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Seidizadeh O, Baronciani L, Lillicrap D, Peyvandi F. Application of genetic testing for the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease. J Thromb Haemost 2024:S1538-7836(24)00288-5. [PMID: 38762018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most frequent inherited bleeding disorder, with an estimated symptomatic prevalence of 1 per 1000 in the general population. VWD is characterized by defects in the quantity, quality, or multimeric structure of von Willebrand factor (VWF), a glycoprotein being hemostatically essential in circulation. VWD is classified into 3 principal types: low VWF/type 1 with partial quantitative deficiency of VWF, type 3 with virtual absence of VWF, and type 2 with functional abnormalities of VWF, being classified as 2A, 2B, 2M, and 2N. A new VWD type has been officially recognized by the ISTH SSC on von Willebrand factor which has also been discussed by the joint ASH/ISTH/NHF/WFH 2021 guidelines (ie, type 1C), indicating patients with quantitative deficiency due to an enhanced VWF clearance. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the process of genetic diagnosis has substantially changed and improved accuracy. Therefore, nowadays, patients with type 3 and severe type 1 VWD can benefit from genetic testing as much as type 2 VWD. Specifically, genetic testing can be used to confirm or differentiate a VWD diagnosis, as well as to provide genetic counseling. The focus of this manuscript is to discuss the current knowledge on VWD molecular pathophysiology and the application of genetic testing for VWD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Seidizadeh
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. https://twitter.com/OmidSeidi
| | - Luciano Baronciani
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. https://twitter.com/DavidLillicrap
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Seidizadeh O, Mollica L, Zambarbieri S, Baronciani L, Cairo A, Colpani P, Cozzi G, Pagliari MT, Ciavarella A, Siboni SM, Peyvandi F. Type 2M/2A von Willebrand disease: a shared phenotype between type 2M and 2A. Blood Adv 2024; 8:1725-1736. [PMID: 38315875 PMCID: PMC10997909 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Four variants have been continuously subjected to debate and received different von Willebrand disease (VWD) classifications: p.R1315L, p.R1315C, p.R1374H, and p.R1374C. We chose to comprehensively investigate these variants with full set of VWD tests, protein-modeling predictions and applying structural biology. Patients with p.R1315L, p.R1315C, p.R1374H, and p.R1374C were included. A group with type 2A and 2M was included to better understand similarities and differences. Patients were investigated for phenotypic assays and underlying disease mechanisms. We applied deep protein modeling predictions and structural biology to elucidate the causative effects of variants. Forty-three patients with these variants and 70 with 2A (n = 35) or 2M (n = 35) were studied. Patients with p.R1315L, p.R1374H, or p.R1374C showed a common phenotype between 2M and 2A using von Willebrand factor (VWF):GPIbR/VWF:Ag and VWF:CB/VWF:Ag ratios and VWF multimeric profile, whereas p.R1315C represented a type 2M phenotype. There was an overall reduced VWF synthesis or secretion in 2M and cases with p.R1315L, p.R1374H, and p.R1374C, but not in 2A. Reduced VWF survival was observed in most 2A (77%), 2M (80%), and all 40 cases with p.R1315L, p.R1374H, and p.R1374C. These were the only variants that fall at the interface between the A1-A2 domains. p.R1315L/C mutants induce more compactness and internal mobility, whereas p.R1374H/C display a more extended overall geometry. We propose a new classification of type 2M/2A for p.R1315L, p.R1374H, and p.R1374C because they share a common phenotype with 2M and 2A. Our structural analysis shows the unique location of these variants on the A1-A2 domains and their distinctive effect on VWF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Seidizadeh
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mollica
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Zambarbieri
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Baronciani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cairo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Colpani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cozzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pagliari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ciavarella
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona M. Siboni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
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Seidizadeh O, Cairo A, Baronciani L, Valenti L, Peyvandi F. Population-based prevalence and mutational landscape of von Willebrand disease using large-scale genetic databases. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:31. [PMID: 37845247 PMCID: PMC10579253 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common bleeding disorder caused by mutations in the von Willebrand factor gene (VWF). The true global prevalence of VWD has not been accurately established. We estimated the worldwide and within-population prevalence of inherited VWD by analyzing exome and genome data of 141,456 individuals gathered by the genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). We also extended our data deepening by mining the main databases containing VWF variants i.e., the Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD) and the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) with the goal to explore the global mutational spectrum of VWD. A total of 4,313 VWF variants were identified in the gnomAD population, of which 505 were predicted to be pathogenic or already reported to be associated with VWD. Among the 282,912 alleles analyzed, 31,785 were affected by the aforementioned variants. The global prevalence of dominant VWD in 1000 individuals was established to be 74 for type 1, 3 for 2A, 3 for 2B and 6 for 2M. The global prevalences for recessive VWD forms (type 2N and type 3) were 0.31 and 0.7 in 1000 individuals, respectively. This comprehensive analysis provided a global mutational landscape of VWF by means of 927 already reported variants in the HGMD and LOVD datasets and 287 novel pathogenic variants identified in the gnomAD. Our results reveal that there is a considerably higher than expected prevalence of putative disease alleles and variants associated with VWD and suggest that a large number of VWD patients are undiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Seidizadeh
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cairo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Baronciani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Precision Medicine Lab, Biological Resource Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Colpani P, Baronciani L, Stufano F, Cozzi G, Boscarino M, Pagliari MT, Biguzzi E, Peyvandi F. A comparative study in patients with type 2 von Willebrand disease using 4 different platelet-dependent von Willebrand factor assays. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100139. [PMID: 37215093 PMCID: PMC10192922 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several assays are now available to evaluate platelet-dependent von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity. Objective To report the results obtained using 4 different assays in patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD) carrying variants mainly in the A1 domain, which is critical for VWF binding to glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) and ristocetin. Methods We evaluated 4 different assays, 2 gain-of-function mutant GPIb binding (VWF:GPIbM) and 2 ristocetin cofactor (VWF:RCo) assays, in 76 patients with type 2 VWD. Patients and healthy controls were tested using VWF:GPIbM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), VWF:GPIbM automated, VWF:RCo aggregometric, and VWF:RCo automated assays. Results There was a good correlation (Pearson's r>0.82) and agreement (Bland-Altman plots assessment) between the 4 assays, although several outliers existed among the type 2B without high-molecular-weight multimers (HMWM). The VWF activity/VWF:antigen ratios, calculated for each assay, were used to establish the percentage of a correct diagnosis of type 2 (ratio<0.60) in these patients: VWF:RCo aggregometric, 2A(100%), 2M(78%), 2M/2A(100%), 2B(68%); VWF:RCo automated, 2A(88%), 2M(89%), 2M/2A(100%), 2B(63%); VWF:GPIbM ELISA, 2A(96%), 2M(67%), 2M/2A(67%), 2B(0%); VWF:GPIbM automated, 2A(73%), 2M(44%), 2M/2A(75%), 2B(84%). In type 2B patients with HMWM, all assays gave a ratio ≥0.60. Conclusion The VWF:GPIbM-automated assay is the most effective to diagnose as type 2 the 2B variants, whereas the VWF:RCo assays are the most effective in detecting 2M and 2M/2A variants. The VWF:GPIbM ELISA greatly overestimates the activity of the type 2B patients lacking HMWM. In this study, the use of a VWF activity/VWF:antigen ratio cut-off of 0.70 halved the number of misdiagnosed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Colpani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Baronciani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Stufano
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cozzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Boscarino
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pagliari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenia Biguzzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Seidizadeh O, Baronciani L, Pagliari MT, Cozzi G, Colpani P, Cairo A, Siboni SM, Biguzzi E, Peyvandi F. Genetic determinants of enhanced von Willebrand factor clearance from plasma. JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS : JTH 2023; 21:1112-1122. [PMID: 36754679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced von Willebrand factor (VWF) clearance from plasma is associated with von Willebrand disease (VWD). However, the genetic background of this disease mechanism is not well defined. OBJECTIVE To determine VWF variants that are associated with reduced VWF survival. METHODS Two hundred fifty-four patients with VWD (type 1 = 50 and type 2 = 204) were investigated, and the results were compared with 120 healthy controls. The patients were comprehensively characterized for phenotypic and genetic features. The ratio of VWF propeptide (VWFpp)/VWF antigen (VWFpp ratio) was used to establish in each patient the VWF clearance state. RESULTS Out of 92 variants associated with type 1 (7 were novel) and type 2 VWD, 19 had a VWFpp ratio ranging from 1.7 to 2.2, 24 had a VWFpp ratio between 2.3 and 2.9, and 24 variants had a ratio of ≥3. The VWFpp median ratio in healthy controls was 0.98 (0.55-1.6) so that a cut-off value of >1.6 was considered an indicator of accelerated VWF clearance from plasma. An enhanced VWF clearance was observed in 34% of type 1 cases, 100% of type 1 Vicenza cases, 81% of 2A cases, 77% of 2B cases, 88% of 2M cases, and 36% of 2N cases. CONCLUSIONS An accelerated VWF clearance was found in most patients with type 2A, 2B, and 2M VWD, with a lower proportion of type 1 and 2N. Sixty-seven different variants alone or in combination with other variants were associated with an increased VWFpp ratio. The variants with the highest VWFpp ratio were mostly located in the D3-A1 VWF domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Seidizadeh
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Baronciani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Pagliari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cozzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Colpani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cairo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Siboni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenia Biguzzi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan, Italy.
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