1
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Wang X, Chen K, Yao Y, Lin Y, Yang J, Zhu Y, Zhou B. TGFβ1-Induced Fibrotic Responses of Conjunctival Fibroblasts through the Wnt/β-Catenin/CRYAB Signaling Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1779. [PMID: 38879081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Conjunctival fibrosis is a common postoperative complication of glaucoma filtration surgery, resulting in uncontrolled intraocular pressure and surgery failure. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conjunctival fibrosis and to explore novel pharmacologic anti-fibrosis therapies for glaucoma filtration surgery. Herein, the 4-dimensional data-independent acquisition (4D-DIA) quantitative proteomic results, coupled with experimental data, revealed the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced human conjunctival fibroblasts (HConFs). Treatment with ICG-001, a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, effectively inhibited cell proliferation and migration in TGFβ1-treated HConFs. ICG-001 treatment alleviated the increased generation of extracellular matrix proteins induced by TGFβ1. In addition, ICG-001 reduced the expression level of α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and inhibited cell contractility in TGFβ1-treated HConFs. Proteomics data further suggested that αB-crystallin (CRYAB) was a downstream target of Wnt/β-catenin, which was up-regulated by TGFβ1 and down-regulated by ICG-001. Immunoblotting assay also indicated that ICG-001 reduced the expressions of ubiquitin and β-catenin in TGFβ1-treated HConFs, implying that CRYAB stabilized β-catenin by inhibiting its ubiquitination degradation. Exogenous CRYAB promoted cell viability, increased extracellular matrix protein levels, and up-regulated α-SMA expression of HConFs under TGFβ1 stimulation. CRYAB rescued TGFβ1-induced fibrotic responses that were suppressed by ICG-001. In conclusion, this study elucidates the regulatory mechanism of the Wnt/β-catenin/CRYAB pathway in conjunctival fibrosis, offering promising therapeutic targets for mitigating bleb scarring after glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; the Department of Ophthalmology
| | - Kaiping Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; the Department of Ophthalmology
| | - Yihua Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; the Department of Ophthalmology
| | - Yijun Lin
- National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; and the Department of Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutics
| | - Juhua Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yihua Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; the Department of Ophthalmology.
| | - Biting Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; the Department of Ophthalmology.
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2
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Sampsonas F, Bosgana P, Bravou V, Tzouvelekis A, Dimitrakopoulos FI, Kokkotou E. Interstitial Lung Diseases and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Particularities in Pathogenesis and Expression of Driver Mutations. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:934. [PMID: 39062713 PMCID: PMC11276289 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interstitial lung diseases are a varied group of diseases associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis. With the emerging and current treatment options, survival rates have vastly improved. Having in mind that the most common type is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and that a significant proportion of these patients will develop lung cancer as the disease progresses, prompt diagnosis and personalized treatment of these patients are fundamental. SCOPE AND METHODS The scope of this review is to identify and characterize molecular and pathogenetic pathways that can interconnect Interstitial Lung Diseases and lung cancer, especially driver mutations in patients with NSCLC, and to highlight new and emerging treatment options in that view. RESULTS Common pathogenetic pathways have been identified in sites of chronic inflammation in patients with interstitial lung diseases and lung cancer. Of note, the expression of driver mutations in EGFR, BRAF, and KRAS G12C in patients with NSCLC with concurrent interstitial lung disease is vastly different compared to those patients with NSCLC without Interstitial Lung Disease. CONCLUSIONS NSCLC in patients with Interstitial Lung Disease is a challenging diagnostic and clinical entity, and a personalized medicine approach is fundamental to improving survival and quality of life. Newer anti-fibrotic medications have improved survival in IPF/ILD patients; thus, the incidence of lung cancer is going to vastly increase in the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Sampsonas
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Pinelopi Bosgana
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | | | - Eleni Kokkotou
- Oncology Unit, The Third Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
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3
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Quach H, Farrell S, Wu MJM, Kanagarajah K, Leung JWH, Xu X, Kallurkar P, Turinsky AL, Bear CE, Ratjen F, Kalish B, Goyal S, Moraes TJ, Wong AP. Early human fetal lung atlas reveals the temporal dynamics of epithelial cell plasticity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5898. [PMID: 39003323 PMCID: PMC11246468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Studying human fetal lungs can inform how developmental defects and disease states alter the function of the lungs. Here, we sequenced >150,000 single cells from 19 healthy human pseudoglandular fetal lung tissues ranging between gestational weeks 10-19. We capture dynamic developmental trajectories from progenitor cells that express abundant levels of the cystic fibrosis conductance transmembrane regulator (CFTR). These cells give rise to multiple specialized epithelial cell types. Combined with spatial transcriptomics, we show temporal regulation of key signalling pathways that may drive the temporal and spatial emergence of specialized epithelial cells including ciliated and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Finally, we show that human pluripotent stem cell-derived fetal lung models contain CFTR-expressing progenitor cells that capture similar lineage developmental trajectories as identified in the native tissue. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the developing human lung, outlining the temporal and spatial complexities of cell lineage development and benchmarks fetal lung cultures from human pluripotent stem cell differentiations to similar developmental window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Quach
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer Farrell
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Jia Michael Wu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayshani Kanagarajah
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Wai-Hin Leung
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoqiao Xu
- Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prajkta Kallurkar
- Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrei L Turinsky
- Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Kalish
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidhartha Goyal
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy P Wong
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Ghanem M, Archer G, Crestani B, Mailleux AA. The endocrine FGFs axis: A systemic anti-fibrotic response that could prevent pulmonary fibrogenesis? Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108669. [PMID: 38795981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal disease for which therapeutic options are limited, with an unmet need to identify new therapeutic targets. IPF is thought to be the consequence of repeated microlesions of the alveolar epithelium, leading to aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal communication and the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. The reactivation of developmental pathways, such as Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), is a well-described mechanism during lung fibrogenesis. Secreted FGFs with local paracrine effects can either exert an anti-fibrotic or a pro-fibrotic action during this pathological process through their FGF receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate residues as co-receptors. Among FGFs, endocrine FGFs (FGF29, FGF21, and FGF23) play a central role in the control of metabolism and tissue homeostasis. They are characterized by a low affinity for heparan sulfate, present in the cell vicinity, allowing them to have endocrine activity. Nevertheless, their interaction with FGFRs requires the presence of mandatory co-receptors, alpha and beta Klotho proteins (KLA and KLB). Endocrine FGFs are of growing interest for their anti-fibrotic action during liver, kidney, or myocardial fibrosis. Innovative therapies based on FGF19 or FGF21 analogs are currently being studied in humans during liver fibrosis. Recent data report a similar anti-fibrotic action of endocrine FGFs in the lung, suggesting a systemic regulation of the pulmonary fibrotic process. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the protective effect of endocrine FGFs during the fibrotic processes, with a focus on pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mada Ghanem
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Archer
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, FHU APOLLO, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud A Mailleux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France.
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5
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Crestani B. Repositioning compounds for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment: seeking the future in the past. Eur Respir J 2024; 63:2400678. [PMID: 38754951 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00678-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Crestani
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PHERE, Paris, France
- APHP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de Référence des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, Paris, France
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6
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Pattaroni C, Begka C, Cardwell B, Jaffar J, Macowan M, Harris NL, Westall GP, Marsland BJ. Multi-omics integration reveals a nonlinear signature that precedes progression of lung fibrosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1485. [PMID: 38269243 PMCID: PMC10807351 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating progressive interstitial lung disease with poor outcomes. While decades of research have shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the disease, our understanding of the early molecular events driving IPF and its progression is limited. With this study, we aimed to model the leading edge of fibrosis using a data-driven approach. Methods Multiple omics modalities (transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics) of healthy and IPF lung explants representing different stages of fibrosis were combined using an unbiased approach. Multi-Omics Factor Analysis of datasets revealed latent factors specifically linked with established fibrotic disease (Factor1) and disease progression (Factor2). Results Features characterising Factor1 comprised well-established hallmarks of fibrotic disease such as defects in surfactant, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix deposition, mitochondrial dysfunction and purine metabolism. Comparatively, Factor2 identified a signature revealing a nonlinear trajectory towards disease progression. Molecular features characterising Factor2 included genes related to transcriptional regulation of cell differentiation, ciliogenesis and a subset of lipids from the endocannabinoid class. Machine learning models, trained upon the top transcriptomics features of each factor, accurately predicted disease status and progression when tested on two independent datasets. Conclusion This multi-omics integrative approach has revealed a unique signature which may represent the inflection point in disease progression, representing a promising avenue for the identification of therapeutic targets aimed at addressing the progressive nature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pattaroni
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Christina Begka
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Bailey Cardwell
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Matthew Macowan
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Respiratory MedicineAlfred HospitalMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational MedicineMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
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7
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Weckerle J, Mayr CH, Fundel-Clemens K, Lämmle B, Boryn L, Thomas MJ, Bretschneider T, Luippold AH, Huber HJ, Viollet C, Rist W, Veyel D, Ramirez F, Klee S, Kästle M. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Changes Driving Pulmonary Fibrosis Resolution in Young and Old Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:422-440. [PMID: 37411041 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice mimics major hallmarks of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Yet in this model, it spontaneously resolves over time. We studied molecular mechanisms of fibrosis resolution and lung repair, focusing on transcriptional and proteomic signatures and the effect of aging. Old mice showed incomplete and delayed lung function recovery 8 weeks after bleomycin instillation. This shift in structural and functional repair in old bleomycin-treated mice was reflected in a temporal shift in gene and protein expression. We reveal gene signatures and signaling pathways that underpin the lung repair process. Importantly, the downregulation of WNT, BMP, and TGFβ antagonists Frzb, Sfrp1, Dkk2, Grem1, Fst, Fstl1, and Inhba correlated with lung function improvement. Those genes constitute a network with functions in stem cell pathways, wound, and pulmonary healing. We suggest that insufficient and delayed downregulation of those antagonists during fibrosis resolution in old mice explains the impaired regenerative outcome. Together, we identified signaling pathway molecules with relevance to lung regeneration that should be tested in-depth experimentally as potential therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bärbel Lämmle
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, and
| | | | | | - Tom Bretschneider
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Andreas H Luippold
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Rist
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Daniel Veyel
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Fidel Ramirez
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, and
| | - Stephan Klee
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research
| | - Marc Kästle
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research
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8
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Qin S, Tan P, Xie J, Zhou Y, Zhao J. A systematic review of the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine against pulmonary fibrosis: from a pharmacological perspective. Chin Med 2023; 18:96. [PMID: 37537605 PMCID: PMC10398979 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease caused by a variety of etiologies. The disease can eventually lead to irreversible damage to the lung tissue structure, severely affecting respiratory function and posing a serious threat to human health. Currently, glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants are the main drugs used in the clinical treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, but their efficacy is limited and they can cause serious adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicines have important research value and potential for clinical application in anti-pulmonary fibrosis. In recent years, more and more scientific researches have been conducted on the use of traditional Chinese medicine to improve or reduce pulmonary fibrosis, and some important breakthroughs have been made. This review paper systematically summarized the research progress of pharmacological mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines and their active compounds in improving or reducing pulmonary fibrosis. We conducted a systematic search in several main scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia, natural products, herbal medicine, and therapeutic methods. Ultimately, 252 articles were included and systematically evaluated in this analysis. The anti-fibrotic mechanisms of these traditional Chinese medicine studies can be roughly categorized into 5 main aspects, including inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, improvement of extracellular matrix deposition, mediation of apoptosis and autophagy, and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The purpose of this article is to provide pharmaceutical researchers with information on the progress of scientific research on improving or reducing Pulmonary fibrosis with traditional Chinese medicine, and to provide reference for further pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanbo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Junjie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Junning Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of TCM Quality of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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9
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Burgy O, Mailleux AA. ATAC-ing single nucleus in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: TWIST1 strives back for myofibroblasts. Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2300881. [PMID: 37419523 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00881-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Burgy
- INSERM U1231, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Constitutive Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases - OrphaLung, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud A Mailleux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
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10
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Ligresti G, Raslan AA, Hong J, Caporarello N, Confalonieri M, Huang SK. Mesenchymal cells in the Lung: Evolving concepts and their role in fibrosis. Gene 2023; 859:147142. [PMID: 36603696 PMCID: PMC10068350 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells in the lung are crucial during development, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common and deadly form of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Originally thought to behave as supporting cells for the lung epithelium and endothelium with a singular function of producing basement membrane, mesenchymal cells encompass a variety of cell types, including resident fibroblasts, lipofibroblasts, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes, which all occupy different anatomic locations and exhibit diverse homeostatic functions in the lung. During injury, each of these subtypes demonstrate remarkable plasticity and undergo varying capacity to proliferate and differentiate into activated myofibroblasts. Therefore, these cells secrete high levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to tissue repair, or in pathologic situations, scarring and fibrosis. Whereas epithelial damage is considered the initial trigger that leads to lung injury, lung mesenchymal cells are recognized as the ultimate effector of fibrosis and attempts to better understand the different functions and actions of each mesenchymal cell subtype will lead to a better understanding of why fibrosis develops and how to better target it for future therapy. This review summarizes current findings related to various lung mesenchymal cells as well as signaling pathways, and their contribution to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US.
| | - Ahmed A Raslan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US
| | - Jeongmin Hong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US
| | - Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, US
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Steven K Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, US
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11
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Magouliotis DE, Bos S, Esendagli D, Nardini M, Migliore M, Perch M, Cardillo G, Meloni F, Ricciardi S, Hellemons M. ERS International Congress 2022: highlights from the Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Assembly. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00671-2022. [PMID: 37077552 PMCID: PMC10107066 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00671-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The thoracic surgery and lung transplantation assembly (Assembly 8) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) is delighted to present the highlights from the 2022 ERS International Congress that took place in a hybrid version in Barcelona, Spain. We have selected the four main sessions that discussed recent advances across a wide range of topics including the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 on thoracic surgery and the challenges regarding lung transplantation in connective tissue diseases and common variable immunodeficiency. The sessions are summarised by early career members in close collaboration with the assembly faculty. We aim to provide the reader with an update and enhanced insight into the highlights of the conference in the fields of thoracic surgery and lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saskia Bos
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, and Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle upon Tyne, Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dorina Esendagli
- Faculty of Medicine, Chest Diseases Department, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marco Nardini
- Thoracic Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Marcello Migliore
- Program of Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery and New Technologies, University Hospital of Catania, and Department of Surgery and Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michael Perch
- Department of Cardiology, Section for Lung Transplantation and Respiratory Medicine, Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Cardillo
- Unit of Thoracic Surgery, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Unicamillus – Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Meloni
- Transplant Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Ricciardi
- Unit of Thoracic Surgery, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Merel Hellemons
- Dept of Respiratory Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Transplant Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Ghanem M, Mailleux A, Crestani B. [Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) endocrines and pulmonary fibrogenesis]. Rev Mal Respir 2023; 40:239-242. [PMID: 36828676 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
As key actors in embryogenesis and organogenesis, fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) can assume a protective or an aggravative role in pulmonary fibrosis pathophysiology. Among the FGFs, endocrine FGFs (FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23), are characterized by low affinity to FGF receptors (FGFRs), enabling them to deploy endocrine activity in several organs. More specifically, their anti-fibrotic role has been reported in liver, kidney or myocardial fibrosis. Endocrine FGFs are of growing interest on account of their potential anti-fibrotic role in pulmonary fibrogenesis, as well. In this review, we aim to summarize current knowledge on the protective effects of endocrine FGFs in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghanem
- Inserm Unité 1152, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - A Mailleux
- Inserm Unité 1152, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - B Crestani
- Inserm Unité 1152, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service de pneumologie A, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
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13
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Engelbrecht E, Kooistra T, Knipe RS. The Vasculature in Pulmonary Fibrosis. CURRENT TISSUE MICROENVIRONMENT REPORTS 2022; 3:83-97. [PMID: 36712832 PMCID: PMC9881604 DOI: 10.1007/s43152-022-00040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The current paradigm of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis involves recurrent injury to a sensitive alveolar epithelium followed by impaired repair responses marked by fibroblast activation and deposition of extracellular matrix. Multiple cell types are involved in this response with potential roles suggested by advances in single-cell RNA sequencing and lung developmental biology. Notably, recent work has better characterized the cell types present in the pulmonary endothelium and identified vascular changes in patients with IPF. Recent Findings Lung tissue from patients with IPF has been examined at single-cell resolution, revealing reductions in lung capillary cells and expansion of a population of vascular cells expressing markers associated with bronchial endothelium. In addition, pre-clinical models have demonstrated a fundamental role for aging and vascular permeability in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Summary Mounting evidence suggests that the endothelium undergoes changes in the context of fibrosis, and these changes may contribute to the development and/or progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Additional studies will be needed to further define the functional role of these vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tristan Kooistra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachel S. Knipe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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14
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Crestani B, Kolb M. Lung cancer in pulmonary fibrosis: no room for nihilism! Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2201946. [PMID: 36522141 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01946-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Crestani
- Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence constitutif des maladies pulmonaires rares, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm 1152, PHERE, Paris, France
| | - Martin Kolb
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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15
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Lahmar Z, Ahmed E, Fort A, Vachier I, Bourdin A, Bergougnoux A. Hedgehog pathway and its inhibitors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108295. [PMID: 36191777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
COPD affects millions of people and is now ranked as the third leading cause of death worldwide. This largely untreatable chronic airway disease results in irreversible destruction of lung architecture. The small lung hypothesis is now supported by epidemiological, physiological and clinical studies. Accordingly, the early and severe COPD phenotype carries the most dreadful prognosis and finds its roots during lung growth. Pathophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood and implicate individual susceptibility (genetics), a large part of environmental factors (viral infections, tobacco consumption, air pollution) and the combined effects of those triggers on gene expression. Genetic susceptibility is most likely involved as the disease is severe and starts early in life. The latter observation led to the identification of Mendelian inheritance via disease-causing variants of SERPINA1 - known as the basis for alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency, and TERT. In the last two decades multiple genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with COPD. High significance SNPs are located in 4q31 near HHIP which encodes an evolutionarily highly conserved physiological inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway (HH). HHIP is critical to several in utero developmental lung processes. It is also implicated in homeostasis, injury response, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor resistance to apoptosis. A few studies have reported decreased HHIP RNA and protein levels in human adult COPD lungs. HHIP+/- murine models led to emphysema. HH pathway inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, are already validated in oncology, whereas other drugs have evidenced in vitro effects. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway could lead to a new therapeutic avenue in COPD. In this review, we focused on the early and severe COPD phenotype and the small lung hypothesis by exploring genetic susceptibility traits that are potentially treatable, thus summarizing promising therapeutics for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lahmar
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E Ahmed
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - A Fort
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - I Vachier
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - A Bourdin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - A Bergougnoux
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, Inserm U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et de Cytogénomique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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16
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Vasarmidi E, Ghanem M, Crestani B. Interstitial lung disease following coronavirus disease 2019. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2022; 28:399-406. [PMID: 35938200 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review was to summarize the recent data concerning interstitial lung disease after COVID-19, a field where knowledge is evolving very quickly. RECENT FINDINGS It has been found that a proportion of patients displayed fibrotic-like pattern on chest computed tomography shortly after COVID-19 pneumonia. Those lesions can potentially represent precursors of fibrosis, although most of them will resolve until 1 year postinfection. There was a wide range of the prevalence of post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease detected in the literature, which can be attributed to the heterogeneous definition of lung abnormalities and the discrepancy of study design. The severity of acute COVID-19 disease has been linked to increased risk of residual imaging and functional abnormalities, while reduced DLco was the most common functional abnormality in long-term survivors. Studies indicated that pathophysiology of post-COVID interstitial lung disease shares common mechanisms with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Regarding therapeutic strategies of post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease, the role of immunosuppressive and antifibrotic treatment is currently under investigation. SUMMARY We still need to learn about the natural history of COVID-19 disease, allowing for a better targeting of therapeutic interventions through a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Vasarmidi
- APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence constitutif des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Unité 1152, laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Mada Ghanem
- APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence constitutif des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Unité 1152, laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Centre de référence constitutif des Maladies Pulmonaires Rares, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Unité 1152, laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
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17
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Mailleux AA, Crestani B. New insights into methylome alterations and consequences during myofibroblastic differentiation in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:60/3/2201536. [PMID: 36175026 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01536-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud A Mailleux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies respiratoires, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, FHU APOLLO, Paris, France
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18
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Ghanem M, Mailleux AA. Aberrant Multiciliogenesis in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Bystander or Driver of Disease Progression? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:142-144. [PMID: 35612966 PMCID: PMC9348563 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0201ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mada Ghanem
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PHERE, Paris, France
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19
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Justet A, Ghanem M, Boghanim T, Hachem M, Vasarmidi E, Jaillet M, Vadel A, Joannes A, Mordant P, Bonniaud P, Kolb M, Ling L, Cazes A, Mal H, Mailleux A, Crestani B. FGF19 is Downregulated in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Inhibits Lung Fibrosis in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:173-187. [PMID: 35549849 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0246oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IPF is a devastating lung disease with limited therapeutic possibilities. FGF19, an endocrine FGF, was recently shown to decrease liver fibrosis. To ask whether FGF19 had anti-fibrotic properties in the lung and decipher its effects on common features associated with lung fibrogenesis. We assessed, by Elisa, FGF19 levels in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF)obtained from controls and IPF patients. In vivo, using an intravenously administered adeno11 associated virus (AAV), we overexpressed FGF19 at the fibrotic phase of two experimental models of murine lung fibrosis and assessed its effect on lung morphology, lung collagen content, fibrosis markers and pro fibrotic mediator expression, at mRNA and protein levels. In vitro, we investigated whether FGF19 could modulate the TGFβ-induced differentiation of primary human lung fibroblast into myofibroblast and the apoptosis of murine alveolar type II cell. While FGF19 was not detected in BALF, FGF19 concentration was decreased in the plasma of IPF patients compared to controls. In vivo, the overexpression of FGF19 was associated with a marked decrease of lung fibrosis and fibrosis markers, with a decrease of pro fibrotic mediator expression and lung collagen content. In vitro, FGF19 decreased alveolar type 2 epithelial cell apoptosis through the decrease of the proapoptotic BIM protein expression and prevented TGF-ß induced myofibroblast differentiation through the inhibition of JNK phosphorylation. Altogether these data identify FGF19 as an anti-fibrotic molecule with a potential therapeutic interest in fibrotic lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Audrey Joannes
- INSERM U1085, IRSET Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail, Université de Rennes-1, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Mordant
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, 26930, Bichat Hospital, Department of Vascular and Thoracic Sugery, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1152, Paris, France.,Universite Paris Diderot UFR de Medecine Site Xavier-Bichat, 60152, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bonniaud
- CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Dijon, France
| | - Martin Kolb
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Ling
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals Inc, 200841, San Francisco, California, United States
| | | | | | - Arnaud Mailleux
- Inserm U700, Faculté de Médecine Paris 7, site X. Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, DHU FIRE, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France;
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20
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Burgy O, Crestani B, Bonniaud P. Targeting the nasty nestin to shoot lung fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2022; 59:59/5/2103146. [PMID: 35512809 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03146-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Burgy
- INSERM U1231, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France .,Constitutive Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases - OrphaLung, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, U1152, laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,APHP, Service de Pneumologie A, Constitutive Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases - OrphaLung, FHU APOLLO, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bonniaud
- INSERM U1231, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,Constitutive Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases - OrphaLung, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France.,Dept of Pulmonary Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
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21
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Kewalramani N, Machahua C, Poletti V, Cadranel J, Wells AU, Funke-Chambour M. Lung cancer in patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases – An overview of current knowledge and challenges. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00115-2022. [PMID: 35747227 PMCID: PMC9209850 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00115-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (fILD) have increased morbidity and mortality. Lung fibrosis can be associated with lung cancer. The pathogenesis of both diseases shows similarities, although not all mechanisms are understood. The combination of the diseases is challenging, due to the amplified risk of mortality, and also because lung cancer treatment carries additional risks in patients with underlying lung fibrosis. Acute exacerbations in fILD patients are linked to increased mortality, and the risk of acute exacerbations is increased after lung cancer treatment with surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Careful selection of treatment modalities is crucial to improve survival while maintaining acceptable quality of life in patients with combined lung cancer and fILD. This overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and a possible role for antifibrotic drugs in patients with lung cancer and fILD is the summary of a session presented during the virtual European Respiratory Society Congress in 2021. The review summarises current knowledge and identifies areas of uncertainty. Most current data relate to patients with combined idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. There is a pressing need for additional prospective studies, required for the formulation of a consensus statement or guideline on the optimal care of patients with lung cancer and fILD. Lung fibrosis can be associated with lung cancer. More and better-designed studies are needed to determine the true incidence/prevalence of lung cancer in fILD. Optimal treatment strategies urgently need to be defined and evaluated.https://bit.ly/37CzTMu
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22
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Moss BJ, Ryter SW, Rosas IO. Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 17:515-546. [PMID: 34813355 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) involves a complex interplay of cell types and signaling pathways. Recurrent alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury may occur in the context of predisposing factors (e.g., genetic, environmental, epigenetic, immunologic, and gerontologic), leading to metabolic dysfunction, senescence, aberrant epithelial cell activation, and dysregulated epithelial repair. The dysregulated epithelial cell interacts with mesenchymal, immune, and endothelial cells via multiple signaling mechanisms to trigger fibroblast and myofibroblast activation. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies of IPF lungs support the epithelial injury model. These studies have uncovered a novel type of AEC with characteristics of an aberrant basal cell, which may disrupt normal epithelial repair and propagate a profibrotic phenotype. Here, we review the pathogenesis of IPF in the context of novel bioinformatics tools as strategies to discover pathways of disease, cell-specific mechanisms, and cell-cell interactions that propagate the profibrotic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Moss
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
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23
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Wnt/β-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:3. [PMID: 34980884 PMCID: PMC8724284 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 307.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway comprises a family of proteins that play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. The deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling often leads to various serious diseases, including cancer and non-cancer diseases. Although many articles have reviewed Wnt/β-catenin from various aspects, a systematic review encompassing the origin, composition, function, and clinical trials of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in tumour and diseases is lacking. In this article, we comprehensively review the Wnt/β-catenin pathway from the above five aspects in combination with the latest research. Finally, we propose challenges and opportunities for the development of small-molecular compounds targeting the Wnt signalling pathway in disease treatment.
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24
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The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Resurrection Time. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010171. [PMID: 35008597 PMCID: PMC8745434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a sophisticated conserved cell signaling pathway that plays an essential role in controlling cell specification and proliferation, survival factors, and tissue patterning formation during embryonic development. Hh signal activity does not entirely disappear after development and may be reactivated in adulthood within tissue-injury-associated diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The dysregulation of Hh-associated activating transcription factors, genomic abnormalities, and microenvironments is a co-factor that induces the initiation and progression of IPF.
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25
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Yang Z, Wang M, Ren Y, Li L, Cao L, Zhang W, Lv K, Sun Z, Nie S. Inhibition of Wnt10b/β-catenin signaling alleviates pulmonary fibrogenesis induced by paraquat in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci 2021; 286:120027. [PMID: 34627778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) caused by paraquat remains a critical issue, and the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is regarded as a hallmark of PF, conferring alveolar epithelial cells partial mesenchymal characteristics, facilitating migration, expressing excessive extracellular matrix components, and participating in lung parenchyma remodeling and stiffening. Aberration of Wnt signaling has been identified in EMT and PF, and Wnt protein family consists of 19 ligands. The relationship of the specific Wnt ligands and fibrogenesis induced by PQ was not well defined. In current study, PQ-induced lung fibrosis rat model and EMT cell model were utilized to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro. The results demonstrated that canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was highly activated and Wnt10b was the most affected. Additionally, suppression of Wnt10b by RNA interference could reverse EMT in vitro and detain the process of PF in vivo. These data establish Wnt10b as the key regulator of EMT and lung fibrogenesis, and suggest the potential of targeted interference against Wnt10b as a promising therapeutic strategy for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhou Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Kongbo Lv
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Zhaorui Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Shinan Nie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, PR China; Department of Emergency Medicine, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
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26
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Fouillade C, Londoño-Vallejo A. PD-L1 high AT2 cells: a new player for alveoli regeneration. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:58/5/2101417. [PMID: 34737193 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01417-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Fouillade
- Institut Curie, Inserm U1021-CNRS UMR 3347, University Paris-Saclay, PSL Research University, Centre Universitaire, Orsay Cedex, France .,C. Fouillade and A. Londoño-Vallejo contributed equally to this article as lead authors
| | - Arturo Londoño-Vallejo
- Telomeres and Cancer, CNRS UMR3244, Sorbonne Université, PSL Université, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France.,C. Fouillade and A. Londoño-Vallejo contributed equally to this article as lead authors
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27
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Sterclova M, Kishore A, Sikorova K, Skibova J, Petrek M, Vasakova M. Effect of genotype on the disease course in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis despite antifibrotic treatment. Biomed Rep 2021; 15:87. [PMID: 34589215 PMCID: PMC8444193 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic predisposition has been identified in 30% of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) cases. Although it is highly probable that the genotype affects the disease susceptibility and course in almost all patients, the specific genotype goes undetected. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of variants of the genes encoding interleukin-4 (IL-4), mucin 5B (MUC5B), toll interacting protein (TOLLIP), surfactant protein A (SFPTA), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP1 and TAP2) on the course of IPF. A total of 50 patients with IPF were enrolled, and variants of these genes were assessed. Lung function at the time of diagnosis and after 6, 12 and 18 months, and the number of acute exacerbations and deaths in each observation period were measured. ANOVA was used to test the association between gene polymorphisms and the decrease in lung function. There was no significant effect of the gene polymorphisms on the outcomes of patients up to 6 months during the observation period. After 12 months, an effect of an IL-4 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs 2070874) on patient outcomes was observed [relative risk (RR) for T allele: 5.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.79-39.0; P=0.053]. The RR of progression in patients with the IL-4 SNP (rs 2243250) and the CT and TT genotypes was 4.3 (95% CI, 1.1-17.5; P=0.046). A total of 18 months after the diagnosis of IPF, an effect of the TOLLIP polymorphism on patient outcome was detected (rs 111521887; risk allele GC; RR: 7.2; 95% CI, 0.97-53.6; P=0.052). Thus, IL-4 and TOLLIP gene polymorphisms may represent disease course-modifying factors, but not drivers of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sterclova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Kishore
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Sikorova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jelena Skibova
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Petrek
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vasakova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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Cai Q, Ma J, Wang J, Wang J, Cui J, Wu S, Wang Z, Wang N, Wang J, Yang D, Yang J, Xue J, Li F, Chen J, Liu X. Adenoviral Transduction of Dickkopf-1 Alleviates Silica-Induced Silicosis Development in Lungs of Mice. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 33:155-174. [PMID: 34405699 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational disease caused by inhalation of silica dust, which is hallmarked by progressive pulmonary fibrosis associated with poor prognosis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is implicated in the development of fibrosis and is a therapeutic target for fibrotic diseases. Previous clinical studies of patients with pneumoconiosis, including silicosis, revealed an increased concentration of circulating WNT3A and DKK1 proteins and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage compared with healthy subjects. The present study evaluated the effects of adenovirus-mediated transduction of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), a Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor, on the development of pulmonary silicosis in mice. Consistent with previous human clinical studies, our experimental studies in mice demonstrated an aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity coinciding with increased Wnt3a and Dkk1 proteins and inflammation in lungs of silica-induced silicosis mice compared with controls. Intratracheal delivery of adenovirus expressing murine Dkk1 (AdDkk1) inhibited Wnt/β-catenin activity in mouse lungs. The adenovirus-mediated Dkk1 gene transduction demonstrated the potential to prevent silicosis development and ameliorate silica-induced lung fibrogenesis in mice, accompanied by the reduced expression of epithelia--mesenchymal transition markers and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins compared with mice treated with "null" adenoviral vector. Mechanistically, AdDkk1 is able to attenuate the lung silicosis by inhibiting a silica-induced spike in TGF-β/Smad signaling. In addition, the forced expression of Dkk1 suppressed silica-induced epithelial cell proliferation in polarized human bronchial epithelial cells. This study provides insight into the underlying role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in promoting the pathogenesis of silicosis and is proof-of-concept that targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling by Dkk1 gene transduction may be an alternative approach in the prevention and treatment of silicosis lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juying Wang
- Department of Occupational Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Ningxia, Shizuishan, China
| | - Jieda Cui
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Center of Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources of Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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He H, Chen J, Zhao J, Zhang P, Qiao Y, Wan H, Wang J, Mei M, Bao S, Li Q. PRMT7 targets of Foxm1 controls alveolar myofibroblast proliferation and differentiation during alveologenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:841. [PMID: 34497269 PMCID: PMC8426482 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although aberrant alveolar myofibroblasts (AMYFs) proliferation and differentiation are often associated with abnormal lung development and diseases, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), epigenetic mechanisms regulating proliferation and differentiation of AMYFs remain poorly understood. Protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) is the only reported type III enzyme responsible for monomethylation of arginine residue on both histone and nonhistone substrates. Here we provide evidence for PRMT7's function in regulating AMYFs proliferation and differentiation during lung alveologenesis. In PRMT7-deficient mice, we found reduced AMYFs proliferation and differentiation, abnormal elastin deposition, and failure of alveolar septum formation. We further shown that oncogene forkhead box M1 (Foxm1) is a direct target of PRMT7 and that PRMT7-catalyzed monomethylation at histone H4 arginine 3 (H4R3me1) directly associate with chromatin of Foxm1 to activate its transcription, and thereby regulate of cell cycle-related genes to inhibit AMYFs proliferation and differentiation. Overexpression of Foxm1 in isolated myofibroblasts (MYFs) significantly rescued PRMT7-deficiency-induced cell proliferation and differentiation defects. Thus, our results reveal a novel epigenetic mechanism through which PRMT7-mediated histone arginine monomethylation activates Foxm1 transcriptional expression to regulate AMYFs proliferation and differentiation during lung alveologenesis and may represent a potential target for intervention in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Peizhun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Qiao
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Huajing Wan
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Mei Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China.
| | - Qiuling Li
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China.
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30
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Liu Y, Ding Y, Hou Y, Yu T, Nie H, Cui Y. The miR-130a-3p/TGF-βRII Axis Participates in Inhibiting the Differentiation of Fibroblasts Induced by TGF-β1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732540. [PMID: 34393805 PMCID: PMC8355625 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease that has a poor prognosis. Abnormal activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a crucial role in fibroblast differentiation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being considered for the treatment of PF, but the regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. We co-cultured bone marrow-derived MSCs and mouse lung fibroblasts (MLg) in the presence of TGF-β1, and studied the protein/mRNA expression of fibrosis markers and related signaling pathways. The effects of miR-130a-3p and TGF-β receptor II (TGF-βRII) on the differentiation of MLg induced by TGF-β1 were studied using immunofluorescence assay, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR techniques, respectively. Our results showed that MSCs reversed the overexpression of fibrosis markers and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway proteins and mRNAs after TGF-β1 treatment and increased the level of miR-130a-3p. TGF-βRII was identified as a target of miR-130a-3p and was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The miR-130a-3p/TGF-βRII axis could suppress the differentiation of lung fibroblasts via the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, thereby reducing the process of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yapeng Hou
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongguang Nie
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Departments of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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31
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Carlier FM, de Fays C, Pilette C. Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691227. [PMID: 34248677 PMCID: PMC8264588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells, which provide a complex and adaptive module that ensures first-line defense against external toxics, irritants, antigens, and pathogens. The underlying mechanisms of host protection encompass multiple physical, chemical, and immune pathways. In the lung, inhaled agents continually challenge the airway epithelial barrier, which is altered in chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, or pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we describe the epithelial barrier abnormalities that are observed in such disorders and summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms driving impaired barrier function, which could represent targets of future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M. Carlier
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology and Lung Transplant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Charlotte de Fays
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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