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Cherusseri J, Savio CM, Khalid M, Chaudhary V, Numan A, Varma SJ, Menon A, Kaushik A. SARS-CoV-2-on-Chip for Long COVID Management. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:890. [PMID: 36291027 PMCID: PMC9599615 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a "wicked evil" in this century due to its extended progression and huge human mortalities. Although the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection is made simple and practical by employing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) investigation, the process is costly, complex, time-consuming, and requires experts for testing and the constraints of a laboratory. Therefore, these challenges have raised the paradigm of on-site portable biosensors on a single chip, which reduces human resources and enables remote access to minimize the overwhelming burden on the existing global healthcare sector. This article reviews the recent advancements in biosensors for long coronavirus disease (COVID) management using a multitude of devices, such as point-of-care biosensors and lab-on-chip biosensors. Furthermore, it details the shift in the paradigm of SARS-CoV-2-on-chip biosensors from the laboratory to on-site detection with intelligent and economical operation, representing near-future diagnostic technologies for public health emergency management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Cherusseri
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Claire Mary Savio
- Department of Engineering, Amity University Dubai, Dubai International Academic City P.O. Box 345019, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Research Cell & Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110043, India
- SUMAN Laboratory (Sustainable Materials and Advanced Nanotechnology), New Delhi 110072, India
| | - Arshid Numan
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sreekanth J. Varma
- Materials for Energy Storage and Optoelectronic Devices Group, Department of Physics, Sanatana Dharma College, University of Kerala, Alappuzha 688003, India
| | - Amrutha Menon
- Advanced Bio-Energy Devices Laboratory, Research & Development Division, JC Puli Energy Private Limited, Koduvayur, Palakkad 678501, India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
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D’Amato M, Iadarola P, Viglio S. Proteomic Analysis of Human Sputum for the Diagnosis of Lung Disorders: Where Are We Today? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105692. [PMID: 35628501 PMCID: PMC9144372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of markers of inflammatory activity at the early stages of pulmonary diseases which share common characteristics that prevent their clear differentiation is of great significance to avoid misdiagnosis, and to understand the intrinsic molecular mechanism of the disorder. The combination of electrophoretic/chromatographic methods with mass spectrometry is currently a promising approach for the identification of candidate biomarkers of a disease. Since the fluid phase of sputum is a rich source of proteins which could provide an early diagnosis of specific lung disorders, it is frequently used in these studies. This report focuses on the state-of-the-art of the application, over the last ten years (2011-2021), of sputum proteomics in the investigation of severe lung disorders such as COPD; asthma; cystic fibrosis; lung cancer and those caused by COVID-19 infection. Analysis of the complete set of proteins found in sputum of patients affected by these disorders has allowed the identification of proteins whose levels change in response to the organism's condition. Understanding proteome dynamism may help in associating these proteins with alterations in the physiology or progression of diseases investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura D’Amato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.D.); (S.V.)
| | - Paolo Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Simona Viglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.D.); (S.V.)
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Shakeeb N, Varkey P, Hynse A, Mandlecha A. Anti-inflammatory response of cardamom extract and prediction of therapeutic window in COVID-19 patients by assessing inflammatory markers using RT-PCR. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:883-894. [PMID: 35320494 PMCID: PMC8941370 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecular diagnostics using RT-PCR has now emerged as the new diagnostic method for clinicians with the dawn of SARS-CoV-2. In India, the popularity and awareness of RT-PCR and particularly the increased availability of testing machines across hospitals has now opened up possibilities of diagnostic tests with RT-PCR. In view of the cytokine storm which is the significant reason for morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 patients, we proposed to test the usefulness of a multiplex RT-PCR test kit that simultaneously measured inflammatory markers namely, IL-6, TNF- α and IL-10 (IFM) all in one tube. The study included a group of patients who were equally allotted to two treatment arms one of which received standard of care along with a food supplement capsule as a natural anti-inflammatory (RECOVEREEZ FORTE™), and the other group received standard of care that included oral Prednisolone tablets in tapered dosage. RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ consists of potent biomolecules from cardamom extract. A natural product with substantial anti-inflammatory action when consumed early at the onset of symptoms is hereby proven by comparing gene expression profile of inflammatory markers with routinely tested inflammatory parameters such as serum IL-6, CRP and LDH. In addition to predicting worse disease outcomes beforehand, RT-PCR assay tests provides an opportunity for identifying therapeutic window aiding in practicing effective treatment strategy for COVID-19. RT-PCR analysis of IFM together being used in a single multiplex kit is being first reported and such a test as a prognosticator for disease progression does seem promising and worthy of clinicians adopting novel testing modalities in clinical practice. AIM OF THE STUDY To study the anti-inflammatory response of RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ using RT-PCR based multiplex gene profiling of inflammatory markers in disease prognosis and show its predictability of worsening outcomes and its role in identifying therapeutic window for RECOVEREEZ FORTE™. To show the potentiality of RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ in reducing COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Ct values of the treatment group. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a short study of a 10-day period where the end point was the negativity of COVID-19 on RT-PCR test or the decline in cycle threshold (Ct) values of the test performed on day 10 when compared to day 0. During the course of the study, patients were given standard treatment and an oral dose of 500 mg of RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ thrice daily, or standard of care and oral Prednisolone in tapered dosage (control group). All essential interventions were included in the standard of care as decided by the attending physician. The RT-PCR results of inflammatory markers were compared to routinely tested parameters such as IL-6, CRP and LDH. Time to clinical improvement was in terms of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test negativity or recovery of COVID-19 symptoms. We enrolled 64 patients, of which 32 were allocated to RECOVEREEZ FORTE ™ group and 32 to the control group. RESULTS The RT-PCR analysis of elevated IFM on day 0 corresponded to above normal protein levels of routinely tested parameters such as serum IL-6, CRP and LDH on day 5. Similarly, elevated IFM on day 5 corresponded to above normal protein levels on day 10. Such an association was equally prevalent in both the control group and RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ group, stipulating that RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ may be used as an alternative to steroids. The obtained results indicate that the RT-PCR assessment predicts worse outcomes 5 days earlier. But, the RT-PCR analysis of elevated IFM on day 0 did not correspond to the above normal protein levels of other parameters on day 10. Hence, indicating that the IFM RT-PCR test cannot predict worse outcomes 10 days earlier. Also, RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ when consumed for a period of 10 days normalized LDH values, compared to the control group. Moreover, IFM RT-PCR test identified a 5-day therapeutic window for RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ against inflammation experienced by patients. In addition to the above findings, the authors also observed that majority of the patients belonging to the treatment group showed recovery from symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat and breathlessness compared to control group by day 5. 12 (37.5%) out of 32 patients and 6 (18.75%) out of 32 patients belonging to the treatment group and control group, respectively, became SARS-CoV-2 negative by day 5, indicating a probable anti-viral action of RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ against SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION The IFM RT-PCR test possess 5-day early prediction ability and lacks 10-day prediction ability. Treatment with RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ indicates good anti-inflammatory action which is equivalent to steroids. Intake of RECOVEREEZ FORTE ™ for a period of 5 days depicts persistent anti-inflammatory action, recovery of COVID-19 symptoms and a probable anti-viral action. Moreover, an effective normalization of LDH may be rendered by RECOVEREEZ FORTE™ when consumed for a period of 10 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourin Shakeeb
- Research and Development, Zum Heilen Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pvt. Ltd, Science and Technology Park, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune University Road, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
| | - Prashanth Varkey
- Research and Development, Zum Heilen Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pvt. Ltd, Science and Technology Park, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune University Road, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Aimy Hynse
- Research and Development, Zum Heilen Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pvt. Ltd, Science and Technology Park, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune University Road, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Ajit Mandlecha
- Research and Development, Zum Heilen Diagnostic and Therapeutic Pvt. Ltd, Science and Technology Park, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune University Road, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
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Rasmi Y, Babaei G, Nisar MF, Noreen H, Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz S. Revealed pathophysiological mechanisms of crosslinking interaction of affected vital organs in COVID-19. COMPARATIVE CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2021; 30:1005-1021. [PMID: 34539310 PMCID: PMC8432959 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-021-03269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is one of the main serious challenges of human societies, which emerged in December 2019 from China and quickly extends to all parts of the world. The virus was previously believed to only affect the lungs and respiratory system, but subsequent research has revealed that it affects a variety of organs. For this reason, this disease is known as a multiorgan disease. Current article aimed to highlight latest information and updates about molecular studies regarding pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in kidney, liver, and cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the mechanisms of interaction of these organs with each other to cause clinical manifestations in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia Medical Sciences University (UMSU), Urmia, Iran
| | - Ghader Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia Medical Sciences University (UMSU), Urmia, Iran
| | - Muhammad Farrukh Nisar
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan
| | - Hina Noreen
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan
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Trappe A, Donnelly SC, McNally P, Coppinger JA. Role of extracellular vesicles in chronic lung disease. Thorax 2021; 76:1047-1056. [PMID: 33712504 PMCID: PMC8461402 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in chronic lung diseases. EVs are emerging as mediators of intercellular communication and possible diagnostic markers of disease. EVs harbour cargo molecules including RNA, lipids and proteins that they transfer to recipient cells. EVs are intercellular communicators within the lung microenvironment. Due to their disease-specific cargoes, EVs have the promise to be all-in-one complex multimodal biomarkers. EVs also have potential as drug carriers in chronic lung disease. Descriptive discussion of key studies of EVs as contributors to disease pathology, as biomarkers and as potential therapies with a focus on chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. We provide a broad overview of the roles of EV in chronic respiratory disease. Recent advances in profiling EVs have shown their potential as biomarker candidates. Further studies have provided insight into their disease pathology, particularly in inflammatory processes across a spectrum of lung diseases. EVs are on the horizon as new modes of drug delivery and as therapies themselves in cell-based therapeutics. EVs are relatively untapped sources of information in the clinic that can help further detail the full translational nature of chronic lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trappe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,CF Research Group, National Children's Research Centre, Childrens Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Seamas C Donnelly
- Department of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin & Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul McNally
- CF Research Group, National Children's Research Centre, Childrens Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Judith A Coppinger
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland .,CF Research Group, National Children's Research Centre, Childrens Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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Zhang L, Guo H. Biomarkers of COVID-19 and technologies to combat SARS-CoV-2. ADVANCES IN BIOMARKER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:1-23. [PMID: 33511330 PMCID: PMC7435336 DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the unprecedented public health crisis caused by COVID-19, our first contribution to the newly launching journal, Advances in Biomarker Sciences and Technology, has abruptly diverted to focus on the current pandemic. As the number of new COVID-19 cases and deaths continue to rise steadily around the world, the common goal of healthcare providers, scientists, and government officials worldwide has been to identify the best way to detect the novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, and to treat the viral infection - COVID-19. Accurate detection, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and future prevention are the vital keys to management of COVID-19, and can help curb the viral spread. Traditionally, biomarkers play a pivotal role in the early detection of disease etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. To assist myriad ongoing investigations and innovations, we developed this current article to overview known and emerging biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 detection, COVID-19 diagnostics, treatment and prognosis, and ongoing work to identify and develop more biomarkers for new drugs and vaccines. Moreover, biomarkers of socio-psychological stress, the high-technology quest for new virtual drug screening, and digital applications are described.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ACEI, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- AI, Artificial intelligence
- AIOD-CRISPR, All-In-One Dual CRISPR-Cas12a
- ARB, Angiotensin receptor blocker
- ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- COVID
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- CQ, Chloroquine
- CT, Computed tomography
- Coronavirus
- DC, Dendritic cell
- Detection
- Diagnosis
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EUA, Emergency use authorization
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- GenOMICC, Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care
- HCQ, Hydroxychloroquine
- LFAs, Lateral flow assays
- LSPR, Localized surface plasmon resonance
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- ML, Machine learning
- NIAID, U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- PAC-MAN, Prophylactic Antiviral CRISPR in huMAN cells
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction
- PCT, Procalcitonin
- Prevention
- Prognosis
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SARS, Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SARS-CoV-2, SARS coronavirus type 2
- SaaS, Software as a Service
- TCM, Traditional Chinese medicine
- Treatment
- UCB, University of California Berkeley
- UCSF, University of California San Francisco
- cDNA, Complementary DNA
- mAb, Monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Helen Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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