This foundation of knowledge of stem cells is used in the main text of the report to provide a biological insight into issues such as the linear-no-threshold (LNT) model, cancer risk among tissues, dose-rate effects, and changes in the risk of radiation carcinogenesis by age at exposure and attained age. Knowledge of the biology and associated radiation biology of stem cells and progenitor cells is more developed in tissues that renew fairly rapidly, such as haematopoietic tissue, intestinal mucosa, and epidermis, although all the tissues considered here possess stem cell populations. Important features of stem cell maintenance, renewal, and response are the microenvironmental signals operating in the niche residence, for which a well-defined spatial location has been identified in some tissues. The identity of the target cell for carcinogenesis continues to point to the more primitive stem cell population that is mostly quiescent, and hence able to accumulate the protracted sequence of mutations necessary to result in malignancy. In addition, there is some potential for daughter progenitor cells to be target cells in particular cases, such as in haematopoietic tissue and in skin. Several biological processes could contribute to protecting stem cells from mutation accumulation: (a) accurate DNA repair; (b) rapidly induced death of injured stem cells; (c) retention of the DNA parental template strand during divisions in some tissue systems, so that mutations are passed to the daughter differentiating cells and not retained in the parental cell; and (d) stem cell competition, whereby undamaged stem cells outcompete damaged stem cells for residence in the niche. DNA repair mainly occurs within a few days of irradiation, while stem cell competition requires weeks or many months depending on the tissue type. The aforementioned processes may contribute to the differences in carcinogenic radiation risk values between tissues, and may help to explain why a rapidly replicating tissue such as small intestine is less prone to such risk. The processes also provide a mechanistic insight relevant to the LNT model, and the relative and absolute risk models. The radiobiological knowledge also provides a scientific insight into discussions of the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor currently used in radiological protection guidelines. In addition, the biological information contributes potential reasons for the age-dependent sensitivity to radiation carcinogenesis, including the effects of in-utero exposure.
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Abstract
Potential ionising radiation exposure scenarios are varied, but all bring risks beyond the simple issues of short-term survival. Whether accidentally exposed to a single, whole-body dose in an act of terrorism or purposefully exposed to fractionated doses as part of a therapeutic regimen, radiation exposure carries the consequence of elevated cancer risk. The long-term impact of both intentional and unintentional exposure could potentially be mitigated by treatments specifically developed to limit the mutations and precancerous replication that ensue in the wake of irradiation The development of such agents would undoubtedly require a substantial degree of in vitro testing, but in order to accurately recapitulate the complex process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis, well-understood animal models are necessary. Inbred strains of the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, present the most logical choice due to the high number of molecular and physiological similarities they share with humans. Their small size, high rate of breeding and fully sequenced genome further increase its value for use in cancer research. This chapter will review relevant m. musculus inbred and F1 hybrid animals of radiation-induced myeloid leukemia, thymic lymphoma, breast and lung cancers. Method of cancer induction and associated molecular pathologies will also be described for each model.
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Verbiest T, Bouffler S, Nutt SL, Badie C. PU.1 downregulation in murine radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML): from molecular mechanism to human AML. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:413-9. [PMID: 25750172 PMCID: PMC4392607 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PU.1, encoded by the murine Sfpi1 gene (SPI1 in humans), is a member of the Ets transcription factor family and plays a vital role in commitment and maturation of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Murine studies directly link primary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and decreased PU.1 expression in specifically modified strains. Similarly, a radiation-induced chromosome 2 deletion and subsequent Sfpi1 point mutation in the remaining allele lead to murine radiation-induced AML. Consistent with murine data, heterozygous deletion of the SPI1 locus and mutation of the −14kb SPI1 upstream regulatory element were described previously in human primary AML, although they are rare events. Other mechanisms linked to PU.1 downregulation in human AML include TP53 deletion, FLT3-ITD mutation and the recurrent AML1-ETO [t(8;21)] and PML-RARA [t(15;17)] translocations. This review provides an up-to-date overview on our current understanding of the involvement of PU.1 in the initiation and development of radiation-induced AML, together with recommendations for future murine and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Verbiest
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK, CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christophe Badie
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Didcot OX11 ORQ, UK,
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Brickler MM, Basel DG, Gheorghe G, Margolis DM, Kelly ME, Ehrhardt MJ. Early therapy-related myeloid sarcoma and deletion of 9q22.32 to q31.1. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1701-3. [PMID: 24668947 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Survival following childhood neuroblastoma is improving with low rates of secondary myeloid neoplasms. We describe a 13-month-old male with intermediate risk neuroblastoma who developed an isolated scalp therapy-related myeloid sarcoma (t-MS). Developmental delays and two distinct malignancies prompted constitutional evaluation. Chromosomal microarray identified a 7.3 Mb deletion of 9q22.32 to 9q31.1. He remains in remission 11 months following hematopoietic cell transplant. Unusual presentations of rare diseases necessitate a multidisciplinary approach and adaptation of standardized protocols to accommodate increased risks imposed by genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Brickler
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Midwest Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Rivina L, Davoren M, Schiestl RH. Radiation-induced myeloid leukemia in murine models. Hum Genomics 2014; 8:13. [PMID: 25062865 PMCID: PMC4128013 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of radiation therapy is a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment. The number of patients that undergo radiation as a part of their therapy regimen is only increasing every year, but this does not come without cost. As this number increases, so too does the incidence of secondary, radiation-induced neoplasias, creating a need for therapeutic agents targeted specifically towards incidence reduction and treatment of these cancers. Development and efficacy testing of these agents requires not only extensive in vitro testing but also a set of reliable animal models to accurately recreate the complex situations of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. As radiation-induced leukemic progression often involves genomic changes such as rearrangements, deletions, and changes in methylation, the laboratory mouse Mus musculus, with its fully sequenced genome, is a powerful tool in cancer research. This fact, combined with the molecular and physiological similarities it shares with man and its small size and high rate of breeding in captivity, makes it the most relevant model to use in radiation-induced leukemia research. In this work, we review relevant M. musculus inbred and F1 hybrid animal models, as well as methods of induction of radiation-induced myeloid leukemia. Associated molecular pathologies are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Davoren
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E, Young Dr, South, CHS 71-295, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Radiation-induced (RI) secondary cancers were not a major clinical concern even as little as 15 years ago. However, advances in cancer diagnostics, therapy, and supportive care have saved numerous lives and many former cancer patients are now living for 5, 10, 20, and more years beyond their initial diagnosis. The majority of these patients have received radiotherapy as a part of their treatment regimen and are now beginning to develop secondary cancers arising from normal tissue exposure to damaging effects of ionizing radiation. Because historically patients rarely survived past the extended latency periods inherent to these RI cancers, very little effort was channeled towards the research leading to the development of therapeutic agents intended to prevent or ameliorate oncogenic effects of normal tissue exposure to radiation. The number of RI cancers is expected to increase very rapidly in the near future, but the field of cancer biology might not be prepared to address important issues related to this phenomena. One such issue is the ability to accurately differentiate between primary tumors and de novo arising secondary tumors in the same patient. Another issue is the lack of therapeutic agents intended to reduce such cancers in the future. To address these issues, large-scale epidemiological studies must be supplemented with appropriate animal modeling studies. This work reviews relevant mouse (Mus musculus) models of inbred and F1 animals and methodologies of induction of most relevant radiation-associated cancers: leukemia, lymphoma, and lung and breast cancers. Where available, underlying molecular pathologies are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Rivina
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Mouse models for efficacy testing of agents against radiation carcinogenesis—a literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 10:107-43. [PMID: 23271302 PMCID: PMC3564133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the number of cancer survivors treated with radiation as a part of their therapy regimen is constantly increasing, so is concern about radiation-induced cancers. This increases the need for therapeutic and mitigating agents against secondary neoplasias. Development and efficacy testing of these agents requires not only extensive in vitro assessment, but also a set of reliable animal models of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. The laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) remains one of the best animal model systems for cancer research due to its molecular and physiological similarities to man, small size, ease of breeding in captivity and a fully sequenced genome. This work reviews relevant M. musculus inbred and F1 hybrid animal models and methodologies of induction of radiation-induced leukemia, thymic lymphoma, breast, and lung cancer in these models. Where available, the associated molecular pathologies are also included.
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Piskorowska J, Gajewska M, Szymańska H, Krysiak E, Quan L, Grygalewicz B, Skurzak HM, Czarnomska A, Pienkowska-Grela B, Demant P. Susceptibility loci and chromosomal abnormalities in radiation induced hematopoietic neoplasms in mice. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:147-158. [PMID: 21343679 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Genetics of susceptibility to radiation-induced hematopoietic neoplasms and somatic chromosomal aberrations were analyzed in 305 backcross (CcS-17xCcS-2)xCcS-2 mice of two CcS/Dem recombinant congenic strains. Irradiated CcS-2 mice were previously shown to exhibit high frequency of myeloid neoplasms whereas irradiated CcS-17 mice were susceptible to T-cell lymphomas. Mice were exposed to four whole-body irradiation doses of 1.7 Gy at one week intervals, which resulted in 139 hematopoietic neoplasms. The hematopoietic neoplasms were classified according to the Bethesda proposals for classification of lymphoid and nonlymphoid hematopoietic neoplasms in mice. Genotyping of mice with 24 microsatellite markers and subsequent statistical analysis indicated linkage of the radiation induced T-lymphomas to two loci on chromosome 10 (D10Mit134) and chromosome 12 (D12Mit52). T-lymphoma susceptibility appeared to be linked to D10Mit134 in a sex dependent way. In contrast, the myeloid-granulocytic leukemias susceptibility is linked to combined effects of chromosome 5 (D5Mit179) and 16 (D16Mit34). Cytogenetic analysis was performed according to the standard G-bands procedure and confirmed using FISH method. We found non-random numerical and structural chromosomal changes in lymphoid neoplasms. Cytogenetic analysis indicated chromosomal aberrations presumably associated with lymphomagenesis, no specific cancer-related rearrangements were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Piskorowska
- Department of Genetics and Laboratory Animal Breeding, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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Giotopoulos G, McCormick C, Cole C, Zanker A, Jawad M, Brown R, Plumb M. DNA methylation during mouse hemopoietic differentiation and radiation-induced leukemia. Exp Hematol 2007; 34:1462-70. [PMID: 17046565 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine DNA methylation in mouse hemopoiesis before and after in vivo exposure to a leukemogenic dose of x-rays, and address whether methylation levels are associated with the relative radiosensitivity of tissues in vivo. METHODS The methylation status of control CBA/H and C57BL/6 mouse tissues before and after exposure to 3-Gy x-rays, and myeloid and lymphoid leukemias and lymphomas, was assessed by the direct analysis of the 5-methylcytosine (5-(Me)C) content of DNA, and by Southern blot analysis of genomic repeat sequences. RESULTS The DNA 5-(Me)C content of bone marrow is 15% lower than spleen. Together with the analyses of stem (myeloid) and progenitor (lymphoid) leukemias and lymphomas, we found a trend of increasing methylation during hemopoietic differentiation. Exposure to x-rays induced greater cell death in the hypomethylated bone marrow (>80%) than spleen (50%) in vivo, supporting the observed correlation found between methylation status and radiosensitivity of other high-turnover hierarchical tissues. Furthermore, there was an 8% DNA 5-(Me)C content decrease in bone marrow after in vivo exposure to 3-Gy x-rays, but this was genotype dependent, being observed in AML-susceptible (CBA/H) but not AML-resistant (C57BL/6) inbred mice. CONCLUSION Together these data suggest that methylation status may be related to the relative radiosensitivity of high-turnover hierarchical tissues such as bone marrow and that radiation-induced DNA hypomethylation has a role in radiation leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Giotopoulos
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Jawad M, Giotopoulos G, Cole C, Plumb M. Target cell frequency is a genetically determined risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis. Br J Radiol 2007; 80 Spec No 1:S56-62. [PMID: 17704327 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/99530445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (r-AML). r-AML is the result of the accumulation of mutations in a single haemopoietic stem cell, so risk is therefore a function of the number of mutations required to transform the stem cell and the mutation rate. There is a genetic component to the risk of AML within the general population, and low penetrance variant alleles encoding DNA repair enzymes have been genetically implicated in therapy-related AML susceptibility. However, what is largely ignored is that target cell number, which defines the number of genomes at risk from DNA damaging agents, is also part of the equation that defines risk. We will review the evidence from genetic studies of inbred mouse models that target cell frequency is a risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis. Inbred mouse strains that differ in their susceptibility to radiation-induced r-AML and thymic lymphoma (r-TL), spontaneous TL and pristane-induced plasmacytoma (PCT) have been exploited to identify susceptibility loci. The target cell in AML is the haemopoietic stem cell, whereas TLs and PCT arise from more mature lymphoid progenitor cells. Inbred mice also differ significantly in all aspects of haemopoiesis, and these differences have been used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that determine the frequency of specific haemopoietic stem, progenitor or mature blood cells. The co-localization of QTL that determine risk and target cell frequency in all three haemopoietic malignancies is strong evidence that target cell frequency is a risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jawad
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Jawad M, Cole C, Zanker A, Lo P, Fitch S, Plumb M. Evidence for clustered tumour suppressor gene loci on mouse chromosomes 2 and 4 in radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia. Int J Radiat Biol 2006; 82:383-91. [PMID: 16846973 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600784161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on allelic loss on chromosomes 2 and 4 in mouse radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (r-AML). METHODS r-AML that arose in (CBA/HxC57BL/6)F1xCBA/H and F1xC57BL/6 mice were screened for transcription factor PU1 (also known as SPI-1) gene mutations and methylation of the paired box gene 5 (Pax5) gene promoter. We have increased the statistical significance of a genetic linkage analysis of affected F1xCBA/H mice to test for linkage to loci implicated directly or indirectly with r-AML-susceptibility. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference ( p < 10-4) in the frequency of PU1 gene mutations in F1xCBA/H and F1xC57BL/6 r-AML, implicating a second linked but genotype-dependent myeloid leukaemia suppressor gene on chromosome 2. A suggestive CBA/H r-AML-resistance locus maps within 10 cM of the minimally deleted region on chromosome 4. The Pax5 gene promoter is subject to ongoing subclonal promoter methylation in the r-AML, evidence that Pax5 gene silencing confers a selective advantage during clonal expansion in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Allelic loss in mouse r-AML and subsequent tumour suppressor gene mutation (PU1) or silencing (Pax5) is strongly influenced by genetic background and/or epigenetic factors, and driven by in vivo clonal selection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Bone and Bones/radiation effects
- Chromosomes
- Cluster Analysis
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/radiation effects
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Spleen/pathology
- Spleen/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Mays Jawad
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Weeks RJ, Morison IM. Detailed methylation analysis of CpG islands on human chromosome region 9p21. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:357-64. [PMID: 16372313 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of 9p21 is the most commonly reported chromosomal abnormality in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and published data suggest that the maternal chromosome is preferentially deleted. Preferential maternal deletion of 9p21 and reports of a differentially methylated region (DMR) and of parental effects in mice with lymphoma suggest there may be an unrecognized imprinted locus in this region. To screen for DMRs, we used the mcrBC/HpaII screening method and peripheral-blood DNA. Of 36 CpG islands within an 8.5-Mb region of 9p21, seven were identified as putative DMRs and were further analyzed by bisulfite sequencing. Neither any of the CpG islands nor a previously published putative DMR nearby showed evidence of differential parental methylation; however, the published DMR did demonstrate sequence-dependent differential methylation. Our data, which showed heterogeneous and low-level methylation of CpG islands, have obvious implications for methylation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Weeks
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Nitta Y, Yoshida K, Satoh K, Senba K, Nakagata N, Peters J, Cattanach BM. Spontaneous and radiation-induced leukemogenesis of the mouse small eye mutant, Pax6(Sey3H). JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2004; 45:245-251. [PMID: 15304967 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.45.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Allelic loss on the chromosome 2 is associated with radiation-induced murine acute myeloid leukemia. However, the gene, which contributes mainly to the leukemogenesis has not yet been identified. Expecting any predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia, we performed a radiation leukemogenensis experiment with Pax6(Sey3H), one of the small eye mutants carrying a congenital hemizygosity of the chromosome 2 middle region. A deletion mapping of Pax6(Sey3H) with 50 STS markers indicated that the deleted segment extended between the 106.00 and 111.47 Mb site from the centromere with a length of 5.47 Mb. In the deleted segment, 6 known and 17 novel genes were located. Pax6(Sey3H) mutants that crossed back into C3H/He did not develop myeloid leukemia spontaneously, but they did when exposed to gamma-rays. The final incidence of myeloid leukemia in mutants (25.8%) was as high as that in normal sibs (21.4%). Survival curves of leukemia-bearing mutants shifted toward the left (p = 0.043 by the Log rank test). F1 hybrids of Pax6(Sey3H) with JF1 were less susceptible to radiation than Pax6(Sey3H) onto C3H/He in regard to survival (p = 0.003 and p < 0.00001 for mutants and normal sibs, respectively, by a test of the difference between two proportions). Congenital deletion of the 5.47 Mb segment at the middle region on chromosome 2 alone did not trigger myeloid stem cells to expand clonally in vivo; however, the deletion shortcut the latency of radiation-induced myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nitta
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Yang LV, Heng HH, Wan J, Southwood CM, Gow A, Li L. Alternative promoters and polyadenylation regulate tissue-specific expression ofHemogen isoforms during hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis. Dev Dyn 2003; 228:606-16. [PMID: 14648837 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemogen is a nuclear protein encoded by HEMGN (also known as hemogen in mouse, EDAG in human and RP59 in rat). It is considered to be a hematopoiesis-specific gene that is expressed during the ontogeny of hematopoiesis. Herein, we characterize two distinct splicing variants of HEMGN mRNA with restricted expression to hematopoietic cells and to round spermatids in the testis, respectively. Expression of the testis-specific HEMGN mRNA (HEMGN-t) is developmentally regulated and is concurrent with the first wave of meiosis in prepuberal mice. Sequence analysis reveals that HEMGN-t and the hematopoietic HEMGN mRNA (HEMGN-h) share a common coding sequence with distinct 5' and 3' untranslated regions and that these two isoforms are transcribed from the same gene locus, HEMGN, through the use of alternative promoters and polyadenylation sites. Thus, HEMGN expression exemplifies a developmental regulatory mechanism by which the diversification of gene expression is achieved through using distinct regulatory sequences in different cell types. Moreover, the existence of a testis-specific isoform of HEMGN suggests a role in spermatogenesis. Finally, fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrates that HEMGN is localized to chromosome 4 A5-B2 in mouse and to chromosome 9q22 in human, which is a region known to harbor a cluster of leukemia breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li V Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Rassool FV. DNA double strand breaks (DSB) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways in human leukemia. Cancer Lett 2003; 193:1-9. [PMID: 12691817 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are considered the most lethal form of DNA damage for eukaryotic cells. DSB can either be properly repaired, restoring genomic integrity, or misrepaired resulting in drastic consequences, such as cell death, genomic instability, and cancer. It is well established that exposure to DSB-inducing agents is associated with chromosomal abnormalities and leukemogenesis. The non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway is considered a major route for the repair DSB in mammalian cells. Although the mechanism(s) by which repair of DSB lead to leukemia are poorly understood, recent evidence is beginning to emerge that a poorly defined and error-prone branch of the NHEJ pathway plays a pivotal role in this process. This review discusses some of the ways in which error-prone NHEJ repair may be involved in the development of genomic instability and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyruz Virgilia Rassool
- Department of Haematological Medicine, Leukemia Sciences Laboratories, The Rayne Institute, GKT School of Medicine, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
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Boulton E, Cole C, Knight A, Cleary H, Snowden R, Plumb M. Low-penetrance genetic susceptibility and resistance loci implicated in the relative risk for radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Blood 2003; 101:2349-54. [PMID: 12411293 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbred CBA/H mice are susceptible to radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia (r-AML), and C57BL/6 mice are resistant. A genome-wide screen for linkage between genotype and phenotype (r-AML) of 67 affected (CBA/H x C57BL/6)F1 x CBA/H backcross mice has revealed at least 2 suggestive loci that contribute to the overall lifetime risk for r-AML. Neither is necessary or sufficient for r-AML, but relative risk is the net effect of susceptibility (distal chromosome 1) and resistance (chromosome 6) loci. An excess of chromosome 6 aberrations in mouse r-AML and bone marrow cells up to 6 months after irradiation in vivo suggests the locus confers a proliferative advantage during the leukemogenic process. The stem cell frequency regulator 1 (Scfr1) locus maps to distal chromosome 1 and determines the frequency of hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in inbred mice, suggesting that target size may be one factor in determining the relative susceptibility of inbred mice to r-AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Boulton
- Department of Genetics and the MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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Boulton E, Cleary H, Plumb M. Myeloid, B and T lymphoid and mixed lineage thymic lymphomas in the irradiated mouse. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:1079-85. [PMID: 12082032 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/23.6.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic lymphoma is a very common spontaneous and/or induced malignancy in both inbred mice and in transgenic mouse models of human cancer. Although a thymic lymphoma is defined as thymus-dependent T-cell malignancy, diagnostic criteria vary between studies and considerable heterogeneity has been reported. To define and classify the thymic lymphomas that arose in our study of X-irradiated (CBA/HxC57BL/6)F1, F1 backcross and F1 intercross mice, 66 thymic lymphomas were immunogenotyped for immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) and T-cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) gene rearrangements, and/or analysed for expression of lineage-specific markers and allelic loss on chromosome 4. The data indicate that 33% of the thymic lymphomas are very similar to mouse radiation-induced acute myeloid (AML) and mixed lineage (IgH(R), TCRbeta(G)) pre-B lympho-myeloid (L-MLs) leukaemias, 33% are mixed lineage (IgH(R), TCRbeta(R)) B/T lymphoid and <33% can be described as single lineage (IgH(G), TCRbeta(R)) T-cell malignancies. As the myeloid and L-ML leukaemias are not thymus-dependent this suggests that a malignant myeloid or pre-B lympho-myeloid cell can colonize the spleen to give an AML or L-ML leukaemia, or can colonize the thymus where TCRbeta gene rearrangement(s) may be induced to give the mixed lineage thymic lymphomas. Thus, assuming the single lineage T-cell thymic lymphomas fulfil the criteria of a thymus-dependent T-cell malignancy, thymic lymphomas are comprised of at least three distinct malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chromosome Deletion
- Crosses, Genetic
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte
- Genetic Markers
- Genotype
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thymus Neoplasms/genetics
- Thymus Neoplasms/immunology
- X-Rays
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Boulton
- MRC Radiation and Genome Stability Unit, Chilton Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 ORD, UK
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