1
|
Sinha S, Dhankani P, Nahiyera M, Singh KB, Singh D, Mugale MN, Sharma S, Kumaravelu J, Dikshit M, Kumar S. iNOS regulates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells via mitochondrial signaling and is critical for bone marrow regeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 219:184-194. [PMID: 38636716 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) replenish blood cells under steady state and on demand, that exhibit therapeutic potential for Bone marrow failures and leukemia. Redox signaling plays key role in immune cells and hematopoiesis. However, the role of reactive nitrogen species in hematopoiesis remains unclear and requires further investigation. We investigated the significance of inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide (iNOS/NO) signaling in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and hematopoiesis under steady-state and stress conditions. HSCs contain low levels of NO and iNOS under normal conditions, but these increase upon bone marrow stress. iNOS-deficient mice showed subtle changes in peripheral blood cells but significant alterations in HSPCs, including increased HSCs and multipotent progenitors. Surprisingly, iNOS-deficient mice displayed heightened susceptibility and delayed recovery of blood progeny following 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) induced hematopoietic stress. Loss of quiescence and increased mitochondrial stress, indicated by elevated MitoSOX and MMPhi HSCs, were observed in iNOS-deficient mice. Furthermore, pharmacological approaches to mitigate mitochondrial stress rescued 5-FU-induced HSC death. Conversely, iNOS-NO signaling was required for demand-driven mitochondrial activity and proliferation during hematopoietic recovery, as iNOS-deficient mice and NO signaling inhibitors exhibit reduced mitochondrial activity. In conclusion, our study challenges the conventional view of iNOS-derived NO as a cytotoxic molecule and highlights its intriguing role in HSPCs. Together, our findings provide insights into the crucial role of the iNOS-NO-mitochondrial axis in regulating HSPCs and hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Sinha
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Dhankani
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Milind Nahiyera
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Krishna Bhan Singh
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Sharad Sharma
- Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Jagavelu Kumaravelu
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Buss JH, Begnini KR, Lenz G. The contribution of asymmetric cell division to phenotypic heterogeneity in cancer. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261400. [PMID: 38334041 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved intricate mechanisms for dividing their contents in the most symmetric way during mitosis. However, a small proportion of cell divisions results in asymmetric segregation of cellular components, which leads to differences in the characteristics of daughter cells. Although the classical function of asymmetric cell division (ACD) in the regulation of pluripotency is the generation of one differentiated daughter cell and one self-renewing stem cell, recent evidence suggests that ACD plays a role in other physiological processes. In cancer, tumor heterogeneity can result from the asymmetric segregation of genetic material and other cellular components, resulting in cell-to-cell differences in fitness and response to therapy. Defining the contribution of ACD in generating differences in key features relevant to cancer biology is crucial to advancing our understanding of the causes of tumor heterogeneity and developing strategies to mitigate or counteract it. In this Review, we delve into the occurrence of asymmetric mitosis in cancer cells and consider how ACD contributes to the variability of several phenotypes. By synthesizing the current literature, we explore the molecular mechanisms underlying ACD, the implications of phenotypic heterogeneity in cancer, and the complex interplay between these two phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julieti Huch Buss
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
| | - Karine Rech Begnini
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
- Instituto do Cérebro (INSCER), Pontifícia Universidade Católica RS (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91509-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karimnia N, Harris J, Heazlewood SY, Cao B, Nilsson SK. Metabolic regulation of aged hematopoietic stem cells: key players and mechanisms. Exp Hematol 2023; 128:2-9. [PMID: 37778498 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Karimnia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - James Harris
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Shen Y Heazlewood
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Y, Chiang YH, Ho PC, Vannini N. Mitochondria Dictate Function and Fate of HSCs and T Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1303-1313. [PMID: 37789763 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and T cells are intimately related, lineage-dependent cell populations that are extensively used as therapeutic products for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and certain types of solid tumors. These cellular therapies can be life-saving treatments; however, their efficacies are often limited by factors influencing their activity and cellular properties. Among these factors is mitochondrial metabolism, which influences the function and fate commitment of both HSCs and T cells. Mitochondria, besides being the "cellular powerhouse," provide metabolic intermediates that are used as substrates for epigenetic modifications and chromatin remodeling, thus, driving cell fate decisions during differentiation. Moreover, mitochondrial fitness and mitochondrial quality control mechanisms are closely related to cellular function, and impairment of these mitochondrial properties associates with cellular dysfunction due to factors such as T-cell exhaustion and aging. Here, we give an overview of the role of mitochondria in shaping the behavior of these lineage-related cell populations. Moreover, we discuss the potential of novel mitochondria-targeting strategies for enhancing HSC- and T cell-based cancer immunotherapies and highlight how design and application of such approaches requires consideration of the metabolic similarities and differences between HSCs and T cells. See related article on p. 1302.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Xu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chiang
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Vannini
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Morree A, Rando TA. Regulation of adult stem cell quiescence and its functions in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:334-354. [PMID: 36922629 PMCID: PMC10725182 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are important for mammalian tissues, where they act as a cell reserve that supports normal tissue turnover and can mount a regenerative response following acute injuries. Quiescent stem cells are well established in certain tissues, such as skeletal muscle, brain, and bone marrow. The quiescent state is actively controlled and is essential for long-term maintenance of stem cell pools. In this Review, we discuss the importance of maintaining a functional pool of quiescent adult stem cells, including haematopoietic stem cells, skeletal muscle stem cells, neural stem cells, hair follicle stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells such as fibro-adipogenic progenitors, to ensure tissue maintenance and repair. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate the entry into, maintenance of, and exit from the quiescent state in mice. Recent studies revealed that quiescent stem cells have a discordance between RNA and protein levels, indicating the importance of post-transcriptional mechanisms, such as alternative polyadenylation, alternative splicing, and translation repression, in the control of stem cell quiescence. Understanding how these mechanisms guide stem cell function during homeostasis and regeneration has important implications for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine de Morree
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Innovative Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of the Ocular Morbidities in Patients with EEC Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030495. [PMID: 36766837 PMCID: PMC9914602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal dysplasia-Clefting (EEC) syndrome is caused by heterozygous missense point mutations in the p63 gene, an important transcription factor during embryogenesis and for stem cell differentiation in stratified epithelia. Most of the cases are sporadic, related to de novo mutations arising during early-stage development. Familial cases show an autosomic dominant inheritance. The major cause of visual morbidity is limbal stem cell failure, which develops in the second to third decade of life. Patients often show ocular surface alterations, such as recurrent blepharitis and conjunctivitis, superficial microlesions of the cornea, and spontaneous corneal perforation and ulceration, leading to progressive corneal clouding and eventually visual loss. No definitive cures are currently available, and treatments to alleviate symptoms are only palliative. In this review, we will discuss the proposed therapeutic strategies that have been tested or are under development for the management of the ocular defects in patients affected by EEC syndrome: (i) gene therapy-based approaches by means of Allele-Specific (AS) siRNAs to correct the p63 mutations; (ii) cell therapy-based approaches to replenish the pool of limbal stem cells; and (iii) drug therapy to correct/bypass the genetic defect. However, as the number of patients with EEC syndrome is too limited, further studies are still necessary to prove the effectiveness (and safety) of these innovative therapeutic approaches to counteract the premature differentiation of limbal stem cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang D, Han Y, Tang T, Yang L, Jiang P, Qian W, Zhang Z, Qian X, Zeng X, Qian P. Dlk1 maintains adult mice long-term HSCs by activating Notch signaling to restrict mitochondrial metabolism. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:11. [PMID: 36653853 PMCID: PMC9850540 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) homeostasis is critically important in maintaining lifelong hematopoiesis. However, how adult HSCs orchestrate its homeostasis remains not fully understood. Imprinted gene Dlk1 has been shown to play critical role in mouse embryonic hematopoiesis and in regulation of stem cells, but its physiological roles in adult HSCs are unknown. METHODS We performed gene expression analysis of Dlk1, and constructed conditional Dlk1 knockout (KO) mice by crossing Mx1 cre mice with Dlkflox/flox mice. Western blot and quantitative PCR were used to detect Dlk1 KO efficiency. Flow cytometry was performed to investigate the effects of Dlk1 KO on HSCs, progenitors and linage cells in primary mice. Competitive HSCs transplantation and secondary transplantation was used to examine the effects of Dlk1 KO on long-term hematopoietic repopulation potential of HSCs. RNA-Seq and cell metabolism assays was used to determine the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Dlk1 was highly expressed in adult mice long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs) relative to progenitors and mature lineage cells. Dlk1 KO in adult mice HSCs drove HSCs enter active cell cycle, and expanded phenotypical LT-HSCs, but undermined its long-term hematopoietic repopulation potential. Dlk1 KO resulted in an increase in HSCs' metabolic activity, including glucose uptake, ribosomal translation, mitochondrial metabolism and ROS production, which impaired HSCs function. Further, Dlk1 KO in adult mice HSCs attenuated Notch signaling, and re-activation of Notch signaling under Dlk1 KO decreased the mitochondrial activity and ROS production, and rescued the changes in frequency and absolute number of HSCs. Scavenging ROS by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine could inhibit mitochondrial metabolic activity, and rescue the changes in HSCs caused by Dlk1 KO. CONCLUSION Our study showed that Dlk1 played an essential role in maintaining HSC homeostasis, which is realized by governing cell cycle and restricting mitochondrial metabolic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Huang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingli Han
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Tian Tang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Lin Yang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Penglei Jiang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Wenchang Qian
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhaoru Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xinyue Qian
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xin Zeng
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCenter of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XLiangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310012 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghaffari S. Haematopoietic stem cell quiescence exposed using mitochondrial membrane potential. Curr Opin Hematol 2023; 30:1-3. [PMID: 36473018 PMCID: PMC9960947 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Quiescence is a fundamental property of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Despite the importance of quiescence in predicting the potency of HSCs, tools that measure routinely the degree of quiescence or select for quiescent HSCs have been lacking. This Commentary discusses recent findings that address this fundamental gap in the HSC toolbox. RECENT FINDINGS Highly purified, phenotypically-defined HSCs are heterogeneous in their mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The lowest MMP subsets are enriched in greatly quiescent HSCs with the highest potency within the purified HSC population. MMP provides an intrinsic probe to select HSC subsets with unique cell cycle properties and distinct stem cell potential. Using this approach, new and unanticipated metabolic properties of quiescent HSCs' exit have been discovered. This methodology may improve the mechanistic understanding, of HSCs' exit from and entry to, quiescence. SUMMARY Selecting HSCs using MMP is likely to lead to discoveries of new HSC properties, may improve the ex vivo maintenance of HSCs and has implications for the clinic, including for improving HSC transplantations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Multidisciplinary Training Area, Department of Oncological Sciences, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qiu J, Menon V, Tzavaras N, Liang R, Ghaffari S. Protocol to identify and analyze mouse and human quiescent hematopoietic stem cells using flow cytometry combined with confocal imaging. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101828. [PMID: 36595934 PMCID: PMC9676629 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) segregates functionally distinct subsets within highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, we detail a protocol for FACS isolation of MMP sub-fractions of phenotypically defined mouse and human HSCs. These steps are followed by high-/super-resolution immunofluorescence microscopy of HSCs' lysosomes. While the protocol describes the isolation of quiescent HSCs, which are the most potent subsets, it could also be applied to other HSC subsets. This protocol overcomes some experimental challenges associated with low HSC numbers. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liang et al. (2020) and Qiu et al. (2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Qiu
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vijay Menon
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tzavaras
- Department of Neuroscience and Microscopy CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Raymond Liang
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qiu J, Ghaffari S. Mitochondrial Deep Dive into Hematopoietic Stem Cell Dormancy: Not Much Glycolysis but Plenty of Sluggish Lysosomes. Exp Hematol 2022; 114:1-8. [PMID: 35908627 PMCID: PMC9949493 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.07.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) heterogeneity has had major implications for investigations of hematopoietic stem cell disorders, clonal hematopoiesis, and HSC aging. More recent studies of the heterogeneity of HSCs' organelles have begun to provide additional insights into HSCs' behavior with far-reaching ramifications for the mechanistic understanding of aging of HSCs and stem cell-derived diseases. Mitochondrial heterogeneity has been explored to expose HSC subsets with distinct properties and functions. Here we review some of the recent advances in these lines of studies that challenged the classic view of glycolysis in HSCs and led to the identification of lysosomes as dynamic pivotal switches in controlling HSC quiescence versus activation beyond their function in autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Qiu
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
PLAG1 dampens protein synthesis to promote human hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. Blood 2022; 140:992-1008. [PMID: 35639948 PMCID: PMC9437713 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) dormancy is understood as supportive of HSC function and its long-term integrity. Although regulation of stress responses incurred as a result of HSC activation is recognized as important in maintaining stem cell function, little is understood of the preventive machinery present in human HSCs that may serve to resist their activation and promote HSC self-renewal. We demonstrate that the transcription factor PLAG1 is essential for long-term HSC function and, when overexpressed, endows a 15.6-fold enhancement in the frequency of functional HSCs in stimulatory conditions. Genome-wide measures of chromatin occupancy and PLAG1-directed gene expression changes combined with functional measures reveal that PLAG1 dampens protein synthesis, restrains cell growth and division, and enhances survival, with the primitive cell advantages it imparts being attenuated by addition of the potent translation activator, c-MYC. We find PLAG1 capitalizes on multiple regulatory factors to ensure protective diminished protein synthesis including 4EBP1 and translation-targeting miR-127 and does so independently of stress response signaling. Overall, our study identifies PLAG1 as an enforcer of human HSC dormancy and self-renewal through its highly context-specific regulation of protein biosynthesis and classifies PLAG1 among a rare set of bona fide regulators of messenger RNA translation in these cells. Our findings showcase the importance of regulated translation control underlying human HSC physiology, its dysregulation under activating demands, and the potential if its targeting for therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
|
12
|
Barbaro V, Orvieto A, Alvisi G, Bertolin M, Bonelli F, Liehr T, Harutyunyan T, Kankel S, Joksic G, Ferrari S, Daniele E, Ponzin D, Bettio D, Salviati L, Di Iorio E. Analysis and pharmacological modulation of senescence in human epithelial stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3977-3994. [PMID: 35706382 PMCID: PMC9279594 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epithelial stem cells (ESCs) are characterized by long‐term regenerative properties, much dependent on the tissue of origin and varying during their lifespan. We analysed such variables in cultures of ESCs isolated from the skin, conjunctiva, limbus and oral mucosa of healthy donors and patients affected by ectrodactyly‐ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting syndrome, a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the p63 gene. We cultured cells until exhaustion in the presence or in the absence of DAPT (γ‐secretase inhibitor; N‐[N‐(3, 5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐L‐alanyl]‐S‐phenylglycine T‐butyl ester). All cells were able to differentiate in vitro but exhibited variable self‐renewal potential. In particular, cells carrying p63 mutations stopped prematurely, compared with controls. Importantly, administration of DAPT significantly extended the replicative properties of all stem cells under examination. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that distinct sets of genes were up‐ or down‐regulated during their lifetime, thus allowing to identify druggable gene networks and off‐the‐shelf compounds potentially dealing with epithelial stem cell senescence. These data will expand our knowledge on the genetic bases of senescence and potentially pave the way to the pharmacological modulation of ageing in epithelial stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Orvieto
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Tigran Harutyunyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Stefanie Kankel
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Gordana Joksic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institue of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Vinča, Serbia
| | | | - Elena Daniele
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | - Diego Ponzin
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, Venice, Italy
| | - Daniela Bettio
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Iorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Clinical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Morris V, Wang D, Li Z, Marion W, Hughes T, Sousa P, Harada T, Sui SH, Naumenko S, Kalfon J, Sensharma P, Falchetti M, Vinicius da Silva R, Candelli T, Schneider P, Margaritis T, Holstege FCP, Pikman Y, Harris M, Stam RW, Orkin SH, Koehler AN, Shalek AK, North TE, Pimkin M, Daley GQ, Lummertz da Rocha E, Rowe RG. Hypoxic, glycolytic metabolism is a vulnerability of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia-initiating cells. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110752. [PMID: 35476984 PMCID: PMC9099058 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk forms of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) remain a therapeutic challenge. Leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) self-renew and spark relapse and therefore have been the subject of intensive investigation; however, the properties of LICs in high-risk B-ALL are not well understood. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics and quantitative xenotransplantation to understand LICs in MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) B-ALL. Compared with reported LIC frequencies in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), engraftable LICs in MLL-r B-ALL are abundant. Although we find that multipotent, self-renewing LICs are enriched among phenotypically undifferentiated B-ALL cells, LICs with the capacity to replenish the leukemic cellular diversity can emerge from more mature fractions. While inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation blunts blast proliferation, this intervention promotes LIC emergence. Conversely, inhibiting hypoxia and glycolysis impairs MLL-r B-ALL LICs, providing a therapeutic benefit in xenotransplantation systems. These findings provide insight into the aggressive nature of MLL-r B-ALL and provide a rationale for therapeutic targeting of hypoxia and glycolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Morris
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dahai Wang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Department of Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Department of Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Marion
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Travis Hughes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patricia Sousa
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taku Harada
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shannan Ho Sui
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sergey Naumenko
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jérémie Kalfon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Prerana Sensharma
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Department of Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcelo Falchetti
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Renan Vinicius da Silva
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Tito Candelli
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline Schneider
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Yana Pikman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marian Harris
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ronald W Stam
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angela N Koehler
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Trista E North
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxim Pimkin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Q Daley
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edroaldo Lummertz da Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - R Grant Rowe
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Department of Hematology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Anjos-Afonso F, Buettner F, Mian SA, Rhys H, Perez-Lloret J, Garcia-Albornoz M, Rastogi N, Ariza-McNaughton L, Bonnet D. Single cell analyses identify a highly regenerative and homogenous human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell population. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2048. [PMID: 35440586 PMCID: PMC9018830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has hampered our understanding of the cellular and molecular trajectories that HSCs navigate during lineage commitment. Using various platforms including single cell RNA-sequencing and extensive xenotransplantation, we have uncovered an uncharacterized human CD34+ HSC population. These CD34+EPCR+(CD38/CD45RA)- (simply as EPCR+) HSCs have a high repopulating and self-renewal abilities, reaching a stem cell frequency of ~1 in 3 cells, the highest described to date. Their unique transcriptomic wiring in which many gene modules associated with differentiated cell lineages confers their multilineage lineage output both in vivo and in vitro. At the single cell level, EPCR+ HSCs are the most transcriptomically and functionally homogenous human HSC population defined to date and can also be easily identified in post-natal tissues. Therefore, this EPCR+ population not only offers a high human HSC resolution but also a well-structured human hematopoietic hierarchical organization at the most primitive level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Anjos-Afonso
- Haematopoietic Signalling Group, European Cancer Stem Cell Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Florian Buettner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Namrata Rastogi
- Haematopoietic Signalling Group, European Cancer Stem Cell Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jain V, Bose S, Arya AK, Arif T. Lysosomes in Stem Cell Quiescence: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071618. [PMID: 35406389 PMCID: PMC8996909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are cellular organelles that regulate essential biological processes such as cellular homeostasis, development, and aging. They are primarily connected to the degradation/recycling of cellular macromolecules and participate in cellular trafficking, nutritional signaling, energy metabolism, and immune regulation. Therefore, lysosomes connect cellular metabolism and signaling pathways. Lysosome's involvement in the critical biological processes has rekindled clinical interest towards this organelle for treating various diseases, including cancer. Recent research advancements have demonstrated that lysosomes also regulate the maintenance and hemostasis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which play a critical role in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other types of cancer. Lysosomes regulate both HSCs' metabolic networks and identity transition. AML is a lethal type of blood cancer with a poor prognosis that is particularly associated with aging. Although the genetic landscape of AML has been extensively described, only a few targeted therapies have been produced, warranting the need for further research. This review summarizes the functions and importance of targeting lysosomes in AML, while highlighting the significance of lysosomes in HSCs maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jain
- Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Swaroop Bose
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Awadhesh K. Arya
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +212-241-4143; Fax: +212-860-9279
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Karabulutoglu M, Finnon R, Cruz-Garcia L, Hill MA, Badie C. Oxidative Stress and X-ray Exposure Levels-Dependent Survival and Metabolic Changes in Murine HSPCs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:11. [PMID: 35052515 PMCID: PMC8772903 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic bone marrow cells are amongst the most sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR), initially resulting in cell death or genotoxicity that may later lead to leukaemia development, most frequently Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML). The target cells for radiation-induced Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (rAML) are believed to lie in the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment. Using the inbred strain CBA/Ca as a murine model of rAML, progress has been made in understanding the underlying mechanisms, characterisation of target cell population and responses to IR. Complex regulatory systems maintain haematopoietic homeostasis which may act to modulate the risk of rAML. However, little is currently known about the role of metabolic factors and diet in these regulatory systems and modification of the risk of AML development. This study characterises cellular proliferative and clonogenic potential as well as metabolic changes within murine HSPCs under oxidative stress and X-ray exposure. Ambient oxygen (normoxia; 20.8% O2) levels were found to increase irradiated HSPC-stress, stimulating proliferative activity compared to low oxygen (3% O2) levels. IR exposure has a negative influence on the proliferative capability of HSPCs in a dose-dependent manner (0-2 Gy) and this is more pronounced under a normoxic state. One Gy x-irradiated HSPCs cultured under normoxic conditions displayed a significant increase in oxygen consumption compared to those cultured under low O2 conditions and to unirradiated HSPCs. Furthermore, mitochondrial analyses revealed a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner under normoxic conditions. Our results demonstrate that both IR and normoxia act as stressors for HSPCs, leading to significant metabolic deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunctionality which may affect long term risks such as leukaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melis Karabulutoglu
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| | - Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| | - Mark A. Hill
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gilfanova R, Auclair KM, Hui A, Norris PJ, Muench MO. Reduced dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations successfully cryopreserve human hematopoietic stem cells with multi-lineage long-term engraftment ability in mice. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:1053-1059. [PMID: 34454842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used widely, but DMSO toxicity in transplant patients and the effects of DMSO on the normal function of cryopreserved cells are concerns. To address these issues, in vitro and clinical studies have explored using reduced concentrations of DMSO for cryopreservation. However, the effect of reducing DMSO concentration on the efficient cryopreservation of HSCs has not been directly measured. METHODS Cryopreservation of human bone marrow using 10%, 7.5% and 5% DMSO concentrations was examined. Cell counting, flow cytometry and colony assays were used to analyze different cell populations. The recovery of stem cells was enumerated using extreme limiting dilution analysis of long-term multi-lineage engraftment in immunodeficient mice. Four different methods of analyzing human engraftment were compared to ascertain stem cell engraftment: (i) engraftment of CD33+ myeloid, CD19+ B-lymphoid, CD235a+ erythroid and CD34+ progenitors; (ii) engraftment of the same four populations plus CD41+CD42b+ platelets; (iii) engraftment of CD34++CD133+ cells; and (iv) engraftment of CD34++CD38- cells. RESULTS Hematopoietic colony-forming, CD34++/+, CD34++CD133+ and CD34++CD38- cells were as well preserved with 5% DMSO as they were with the higher concentrations tested. The estimates of stem cell frequencies made in the xenogeneic transplant model did not show any significant detrimental effect of using lower concentrations of DMSO. Comparison of the different methods of gauging stem cell engraftment in mice led to different estimates of stem cell numbers, but overall, all measures found that reduced concentrations of DMSO supported the cryopreservation of HSCs. CONCLUSION Cryopreservation of HSCs in DMSO concentrations as low as 5% is effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gilfanova
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA; Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Alvin Hui
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip J Norris
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liang R, Menon V, Qiu J, Arif T, Renuse S, Lin M, Nowak R, Hartmann B, Tzavaras N, Benson DL, Chipuk JE, Fribourg M, Pandey A, Fowler V, Ghaffari S. Mitochondrial localization and moderated activity are key to murine erythroid enucleation. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2490-2504. [PMID: 34032849 PMCID: PMC8152511 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian red blood cells (RBCs), which primarily contain hemoglobin, exemplify an elaborate maturation process, with the terminal steps of RBC generation involving extensive cellular remodeling. This encompasses alterations of cellular content through distinct stages of erythroblast maturation that result in the expulsion of the nucleus (enucleation) followed by the loss of mitochondria and all other organelles and a transition to anaerobic glycolysis. Whether there is any link between erythroid removal of the nucleus and the function of any other organelle, including mitochondria, remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that mitochondria are key to nuclear clearance. Using live and confocal microscopy and high-throughput single-cell imaging, we show that before nuclear polarization, mitochondria progressively move toward one side of maturing erythroblasts and aggregate near the nucleus as it extrudes from the cell, a prerequisite for enucleation to proceed. Although we found active mitochondrial respiration is required for nuclear expulsion, levels of mitochondrial activity identify distinct functional subpopulations, because terminally maturing erythroblasts with low relative to high mitochondrial membrane potential are at a later stage of maturation, contain greatly condensed nuclei with reduced open chromatin-associated acetylation histone marks, and exhibit higher enucleation rates. Lastly, to our surprise, we found that late-stage erythroblasts sustain mitochondrial metabolism and subsequent enucleation, primarily through pyruvate but independent of in situ glycolysis. These findings demonstrate the critical but unanticipated functions of mitochondria during the erythroblast enucleation process. They are also relevant to the in vitro production of RBCs as well as to disorders of the erythroid lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Liang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Vijay Menon
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
| | - Jiajing Qiu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
| | - Tasleem Arif
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Miao Lin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
| | - Roberta Nowak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; and
| | | | | | | | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences
- Tisch Cancer Institute
| | | | | | - Velia Fowler
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Oncological Sciences
- Tisch Cancer Institute
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|