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D’Agnano V, Mariniello DF, Ruotolo M, Quarcio G, Moriello A, Conte S, Sorrentino A, Sanduzzi Zamparelli S, Bianco A, Perrotta F. Targeting Progression in Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Overview of Underlying Mechanisms, Molecular Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Intervention. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:229. [PMID: 38398739 PMCID: PMC10890660 DOI: 10.3390/life14020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases comprise a heterogenous range of diffuse lung disorders, potentially resulting in pulmonary fibrosis. While idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been recognized as the paradigm of a progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease, other conditions with a progressive fibrosing phenotype characterized by a significant deterioration of the lung function may lead to a burden of significant symptoms, a reduced quality of life, and increased mortality, despite treatment. There is now evidence indicating that some common underlying biological mechanisms can be shared among different chronic fibrosing disorders; therefore, different biomarkers for disease-activity monitoring and prognostic assessment are under evaluation. Thus, understanding the common pathways that induce the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, comprehending the diversity of these diseases, and identifying new molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets remain highly crucial assignments. The purpose of this review is to examine the main pathological mechanisms regulating the progression of fibrosis in interstitial lung diseases and to provide an overview of potential biomarker and therapeutic options for patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito D’Agnano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Domenica Francesca Mariniello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Michela Ruotolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gianluca Quarcio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Moriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefano Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Sorrentino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Fabio Perrotta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.D.); (D.F.M.); (M.R.); (G.Q.); (A.M.); (S.C.); (A.S.); (A.B.)
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DiGiovanni GT, Han W, Sherrill TP, Taylor CJ, Nichols DS, Geis NM, Singha UK, Calvi CL, McCall AS, Dixon MM, Liu Y, Jang JH, Gutor SS, Polosukhin VV, Blackwell TS, Kropski JA, Gokey JJ. Epithelial Yap/Taz are required for functional alveolar regeneration following acute lung injury. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e173374. [PMID: 37676731 PMCID: PMC10629815 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other interstitial lung diseases is dysregulated repair of the alveolar epithelium. The Hippo pathway effector transcription factors YAP and TAZ are implicated as essential for type 1 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cell (AT1 and AT2) differentiation in the developing lung, yet aberrant activation of YAP/TAZ is a prominent feature of the dysregulated alveolar epithelium in IPF. In these studies, we sought to define the functional role of YAP/TAZ activity during alveolar regeneration. We demonstrated that Yap and Taz were normally activated in AT2 cells shortly after injury, and deletion of Yap/Taz in AT2 cells led to pathologic alveolar remodeling, failure of AT2-to-AT1 cell differentiation, increased collagen deposition, exaggerated neutrophilic inflammation, and increased mortality following injury induced by a single dose of bleomycin. Loss of Yap/Taz activity prior to an LPS injury prevented AT1 cell regeneration, led to intraalveolar collagen deposition, and resulted in persistent innate inflammation. These findings establish that AT2 cell Yap/Taz activity is essential for functional alveolar epithelial repair and prevention of fibrotic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca T. DiGiovanni
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wei Han
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Taylor P. Sherrill
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chase J. Taylor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David S. Nichols
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natalie M. Geis
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ujjal K. Singha
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carla L. Calvi
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - A. Scott McCall
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Molly M. Dixon
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Jang
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sergey S. Gutor
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vasiliy V. Polosukhin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason J. Gokey
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Rabie M, El-Hady HIA, Ibrahim DA, Hassan TH, Abdelhady EI. Plasma Wnt7b protein in rheumatoid arthritis: Detection of interstitial lung disease. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152397. [PMID: 37290224 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the plasma level of Wingless-related integration site 7b (Wnt7b) protein in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (with and without interstitial lung disease (ILD)) and in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients and its relationship with RA disease activity and/or severity of pulmonary fibrosis. To assess the validity of plasma Wnt7b for the detection of ILD among RA patients. METHOD This case-control study included 128 subjects (32 RA-ILD, 32 RA, 32 IPF, and 32 healthy controls). RA and RA-ILD Patients were evaluated for disease activity by DAS28 and disease activity grades were recorded according to DAS28 grades. Laboratory parameters as Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Anti-citrullinated peptide (Anti-CCP) were recorded. Plasma Wnt7b levels were measured by ELISA. Diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis (for RA-ILD and IPF patients) was done by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and its severity was assessed mainly by pulmonary function test using forced vital capacity (FVC) grading. RESULTS Comparison of Wnt7b plasma levels showed a significant difference between the studied groups with the P-value < 0.018 (RA-ILD had the highest levels). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in Wnt7b plasma levels between RA-ILD and IPF groups (P = 0.008). Also, RA-ILD and control groups had a significant difference (P = 0.039). However, there was a non-significant relationship between Wnt7b plasma levels and RA disease activity as well as the severity of pulmonary fibrosis. ROC curve analysis for the plasma Wnt7b levels revealed that a level ≥285.1 pg/ml had a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 43.8% for the detection of ILD in RA patients with positive likelihood ratio of 1.56 and negative likelihood ratio of 0.29. CONCLUSION RA-ILD patients had significantly higher plasma Wnt7b levels than the controls and IPF patients. These data suggest that the Wnt7b secretion is augmented by the concomitant presence of RA with pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, plasma Wnt7b may be used as a highly sensitive test for the detection of immunologically induced fibrotic changes in lung tissue among RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Rabie
- Rheumatology & Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Hanaa I Abd El-Hady
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Ibrahim
- Chest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tarek H Hassan
- Chest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Enas I Abdelhady
- Rheumatology & Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Kayalar O, Oztay F. CGRP induces myofibroblast differentiation and the production of extracellular matrix in MRC5s via autocrine and paracrine signalings. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23204. [PMID: 36056781 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There are contradictory views on which calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) causes pulmonary fibrosis. Fibrotic potency of CGRP was tested and compared to that of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Myofibroblast differentiation, cell proliferation, and activations of TGF-β and Wnt pathways were examined for 24, 48, and 72 h in A549 and MRC5 cell lines stimulated with CGRP and TGF-β. CGRP-induced cell proliferation in MRC5s early on while cell proliferation in A549 occurred progressively. CGRP promoted fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation by inducing the transcription of ACTA2, COL1A1, SMAD2/3, and SMAD4 genes, the production of collagen, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, and activation of TGF-β signaling starting from 24 h. Additionally, TGF-β signaling induced by CGRP decreased the DKK1 level and activated the Wnt signaling in MRC5s. After CGRP stimulation, Wnt7a levels were increased from 24 to 72 h, while Wnt5a levels were elevated at 72 h in MRC5s. CGRP did not induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549s, unlike TGF-β. A comparison of fibrotic potency of CGRP and TGF-β showed that TGF-β is a powerful profibrotic molecule and induces earlier myofibroblast differentiation. Even so, CGRP promotes myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix production by inducing Smad-dependent-TGF-β and Wnt signalings via autocrine and paracrine signalings in MRC5s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgecan Kayalar
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fusun Oztay
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Diesler R, Cottin V. Pulmonary fibrosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: from pathophysiology to treatment strategies. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:541-553. [PMID: 35695895 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2089116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory autoimmune disease, characterised by symmetric destructive arthritis and synovitis. Lung involvement is frequent, including in the form of interstitial lung disease (ILD). RA-ILD often presents with a radiologic and pathologic pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia, similar to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, highlighting the similarities between the two diseases, but other patterns and pathological associations are described. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis as well as the current and future therapeutic options. EXPERT OPINION Pulmonary fibrosis in the setting of RA-ILD is an example of genotype-environment interaction and involves multiple mechanisms including autoimmunity, inflammation and fibrogenesis. Despite that ILD conveys most of the exceeding mortality in RA patients, there are no official guidelines for the management of RA-ILD. Attention should be paid to potential lung toxicity of RA treatment even though some of them might help stabilise the ILD. Current standard of care is often composed of glucocorticoids that may be associated with immunosuppressive therapy. Following the approval of antifibrotic therapy for ILDs with a progressive fibrosing phenotype, current works are evaluating the benefit of such treatment in RA-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Diesler
- National Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Cottin
- National Reference Center for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, INRAE, Lyon, France
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Shi C, Chen X, Yin W, Sun Z, Hou J, Han X. Wnt8b regulates myofibroblast differentiation of lung-resident mesenchymal stem cells via the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in pulmonary fibrogenesis. Differentiation 2022; 125:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hu HH, Cao G, Wu XQ, Vaziri ND, Zhao YY. Wnt signaling pathway in aging-related tissue fibrosis and therapies. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 60:101063. [PMID: 32272170 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the final hallmark of pathological remodeling, which is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases and aging-related organ failure to fully control chronic wound-healing and restoring tissue function. The process of fibrosis is involved in the pathogenesis of the kidney, lung, liver, heart and other tissue disorders. Wnt is a highly conserved signaling in the aberrant wound repair and fibrogenesis, and sustained Wnt activation is correlated with the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In particular, mounting evidence has revealed that Wnt signaling played important roles in cell fate determination, proliferation and cell polarity establishment. The expression and distribution of Wnt signaling in different tissues vary with age, and these changes have key effects on maintaining tissue homeostasis. In this review, we first describe the major constituents of the Wnt signaling and their regulation functions. Subsequently, we summarize the dysregulation of Wnt signaling in aging-related fibrotic tissues such as kidney, liver, lung and cardiac fibrosis, followed by a detailed discussion of its involvement in organ fibrosis. In addition, the crosstalk between Wnt signaling and other pathways has the potential to profoundly add to the complexity of organ fibrosis. Increasing studies have demonstrated that a number of Wnt inhibitors had the potential role against tissue fibrosis, specifically in kidney fibrosis and the implications of Wnt signaling in aging-related diseases. Therefore, targeting Wnt signaling might be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy against aging-related tissue fibrosis.
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Gastrin-releasing peptide induces fibrotic response in MRC5s and proliferation in A549s. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:96. [PMID: 32552754 PMCID: PMC7301567 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex lung disease, whose build-up scar tissue is induced by several molecules. Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is released from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, alveolar macrophages, and some nerve endings in the lung. A possible role of GRP in IPF is unclear. We aimed to investigate the fibrotic response to GRP, at the cellular level in MRC5 and A549 cell lines. The proliferative and fibrotic effects of GRP on these cells were evaluated by using BrdU, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR for molecules associated with myofibroblast differentiation, TGF-β and Wnt signalling. All doses of GRP increased the amount of BrdU incorporation in A549 cells. In contrast, the amount of BrdU increased in MRC5 cells in the first 24 h, though progressively decreased by 72 h. GRP did not stimulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells, rather, it stimulated the differentiation of MRC5 cells into myofibroblasts. Furthermore, GRP induced gene and protein expressions of p-Smad2/3 and Smad4, and reduced the levels of Smad7 in MRC5 cells. In addition, GRP decreased Wnt5a protein levels and stimulated β-catenin activation by increasing Wnt4, Wnt7a and β-catenin protein levels. GRP caused myofibroblast differentiation by inducing TGF-βand Wnt pathways via paracrine and autocrine signalling in MRC5 cells. In conclusion, GRP may lead to pulmonary fibrosis due to its proliferative and fibrotic effects on lung fibroblasts. The abrogation of GRP-mediated signal activation might be considered as a treatment modality for fibrotic lung diseases. Video Abstract.
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Cao H, Chen X, Hou J, Wang C, Xiang Z, Shen Y, Han X. The Shh/Gli signaling cascade regulates myofibroblastic activation of lung-resident mesenchymal stem cells via the modulation of Wnt10a expression during pulmonary fibrogenesis. J Transl Med 2020; 100:363-377. [PMID: 31541181 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung-resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR-MSCs) are important regulators of lung repair and regeneration, and evidence suggests that this cell population also plays a vital role in fibrosis. Crosstalk between sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and wingless/integrated (Wnt) has been demonstrated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the underlying correlation between LR-MSCs and the Shh-Wnt signaling cascade remains poorly understood. Here, we identified Wnt10a as a key factor in pulmonary fibrosis. Using a bleomycin mouse model, we found that highly expressed Wnt10a was secreted by LR-MSCs undergoing myofibroblastic differentiation. LR-MSCs with myofibroblast characteristics isolated from fibrotic lungs exhibited increased Shh pathway activity, suggesting their role as Shh targets. In vitro, LR-MSCs responded to stimulation by recombinant Shh, acquiring a myofibroblast phenotype. We further demonstrated that the Shh/glioblastoma (Gli) system machinery regulated LR-MSC-to-myofibroblast transition and pulmonary fibrosis via manipulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Accordingly, inhibition of the Shh-Wnt signaling cascade prevented LR-MSC transformation into myofibroblasts and ameliorated pulmonary fibrotic lesions. Moreover, induction of Wnt10a expression and activation of Shh/Gli signaling were confirmed in human pulmonary fibrosis. In summary, this study linking the Shh-Wnt signaling cascade with LR-MSC fibrogenic activity furthered the current understanding of pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis and might provide a new perspective in the development of treatment strategies for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Cao
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiwei Hou
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of New Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
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Zhu H, Liu D, Jia H. Analysis of Wnt7B and BMP4 expression patterns in congenital pulmonary airway malformation. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:765-770. [PMID: 31962011 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a rare disorder characterized by aberrant overgrowth of terminal bronchioles. The objective of this study was to describe wingless-type MMTV integration site family 7B (Wnt7B) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) expression patterns in human CPAM lesions and to explore the possible roles of Wnt7B and BMP4 in the pathogenesis of CPAM. METHODS Fifteen tissue samples from patients with CPAM were obtained from the Pathology Department of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. Samples representing CPAM lesions and adjacent normal lung tissues were collected and Wnt7B and BMP4 expression was detected through immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting. RESULTS IHC revealed that Wnt7B immunopositive cells were only detected in epithelial cells, whereas BMP4 immunopositive cells were detected in epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Expression of Wnt7B and BMP4 immunopositive cells was higher in CPAM lesions than that in adjacent normal lung tissue. qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed that Wnt7B and BMP4 mRNA and protein expression were significantly higher in CPAM lesions than in adjacent normal lung tissue (P < .05). Overall, the level of BMP4 was higher than that of Wnt7B. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of Wnt7B and BMP4 appear to be related to the pathogenesis of CPAM and abnormal pulmonary development. Upregulation of Wnt7B and BMP4 could play an important role in the development of the bronchial-alveolar structures that characterize CPAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Yu W, Mi L, Wang F. Effect of the alteration of Tribbles homologue 3 expression on epithelial‑mesenchymal transition of transforming growth factor β1‑induced mouse alveolar epithelial cells through the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:615-622. [PMID: 31974597 PMCID: PMC6947854 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to elucidate the regulatory effect of exogenous Tribbles homologue 3 (TRB3) expression on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced mouse alveolar epithelial cells (MLE-12) and investigate the underlying regulatory mechanisms. TRB3 expression was upregulated and downregulated using gene overexpression and RNA interference techniques, respectively. TGF-β1-stimulated MLE-12 cells were examined for EMT and activation condition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway using Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence techniques. During TGF-β1-induced EMT, TRB3 expression was found to be significantly upregulated (P<0.05). In the TRB3 overexpression group, upregulated expression of β-catenin and EMT-related genes and proteins was observed (P<0.05), and an increase in fibrosis-related factors in the cell culture supernatant was detected (P<0.05); however, the results were the opposite in the TRB3 downregulated group (P<0.05). TRB3 may be involved in the regulation of EMT in TGF-β1-induced MLE-12 cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Mi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qingdao Chest Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266043, P.R. China
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Lan L, Wang W, Huang Y, Bu X, Zhao C. Roles of Wnt7a in embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and human diseases. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18588-18598. [PMID: 31271226 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human Wnt family comprises 19 proteins which are critical to embryo development and tissue homeostasis. Binding to different frizzled (FZD) receptor, Wnt7a initiates both β-catenin dependent pathway, and β-catenin independent pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAC/JNK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. In the embryo, Wnt7a plays a crucial role in cerebral cortex development, synapse formation, and central nervous system vasculature formation and maintenance. Wnt7a is also involved in the development of limb and female reproductive system. Wnt7a mutation leads to human limb malformations and animal female reproductive system defects. Wnt7a is implicated in homeostasis maintenance of skeletal muscle, cartilage, cornea and hair follicle, and Wnt7a treatment may be potentially applied in skeletal muscle dystrophy, corneal damage, wound repair, and hair follicle regeneration. Wnt7a plays dual roles in human tumors. Wnt7a is downregulated in lung cancers, functioning as a tumor suppressor, however, it is upregulated in several other malignancies such as ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and glioma, acting as a tumor promoter. Moreover, Wnt7a overexpression is associated with inflammation and fibrosis, but its roles need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Lan
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Spleen Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianmin Bu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Spleen Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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He X, Kiratipaiboon C, Porter DW, Rojanasakul LW, Dinu CZ, Wang K, Yang Y, Rojanasakul Y. Predicting Nanotube Fibrogenicity through Stem Cell-Mediated Fibroblast Focus and Spheroid Formation. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6500-6508. [PMID: 30211561 PMCID: PMC6298034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast stem cells or stemlike cells (FSCs) are proposed to play a pivotal role in extracellular matrix (ECM) regeneration by serving as a key source of ECM-producing fibroblasts. We developed a mechanism-based in vitro model for fibrogenicity testing of nanomaterials based on their ability to induce FSCs. Using a FSC-enriched fibroblast focus model to mimic in vivo fibrogenic response, we demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in fibroblast focus formation and collagen production by primary lung fibroblasts treated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The focus-forming cells exhibited stem properties as indicated by stem cell markers expression, sphere formation, and ALDH activity assays. Inhibition of ALDH activity diminished the focus and sphere formation as well as collagen production. In vivo animal studies supported the in vitro findings and indicated the potential utility of FSC-based assays as a rapid screening tool for fibrogenicity testing of nanomaterials. This study also unveils a novel mechanism of nanotube-induced fibrogenesis through ALDH-dependent FSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Chayanin Kiratipaiboon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Dale W. Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Liying W. Rojanasakul
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 760207, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 760207, United States
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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14
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Chen X, Shi C, Cao H, Chen L, Hou J, Xiang Z, Hu K, Han X. The hedgehog and Wnt/β-catenin system machinery mediate myofibroblast differentiation of LR-MSCs in pulmonary fibrogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:639. [PMID: 29844390 PMCID: PMC5974360 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive and fatal lung disease that is characterized by enhanced changes in stem cell differentiation and fibroblast proliferation. Resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR-MSCs) can undergo phenotype conversion to myofibroblasts to augment extracellular matrix production, impairing function and contributing to pulmonary fibrosis. Hedgehog and Wnt signaling are developmental signal cascades that play an essential role in regulating embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Recently, it has been reported that both hedgehog and Wnt signaling play important roles in pulmonary fibrogenesis. Thus, the identification of specific target regulators may yield new strategy for pulmonary fibrosis therapies. In our work, we demonstrated the critical role of Gli1, Wnt7b, Wnt10a and Fzd10 in the process of pulmonary fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Gli1 was induced in LR-MSCs following TGF-β1 treatment and fibrotic lung tissues. Inhibition of Gli1 suppressed myofibroblast differentiation of LR-MSCs and pulmonary fibrosis, and decreased the expression of Wnt7b, Wnt10a and β-catenin. Gli1 bound to and increased promoter activity of the Wnt7b and Wnt10a genes, and Wnt7b and Wnt10a were critical activators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. It was noteworthy that Fzd10 knockdown reduced Wnt7b and Wnt10a-induced activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which imply that Wnt7b and Wnt10a may be the ligands for Fzd10. Moreover, siRNA-mediated inhibition of Fzd10 prevented TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation of LR-MSCs in vitro and impaired bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We conclude that hedgehog and Wnt/β-catenin signaling play a critical role in promoting myofibroblast differentiation of LR-MSCs and development of pulmonary fibrosis. These findings elucidate a therapeutic approach to attenuate pulmonary fibrosis through targeted inhibition of Gli1 or Fzd10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chaowen Shi
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Honghui Cao
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiwei Hou
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kebin Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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15
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Kim YI, Shin HW, Chun YS, Cho CH, Koh J, Chung DH, Park JW. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines CST3 and GDF15 as potential therapeutics for pulmonary fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:506. [PMID: 29724997 PMCID: PMC5938700 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While wound healing is completed, the epithelium functions to normalize the interstitial context by eliminating fibroblasts excited during matrix reconstruction. If not, tissues undergo pathologic fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal and hardly curable disorder. We here tried to identify epithelium-derived cytokines capable of ameliorating pulmonary fibrosis. Human lung fibroblasts were inactivated in epithelial cell-conditioned media. Cystatin C (CST3) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) were found to be enriched in the conditioned media and to inhibit the growth and activation of lung fibroblasts by inactivating the TGF–Smad pathway. In mouse and human lungs with interstitial fibrosis, CST3 and GDF15 expressions were markedly reduced, and the restoration of these cytokines alleviated the fibrotic changes in mouse lungs. These results suggest that CST3 and GDF15 are bona fide regulators to prevent excessive proliferation and activation of fibroblasts in injured lungs. These cytokines could be potential therapeutics for ameliorating interstitial lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Im Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus Education Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus Education Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus Education Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus Education Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus Education Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21-plus Education Program, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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16
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Arezzini B, Vecchio D, Signorini C, Stringa B, Gardi C. F 2-isoprostanes can mediate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:1-9. [PMID: 29129520 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) have been considered markers of oxidative stress in various pulmonary diseases, but little is known about their possible role in pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we have investigated the potential key role of F2-IsoPs as markers and mediators of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. During the in vivo study, plasma F2-IsoPs showed a peak at 7 days and remained elevated for the entire experimental period. Lung F2-IsoP content nearly tripled 7 days following the intratracheal instillation of BLM, and by 28 days, the value increased about fivefold compared to the controls. Collagen deposition correlated with F2-IsoP content in the lung. Furthermore, from day 21 onwards, lung sections from BLM-treated animals showed α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive cells, which were mostly evident at 28 days. In vitro studies performed in rat lung fibroblasts (RLF) demonstrated that either BLM or F2-IsoPs stimulated both cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Moreover, RLF treated with F2-IsoPs showed a significant increase of α-SMA expression compared to control, indicating that F2-IsoPs can readily activate fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Our data demonstrated that F2-IsoPs can be mediators of key events for the onset and development of lung fibrosis, such as cell proliferation, collagen synthesis and fibroblast activation. Immunocytochemistry analysis, inhibition and binding studies demonstrated the presence of the thromboxane A2 receptor (TP receptor) on lung fibroblasts and suggested that the observed effects may be elicited through the binding to this receptor. Our data added a new perspective on the role of F2-IsoPs in lung fibrosis by providing evidence of a profibrotic role for these mediators in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Arezzini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Signorini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Blerta Stringa
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Concetta Gardi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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17
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Shao J, Liu H, Liu X, Luo E. Adiponectin regulates BMSC osteogenic differentiation and osteogenesis through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623357 PMCID: PMC5473871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the stimulatory effects of adiponectin on bone formation, but the mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, one of the most important pathways in osteogenesis, has rarely been associated with the osteogenic effects of adiponectin in previous studies. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of adiponectin on bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) osteogenic differentiation and bone formation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We detected adiponectin receptor expression in BMSCs, constructed a recombinant adenovirus containing the human adiponectin gene, and then used the adenovirus to transfect BMSCs in vitro or injected the adenovirus into bone defect areas in animal models. Wnt/β-catenin pathway and osteogenesis were detected by real-time PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence, HE staining and micro-CT. In both our in vivo and in vitro experiments, we detected higher gene and protein expression levels of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related factors β-catenin and cyclinD1 in adiponectin transgenic BMSCs and rats. Similar results were noted regarding the gene and protein expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes. In addition, more new bone formation was observed in the adiponectin-treated groups. Our results indicate that adiponectin could facilitate BMSC osteogenic differentiation and osteogenesis, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was involved in the osteogenic effect of adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou, 510800, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Distinct Roles of Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3520581. [PMID: 28588349 PMCID: PMC5447271 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3520581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways are tightly controlled under a physiological condition, under which they play key roles in many biological functions, including cell fate specification and tissue regeneration. Increasing lines of evidence recently demonstrated that a dysregulated activation of Wnt signaling, particularly the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, was involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In this respect, Wnt signaling interacts with other cellular signaling pathways to regulate the initiation and pathogenic procedures of airway inflammation and remodeling, pulmonary myofibroblast proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and development of emphysema. Intriguingly, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated in IPF; an inhibition of this signaling leads to an alleviation of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in experimental models. Conversely, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is inactivated in COPD tissues, and its reactivation results in an amelioration of airspace enlargement with a restored alveolar epithelial structure and function in emphysema models. These studies thus imply distinct mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the pathogenesis of these two chronic pulmonary diseases, indicating potential targets for COPD and IPF treatments. This review article aims to summarize the involvement and pathogenic roles of Wnt signaling pathways in the COPD and IPF, with a focus on the implication of Wnt/β-catenin signaling as underlying mechanisms and therapeutic targets in these two incurable diseases.
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19
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Horimasu Y, Ishikawa N, Iwamoto H, Ohshimo S, Hamada H, Hattori N, Okada M, Arihiro K, Ohtsuki Y, Kohno N. Clinical and molecular features of rapidly progressive chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. SARCOIDOSIS VASCULITIS AND DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES 2017; 34:48-57. [PMID: 32476822 DOI: 10.36141/svdld.v34i1.5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) is characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis of the lungs caused by a variety of inhaled antigens. Despite extensive efforts to minimize exposure to the antigens, patients with CHP sometimes experience rapid deterioration of their pulmonary functions, resulting in death within a few years. Objectives: This study aimed to define clearly the clinical and molecular features of patients with rapidly progressive CHP. Methods: Annual decline in pulmonary functions and its association with clinical variables was evaluated in 43 patients with CHP. The RNA from frozen lung specimens of nine patients with rapidly progressive CHP and normal control subjects was profiled using Illumina HumanWG-6 v3 Expression BeadChips, and an Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was performed to identify the altered functional and canonical signaling pathways. Results: Patients with more than 10% annual decline in forced vital capacity and those with more than 15% annual decline in diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide showed significantly poor overall survival rates (p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively). According to the gene expression analysis, 160 genes, including cystatin SN (CST1), ephrin-A2 (EFNA2), and wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7B (WNT7B) were upregulated, and pathways related to inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases were differentially expressed. Conclusion: Greater annual decline in pulmonary function can predict poorer prognosis of patients with CHP. Genes and pathways related to inflammatory responses and autoimmune diseases have potential roles in the pathogenesis of rapidly progressive CHP, suggesting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. (Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2017; 34: 48-57).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nobuhisa Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54 Ujinakanda, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8530, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Morihito Okada
- Surgical Oncology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuji Ohtsuki
- Division of Pathology, Matsuyama-shimin Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0067, Japan
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20
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Prakash YS. Emerging concepts in smooth muscle contributions to airway structure and function: implications for health and disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1113-L1140. [PMID: 27742732 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway structure and function are key aspects of normal lung development, growth, and aging, as well as of lung responses to the environment and the pathophysiology of important diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis. In this regard, the contributions of airway smooth muscle (ASM) are both functional, in the context of airway contractility and relaxation, as well as synthetic, involving production and modulation of extracellular components, modulation of the local immune environment, cellular contribution to airway structure, and, finally, interactions with other airway cell types such as epithelium, fibroblasts, and nerves. These ASM contributions are now found to be critical in airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling that occur in lung diseases. This review emphasizes established and recent discoveries that underline the central role of ASM and sets the stage for future research toward understanding how ASM plays a central role by being both upstream and downstream in the many interactive processes that determine airway structure and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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21
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Selman M, López-Otín C, Pardo A. Age-driven developmental drift in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:538-52. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00398-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and usually lethal disease of unknown aetiology. A growing body of evidence supports that IPF represents an epithelial-driven process characterised by aberrant epithelial cell behaviour, fibroblast/myofibroblast activation and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix with the subsequent destruction of the lung architecture. The mechanisms involved in the abnormal hyper-activation of the epithelium are unclear, but we propose that recapitulation of pathways and processes critical to embryological development associated with a tissue specific age-related stochastic epigenetic drift may be implicated. These pathways may also contribute to the distinctive behaviour of IPF fibroblasts. Genomic and epigenomic studies have revealed that wingless/Int, sonic hedgehog and other developmental signalling pathways are reactivated and deregulated in IPF. Moreover, some of these pathways cross-talk with transforming growth factor-β activating a profibrotic feedback loop. The expression pattern of microRNAs is also dysregulated in IPF and exhibits a similar expression profile to embryonic lungs. In addition, senescence, a process usually associated with ageing, which occurs early in alveolar epithelial cells of IPF lungs, likely represents a conserved programmed developmental mechanism. Here, we review the major developmental pathways that get twisted in IPF, and discuss the connection with ageing and potential therapeutic approaches.
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22
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Perkins TN, Dentener MA, Stassen FR, Rohde GG, Mossman BT, Wouters EF, Reynaert NL. Alteration of canonical and non-canonical WNT-signaling by crystalline silica in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 301:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Davidson DC, Derk R, He X, Stueckle TA, Cohen J, Pirela SV, Demokritou P, Rojanasakul Y, Wang L. Direct stimulation of human fibroblasts by nCeO2 in vitro is attenuated with an amorphous silica coating. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:23. [PMID: 27142434 PMCID: PMC4855843 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nano-scaled cerium oxide (nCeO2) is used in a variety of applications, including use as a fuel additive, catalyst, and polishing agent, yet potential adverse health effects associated with nCeO2 exposure remain incompletely understood. Given the increasing utility and demand for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) such as nCeO2, “safety-by-design” approaches are currently being sought, meaning that the physicochemical properties (e.g., size and surface chemistry) of the ENMs are altered in an effort to maximize functionality while minimizing potential toxicity. In vivo studies have shown in a rat model that inhaled nCeO2 deposited deep in the lung and induced fibrosis. However, little is known about how the physicochemical properties of nCeO2, or the coating of the particles with a material such as amorphous silica (aSiO2), may affect the bio-activity of these particles. Thus, we hypothesized that the physicochemical properties of nCeO2 may explain its potential to induce fibrogenesis, and that a nano-thin aSiO2 coating on nCeO2 may counteract that effect. Results Primary normal human lung fibroblasts were treated at occupationally relevant doses with nCeO2 that was either left uncoated or was coated with aSiO2 (amsCeO2). Subsequently, fibroblasts were analyzed for known hallmarks of fibrogenesis, including cell proliferation and collagen production, as well as the formation of fibroblastic nodules. The results of this study are consistent with this hypothesis, as we found that nCeO2 directly induced significant production of collagen I and increased cell proliferation in vitro, while amsCeO2 did not. Furthermore, treatment of fibroblasts with nCeO2, but not amsCeO2, significantly induced the formation of fibroblastic nodules, a clear indicator of fibrogenicity. Such in vitro data is consistent with recent in vivo observations using the same nCeO2 nanoparticles and relevant doses. This effect appeared to be mediated through TGFβ signaling since chemical inhibition of the TGFβ receptor abolished these responses. Conclusions These results indicate that differences in the physicochemical properties of nCeO2 may alter the fibrogenicity of this material, thus highlighting the potential benefits of “safety-by-design” strategies. In addition, this study provides an efficient in vitro method for testing the fibrogenicity of ENMs that strongly correlates with in vivo findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna C Davidson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Joel Cohen
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra V Pirela
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Liying Wang
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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Oda K, Yatera K, Izumi H, Ishimoto H, Yamada S, Nakao H, Hanaka T, Ogoshi T, Noguchi S, Mukae H. Profibrotic role of WNT10A via TGF-β signaling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2016; 17:39. [PMID: 27071460 PMCID: PMC4830023 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background WNT/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); however, the role of WNT10A via transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling remains unclear. Methods We evaluated the expression of WNT10A and TGF-β in bleomycin (BLM)-treated mice and the interactions between TGF-β or BLM and WNT10A in vitro. Additionally, we investigated IPF patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery to determine whether the WNT10A expression is related to the survival. Results Increased WNT10A and TGF-β expressions were noted in the BLM-treated mice. Real-time PCR and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated the levels of WNT10A and collagen in the fibroblasts cells to increase after TGF-β administration. Conversely, WNT10A siRNA treatment inhibited the synthesis of collagen in the transfected fibroblasts cells. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated a tendency toward a poor survival among the IPF patients with a WNT10A-positive expression compared to those with a negative expression (Hazard ratio 5.351, 95 % CI 1.703-16.82; p = 0.0041). An overexpression of WNT10A was found to be significantly predictive of an acute exacerbation of IPF (AE-IPF) (Odds ratio 13.69, 95 % CI 1.728-108.5; p = 0.013). Conclusions WNT10A plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IPF via TGF-β activation and it may also be a sensitive predictor for the onset of an AE-IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Oda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Field of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakao
- Miyazaki Prefectural Nursing University, 3-5-1 Manabino, Miyazaki City, Miyazaki, 880-0929, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ogoshi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shingo Noguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan.,Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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25
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Ten Dam EJPM, van Beuge MM, Bank RA, Werker PMN. Further evidence of the involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in Dupuytren's disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 10:33-40. [PMID: 26635199 PMCID: PMC4850140 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic background plays an important role in the development of Dupuytren’s disease. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) showed that nine loci are associated with the disease, six of which contain genes that are involved in Wnt signaling (WNT2, WNT4, WNT7B, RSPO2, SFRP4, SULF1). To obtain insight in the role of these genes, we performed expression studies on affected and unaffected patient’s tissues. Surgically obtained nodules and cords from eight Dupuytren’s patients were compared to patient-matched control tissue (unaffected transverse palmar fascia). The Wnt-related genes found in the GWAS, the classical Wnt-downstream protein β-catenin, as well as (myo)fibroblast markers were analyzed using real-time qPCR and immunohistochemical stainings for mRNA levels and protein levels, respectively. The collagen-coding genes COL1A1 and COL3A1 were highly upregulated on mRNA level, both in cords and nodules. Three Wnt-related genes were found to be differently regulated compared to control tissue: WNT2 was downregulated in nodules, WNT7B was upregulated in nodules, and SFRP4 was upregulated in nodules and cords. Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly less staining of Wnt2 in cords, but significantly more staining for Wnt7b in nodules. There was significantly more staining of α-SMA in nodules and cord and β-catenin in nodules than in control tissue. We found differences in expression, both at mRNA and protein level, in several Wnt-related genes found earlier to be associated with Dupuytren’s disease. Of these, Wnt7b was upregulated and found in close association with both α-SMA and β-catenin expressing cells, making it a candidate pro-fibrotic mediator in Dupuytren’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert-Jan P M Ten Dam
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, EA11, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, BB81, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marike M van Beuge
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, EA11, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, EA11, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M N Werker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, BB81, P.O. Box 30 001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Newman DR, Sills WS, Hanrahan K, Ziegler A, Tidd KM, Cook E, Sannes PL. Expression of WNT5A in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Its Control by TGF-β and WNT7B in Human Lung Fibroblasts. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 64:99-111. [PMID: 26538547 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415617988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The wingless (Wnt) family of signaling ligands contributes significantly to lung development and is highly expressed in patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). We sought to define the cellular distribution of Wnt5A in the lung tissue of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and the signaling ligands that control its expression in human lung fibroblasts and IPF myofibroblasts. Tissue sections from 40 patients diagnosed with IPF or UIP were probed for the immunolocalization of Wnt5A. Further, isolated lung fibroblasts from normal or IPF human lungs, adenovirally transduced for the overexpression or silencing of Wnt7B or treated with TGF-β1 or its inhibitor, were analyzed for Wnt5A protein expression. Wnt5A was expressed in IPF lungs by airway and alveolar epithelium, smooth muscle cells, endothelium, and myofibroblasts of fibroblastic foci and throughout the interstitium. Forced overexpression of Wnt7B with or without TGF-β1 treatment significantly increased Wnt5A protein expression in normal human smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts but not in IPF myofibroblasts where Wnt5A was already highly expressed. The results demonstrate a wide distribution of Wnt5A expression in cells of the IPF lung and reveal that it is significantly increased by Wnt7B and TGF-β1, which, in combination, could represent key signaling pathways that modulate the pathogenesis of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna R Newman
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (DRN, WSS, KH, AZ, KMT, EC, PLS)
| | - W Shane Sills
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (DRN, WSS, KH, AZ, KMT, EC, PLS)
| | - Katherine Hanrahan
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (DRN, WSS, KH, AZ, KMT, EC, PLS)
| | - Amanda Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (DRN, WSS, KH, AZ, KMT, EC, PLS)
| | - Kathleen McGinnis Tidd
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (DRN, WSS, KH, AZ, KMT, EC, PLS)
| | - Elizabeth Cook
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (DRN, WSS, KH, AZ, KMT, EC, PLS)
| | - Philip L Sannes
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Human Health and the Environment, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina (DRN, WSS, KH, AZ, KMT, EC, PLS)
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Craig VJ, Zhang L, Hagood JS, Owen CA. Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:585-600. [PMID: 26121236 PMCID: PMC4742954 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0020tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a restrictive lung disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Current medical therapies are not fully effective at limiting mortality in patients with IPF, and new therapies are urgently needed. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteinases that, together, can degrade all components of the extracellular matrix and numerous nonmatrix proteins. MMPs and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF based upon the results of clinical studies reporting elevated levels of MMPs (including MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-8, and MMP-9) in IPF blood and/or lung samples. Surprisingly, studies of gene-targeted mice in murine models of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) have demonstrated that most MMPs promote (rather than inhibit) the development of PF and have identified diverse mechanisms involved. These mechanisms include MMPs: (1) promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMP-3 and MMP-7); (2) increasing lung levels or activity of profibrotic mediators or reducing lung levels of antifibrotic mediators (MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-8); (3) promoting abnormal epithelial cell migration and other aberrant repair processes (MMP-3 and MMP-9); (4) inducing the switching of lung macrophage phenotypes from M1 to M2 types (MMP-10 and MMP-28); and (5) promoting fibrocyte migration (MMP-8). Two MMPs, MMP-13 and MMP-19, have antifibrotic activities in murine models of PF, and two MMPs, MMP-1 and MMP-10, have the potential to limit fibrotic responses to injury. Herein, we review what is known about the contributions of MMPs and TIMPs to the pathogenesis of IPF and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J. Craig
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James S. Hagood
- Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, and
- Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California; and
| | - Caroline A. Owen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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28
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Guzy RD, Stoilov I, Elton TJ, Mecham RP, Ornitz DM. Fibroblast growth factor 2 is required for epithelial recovery, but not for pulmonary fibrosis, in response to bleomycin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:116-28. [PMID: 24988442 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0184oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis involves lung epithelial injury and aberrant proliferation of fibroblasts, and results in progressive pulmonary scarring and declining lung function. In vitro, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 promotes myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation in cooperation with the profibrotic growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, but the in vivo requirement for FGF2 in the development of pulmonary fibrosis is not known. The bleomycin model of lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis was applied to Fgf2 knockout (Fgf2(-/-)) and littermate control mice. Weight loss, mortality, pulmonary fibrosis, and histology were analyzed after a single intranasal dose of bleomycin. Inflammation was evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and epithelial barrier integrity was assessed by measuring BAL protein and Evans Blue dye permeability. Fgf2 is expressed in mouse and human lung epithelial and inflammatory cells, and, in response to bleomycin, Fgf2(-/-) mice have significantly increased mortality and weight loss. Analysis of BAL fluid and histology show that pulmonary fibrosis is unaltered, but Fgf2(-/-) mice fail to efficiently resolve inflammation, have increased BAL cellularity, and, importantly, deficient recovery of epithelial integrity. Fgf2(-/-) mice similarly have deficient recovery of club cell secretory protein(+) bronchial epithelium in response to naphthalene. We conclude that FGF2 is not required for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, but rather is essential for epithelial repair and maintaining epithelial integrity after bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. These data identify that FGF2 acts as a protective growth factor after lung epithelial injury, and call into question the role of FGF2 as a profibrotic growth factor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Guzy
- Departments of 1 Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
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29
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SONG PING, ZHENG JINXU, XU JIAO, LIU JIZHU, WU LIYAN, LIU CHAO. β-catenin induces A549 alveolar epithelial cell mesenchymal transition during pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2703-10. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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30
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Deficiency of endothelial nitric oxide signaling pathway exacerbates peritoneal fibrosis in mice. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:567-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-1029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis exhibit genome-wide differences in DNA methylation compared to fibroblasts from nonfibrotic lung. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107055. [PMID: 25215577 PMCID: PMC4162578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive fibroproliferation is a central hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic, progressive disorder that results in impaired gas exchange and respiratory failure. Fibroblasts are the key effector cells in IPF, and aberrant expression of multiple genes contributes to their excessive fibroproliferative phenotype. DNA methylation changes are critical to the development of many diseases, but the DNA methylome of IPF fibroblasts has never been characterized. Here, we utilized the HumanMethylation 27 array, which assays the DNA methylation level of 27,568 CpG sites across the genome, to compare the DNA methylation patterns of IPF fibroblasts (n = 6) with those of nonfibrotic patient controls (n = 3) and commercially available normal lung fibroblast cell lines (n = 3). We found that multiple CpG sites across the genome are differentially methylated (as defined by P value less than 0.05 and fold change greater than 2) in IPF fibroblasts compared to fibroblasts from nonfibrotic controls. These methylation differences occurred both in genes recognized to be important in fibroproliferation and extracellular matrix generation, as well as in genes not previously recognized to participate in those processes (including organ morphogenesis and potassium ion channels). We used bisulfite sequencing to independently verify DNA methylation differences in 3 genes (CDKN2B, CARD10, and MGMT); these methylation changes corresponded with differences in gene expression at the mRNA and protein level. These differences in DNA methylation were stable throughout multiple cell passages. DNA methylation differences may thus help to explain a proportion of the differences in gene expression previously observed in studies of IPF fibroblasts. Moreover, significant variability in DNA methylation was observed among individual IPF cell lines, suggesting that differences in DNA methylation may contribute to fibroblast heterogeneity among patients with IPF. These results demonstrate that IPF fibroblasts exhibit global differences in DNA methylation that may contribute to the excessive fibroproliferation associated with this disease.
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32
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Boorsma CE, Dekkers BGJ, van Dijk EM, Kumawat K, Richardson J, Burgess JK, John AE. Beyond TGFβ--novel ways to target airway and parenchymal fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:166-80. [PMID: 25197006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Within the lungs, fibrosis can affect both the parenchyma and the airways. Fibrosis is a hallmark pathological change in the parenchyma in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), whilst in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) fibrosis is a component of the remodelling of the airways. In the past decade, significant advances have been made in understanding the disease behaviour and pathogenesis of parenchymal and airway fibrosis and as a result a variety of novel therapeutic targets for slowing or preventing progression of these fibrotic changes have been identified. This review highlights a number of these targets and discusses the potential for treating parenchymal or airway fibrosis through these mediators/pathways in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Boorsma
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B G J Dekkers
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E M van Dijk
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Kumawat
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Richardson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, QMC Campus, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - J K Burgess
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe 2037, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - A E John
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Campus, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom.
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Luanpitpong S, Wang L, Manke A, Martin K, Ammer A, Castranova V, Yang Y, Rojansakul Y. Induction of stemlike cells with fibrogenic properties by carbon nanotubes and its role in fibrogenesis. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3110-6. [PMID: 24873662 PMCID: PMC4055043 DOI: 10.1021/nl5002026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We developed a three-dimensional fibroblastic nodule model for fibrogenicity testing of nanomaterials and investigated the role of fibroblast stemlike cells (FSCs) in the fibrogenic process. We showed that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) induced fibroblastic nodule formation in primary human lung fibroblast cultures resembling the fibroblastic foci in clinical fibrosis and promoted FSCs that are highly fibrogenic and a potential driving force of fibrogenesis. This study provides a predictive 3D model and mechanistic insight on CNT fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Liying Wang
- Pathology
and Physiology Research Branch, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Amruta Manke
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Karen
H. Martin
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Amanda
Gatesman Ammer
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology
and Physiology Research Branch, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Yon Rojansakul
- Pharmaceutical
and Pharmacological Sciences Program, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Animal Models and
Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 304- 293-1476
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Song P, Zheng JX, Liu JZ, Xu J, Wu LY, Liu C, Zhu Q, Wang Y. Effect of the Wnt1/β-catenin signalling pathway on human embryonic pulmonary fibroblasts. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1030-6. [PMID: 24859686 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic lung disease associated with a high rate of mortality, characterised by an accumulation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in the fibroblastic foci (FF) and by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the lung parenchyma. The pathogenesis of this fatal disorder remains unclear. Previous evidence suggests that myofibroblasts are key effectors of the deposition of ECM. In the present study, human embryonic pulmonary fibroblast (HEPF) cells were incubated with different concentrations of Wnt1. The present study revealed that cell proliferation improved following stimulation using different concentrations of Wnt1 in a concentration-dependent manner. When the concentration exceeded 20 µg/l, cell proliferation was significant (P<0.05) and the cell expression of α-SMA, vimentin and collagen I mRNA, as well as protein expression, significantly increased (P<0.05). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was then obtained from bleomycin (BLM)-induced models of pulmonary fibrosis. HEPF cells were cultured with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium plus BALF. The mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA, vimentin and collagen I significantly increased and these increases were associated with β-catenin. Furthermore, following being infected with the lentivirus expressing β-catenin shRNA, HEPF cells were cultured with BALF. However, the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA, vimentin and collagen I did not increase significantly. The present study suggested that the Wnt1/β-catenin signalling pathway can promote HEPF cell proliferation and induced HEPF cells can change into myofibroblasts and promote ECM deposition. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Respiratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Xu Zheng
- Respiratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Zhu Liu
- Respiratory Department, Huaibei Miner General Hospital, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Xu
- Respiratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yan Wu
- Respiratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Respiratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Respiratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Respiratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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Bridges JP, Schehr A, Wang Y, Huo L, Besnard V, Ikegami M, Whitsett JA, Xu Y. Epithelial SCAP/INSIG/SREBP signaling regulates multiple biological processes during perinatal lung maturation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91376. [PMID: 24806461 PMCID: PMC4012993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is required for lung function at birth and throughout postnatal life. Defects in the surfactant system are associated with common pulmonary disorders including neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome in children and adults. Lipogenesis is essential for the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant by type II epithelial cells lining the alveoli. This study sought to identify the role of pulmonary epithelial SREBP, a transcriptional regulator of cellular lipid homeostasis, during a critical time period of perinatal lung maturation in the mouse. Genome wide mRNA expression profiling of lung tissue from transgenic mice with epithelial-specific deletions of Scap (ScapΔ/Δ, resulting in inactivation of SREBP signaling) or Insig1 and Insig2 (Insig1/2Δ/Δ, resulting in activation of SREBP signaling) was assessed. Differentially expressed genes responding to SREBP perturbations were identified and subjected to functional enrichment analysis, pathway mapping and literature mining to predict upstream regulators and transcriptional networks regulating surfactant lipid homeostasis. Through comprehensive data analysis and integration, time dependent effects of epithelial SCAP/INSIG/SREBP deletion and defined SCAP/INSIG/SREBP-associated genes, bioprocesses and downstream pathways were identified. SREBP signaling influences epithelial development, cell death and cell proliferation at E17.5, while primarily influencing surfactant physiology, lipid/sterol synthesis, and phospholipid transport after birth. SREBP signaling integrated with the Wnt/β-catenin and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways during perinatal lung maturation. SREBP regulates perinatal lung lipogenesis and maturation through multiple mechanisms by interactions with distinct sets of regulatory partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Bridges
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Angelica Schehr
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liya Huo
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Machiko Ikegami
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Coffey E, Newman DR, Sannes PL. Expression of fibroblast growth factor 9 in normal human lung and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:671-9. [PMID: 23797050 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413497366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of signaling ligands contributes significantly to lung development and maintenance in the adult. FGF9 is involved in control of epithelial branching and mesenchymal proliferation and expansion in developing lungs. However, its activity and expression in the normal adult lung and by epithelial and interstitial cells in fibroproliferative diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are unknown. Tissue samples from normal organ donor human lungs and those of a cohort of patients with mild to severe IPF were sectioned and stained for the immunolocalization of FGF9. In normal lungs, FGF9 was confined to smooth muscle surrounding airways, alveolar ducts and sacs, and blood vessels. In addition to these same sites, lungs of IPF patients expressed FGF9 in a population of myofibroblasts within fibroblastic foci, hypertrophic and hyperplastic epithelium of airways and alveoli, and smooth muscle cells surrounding vessels embedded in thickened interstitium. The results demonstrate that FGF9 protein increased in regions of active cellular hyperplasia, metaplasia, and fibrotic expansion of IPF lungs, and in isolated human lung fibroblasts treated with TGF-β1 and/or overexpressing Wnt7B. The cellular distribution and established biologic activity of FGF9 make it a potentially strong candidate for contributing to the progression of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Coffey
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
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