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DeWolf SE, Hawkes AA, Kurian SM, Gorial DE, Hepokoski ML, Almeida SS, Posner IR, McKay DB. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells respond to DAMPs from injured renal tubular cells. Pulm Circ 2024; 14:e12379. [PMID: 38962184 PMCID: PMC11220341 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes distant organ dysfunction through yet unknown mechanisms, leading to multiorgan failure and death. The lungs are one of the most common extrarenal organs affected by AKI, and combined lung and kidney injury has a mortality as high as 60%-80%. One mechanism that has been implicated in lung injury after AKI involves molecules released from injured kidney cells (DAMPs, or damage-associated molecular patterns) that promote a noninfectious inflammatory response by binding to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) constitutively expressed on the pulmonary endothelium. To date there are limited data investigating the role of PRRs and DAMPs in the pulmonary endothelial response to AKI. Understanding these mechanisms holds great promise for therapeutics aimed at ameliorating the devastating effects of AKI. In this study, we stimulate primary human microvascular endothelial cells with DAMPs derived from injured primary renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) as an ex-vivo model of lung injury following AKI. We show that DAMPs derived from injured RTECs cause activation of Toll-Like Receptor and NOD-Like Receptor signaling pathways as well as increase human primary pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) cytokine production, cell signaling activation, and permeability. We further show that cytokine production in HMVECs in response to DAMPs derived from RTECs is reduced by the inhibition of NOD1 and NOD2, which may have implications for future therapeutics. This paper adds to our understanding of PRR expression and function in pulmonary HMVECs and provides a foundation for future work aimed at developing therapeutic strategies to prevent lung injury following AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. DeWolf
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of ImmunologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alana A. Hawkes
- Department of ImmunologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sunil M. Kurian
- Scripps Clinic Bio‐Repository & Bio‐Informatics Core, Scripps HealthLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of SurgeryScripps Clinic and Green HospitalLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Diana E. Gorial
- Department of ImmunologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark L. Hepokoski
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineVeterans AdministrationSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Isabella R. Posner
- Department of ImmunologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dianne B. McKay
- Department of ImmunologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of SurgeryScripps Clinic and Green HospitalLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Zhou Y, Chen C, Li Q, Sheng H, Guo X, Mao E. NORAD modulates miR-30c-5p-LDHA to protect lung endothelial cells damage. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:676-688. [PMID: 35480402 PMCID: PMC8989156 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating human malignancy characterized by excessively uncontrolled inflammation and lung endothelial dysfunction. Non-coding RNAs play essential roles in endothelial protections during the pathological processes of ALI. The precise functions and molecular mechanisms of the lncRNA-NORAD-mediated endothelial protection remain obscure. This study reports NORAD was significantly induced in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Silencing NORAD effectively protected HPMECs against the LPS-induced cell dysfunction. In addition, RNA pull-down and luciferase assay validated that NORAD sponged miR-30c-5p, which showed reverse functions of NORAD in the LPS-induced cell injury of HPMECs. Furthermore, the glucose metabolism of HPMECs was significantly elevated under LPS stimulation which promoted the glucose consumption and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of HPMECs. Inhibiting NORAD or overexpressing miR-30c-5p suppressed glucose metabolism in HPMECs, leading to protective effects on HPMECs under LPS stimulation. The glycolysis key enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA), was subsequently identified as a direct target of miR-30c-5p. Finally, recovery of miR-30c-5p in NORAD-overexpressing HPMECs effectively overrode the NORAD-promoted glycolysis and impaired endothelial dysfunction under LPS stimulation by targeting LDHA. Summarily, we demonstrated a NORAD-miR-30c-5p-LDHA-glycolysis axis in the LPS-induced HPMECs dysfunction in vitro and in vivo, contributing to the development of anti-ALI therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , 200025 , China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , 200025 , China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , 200025 , China
| | - Huiqiu Sheng
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , 200025 , China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , 200025 , China
| | - Enqiang Mao
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , 200025 , China
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3
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Surolia R, Li FJ, Wang Z, Kashyap M, Srivastava RK, Traylor AM, Singh P, Dsouza KG, Kim H, Pittet JF, Zmijewski JW, Agarwal A, Athar M, Ahmad A, Antony VB. NETosis in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury following cutaneous chemical burns. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147564. [PMID: 34027893 PMCID: PMC8262367 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high morbidity and mortality among patients with extensive cutaneous burns in the intensive care unit due to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, effective therapeutics remain to be determined. This is primarily because the mechanisms leading to acute lung injury (ALI) in these patients remain unknown. We test the hypothesis that cutaneous chemical burns promote lung injury due to systemic activation of neutrophils, in particular, toxicity mediated by the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We also demonstrate the potential benefit of a peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitor to prevent NETosis and to preserve microvascular endothelial barrier function, thus reducing the severity of ALI in mice. Our data demonstrated that phenylarsine oxide (PAO) treatment of neutrophils caused increased intracellular Ca2+-associated PAD4 activity. A dermal chemical burn by lewisite or PAO resulted in PAD4 activation, NETosis, and ALI. NETs disrupted the barrier function of endothelial cells in human lung microvascular endothelial cell spheroids. Citrullinated histone 3 alone caused ALI in mice. Pharmacologic or genetic abrogation of PAD4 inhibited lung injury following cutaneous chemical burns. Cutaneous burns by lewisite and PAO caused ALI by PAD4-mediated NETosis. PAD4 inhibitors may have potential as countermeasures to suppress detrimental lung injury after chemical burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Surolia
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Fu Jun Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Zheng Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Pooja Singh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Kevin G Dsouza
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Aftab Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Veena B Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
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4
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Waise S, Parker R, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Layfield DM, Wood O, West J, Ottensmeier CH, Thomas GJ, Hanley CJ. An Optimized Method to Isolate Human Fibroblasts from Tissue for ex vivo Analysis. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3440. [PMID: 33654935 PMCID: PMC7853986 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their involvement in many physiological and pathological processes, fibroblasts remain a poorly-characterized cell type. Analysis of primary fibroblasts while maintaining their in vivo phenotype is challenging: standard methods for fibroblast isolation require cell culture in vitro, which is known to alter phenotypes. Previously-described protocols for the dissociation of primary tissues fail to extract sufficient numbers of fibroblasts, instead largely yielding immune cells. Here, we describe an optimized method for generating a fibroblast-enriched single-cell suspension from human tissues using combined mechanical and enzymatic dissociation. This allows analysis of ex vivo fibroblasts without the need for culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Waise
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
- Cancer Research UK and NIHR Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, UK
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5
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Waise S, Parker R, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Layfield DM, Wood O, West J, Ottensmeier CH, Thomas GJ, Hanley CJ. An optimised tissue disaggregation and data processing pipeline for characterising fibroblast phenotypes using single-cell RNA sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9580. [PMID: 31270426 PMCID: PMC6610623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) provides a valuable platform for characterising multicellular ecosystems. Fibroblasts are a heterogeneous cell type involved in many physiological and pathological processes, but remain poorly-characterised. Analysis of fibroblasts is challenging: these cells are difficult to isolate from tissues, and are therefore commonly under-represented in scRNA-seq datasets. Here, we describe an optimised approach for fibroblast isolation from human lung tissues. We demonstrate the potential for this procedure in characterising stromal cell phenotypes using scRNA-Seq, analyse the effect of tissue disaggregation on gene expression, and optimise data processing to improve clustering quality. We also assess the impact of in vitro culture conditions on stromal cell gene expression and proliferation, showing that altering these conditions can skew phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Waise
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Parker
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David M Layfield
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Research UK and NIHR Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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6
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Gaskill C, Majka SM. A high-yield isolation and enrichment strategy for human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:108-116. [PMID: 28680570 PMCID: PMC5448535 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217702346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculopathies, characterized by the formation of fragile and abnormal microvessels, are associated with the severity of many chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, systemic sclerosis, and hypertension. However, the study of human lung vasculature has been limited by the ability to isolate generous quantities of microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) free from mesenchymal contamination. Expansion and passaging of primary human MVEC in vitro typically results in loss of a traditional phenotype in favor of an intermediate mesenchymal one, as early as passage five. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the selection of large quantities of enriched primary human lung MVEC based upon differential adherence from mesenchyme and simple magnetic separation, which decreases the need for excessive passaging, in order to obtain sufficient cell numbers to successfully freeze stock cultures. Additional protocols are provided for Ac-di-LDL selection, characterization, and a sandwich angiogenesis method of functional tube formation. The complete protocol including cell isolation and characterization takes approximately six weeks to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Gaskill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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7
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Wang JM, Chen AF, Zhang K. Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060318 PMCID: PMC5226426 DOI: 10.3791/52965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Mei Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University;
| | - Alex F Chen
- Third Xiangya Hospital and the Institute of Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, Central South University
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University
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8
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Samitas K, Poulos N, Semitekolou M, Morianos I, Tousa S, Economidou E, Robinson DS, Kariyawasam HH, Zervas E, Corrigan CJ, Ying S, Xanthou G, Gaga M. Activin-A is overexpressed in severe asthma and is implicated in angiogenic processes. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:769-82. [PMID: 26869672 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00437-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activin-A is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates allergic inflammation. Its role in the regulation of angiogenesis, a key feature of airways remodelling in asthma, remains unexplored. Our objective was to investigate the expression of activin-A in asthma and its effects on angiogenesis in vitro.Expression of soluble/immunoreactive activin-A and its receptors was measured in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and endobronchial biopsies from 16 healthy controls, 19 patients with mild/moderate asthma and 22 severely asthmatic patients. In vitro effects of activin-A on baseline and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced human endothelial cell angiogenesis, signalling and cytokine release were compared with BALF concentrations of these cytokines in vivo.Activin-A expression was significantly elevated in serum, BALF and bronchial tissue of the asthmatics, while expression of its protein receptors was reduced. In vitro, activin-A suppressed VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis, inducing autocrine production of anti-angiogenic soluble VEGF receptor (R)1 and interleukin (IL)-18, while reducing production of pro-angiogenic VEGFR2 and IL-17. In parallel, BALF concentrations of soluble VEGFR1 and IL-18 were significantly reduced in severe asthmatics in vivo and inversely correlated with angiogenesis.Activin-A is overexpressed and has anti-angiogenic effects in vitro that are not propagated in vivo, where reduced basal expression of its receptors is observed particularly in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Samitas
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Centre, Athens Chest Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece These authors contributed equally
| | - Nikolaos Poulos
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece These authors contributed equally
| | - Maria Semitekolou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece These authors contributed equally
| | - Ioannis Morianos
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Tousa
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Erasmia Economidou
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Centre, Athens Chest Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece
| | - Douglas S Robinson
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Mechanisms of Allergic Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Mechanisms of Allergic Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK Department of Allergy and Medical Rhinology, Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, University College, London, UK
| | - Eleftherios Zervas
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Centre, Athens Chest Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece
| | - Christopher J Corrigan
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece Both authors contributed equally
| | - Mina Gaga
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Department and Asthma Centre, Athens Chest Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece Both authors contributed equally
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Kim SR, Kim HJ, Kim DI, Lee KB, Park HJ, Jeong JS, Cho SH, Lee YC. Blockade of Interplay between IL-17A and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Attenuates LPS-Induced Lung Injury. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1343-62. [PMID: 26516372 PMCID: PMC4615737 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is a cytokine mainly from IL-17-producing T cells, which are one of subsets of CD4+ T cells and play a role in adaptive immune system. Recent studies have demonstrated that IL-17A can act rapidly as an innate immune responder during infection before the onset of its classic adaptive immune response. This role of IL-17A in innate immune response is implicated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation. Very recently, we have reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in LPS-induced lung inflammation in vivo and in vitro. This study aimed to elucidate the role of IL-17A in LPS-induced lung injury, focusing on the link with ER stress. We treated a murine model of LPS-induced lung injury with IL-17A neutralizing antibody and 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), a representative ER stress inhibitor. In addition, we evaluated the effects of IL-17A on ER stress in LPS-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells. Our results showed that inhibition of IL-17A decreased LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia, vascular leakage, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), infiltration of dendritic cells, increased expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and increased ER stress in the lung. 4-PBA or TAK-242, a TLR4 inhibitor attenuated expression of IL-17A thereby improving LPS-induced lung inflammation. Intriguingly, we observed that stimulation with LPS increased expression of IL-17A in airway epithelial cells and co-stimulation with IL-17A further increased ER stress and NF-κB activation. This study indicates that the interrelationship between IL-17A and ER stress plays an important role in LPS-induced injury showing a positive feedback in airway epithelial cells and suggests that targeting their interaction can be a potential therapeutic approach to overcome one of severe refractory pulmonary disorders.
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10
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Isolation and Characterization of Human Lung Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:747864. [PMID: 26137493 PMCID: PMC4475539 DOI: 10.1155/2015/747864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of lymphatic endothelial cells from the respiratory system may be crucial to investigate the role of the lymphatic system in the normal and diseased lung. We describe a simple and inexpensive method to harvest, isolate, and expand lymphatic endothelial cells from the human lung (HL-LECs). Fifty-five samples of healthy lung selected from patients undergoing lobectomy were studied. A two-step purification tool, based on paramagnetic sorting with monoclonal antibodies to CD31 and Podoplanin, was employed to select a pure population of HL-LECs. The purity of HL-LECs was assessed by morphologic criteria, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and functional assays. Interestingly, these cells retain in vitro several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) implicated in cell survival and proliferation. HL-LECs represent a clinically relevant cellular substrate to study lymphatic biology, lymphoangiogenesis, interaction with microbial agents, wound healing, and anticancer therapy.
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