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Hulsebus HJ, Najarro KM, McMahan RH, Boe DM, Orlicky DJ, Kovacs EJ. Ethanol Intoxication Impairs Respiratory Function and Bacterial Clearance and Is Associated With Neutrophil Accumulation in the Lung After Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884719. [PMID: 35603143 PMCID: PMC9116899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is commonplace in the United States and its prevalence has increased in recent years. Excessive alcohol use is linked to an increased risk of infections including pneumococcal pneumonia, mostly commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, pneumonia patients with prior alcohol use often require more intensive treatment and longer hospital stays due to complications of infection. The initial respiratory tract immune response to S. pneumoniae includes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by resident cells in the upper and lower airways which activate and recruit leukocytes to the site of infection. However, this inflammation must be tightly regulated to avoid accumulation of toxic by-products and subsequent tissue damage. A majority of previous work on alcohol and pneumonia involve animal models utilizing high concentrations of ethanol or chronic exposure and offer conflicting results about how ethanol alters immunity to pathogens. Further, animal models often employ a high bacterial inoculum which may overwhelm the immune system and obscure results, limiting their applicability to the course of human infection. Here, we sought to determine how a more moderate ethanol exposure paradigm affects respiratory function and innate immunity in mice after intranasal infection with 104 colony forming units of S. pneumoniae. Ethanol-exposed mice displayed respiratory dysfunction and impaired bacterial clearance after infection compared to their vehicle-exposed counterparts. This altered response was associated with increased gene expression of neutrophil chemokines Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 in whole lung homogenates, elevated concentrations of circulating granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and higher neutrophil numbers in the lung 24 hours after infection. Taken together, these findings suggest that even a more moderate ethanol consumption pattern can dramatically modulate the innate immune response to S. pneumoniae after only 3 days of ethanol exposure and provide insight into possible mechanisms related to the compromised respiratory immunity seen in alcohol consumers with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J Hulsebus
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kevin M Najarro
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel H McMahan
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Devin M Boe
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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2
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Kim YH, King C, Krantz T, Hargrove MM, George IJ, McGee J, Copeland L, Hays MD, Landis MS, Higuchi M, Gavett SH, Gilmour MI. The role of fuel type and combustion phase on the toxicity of biomass smoke following inhalation exposure in mice. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1501-1513. [PMID: 31006059 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of wildland fire smoke exposures which initiate or exacerbate cardiopulmonary conditions are unclear. We previously reported that, on a mass basis, lung toxicity associated with particulate matter (PM) from flaming smoke aspirated into mouse lungs is greater than smoldering PM. In this study, we developed a computer-controlled inhalation system which can precisely control complex biomass smoke emissions from different combustion conditions. This system was used to examine the toxicity of inhaled biomass smoke from peat, eucalyptus, and oak fuels generated under smoldering and flaming phases with emissions set to the same approximate concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) for each exposure (60-110 ppm), resulting in PM levels of ~ 4 mg/m3 for flaming and ~ 40 mg/m3 for smoldering conditions. Mice were exposed by inhalation 1 h/day for 2 days, and assessed for lung toxicity at 4 and 24 h after the final exposure. Peat (flaming and smoldering) and eucalyptus (smoldering) smoke elicited significant inflammation (neutrophil influx) in mouse lungs at 4 h with the peat (flaming) smoke causing even greater lung inflammation at 24-h post-exposure. A significant alteration in ventilatory timing was also observed in mice exposed to the peat (flaming) and eucalyptus (flaming and smoldering) smoke immediately after each day of exposure. No responses were seen for exposures to similar concentrations of flaming or smoldering oak smoke. The lung toxicity potencies (neutrophil influx per PM mass) agreed well between the inhalation and previously reported aspiration studies, demonstrating that although flaming smoke contains much less PM mass than smoldering smoke, it is more toxic on a mass basis than smoldering smoke exposure, and that fuel type is also a controlling factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Kim
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.,National Research Council, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Charly King
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Todd Krantz
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Marie M Hargrove
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Ingrid J George
- Air and Energy Management Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - John McGee
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Lisa Copeland
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Michael D Hays
- Air and Energy Management Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Matthew S Landis
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Mark Higuchi
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Stephen H Gavett
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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3
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Wang G, Zheng X, Tang J, Niu Y, Dai Y, Duan H, Zheng Y. LIN28B/let-7 axis mediates pulmonary inflammatory response induced by diesel exhaust particle exposure in mice. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:1-10. [PMID: 30172002 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particle (DEP) is closely related to inflammatory response in respiratory system. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism by which DEP induces pulmonary inflammatory response, we conducted DEP exposure experiments in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, each mouse was exposed to DEP suspension (100 μg of DEP) or vehicle only once in single intra-tracheal instillation (IT) section, or was exposed to DEP suspension (12.5 μg or 50 μg of DEP) or vehicle 12 times in repeated IT section. DEP exposure induced significant pathological injuries with substantial neutrophils infiltration and the increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in mouse lungs. Consistently, elevated IL6 mRNA level was also observed in DEP treatment group (100 μg/ml) in vitro. In addition, DEP exposure exerted the similar influence on the expression of let-7d and let-7g microRNAs in vivo and in vitro. To verify the possible role of LIN28B/let-7 axis in the regulation of IL6 expression following DEP exposure, we applied RNAi technology in vitro, and found increased IL6 mRNA expression was alleviated or neutralized in DEP exposure groups after LIN28B silencing or after let-7d or let-7g over-expression. Taken together, we conclude that LIN28B/let-7 axis might be involved in inflammatory response induced by DEP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jinglong Tang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
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4
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Taysse L, Daulon S, Calvet J, Delamanche S, Hilaire D, Bellier B, Breton P. Induction of Acute Lung Injury after Intranasal Administration of Toxin Botulinum A Complex. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 33:336-42. [PMID: 15814363 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590922884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The inhalation of aerozolized botulinum toxin may represent a potential significant hazard to both military and civilian personnel. Since the lung is the primary target organ for inhaled toxin, the investigation reported herein was conducted to examine lung function in mice exposed to botulinum toxin A complex by intranasal route. Data includes lethality, symptomatology, measurement of respiratory function (minute ventilation, respiratory frequency, and tidal volume), and histopathology of the lungs. The clinical signs of intoxication are similar to those observed in foodborne botulism. Plethysmography revealed severe impairment of all respiratory parameters tested from 7 hours postexposure. Severe lung lesions, possibly secondary to the intoxication, were observed in mice who survived 14 days after the toxin challenge. These included intra-alveolar hemorrhage and interstitial edema. Mice immunized by the pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid were protected against the neurotoxin (4 LD50) as revealed by the decrease of lethality and severity of nervous signs of intoxication, but not against histopathological changes in the lungs. These effects are nonspecific and require further experiments in order to specify the relationships between the pathology and the inflammatory process in the lung due to mediators such as cytokines, and possibly permanent physiological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Taysse
- Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet (Defense Research Center) BP No. 3, 91710 Vert le Petit France.
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Sussan TE, Ingole V, Kim JH, McCormick S, Negherbon J, Fallica J, Akulian J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D, Wills-Karp M, Horton MR, Breysse PN, Agrawal A, Juvekar S, Salvi S, Biswal S. Source of biomass cooking fuel determines pulmonary response to household air pollution. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:538-48. [PMID: 24102120 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0201oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3 billion people-half the worldwide population-are exposed to extremely high concentrations of household air pollution due to the burning of biomass fuels on inefficient cookstoves, accounting for 4 million annual deaths globally. Yet, our understanding of the pulmonary responses to household air pollution exposure and the underlying molecular and cellular events is limited. The two most prevalent biomass fuels in India are wood and cow dung, and typical 24-hour mean particulate matter (PM) concentrations in homes that use these fuels are 300 to 5,000 μg/m(3). We dissected the mechanisms of pulmonary responses in mice after acute or subchronic exposure to wood or cow dung PM collected from rural Indian homes during biomass cooking. Acute exposures resulted in robust proinflammatory cytokine production, neutrophilic inflammation, airway resistance, and hyperresponsiveness, all of which were significantly higher in mice exposed to PM from cow dung. On the contrary, subchronic exposures induced eosinophilic inflammation, PM-specific antibody responses, and alveolar destruction that was highest in wood PM-exposed mice. To understand the molecular pathways that trigger biomass PM-induced inflammation, we exposed Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-, TLR3-, TLR4-, TLR5-, and IL-1R-deficient mice to PM and found that IL-1R, TLR4, and TLR2 are the predominant receptors that elicit inflammatory responses via MyD88 in mice exposed to wood or cow dung PM. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that subchronic exposure to PM collected from households burning biomass fuel elicits a persistent pulmonary inflammation largely through activation of TLR and IL-1R pathways, which could increase the risk for chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Sussan
- 1 Center for Global Clean Air, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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6
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Yokota S, Hori H, Umezawa M, Kubota N, Niki R, Yanagita S, Takeda K. Gene expression changes in the olfactory bulb of mice induced by exposure to diesel exhaust are dependent on animal rearing environment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70145. [PMID: 23940539 PMCID: PMC3734019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an emerging concern that particulate air pollution increases the risk of cranial nerve disease onset. Small nanoparticles, mainly derived from diesel exhaust particles reach the olfactory bulb by their nasal depositions. It has been reported that diesel exhaust inhalation causes inflammation of the olfactory bulb and other brain regions. However, these toxicological studies have not evaluated animal rearing environment. We hypothesized that rearing environment can change mice phenotypes and thus might alter toxicological study results. In this study, we exposed mice to diesel exhaust inhalation at 90 µg/m3, 8 hours/day, for 28 consecutive days after rearing in a standard cage or environmental enrichment conditions. Microarray analysis found that expression levels of 112 genes were changed by diesel exhaust inhalation. Functional analysis using Gene Ontology revealed that the dysregulated genes were involved in inflammation and immune response. This result was supported by pathway analysis. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed 10 genes. Interestingly, background gene expression of the olfactory bulb of mice reared in a standard cage environment was changed by diesel exhaust inhalation, whereas there was no significant effect of diesel exhaust exposure on gene expression levels of mice reared with environmental enrichment. The results indicate for the first time that the effect of diesel exhaust exposure on gene expression of the olfactory bulb was influenced by rearing environment. Rearing environment, such as environmental enrichment, may be an important contributive factor to causation in evaluating still undefined toxic environmental substances such as diesel exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yokota
- Department of Hygiene Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
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7
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Mutlu EA, Engen PA, Soberanes S, Urich D, Forsyth CB, Nigdelioglu R, Chiarella SE, Radigan KA, Gonzalez A, Jakate S, Keshavarzian A, Budinger GRS, Mutlu GM. Particulate matter air pollution causes oxidant-mediated increase in gut permeability in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:19. [PMID: 21658250 PMCID: PMC3132719 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution may be an important environmental factor leading to exacerbations of inflammatory illnesses in the GI tract. PM can gain access to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract via swallowing of air or secretions from the upper airways or mucociliary clearance of inhaled particles. METHODS We measured PM-induced cell death and mitochondrial ROS generation in Caco-2 cells stably expressing oxidant sensitive GFP localized to mitochondria in the absence or presence of an antioxidant. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a very high dose of urban PM from Washington, DC (200 μg/mouse) or saline via gastric gavage and small bowel and colonic tissue were harvested for histologic evaluation, and RNA isolation up to 48 hours. Permeability to 4 kD dextran was measured at 48 hours. RESULTS PM induced mitochondrial ROS generation and cell death in Caco-2 cells. PM also caused oxidant-dependent NF-κB activation, disruption of tight junctions and increased permeability of Caco-2 monolayers. Mice exposed to PM had increased intestinal permeability compared with PBS treated mice. In the small bowel, colocalization of the tight junction protein, ZO-1 was lower in the PM treated animals. In the small bowel and colon, PM exposed mice had higher levels of IL-6 mRNA and reduced levels of ZO-1 mRNA. Increased apoptosis was observed in the colon of PM exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to high doses of urban PM causes oxidant dependent GI epithelial cell death, disruption of tight junction proteins, inflammation and increased permeability in the gut in vitro and in vivo. These PM-induced changes may contribute to exacerbations of inflammatory disorders of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece A Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Phillip A Engen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Saul Soberanes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniela Urich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Recep Nigdelioglu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sergio E Chiarella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kathryn A Radigan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Shriram Jakate
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Rush University Medical College, 1725 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 USA
| | - GR Scott Budinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 240 E Huron Street, McGaw M300, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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8
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Vaickus LJ, Bouchard J, Kim J, Natarajan S, Remick DG. Oral tolerance inhibits pulmonary eosinophilia in a cockroach allergen induced model of asthma: a randomized laboratory study. Respir Res 2010; 11:160. [PMID: 21092270 PMCID: PMC3016351 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antigen desensitization through oral tolerance is becoming an increasingly attractive treatment option for allergic diseases. However, the mechanism(s) by which tolerization is achieved remain poorly defined. In this study we endeavored to induce oral tolerance to cockroach allergen (CRA: a complex mixture of insect components) in order to ameliorate asthma-like, allergic pulmonary inflammation. Methods We compared the pulmonary inflammation of mice which had received four CRA feedings prior to intratracheal allergen sensitization and challenge to mice fed PBS on the same time course. Respiratory parameters were assessed by whole body unrestrained plethysmography and mechanical ventilation with forced oscillation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and lung homogenate (LH) were assessed for cytokines and chemokines by ELISA. BAL inflammatory cells were also collected and examined by light microscopy. Results CRA feeding prior to allergen sensitization and challenge led to a significant improvement in respiratory health. Airways hyperreactivity measured indirectly via enhanced pause (Penh) was meaningfully reduced in the CRA-fed mice compared to the PBS fed mice (2.3 ± 0.4 vs 3.9 ± 0.6; p = 0.03). Directly measured airways resistance confirmed this trend when comparing the CRA-fed to the PBS-fed animals (2.97 ± 0.98 vs 4.95 ± 1.41). This effect was not due to reduced traditional inflammatory cell chemotactic factors, Th2 or other cytokines and chemokines. The mechanism of improved respiratory health in the tolerized mice was due to significantly reduced eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (43300 ± 11445 vs 158786 ± 38908; p = 0.007) and eosinophil specific peroxidase activity in the lung homogenate (0.59 ± 0.13 vs 1.19 ± 0.19; p = 0.017). The decreased eosinophilia was likely the result of increased IL-10 in the lung homogenate of the tolerized mice (6320 ± 354 ng/mL vs 5190 ± 404 ng/mL, p = 0.02). Conclusion Our results show that oral tolerization to CRA can improve the respiratory health of experimental mice in a CRA-induced model of asthma-like pulmonary inflammation by reducing pulmonary eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Vaickus
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Vaickus LJ, Bouchard J, Kim J, Natarajan S, Remick DG. Assessing pulmonary pathology by detailed examination of respiratory function. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1861-9. [PMID: 20724595 PMCID: PMC2947281 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation causes multiple alterations within the lung, including mucus production, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Measurement of AHR by direct, invasive means (eg, mechanical ventilation) or noninvasive techniques, like whole body plethysmography (WBP), assesses the severity of pulmonary inflammation in animal models of inflammatory lung disease. Direct measurement of AHR is acknowledged as the most accurate method for assessing airway mechanics, but analysis of all data obtained from WBP may offer insights into which inflammatory aspects of the lung are altered along with AHR. Using WBP, we compared the respiratory parameters of two groups of mice sensitized with cockroach allergen. One group was treated with dexamethasone (Dex) before final challenge (Dex-Asthma), while the other group received vehicle treatment (Asthma). Respiratory parameters from plethysmography revealed that Dex-Asthma mice compensated to maintain high minute ventilation, whereas Asthma mice showed significant impairment in minute ventilation despite increased peak expiratory flow (103 ± 5 ml/min vs. 69 ± 70 ml/min). The WBP data suggest that enhanced air exchange in the Dex-Asthma mice results from significant decreases in airway mucus production. Additional studies with quantitative morphometry of histological sections confirmed that Dex reduced airway mucus. In conclusion, a detailed examination of WBP parameters can accurately assess the respiratory health of mice and will help direct additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel G. Remick
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Abstract
Pneumonia is a medical and public health priority, and advances against this disease will require improved knowledge of biological mechanisms. Human pneumonia is modeled with experimental infections of animals, most frequently mice. Mouse models are leading to important discoveries relevant to pneumonia, but their limitations must be carefully considered. Several approaches to establishing pneumonia in mice have been developed, and each has specific strengths and weaknesses. Similarly, procedures for characterizing microbial and host responses to infection have unique advantages and disadvantages. Mice are not small humans, and the applicability of results from murine models to human disease depends on understanding the similarities and differences between species. Additional considerations such as mouse strain, microbe strain, and prior mouse-microbe interactions also influence the design and interpretation of experiments. Results from studies of pneumonia in animals, combined with complementary basic and translational studies, are elucidating mechanisms responsible for susceptibility to and pathophysiology of lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Mizgerd
- Molecular and Integerative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Building I Rm. 301, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Mutlu GM, Green D, Bellmeyer A, Baker CM, Burgess Z, Rajamannan N, Christman JW, Foiles N, Kamp DW, Ghio AJ, Chandel NS, Dean DA, Sznajder JI, Budinger GRS. Ambient particulate matter accelerates coagulation via an IL-6-dependent pathway. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:2952-61. [PMID: 17885684 PMCID: PMC1978421 DOI: 10.1172/jci30639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of cardiovascular events are not known. Recent human and animal data suggest that particulate matter may induce alterations in hemostatic factors. In this study we determined the mechanisms by which particulate matter might accelerate thrombosis. We found that mice treated with a dose of well characterized particulate matter of less than 10 microM in diameter exhibited a shortened bleeding time, decreased prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times (decreased plasma clotting times), increased levels of fibrinogen, and increased activity of factor II, VIII, and X. This prothrombotic tendency was associated with increased generation of intravascular thrombin, an acceleration of arterial thrombosis, and an increase in bronchoalveolar fluid concentration of the prothrombotic cytokine IL-6. Knockout mice lacking IL-6 were protected against particulate matter-induced intravascular thrombin formation and the acceleration of arterial thrombosis. Depletion of macrophages by the intratracheal administration of liposomal clodronate attenuated particulate matter-induced IL-6 production and the resultant prothrombotic tendency. Our findings suggest that exposure to particulate matter triggers IL-6 production by alveolar macrophages, resulting in reduced clotting times, intravascular thrombin formation, and accelerated arterial thrombosis. These results provide a potential mechanism linking ambient particulate matter exposure and thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan M Mutlu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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12
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Hemmila MR, Kim J, Sun JM, Cannon J, Arbabi S, Minter RM, Su GL, Remick DG, Wang SC. Gene therapy with lipopolysaccharide binding protein for gram-negative pneumonia: respiratory physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 61:598-605; discussion 605-6. [PMID: 16966994 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000233763.18853.5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) plays an essential role in the pulmonary immune response to gram-negative bacterial infection. LBP knockout mice with gram-negative pneumonia have increased mortality compared with wild-type controls. This mortality difference can be abolished with systemic LBP gene therapy. We postulate that LBP knockout mice will develop derangements in lung physiology from gram-negative pneumonia and that these changes can be reversed with systemic LBP gene therapy. METHODS Twelve- to 16-week-old C57BL/6 wild-type mice and/or sex, age, matched LBP knockout mice were administered 1 x 10(3) colony-forming units/mouse of Klebsiella pneumoniae by intratracheal inoculation. Treated mice were administered 5 x 10(9) plaque-forming units of recombinant adenovirus containing either the gene for LBP or the irrelevant control protein beta-galactosidase by intravenous injection 2 days before bacterial inoculation. Respiratory physiology parameters were measured preinoculation and 24 hours postbacterial inoculation. RESULTS Administration of LBP by systemic gene therapy to LBP knockout mice improved 7-day survival from Klebsiella pneumonia to a level equivalent to wild-type mice exposed to the same dose of bacteria (42 vs. 43% survival). LBP knockout mice given the LBP gene therapy demonstrated increased 14-day survival from Klebsiella pneumonia when compared with controls treated with beta-galactosidase (28 vs. 0%, p < 0.001). LBP knockout mice developed significant differences in respiratory rate, minute ventilation, and enhanced pause (Penh), when compared with wild-type mice with Klebsiella pneumonia. These respiratory derangements were prevented with adenoviral delivery of the LBP gene before K. pneumoniae inoculation. CONCLUSIONS Gram-negative pneumonia produces measurable changes in mortality and respiratory physiology between wild-type and LBP knockout mice. These changes can be prevented in LBP knockout mice by systemic gene therapy to restore innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hemmila
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0033, USA.
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Mizgerd JP, Lupa MM, Hjoberg J, Vallone JC, Warren HB, Butler JP, Silverman ES. Roles for early response cytokines during Escherichia coli pneumonia revealed by mice with combined deficiencies of all signaling receptors for TNF and IL-1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L1302-10. [PMID: 14966082 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00353.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, inflammation is essential for host defense, but it can injure tissues and compromise organ function. TNF-alpha and IL-1 (alpha and beta) are early response cytokines that facilitate inflammation. To determine the roles of these cytokines with overlapping functions, we generated mice deficient in all of the three receptors mediating their effects (TNFR1, TNFR2, and IL-1RI). During Escherichia coli pneumonia, receptor deficiency decreased neutrophil recruitment and edema accumulation to half of the levels observed in wild-type mice. Thus these receptors contributed to maximal responses, but substantial inflammation progressed independently of them. Receptor deficiency compromised antibacterial efficacy for some infectious doses. Decreased ventilation during E. coli pneumonia was not affected by receptor deficiency. However, the loss of lung compliance during pneumonia was substantially attenuated by receptor deficiency. Thus during E. coli pneumonia in mice, the lack of signaling from TNF-alpha and IL-1 decreases inflammation and preserves lung compliance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli Infections/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Infections/physiopathology
- Female
- Interleukin-1/immunology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Lung Compliance/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Pneumonia/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/physiopathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Respiratory Mechanics/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Mizgerd
- Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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