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Lucena F, McDougall JJ. Protease Activated Receptors and Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179352. [PMID: 34502257 PMCID: PMC8430764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic and destructive activity of serine proteases in arthritic joints is well known; however, these enzymes can also signal pain and inflammation in joints. For example, thrombin, trypsin, tryptase, and neutrophil elastase cleave the extracellular N-terminus of a family of G protein-coupled receptors and the remaining tethered ligand sequence then binds to the same receptor to initiate a series of molecular signalling processes. These protease activated receptors (PARs) pervade multiple tissues and cells throughout joints where they have the potential to regulate joint homeostasis. Overall, joint PARs contribute to pain, inflammation, and structural integrity by altering vascular reactivity, nociceptor sensitivity, and tissue remodelling. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting PARs to alleviate the pain and destructive nature of elevated proteases in various arthritic conditions.
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Ariffin SMZ, Bennett D, Ferrell WR, Lockhart JC, Dunning L, Clements DN, Lascelles BDX, Ibrahim TAT, Johnston P. Protease activated receptor 2 and matriptase expression in the joints of cats with and without osteoarthritis. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:794-803. [PMID: 33284033 PMCID: PMC10812195 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20977796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the presence of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and matriptase proteins and quantify PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression in the articular cartilage and synovial membrane of cats with and without osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS A total of 28 articular cartilage samples from adult cats (14 OA and 14 normal), 10 synovial membranes from adult cats (five OA and five normal) and three cartilage samples from 9-week-old fetal cats were used. The presence of PAR2 and matriptase in the cartilage and synovial membrane of the adult samples was detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, while real-time PCR was used for mRNA expression analyses in all samples. RESULTS PAR2 was detected in all OA and normal articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples but confined to only a few superficial chondrocytes in the normal samples. Matriptase was only detected in OA articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples. PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression were, however, detected in all cartilage and synovial membrane samples. PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression levels in OA articular cartilage were five (P <0.001) and 3.3 (P <0.001) times higher than that of the healthy group, respectively. There was no significant difference (P = 0.05) in the OA synovial membrane PAR2 and matriptase mRNA expression compared with the normal samples. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Detection of PAR2 and matriptase proteins and gene expression in feline articular tissues is a novel and important finding, and supports the hypothesis that serine proteases are involved in the pathogenesis of feline OA. The consistent presence of PAR2 and matriptase protein in the cytoplasm of OA chondrocytes suggests a possible involvement of proteases in cartilage degradation. Further investigations into the PAR2 and matriptase pathobiology could enhance our understanding of the proteolytic cascades in feline OA, which might lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti M Zainal Ariffin
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - David Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William R Ferrell
- Institute of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John C Lockhart
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Lynette Dunning
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Dylan N Clements
- Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Translational Research in Pain, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Centre for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tengku A Tengku Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pamela Johnston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Transcriptional analysis of cleft palate in TGFβ3 mutant mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14940. [PMID: 32913205 PMCID: PMC7483747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects, impacting about 1 in 800 births in the USA. Tgf-β3 plays a critical role in regulating murine palate development, and Tgf-β3 null mutants develop cleft palate with 100% penetrance. In this study, we compared global palatal transcriptomes of wild type (WT) and Tgf-β3 −/− homozygous (HM) mouse embryos at the crucial palatogenesis stages of E14.5, and E16.5, using RNA-seq data. We found 1,809 and 2,127 differentially expressed genes at E16.5 vs. E14.5 in the WT and HM groups, respectively (adjusted p < 0.05; |fold change|> 2.0). We focused on the genes that were uniquely up/downregulated in WT or HM at E16.5 vs. E14.5 to identify genes associated with CP. Systems biology analysis relating to cell behaviors and function of WT and HM specific genes identified functional non-Smad pathways and preference of apoptosis to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We identified 24 HM specific and 11 WT specific genes that are CP-related and/or involved in Tgf-β3 signaling. We validated the expression of 29 of the 35 genes using qRT-PCR and the trend of mRNA expression is similar to that of RNA-seq data . Our results enrich our understanding of genes associated with CP that are directly or indirectly regulated via TGF-β.
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Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in human chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 55:231-236. [PMID: 29274624 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) plays a pivotal role in the destruction of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). The regulation of gene expression of MMP-3 is complicated. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a member of the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors. Little information regarding the biological function of IRF5 on chondrocytes and the pathogenesis of OA has been reported. In the current study, for the first time, we report that IRF5 is expressed in human primary chondrocytes and human chondrosarcoma cell line SW1353 cells. In addition, IRF5 is upregulated in response to TNF-α treatment in a dose dependent manner. Interestingly, IRF5 is significantly higher in chondrocytes from OA patients compared to those from normal subjects. Notably, IRF5 mediates TNF-α- induced expression of MMP-3 in chondrocytes. Overexpression of IRF5 promotes the expression of MMP-3, however, knockdown of IRF5 reduces the expression of MMP-3. Mechanistically, IRF5 is able to enhance the transcription of MMP-3 by binding to its promoter. Also, we found that NF-κB was involved in the effects of IRF-5 on MMP-3 expression. These findings suggest that IRF5 might be a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of OA and RA.
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Cen X, Liu Y, Wang S, Yang X, Shi Z, Liang X. Glucosamine oral administration as an adjunct to hyaluronic acid injection in treating temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Oral Dis 2017; 24:404-411. [PMID: 28862770 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effect of oral glucosamine (GS) as an adjunct to hyaluronic acid (HA) injection on patients with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA). METHODS In this clinical trial, 136 participants, diagnosed as TMJ OA clinically and radiographically, were enrolled and randomized into two groups (group GS + HA: oral GS + HA injection; group placebo + HA: oral placebo + HA injection). Pain, maximum interincisal mouth opening (MMO), the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β in TMJ synovial were defined as the outcome measurements and conducted before operation, and at 1-month and 1-year follow-up. RESULTS In both groups, pain scores were decreased and MMOs were increased at 1-month and 1-year follow-up, the changes at 1-year follow-up showed statistically significant intergroup differences. At 1-month follow-up, only IL-6 concentration was lower in group GS + HA than that in group placebo + HA. One year later, TGF-β concentration was higher and IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations were lower in group GS + HA than those in group placebo + HA. CONCLUSIONS Both strategies alleviated symptoms in short term, but the patients treated with GS benefited more than those with placebo in long term, which may be due to the suppression of IL-1β and IL-6 and the stimulation of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianrui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongdao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Mrozkova P, Spicarova D, Palecek J. Hypersensitivity Induced by Activation of Spinal Cord PAR2 Receptors Is Partially Mediated by TRPV1 Receptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163991. [PMID: 27755539 PMCID: PMC5068818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors in the peripheral nerve endings are implicated in the development of increased sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli, especially during inflammatory states. Both PAR2 and TRPV1 receptors are co-expressed in nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons on their peripheral endings and also on presynaptic endings in the spinal cord dorsal horn. However, the modulation of nociceptive synaptic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn after activation of PAR2 and their functional coupling with TRPV1 is not clear. To investigate the role of spinal PAR2 activation on nociceptive modulation, intrathecal drug application was used in behavioural experiments and patch-clamp recordings of spontaneous, miniature and dorsal root stimulation-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs, mEPSCs, eEPSCs) were performed on superficial dorsal horn neurons in acute rat spinal cord slices. Intrathecal application of PAR2 activating peptide SLIGKV-NH2 induced thermal hyperalgesia, which was prevented by pretreatment with TRPV1 antagonist SB 366791 and was reduced by protein kinases inhibitor staurosporine. Patch-clamp experiments revealed robust decrease of mEPSC frequency (62.8 ± 4.9%), increase of sEPSC frequency (127.0 ± 5.9%) and eEPSC amplitude (126.9 ± 12.0%) in dorsal horn neurons after acute SLIGKV-NH2 application. All these EPSC changes, induced by PAR2 activation, were prevented by SB 366791 and staurosporine pretreatment. Our results demonstrate an important role of spinal PAR2 receptors in modulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn at least partially mediated by activation of presynaptic TRPV1 receptors. The functional coupling between the PAR2 and TRPV1 receptors on the central branches of DRG neurons may be important especially during different pathological states when it may enhance pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mrozkova
- Department of Functional Morphology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Spicarova
- Department of Functional Morphology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Palecek
- Department of Functional Morphology, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Sitaras N, Rivera JC, Noueihed B, Bien-Aimé M, Zaniolo K, Omri S, Hamel D, Zhu T, Hardy P, Sapieha P, Joyal JS, Chemtob S. Retinal neurons curb inflammation and enhance revascularization in ischemic retinopathies via proteinase-activated receptor-2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:581-95. [PMID: 25478809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic retinopathies are characterized by sequential vaso-obliteration followed by abnormal intravitreal neovascularization predisposing patients to retinal detachment and blindness. Ischemic retinopathies are associated with robust inflammation that leads to generation of IL-1β, which causes vascular degeneration and impairs retinal revascularization in part through the liberation of repulsive guidance cue semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). However, retinal revascularization begins as inflammation culminates in ischemic retinopathies. Because inflammation leads to activation of proteases involved in the formation of vasculature, we hypothesized that proteinase-activated receptor (Par)-2 (official name F2rl1) may modulate deleterious effects of IL-1β. Par2, detected mostly in retinal ganglion cells, was up-regulated in oxygen-induced retinopathy. Surprisingly, oxygen-induced retinopathy-induced vaso-obliteration and neovascularization were unaltered in Par2 knockout mice, suggesting compensatory mechanisms. We therefore conditionally knocked down retinal Par2 with shRNA-Par2-encoded lentivirus. Par2 knockdown interfered with normal revascularization, resulting in pronounced intravitreal neovascularization; conversely, the Par2 agonist peptide (SLIGRL) accelerated normal revascularization. In vitro and in vivo exploration of mechanisms revealed that IL-1β induced Par2 expression, which in turn down-regulated sequentially IL-1 receptor type I and Sema3A expression through Erk/Jnk-dependent processes. Collectively, our findings unveil an important mechanism by which IL-1β regulates its own endothelial cytotoxic actions by augmenting neuronal Par2 expression to repress sequentially IL-1 receptor type I and Sema3A expression. Timely activation of Par2 may be a promising therapeutic avenue in ischemic retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Sitaras
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Baraa Noueihed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Milsa Bien-Aimé
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Karine Zaniolo
- LOEX-CUO Research Center, Saint-Sacrement Hospital, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Hamel
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Hardy
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pharmacology, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Interaction of ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 signaling pathways in TGF-β1-induced TIMP-3 expression in rat chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yu HS, Lin TH, Tang CH. Bradykinin enhances cell migration in human prostate cancer cells through B2 receptor/PKCδ/c-Src dependent signaling pathway. Prostate 2013; 73:89-100. [PMID: 22653778 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and shows a predilection for metastasis to the bone. Bradykinin (BK) is an inflammatory mediator, and shows elevated levels in regions of severe injury and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Bradykinin is associated with migration of prostate cancer cells. METHODS Cancer cells migration activity was examined using the Transwell assay. The c-Src and PKCδ phosphorylation was examined by using Western blot method. The qPCR was used to examine the mRNA expression of metalloproteinase. A transient transfection protocol was used to examine NF-κB activity. RESULTS We found that bradykinin increased the chemomigration and the expression of MMP-9 of human prostate cancer cells. Bradykinin-mediated chemomigration and metalloproteinase expression was attenuated by PKCδ inhibitor (rottlerin), PKCδ siRNA, c-Src inhibitor (PP2) and c-Src mutant. Activations of PKCδ, c-Src and NF-κB pathways after bradykinin treatment was demonstrated, and bradykinin-induced expression of metalloproteinase and chemomigration activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitor and mutant of PKCδ, c-Src, and NF-κB cascades. CONCLUSIONS This study showed for the first time that the bradykinin mediates migration of human prostate cancer cells. One of the mechanisms underlying bradykinin directed migration was transcriptional up-regulation of MMP-9 and activation of B2 receptor, PKCδ, c-Src, and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Shan Yu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Fulzele S, Hunter M, Sangani R, Chutkan N, Isales C, W. Hamrick M. The Knee Joint Tissues Differ Significantly in TGFβ1 Expression and Its Sensitivity. Cell 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2013.24022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chao PZ, Hsieh MS, Cheng CW, Lin YF, Chen CH. Regulation of MMP-3 expression and secretion by the chemokine eotaxin-1 in human chondrocytes. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:86. [PMID: 22114952 PMCID: PMC3262051 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage, marked by the breakdown of matrix proteins. Studies demonstrated the involvement of chemokines in this process, and some may potentially serve as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets; however, the underlying signal transductions are not well understood. METHODS We investigated the effects of the CC chemokine eotaxin-1 (CCL11) on the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and secretion in the human chondrocyte cell line SW1353 and primary chondrocytes. RESULTS Eotaxin-1 significantly induced MMP-3 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase were able to repress eotaxin-1-induced MMP-3 expression. On the contrary, Rp-adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPs), a competitive cAMP antagonist for cAMP receptors, and H-89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, markedly enhanced eotaxin-1-induced MMP-3 expression. These results suggest that MMP-3 expression is specifically mediated by the G protein-coupled eotaxin-1 receptor activities. Interestingly, little amount of MMP-3 protein was detected in the cell lysates of eotaxin-1-treated SW1353 cells, and most of MMP-3 protein was in the culture media. Furthermore we found that the eotaxin-1-dependent MMP-3 protein secretion was regulated by phospholipase C (PLC)-protein kinase C (PKC) cascade and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. These data indicate a specific regulation of MMP-3 secretion also by eotaxin-1 receptor activities. CONCLUSIONS Eotaxin-1 not only induces MMP-3 gene expression but also promotes MMP-3 protein secretion through G protein-coupled eotaxin-1 receptor activities. Chemokines, such as eotaxin-1, could be a potential candidate in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Zhir Chao
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Anti-Inflammatory mechanisms of the proteinase-activated receptor 2-inhibiting peptide in human synovial cells. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:43. [PMID: 21682866 PMCID: PMC3135512 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which affects the entire joint structure, including the synovial membrane. Disease progression was shown to involve inflammatory changes mediated by proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2. Previous studies demonstrated that PAR-2 messenger (m)RNA and protein levels increased in OA synovial cells, suggesting that PAR-2 is a potential therapeutic target of the disease. Methods We designed a PAR-2-inhibiting peptide (PAR2-IP) by changing an isoleucine residue in the PAR-2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP), SLIGKV, to alanine, generating the SLAGKV peptide. We used it to test PAR-2-mediated inflammatory responses, including the expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in human synovial cells. As a control, expressions of COX-2 and MMP-1 were induced by trypsin at both the mRNA and protein levels. Results The PAR2-AP increased the expression of COX-2 more dramatically than that of MMP-1. When we treated cells with the designed PAR2-IP, the trypsin-induced COX-2 level was completely inhibited at a moderate concentration of the PAR2-IP. With further examination of trypsin-induced NF-κB activation, we observed sufficient inhibitory effects of the PAR2-IP in synoviosarcoma cells and primary synovial cells from OA patients. Conclusions Our study suggests that the PAR2-IP inhibits trypsin-induced NF-κB activation, resulting in a reduction in inflammatory COX-2 expression in synovial cells. Application of PAR2-IP is suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy for OA.
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Maia M, de Vriese A, Janssens T, Moons M, van Landuyt K, Tavernier J, Lories RJ, Conway EM. CD248 and its cytoplasmic domain: a therapeutic target for arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:3595-606. [PMID: 20722022 DOI: 10.1002/art.27701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD248 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the surface of activated perivascular and fibroblast-like cells. This study was undertaken to explore the function of CD248 and its cytoplasmic domain in arthritis. METHODS Synovial tissue biopsy samples from healthy controls, from patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were stained for CD248. Transgenic mice that were CD248-deficient (CD248-knockout [CD248(KO/KO) ]) or mice with CD248 lacking the cytoplasmic domain (CD248(CyD/CyD) ) were generated. Collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) was induced in these mice and in corresponding wild-type (WT) mice as controls. Clinical signs and histologic features of arthritis were evaluated. Cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the number of infiltrating inflammatory cells was quantified by immunohistochemistry. In vitro studies were performed with fibroblasts from CD248-transgenic mouse embryos to explain the observed effects on inflammation. RESULTS Immunostaining of synovium from patients with PsA and patients with RA and that from mice after the induction of CAIA revealed strong CD248 expression in perivascular and fibroblast-like stromal cells. CD248(KO/KO) and CD248(CyD/CyD) mice had less severe arthritis, with lower plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, as compared with WT controls. Moreover, the joints of these mice had less synovial hyperplasia, reduced accumulation of inflammatory cells, and less articular cartilage and bone damage. Tumor necrosis factor α-induced monocyte adhesion to CD248(CyD/CyD) fibroblasts was impaired. CD248(CyD/CyD) fibroblasts exhibited reduced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, placental growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity in response to transforming growth factor β. CONCLUSION CD248 contributes to synovial hyperplasia and leukocyte accumulation in inflammatory arthritis, the effects of which are mediated partly via its cytoplasmic domain. CD248 is therefore a potential new target in the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Maia
- Katholieke Universiteit-Leuven, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)-Leuven, VIB-Ghent, and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Analysis of Changes in the Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-.BETA.s in the Utero-vaginal Junction of Hen Oviduct in Response to Sperm Concerning Their Significance in Sperm Survivability. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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