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The Bipartite Sequence Motif in the N and C Termini of gp85 of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Plays a Crucial Role in Receptor Binding and Viral Entry. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01232-20. [PMID: 32878894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01232-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Subgroup J avian leukemia virus (ALV-J), belonging to the genus Alpharetrovirus, enters cells through its envelope surface unit (gp85) via specifically recognizing the cellular receptor chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type I (chNHE1), the 28 to 39 N-terminal residues of which were characterized as the minimal receptor functional domain in our previous studies. In this study, to further clarify the precise organization and properties of the interaction between ALV-J gp85 and chNHE1, we identified the chNHE1-binding domain of ALV-J gp85 using a series of gp85 mutants with segment substitutions and evaluating their effects on chNHE1 binding in protein-cell binding assays. Our results showed that hemagglutinin (HA) substitutions of amino acids (aa) 38 to 131 (N terminus of gp85) and aa 159 to 283 (C terminus of gp85) significantly inhibited the interaction between gp85 and chNHE1/chNHE1 loop 1. In addition, these HA-substituted chimeric gp85 proteins could not effectively block the entry of ALV-J into chNHE1-expressing cells. Furthermore, analysis of various N-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine mutants in gp85 revealed that glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) were directly involved in receptor-gp85 binding and important for the entry of ALV-J into cells. Taken together, our findings indicated that the bipartite sequence motif, spanning aa 38 to 131 and aa 159 to 283, of ALV-J gp85 was essential for binding to chNHE1, with its two N-linked glycosylation sites and two cysteines being important for its receptor-binding function and subsequent viral infection steps.IMPORTANCE Infection of a cell by retroviruses requires the attachment and fusion of the host and viral membranes. The specific adsorption of envelope (Env) surface proteins to cell receptors is a key step in triggering infections and has been the target of antiviral drug screening. ALV-J is an economically important avian pathogen that belongs to the genus Alpharetrovirus and has a wider host range than other ALV subgroups. Our results showed that the amino acids 38 to 131 of the N terminus and 159 to 283 of the C terminus of ALV-J gp85 controlled the efficiency of gp85 binding to chNHE1 and were critical for viral infection. In addition, the glycosylation sites (N6 and N11) and cysteines (C3 and C9) of gp85 played a crucial role in the receptor binding and viral entry. These findings might help elucidate the mechanism of the entry of ALV-J into host cells and provide antiviral targets for the control of ALV-J.
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Zhang S, Huo X, Zhang Y, Lu X, Xu C, Xu X. The association of PM 2.5 with airway innate antimicrobial activities of salivary agglutinin and surfactant protein D. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:915-923. [PMID: 31509921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a prominent global public health risk factor that can cause respiratory infection by downregulating the amounts of antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs). Both salivary agglutinin (SAG) and surfactant protein D (SPD) are important AMPs in respiratory mucosal fluid, providing protection against airway pathogen invasion and infection by inducing microbial aggregation and enhancing pathogen clearance. However, the relationship between PM2.5 and these AMPs is unclear. To better understand the relationship between PM2.5 and airway innate immune defenses, we review the respiratory antimicrobial activities of SAG and SPD, as well as the adverse effects of PM2.5 on airway innate antimicrobial defense. We speculate there exists a dual effect between PM2.5 and respiratory antimicrobial activity, which means that PM2.5 suppresses respiratory antimicrobial activity through downregulating airway AMPs, while airway AMPs accelerate PM2.5 clearance by inducing PM2.5 microbial aggregation. We propose further research on the relationship between PM2.5 and these AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaocheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueling Lu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Mangan RJ, Stamper L, Ohashi T, Eudailey JA, Go EP, Jaeger FH, Itell HL, Watts BE, Fouda GG, Erickson HP, Alam SM, Desaire H, Permar SR. Determinants of Tenascin-C and HIV-1 envelope binding and neutralization. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1004-1012. [PMID: 30976088 PMCID: PMC6599478 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between innate antiviral factors at mucosal surfaces and HIV-1 virions contribute to the natural inefficiency of HIV-1 transmission and are a platform to inform the development of vaccine and nonvaccine strategies to block mucosal HIV-1 transmission. Tenascin-C (TNC) is a large, hexameric extracellular matrix glycoprotein identified in breast milk and genital fluids that broadly neutralizes HIV-1 via interaction with the HIV-1 Envelope (Env) variable 3 (V3) loop. In this report, we characterize the specific determinants of the interaction between TNC and the HIV-1 Env. We observed that TNC binding and neutralization of HIV-1 is dependent on the TNC fibrinogen-like globe (fbg) and fibronectin-type III (fn) domains, oligomerization, and its newly-mapped glycan structure. Moreover, we observed that TNC-mediated neutralization is also dependent on Env V3 residues 321/322 and 326/327, which surround the IGDIR motif of the V3 loop, as well the N332 glycan, which is critical to the broadly neutralizing activity of glycan-dependent V3-specific antibodies such as PGT128. Our results demonstrate a striking parallel between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of broad HIV neutralization and provide further insight into the host protein-virus interactions responsible for the natural inefficiency of mucosal HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley J. Mangan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lisa Stamper
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tomoo Ohashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua A. Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eden P. Go
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Frederick H. Jaeger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hannah L. Itell
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian E. Watts
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather Desaire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA;,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA;,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Address correspondence to Sallie R. Permar, MD., Ph.D.,
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Zhang S, Huo X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Zheng X, Xu X. Ambient fine particulate matter inhibits innate airway antimicrobial activity in preschool children in e-waste areas. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:535-542. [PMID: 30622078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a risk factor for respiratory diseases. Previous studies suggest that PM2.5 exposure may down-regulate airway antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs), thereby accelerating airway pathogen infection. However, epidemiological research is scarce. Hence, we estimated the associations between individual PM2.5 chronic daily intake (CDI) and the levels of the airway AMP salivary agglutinin (SAG), as well as peripheral leukocyte counts and pro-inflammatory cytokines, of preschool children in Guiyu (an e-waste area) and Haojiang (a reference area located 31.6 km to the east of Guiyu). We recruited 581 preschool children from Guiyu and Haojiang, of which 222 were included in this study for a matching design (Guiyu: n = 110 vs. Haojiang: n = 112). Air PM2.5 pollution data was collected to calculate individual PM2.5 CDI. The mean concentration of PM2.5 in Guiyu was higher than in Haojiang, resulting in a higher individual PM2.5 CDI. Concomitantly, saliva SAG levels were lower in Guiyu children (5.05 ng/mL) than in Haojiang children (8.68 ng/mL), and were negatively correlated with CDI. Additionally, peripheral counts of white blood cells, and the concentrations of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in Guiyu children were greater than in Haojiang children, and were positively associated with CDI. Similar results were found for neutrophils and monocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and innate airway antimicrobial activity in children, in an e-waste area, showing that PM2.5 pollution may weaken airway antimicrobial activity by down-regulation of saliva SAG levels, which might accelerate airway pathogen infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaocheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713, GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Yu Huang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangbin Zheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Pombinho R, Sousa S, Cabanes D. Scavenger Receptors: Promiscuous Players during Microbial Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:685-700. [PMID: 30318962 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1493716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the most broadly effective host defense, being essential to clear the majority of microbial infections. Scavenger Receptors comprise a family of sensors expressed in a multitude of host cells, whose dual role during microbial pathogenesis gained importance over recent years. SRs regulate the recruitment of immune cells and control both host inflammatory response and bacterial load. In turn, pathogens have evolved different strategies to overcome immune response, avoid recognition by SRs and exploit them to favor infection. Here, we discuss the most relevant findings regarding the interplay between SRs and pathogens, discussing how these multifunctional proteins recognize a panoply of ligands and act as bacterial phagocytic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pombinho
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sandra Sousa
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Tuttolomondo M, Hansen PL, Mollenhauer J, Ditzel HJ. One-step FPLC-size-exclusion chromatography procedure for purification of rDMBT1 6 kb with increased biological activity. Anal Biochem 2017; 542:16-19. [PMID: 29169777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumor 1 (DMBT1, alias SAG or gp340) is a pattern recognition receptor involved in immune defense, cell polarization, differentiation and regeneration. To investigate the role of the protein in physiological and pathological processes, the protein has often been isolated from saliva or produced in vitro and purified by a multistep affinity purification procedure using bacteria, followed by FPLC. Here, we compared a simple, one-step FPLC-SEC protocol for purification of recombinant DMBT1 6 kb, with that of the standard bacteria affinity purification-based protocol. Our data suggest that our FPLC-SEC protocol yields DMBT1 in a more native conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tuttolomondo
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Lund Hansen
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Mollenhauer
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Joo NS, Evans IAT, Cho HJ, Park IH, Engelhardt JF, Wine JJ. Proteomic analysis of pure human airway gland mucus reveals a large component of protective proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116756. [PMID: 25706550 PMCID: PMC4338240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway submucosal glands contribute to innate immunity and protect the lungs by secreting mucus, which is required for mucociliary clearance and which also contains antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-proteolytic and anti-oxidant proteins. We stimulated glands in tracheal trimmings from three lung donors and collected droplets of uncontaminated mucus as they formed at the gland orifices under an oil layer. We analyzed the mucus using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Analysis identified 5486 peptides and 441 proteins from across the 3 samples (269-319 proteins per subject). We focused on 269 proteins common to at least 2 0f 3 subjects, of which 102 (38%) had protective or innate immunity functions. While many of these have long been known to play such roles, for many others their cellular protective functions have only recently been appreciated in addition to their well-studied biologic functions (e.g. annexins, apolipoproteins, gelsolin, hemoglobin, histones, keratins, and lumican). A minority of the identified proteins are known to be secreted via conventional exocytosis, suggesting that glandular secretion occurs via multiple mechanisms. Two of the observed protective proteins, major vault protein and prohibitin, have not been observed in fluid from human epithelial cultures or in fluid from nasal or bronchoalveolar lavage. Further proteomic analysis of pure gland mucus may help clarify how healthy airways maintain a sterile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Soo Joo
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Idil Apak T. Evans
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - Il-Ho Park
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Wine
- The Cystic Fibrosis Research Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States of America
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Spencer P, Ye Q, Misra A, Goncalves SEP, Laurence JS. Proteins, pathogens, and failure at the composite-tooth interface. J Dent Res 2014; 93:1243-9. [PMID: 25190266 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514550039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, composites accounted for nearly 70% of the 173.2 million composite and amalgam restorations placed in 2006 (Kingman et al., 2012), and it is likely that the use of composite will continue to increase as dentists phase out dental amalgam. This trend is not, however, without consequences. The failure rate of composite restorations is double that of amalgam (Ferracane, 2013). Composite restorations accumulate more biofilm, experience more secondary decay, and require more frequent replacement. In vivo biodegradation of the adhesive bond at the composite-tooth interface is a major contributor to the cascade of events leading to restoration failure. Binding by proteins, particularly gp340, from the salivary pellicle leads to biofilm attachment, which accelerates degradation of the interfacial bond and demineralization of the tooth by recruiting the pioneer bacterium Streptococcus mutans to the surface. Bacterial production of lactic acid lowers the pH of the oral microenvironment, erodes hydroxyapatite in enamel and dentin, and promotes hydrolysis of the adhesive. Secreted esterases further hydrolyze the adhesive polymer, exposing the soft underlying collagenous dentinal matrix and allowing further infiltration by the pathogenic biofilm. Manifold approaches are being pursued to increase the longevity of composite dental restorations based on the major contributing factors responsible for degradation. The key material and biological components and the interactions involved in the destructive processes, including recent advances in understanding the structural and molecular basis of biofilm recruitment, are described in this review. Innovative strategies to mitigate these pathogenic effects and slow deterioration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Spencer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Bioengineering Research Center
| | - Q Ye
- Bioengineering Research Center
| | - A Misra
- Bioengineering Research Center Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S E P Goncalves
- School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - J S Laurence
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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