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Saunders RM, Biddle M, Amrani Y, Brightling CE. Stressed out - The role of oxidative stress in airway smooth muscle dysfunction in asthma and COPD. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 185:97-119. [PMID: 35472411 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The airway smooth muscle (ASM) surrounding the airways is dysfunctional in both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exhibiting; increased contraction, increased mass, increased inflammatory mediator release and decreased corticosteroid responsiveness. Due to this dysfunction, ASM is a key contributor to symptoms in patients that remain symptomatic despite optimal provision of currently available treatments. There is a significant body of research investigating the effects of oxidative stress/ROS on ASM behaviour, falling into the following categories; cigarette smoke and associated compounds, air pollutants, aero-allergens, asthma and COPD relevant mediators, and the anti-oxidant Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. However, despite a number of recent reviews addressing the role of oxidative stress/ROS in asthma and COPD, the potential contribution of oxidative stress/ROS-related ASM dysfunction to asthma and COPD pathophysiology has not been comprehensively reviewed. We provide a thorough review of studies that have used primary airway, bronchial or tracheal smooth muscle cells to investigate the role of oxidative stress/ROS in ASM dysfunction and consider how they could contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD. We summarise the current state of play with regards to clinical trials/development of agents targeting oxidative stress and associated limitations, and the adverse effects of oxidative stress on the efficacy of current therapies, with reference to ASM related studies where appropriate. We also identify limitations in the current knowledge of the role of oxidative stress/ROS in ASM dysfunction and identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Saunders
- The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Michael Biddle
- The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Yassine Amrani
- The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Tsai MJ, Chang WA, Chuang CH, Wu KL, Cheng CH, Sheu CC, Hsu YL, Hung JY. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Pathway and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010120. [PMID: 35008546 PMCID: PMC8745400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, despite many advances being made in recent decades. Changes in the tumor microenvironment, including dysregulated immunity, may contribute to carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) pathway is involved in several signal pathways, having various functions in different tissues. We summarized major findings of studies about the roles of the CysLT pathway in cancer. Many in vitro studies suggested the roles of CysLTs in cell survival/proliferation via CysLT1 receptor (CysLT1R). CysLT1R antagonism decreased cell vitality and induced cell death in several types of cancer cells, such as colorectal, urological, breast, lung and neurological malignancies. CysLTs were also associated with multidrug resistance of cancer, and CysLT1R antagonism might reverse chemoresistance. Some animal studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of CysLT1R antagonist in inhibiting tumorigenesis and progression of some cancer types, particularly colorectal cancer and lung cancer. The expression of CysLT1R was shown in various cancer tissues, particularly colorectal cancer and urological malignancies, and higher expression was associated with a poorer prognosis. The chemo-preventive effects of CysLT1R antagonists were demonstrated in two large retrospective cohort studies. In summary, the roles of the CysLT pathway in cancer have been delineated, whereas further studies are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wei-An Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hao Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Kuan-Li Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hung Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chau-Chyun Sheu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-J.T.); (W.-A.C.); (C.-H.C.); (K.-L.W.); (C.-H.C.); (C.-C.S.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101 (ext. 5651)
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Oxidative Stress Promotes Corticosteroid Insensitivity in Asthma and COPD. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091335. [PMID: 34572965 PMCID: PMC8471691 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid insensitivity is a key characteristic of patients with severe asthma and COPD. These individuals experience greater pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation, which contribute to diminished lung function and frequent exacerbations despite the often and prolonged use of systemic, high dose corticosteroids. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) promote corticosteroid insensitivity by disrupting glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling, leading to the sustained activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in immune and airway structural cells. Studies in asthma and COPD models suggest that corticosteroids need a balanced redox environment to be effective and to reduce airway inflammation. In this review, we discuss how oxidative stress contributes to corticosteroid insensitivity and the importance of optimizing endogenous antioxidant responses to enhance corticosteroid sensitivity. Future studies should aim to identify how antioxidant-based therapies can complement corticosteroids to reduce the need for prolonged high dose regimens in patients with severe asthma and COPD.
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Dholia N, Sethi GS, Naura AS, Yadav UCS. Cysteinyl leukotriene D 4 (LTD 4) promotes airway epithelial cell inflammation and remodelling. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:109-126. [PMID: 33136175 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), a group of inflammatory lipid mediators, are found elevated in obese-asthmatic patients. Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), a representative CysLT, is implicated in promoting lung inflammation and remodelling in allergic asthma, but its role in non-allergic asthma, especially in obese-asthmatic patients, is not known. Here, using primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) we have investigated the mechanism of LTD4-induced inflammation and remodelling and assessed high proneness of obese mice to develop asthma upon challenge with allergen ovalbumin (OVA). METHODS Primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) were stimulated with different concentrations of LTD4 for different time intervals and various inflammatory markers were measured through cytokine array, membrane-based ELISA and Western blotting. An air-liquid interface (ALI) model of SAECs was used to study the effects of LTD4-induced remodelling in SAECs using Western blotting, H&E staining and PAS staining. Further, OVA-based murine model was used to examine the propensity of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice to develop asthma symptoms by studying the infiltration of inflammatory cells (assessed by bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology) and airway remodelling (assessed by histopathology) upon allergen exposure. RESULTS The human primary small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) treated with LTD4 showed significant alterations in the levels of inflammatory markers such as GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-1β, EGF and eotaxin in dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, LTD4 enhanced the activation of inflammasomes as evidenced by increased levels of NALP3, cleaved caspase-1 and IL-1β. LTD4 also enhanced inflammation by increasing the expression of COX-2 in SAECs. The airway remodelling markers Vimentin and Muc5AC were found elevated in ALI culture of SAECs when stimulated with LTD4, as it also increased TGF-β levels and activation of Smad2/3 phosphorylation in SAECs. Last, sensitization and challenge of HFD-fed obese mice with OVA showed increased infiltration of inflammatory cells in BAL and enhanced levels of remodeling phenotypes like loss of cilia, mucus cell metaplasia and collagen deposition in mice lung tissues. CONCLUSION The results suggest that LTD4 could induce inflammatory response in human airway epithelial cell by activating NALP3 inflammasome. LTD4 could further promote airway epithelial cells' remodelling through TGF-β/smad2/3-mediated pathway. Our in vivo results suggested that obesity predisposed the OVA challenged mice to develop lung inflammation and remodelling akin to asthma-like phenotypes during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Dholia
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Sector 30, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382030, India
| | - Gurupreet S Sethi
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Amarjit S Naura
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine (SCMM), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), 3C (First Floor), SCMM, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Sokolowska M, Rovati GE, Diamant Z, Untersmayr E, Schwarze J, Lukasik Z, Sava F, Angelina A, Palomares O, Akdis CA, O’Mahony L, Sanak M, Dahlen S, Woszczek G. Current perspective on eicosanoids in asthma and allergic diseases: EAACI Task Force consensus report, part I. Allergy 2021; 76:114-130. [PMID: 32279330 DOI: 10.1111/all.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are biologically active lipid mediators, comprising prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and lipoxins, involved in several pathophysiological processes relevant to asthma, allergies, and allied diseases. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are the most studied eicosanoids and established inducers of airway pathophysiology including bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. Drugs inhibiting the synthesis of lipid mediators or their effects, such as leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, leukotriene receptors antagonists, and more recently prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists, have been shown to modulate features of asthma and allergic diseases. This review, produced by an European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) task force, highlights our current understanding of eicosanoid biology and its role in mediating human pathology, with a focus on new findings relevant for clinical practice, development of novel therapeutics, and future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - G. Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology Skane University Hospital Lund Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Thomayer Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Jargen Schwarze
- Child Life and Health and Centre for Inflammation Research The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Zuzanna Lukasik
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Florentina Sava
- London North Genomic Laboratory Hub Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Alba Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne ‐ Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐CARE) Davos Switzerland
| | - Liam O’Mahony
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology APC Microbiome Ireland University College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Marek Sanak
- Department of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Sven‐Erik Dahlen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Allergy Research Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Woszczek
- MRC/Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences King's College London London UK
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Davis KU, Sheats MK. The Role of Neutrophils in the Pathophysiology of Asthma in Humans and Horses. Inflammation 2020; 44:450-465. [PMID: 33150539 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and debilitating chronic airway disease that affects people and horses of all ages worldwide. While asthma in humans most commonly involves an excessive type 2 immune response and eosinophilic inflammation, neutrophils have also been recognized as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma, including in the severe asthma phenotype where neutrophilic inflammation predominates. Severe equine asthma syndrome (sEAS) features prominent neutrophilic inflammation and has been increasingly used as a naturally occurring animal model for the study of human neutrophilic asthma. This comparative review examines the recent literature in order to explore the role of neutrophil inflammatory functions in the pathophysiology and immunology of asthma in humans and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Uchiumi Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
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Yaqoubi S, Adibkia K, Nokhodchi A, Emami S, Alizadeh AA, Hamishehkar H, Barzegar-Jalali M. Co-electrospraying technology as a novel approach for dry powder inhalation formulation of montelukast and budesonide for pulmonary co-delivery. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119970. [PMID: 33059013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the current study electrospraying methodology was used for particle engineering of montelukast and budesonide to prepare a combined inhalable dry powder formulation applicable as a smart regimen in asthma treatment. For this, electrospraying was carried out using different solvents and drug concentrations. No carrier was added for the formulation of montelukast-budesonide combination as montelukast played the role of both active ingredient and carrier. Scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, gas chromatography, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the produced drug particles. In vitro drug deposition pattern was assessed using next generation impactor, and the dissolution profile of the selected formulations was characterized via modified diffusion franz cell method. The FPF value for the co-electrosprayed carrier free formulation of montelukast-budesonide was 38% with a significantly enhanced dissolution rate for budesonide compared to the budesonide alone formulations. The pharmacological effects of hypothesized combined formulation was assessed by measuring its power to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species in human normal lung cells. The results showed that the combination of montelukast and budesonide can exert a synergistic effect. The findings in the current study emphasize that using montelukast as a carrier for budesonide not only has greatly improved the aerosolization behavior and dissolution rate of budesonide but also has resulted in synergistic pharmacological effects, indicating the suitability of this combination as an anti-asthmatic therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Yaqoubi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Shahram Emami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Leukotriene D 4 role in allergic asthma pathogenesis from cellular and therapeutic perspectives. Life Sci 2020; 260:118452. [PMID: 32956660 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory and allergic disease that is mainly characterized by reversible airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The incidence of asthma is increasing with more than 350 million people worldwide are affected. Up to now, there is no therapeutic option for asthma and most of the prescribed drugs aim to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease especially during the acute exacerbations after trigger exposure. Asthma is a heterogonous disease that involves interactions between inflammatory mediators and cellular components within the disease microenvironment including inflammatory and structural cells. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are inflammatory lipid mediators that have potent roles in asthma pathogenesis. CysLTs consisting of LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 are mainly secreted by leukocytes and act through three main G-protein coupled receptors (CysLT1R, CysLT2R, and CysLT3R). LTD4 is the most potent bronchoconstrictor which gives it the priority to be discussed in detail in this review. LTD4 binds with high affinity to CysLT1R and many studies showed that using CysLT1R antagonists such as montelukast has a beneficial effect for asthmatics especially in corticosteroid refractory cases. Since asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of many cell types involved in the disease pathogenies and LTD4 has a special role in inflammation and bronchoconstriction, this review highlights the role of LTD4 on each cellular component in asthma and the benefits of using CysLT1R antagonists in ameliorating LTD4-induced effects.
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Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Although asthma was once simply categorized as atopic or nonatopic, emerging analyses over the last few decades have revealed a variety of asthma endotypes that are attributed to numerous pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of asthma by endotype is primarily routed in different profiles of airway inflammation that contribute to bronchoconstriction. Many asthma therapeutics target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which either enhance bronchodilation or prevent bronchoconstriction. Short-acting and long-acting β 2-agonists are widely used bronchodilators that signal through the activation of the β 2-adrenergic receptor. Short-acting and long-acting antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are used to reduce bronchoconstriction by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Leukotriene antagonists that block the signaling of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 are used as an add-on therapy to reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation induced by cysteinyl leukotrienes. A number of GPCR-targeting asthma drug candidates are also in different stages of development. Among them, antagonists of prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 have advanced into phase III clinical trials. Others, including antagonists of the adenosine A2B receptor and the histamine H4 receptor, are in early stages of clinical investigation. In the past decade, significant research advancements in pharmacology, cell biology, structural biology, and molecular physiology have greatly deepened our understanding of the therapeutic roles of GPCRs in asthma and drug action on these GPCRs. This review summarizes our current understanding of GPCR signaling and pharmacology in the context of asthma treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although current treatment methods for asthma are effective for a majority of asthma patients, there are still a large number of patients with poorly controlled asthma who may experience asthma exacerbations. This review summarizes current asthma treatment methods and our understanding of signaling and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in asthma therapy, and discusses controversies regarding the use of GPCR drugs and new opportunities in developing GPCR-targeting therapeutics for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Gelhaus Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.G.W., C.Z.); Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore (H.F.); and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore (H.F.)
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10
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Kaye R, Botten N, Lippestad M, Li D, Hodges RR, Utheim TP, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Resolvin D1, but not resolvin E1, transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor to increase intracellular calcium and glycoconjugate secretion in rat and human conjunctival goblet cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 180:53-62. [PMID: 30513286 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify interactions of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the pro-resolving mediator receptors for RvD1 and RvE1 to stimulate an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and mucin secretion from cultured human and rat conjunctival goblet cells. METHODS Goblet cells from human and rat conjunctiva were grown in culture using RPMI media. Cultured goblet cells were pre-incubated with inhibitors, and then stimulated with RvD1, RvE1, EGF or the cholinergic agonist carbachol (Cch). Increase in [Ca2+]i was measured using fura-2/AM. Goblet cell secretion was measured using an enzyme-linked lectin assay with UEA-1. Western blot analysis was performed with antibodies against AKT and ERK 1/2. RESULTS In cultured human conjunctival goblet cells RvE1 -stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i. RvD1-, but not the RvE1-, stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i and mucin secretion was blocked by the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and siRNA for the EGFR. RvD1-, but not RvE1-stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i that was also inhibited by TAPI-1, an inhibitor of the matrix metalloprotease ADAM 17. Inhibition of the EGFR also blocked RvD1-stimulated increase in AKT activity and both RvD1-and RvE1-stimulated increase in ERK 1/2 activity. Pretreatment with either RvD1 or RvE1 did not block the EGFR-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in cultured rat and human conjunctival goblet cells, RvD1 activates the EGFR, increases [Ca2+]i, activates AKT and ERK1/2 to stimulate mucin secretion. RvE1 does not transactivate the EGFR to increase [Ca2+]I and stimulate mucin secretion, but does interact with the receptor to increase ERK 1/2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kaye
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nora Botten
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Lippestad
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dayu Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin R Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tor P Utheim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zou J, Lei T, Guo P, Yu J, Xu Q, Luo Y, Ke R, Huang D. Mechanisms shaping the role of ERK1/2 in cellular senescence (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:759-770. [PMID: 30535440 PMCID: PMC6323238 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a result of cellular stress and is a potential mechanism for regulating cancer. As a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) has an important role in delivering extracellular signals to the nucleus, and these signals regulate the cell cycle, cell proliferation and cell development. Previous studies demonstrated that ERK1/2 is closely associated with cell aging; however other previous studies suggested that ERK1/2 exerts an opposite effect on aging models and target proteins, even within the same cell model. Recent studies demonstrated that the effect of ERK1/2 on aging is likely associated with its target proteins and regulators, negative feedback loops, phosphorylated ERK1/2 factors and ERK1/2 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The present review aims to examine the mechanism of ERK1/2 and discuss its role in cellular outcomes and novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Zou
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Lei
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Pei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518110, P.R. China
| | - Jason Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Qichao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, The People's Hospital of Xinyu City, Xinyu, Jiangxi 338025, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Rong Ke
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deqiang Huang
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Yokomizo T, Nakamura M, Shimizu T. Leukotriene receptors as potential therapeutic targets. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2691-2701. [PMID: 29757196 DOI: 10.1172/jci97946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes, a class of arachidonic acid-derived bioactive molecules, are known as mediators of allergic and inflammatory reactions and considered to be important drug targets. Although an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis and antagonists of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor are clinically used for bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis, these medications were developed before the molecular identification of leukotriene receptors. Numerous studies using cloned leukotriene receptors and genetically engineered mice have unveiled new pathophysiological roles for leukotrienes. This Review covers the recent findings on leukotriene receptors to revisit them as new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Dholia N, Yadav UCS. Lipid mediator Leukotriene D 4-induces airway epithelial cells proliferation through EGFR/ERK1/2 pathway. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 136:55-63. [PMID: 29751150 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), the potent lipid inflammatory mediators, are elevated in many pathological conditions and implicated in various inflammatory diseases including asthma, however their role in airway epithelial cells modulation is not clearly understood. We have investigated the effects of a CysLT, Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) on human airway epithelial cells, and assessed its role and mode of action in these cells. METHODOLOGY Human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) and A549 cells were incubated with different concentrations of LTD4 for different time intervals. Subsequently trypan blue dye exclusion assay, MTT assay, Western blotting, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence experiments were performed to examine the effects of LTD4 on proliferation and related molecular changes in the airway epithelial cells. RESULTS The treatment of human airway epithelial cells with LTD4 resulted in a significant increase in cell proliferation and modulation in the expression of receptors, CysLT1R and CysLT2R in SAECs as well as A549 cells. In both types of cells, LTD4 increased the expression levels of PCNA and c-myc, and trans-activated EGF receptor and increased the activation of ERK1/2. When treated along with epidermal growth factor (EGF), LTD4 showed a marginal additive effect in ERK1/2 and EGFR phosphorylation compared to LTD4 alone in both types of airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results suggest that sustained presence of lipid inflammatory mediator LTD4 could induce human airway epithelial cell proliferation through ERK1/2 phosphorylation, either directly via CysLT1 receptor or by transactivating EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Dholia
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, Gujarat, India.
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14
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Hu C, Yang J, He Q, Luo Y, Chen Z, Yang L, Yi H, Li H, Xia H, Ran D, Yang Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang H. CysLTR1 Blockage Ameliorates Liver Injury Caused by Aluminum-Overload via PI3K/AKT/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy Activation in Vivo and in Vitro. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1996-2006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congli Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Honggang Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
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Tsai MK, Lin YC, Huang MY, Lee MS, Kuo CH, Kuo PL, Lin CH, Hung CH. The effects of asthma medications on reactive oxygen species production in human monocytes. J Asthma 2017; 55:345-353. [PMID: 28696794 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1339798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease induced by many environmental factors. The inhalation of allergens and pollutants promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness, and remodeling in allergic asthma. The effects of asthma medications on ROS production are unclear. The present study investigated the anti-ROS effects of current asthma medications including inhaled corticosteroid (ICS; budesonide and fluticasone), leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA; montelukast), long-acting β2 agonists (LABAs; salmeterol and formoterol), and a new extra-LABA (indacaterol). METHODS The human monocyte cell line THP-1 cells were pre-treated with different concentrations of the asthma medications at different time points after hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation. H2O2 production was measured with DCFH-DA by flow cytometry. RESULTS Montelukast, fluticasone, and salmeterol suppressed H2O2-induced ROS production. Indacaterol enhanced H2O2-induced ROS production. Budesonide and formoterol alone had no anti-ROS effects, but the combination of these two drugs significantly suppressed H2O2-induced ROS production. CONCLUSIONS Different asthma medications have different anti-ROS effects on monocytes. The combination therapy with LABA and ICS seemed not to be the only choice for asthma control. Montelukast may also be a good supplemental treatment for the poorly controlled asthma because of its powerful anti-ROS effects. Our findings provide a novel therapeutic view in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kai Tsai
- a Division of Nephrology, Department of internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,c Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University ; Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,d Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,e Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- f Department of Radiation Oncology , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Min-Sheng Lee
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University ; Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | | | - Po-Lin Kuo
- e Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,n Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiung Lin
- h Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan.,i Department of respiratory care, College of health sciences , Chang Jung Christian University , Tainan , Taiwan.,j School of Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University ; Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,k Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,l Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,m Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,n Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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Decreased S100A9 Expression Promoted Rat Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Stimulating ROS Generation and Inhibiting p38 MAPK. Can Respir J 2016; 2016:1462563. [PMID: 28050155 PMCID: PMC5165165 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1462563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Asthma is a disease with a core abnormality in airway smooth muscle function, and the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) plays a pivotal role in asthma airway remodeling. Our previous study showed that S100A9 (S100 calcium-binding protein A9; 400 and 800 ng/mL) significantly inhibited rat ASMCs proliferation at 48 h, and 50–800 ng/mL S100A9 (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ng/mL) also induced a lasting effect by significantly inhibiting rat ASMCs proliferation at 72 h in a dose-dependent manner. However, the intracellular effects of S100A9 on ASMCs proliferation remain unknown. Methods. Rat ASMCs with stable S100A9 knockdown were generated using short hairpin RNA. The effects of decreased S100A9 expression on cellular proliferation, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and p38 MAPK pathway protein expression were examined. Results. Decreased intracellular S100A9 expression significantly promoted platelet-derived growth factor-induced rat ASMCs proliferation and increased ROS production. The antioxidative agent N-acetylcysteine significantly inhibited rat ASMCs proliferation. Western blot results showed that the decreased intracellular S100A9 expression significantly inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Conclusion. Decreased S100A9 expression promoted rat ASMCs proliferation by stimulating ROS generation and inhibiting p38 MAPK. Our study may provide novel insights into the regulation of asthma airway remodeling.
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Ghosh A, Chen F, Thakur A, Hong H. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes and Their Receptors: Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:943-951. [PMID: 27542570 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes are a group of the inflammatory lipid molecules well known as mediators of inflammatory signaling in the allergic diseases. Although they are traditionally known for their role in allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and others, recent advances in the field of biomedical research highlighted the role of these inflammatory mediators in a broader range of diseases such as in the inflammation associated with the central nervous system (CNS) disorders, vascular inflammation (atherosclerotic), and in cancer. Among the CNS diseases, they, along with their synthesis precursor enzyme 5-lipoxygenase and their receptors, have been shown to be associated with brain injury, Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain ischemia, epilepsy, and others. However, a lot more remains elusive as the research in these areas is emerging and only a little has been discovered. Herein, through this review, we first provided a general up-to-date information on the synthesis pathway and the receptors for the molecules. Next, we summarized the current findings on their role in the brain disorders, with an insight given to the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Lin J, Chen L, Lin Z, Zhao M. Inhibitory Effect of Triptolide on Glioblastoma Multiforme In Vitro. J Int Med Res 2016; 35:490-6. [PMID: 17697526 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of triptolide, derived from the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii, on the growth of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. Glioma cell lines U251MG and U87MG and normal human fetal astrocytes were exposed to various concentrations of triptolide, and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium and colony formation assays were used to measure cell growth and survival. Cell apoptosis was determined using annexin V. Levels of the oncogenic transformation-related proteins Ras-guanosine triphosphate (Ras-GTP), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt were determined by Western blotting. Triptolide caused a dose-dependent decrease in proliferation and increase in apoptosis in the glioma cell lines. Since U87MG has a wildtype p53 gene while U251MG harbours a mutated p53 gene, these results indicate that triptolide induces apoptosis in GBM cells via a p53-independent pathway. Treatment of GBM cells with triptolide attenuated both the Ras/ERK and the Ras/Akt signalling pathways. This could provide a theoretical basis for triptolide treatment in GBM, but further animal studies and clinical research are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Paulucci BP, Pereira J, Picciarelli P, Levy D, Di Francesco RC. Expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) in the lymphocytes of hyperplastic tonsils: comparison between allergic and nonallergic snoring children. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:1151-1158. [PMID: 27221082 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and 2 (CysLTR1 and CysLTR2) are involved in allergic processes and play a role in adenotonsillar hyperplasia (AH). Clinically, only CysLTR1 may be blocked by montelukast. Our objective was to compare the expression of CysLTR1 and CysLTR2 in the B and T cells of hyperplasic tonsils of sensitized (SE) and control (NS) snoring children. METHODS Sixty children, 5 to 10 years of age, referred for adenotonsillectomy, were divided into SE and NS groups, according to their responses to the skin-prick test. Cells from the removed tissues were stained for CysLTR1, CysLTR2, CD19, and CD3 and counted via flow cytometry. messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the CysLTRs genes was measured real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS The SE group showed reduced expression of the small CD3+/CysLTR1+ lymphocytes (4.6 ± 2.2 vs 6.5 ± 5.0; p = 0.04). Regarding the large lymphocytes, the SE group showed lower expression of CD3+/CysLTR1+ (40.9 ± 14.5 vs 47.6 ± 11.7; p = 0.05), CD19+/CysLTR1+ (44.6 ± 16.9 vs 54.1 ± 12.4; p = 0.01), and CD19+/CysLTR2+ (55.3 ± 11.3 vs 61.5 ± 12.6; p = 0.05) lymphocytes. Considering the total number of lymphocytes, the SE group had fewer CD3+/CysLTR1+ lymphocytes (11.1 ± 5.5 vs 13.7 ± 6.2; p = 0.04). All other cell populations exhibited reduced expression in the SE group without statistical significance. The expression of CysLTR2 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than CysLTR1 in most studied cell populations. The mRNA expression did not show significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION The expression of CysLTR is higher in the lymphocytes of the NS children, and CysLTR2 shows greater expression than CysLTR1 Respiratory allergies do not appear to be a stimulus for AH occurrence. Newer drugs capable of blocking both CysLTRs warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peres Paulucci
- Department of Otolaryngology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. ,
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Picciarelli
- Department of Pathology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Levy
- Laboratory of Research in Hematology of Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Yaddaden L, Véronneau S, Thompson MD, Rola-Pleszczynski M, Stankova J. Cellular signalling of cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor variants CysLT₁-G300S and CysLT₁-I206S. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 105:1-8. [PMID: 26869085 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl-leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, involved in allergic asthma, that bind the G-protein-coupled receptors CysLT1, CysLT2 and GPR99. A polymorphism in one of these receptors, CysLT1-G300S was strongly associated with atopy, whereas the CysLT1-I206S polymorphism was not. In the present work, our aim was to characterize these two variants by studying their cellular signalling. Cell surface expression of mutant receptors in transfected HEK-293 cells was comparable to that of the wild-type receptor. Compared to CysLT1-WT, production of inositol phosphates as well as IL-8 and IL-13 promoter transactivation in response to either LTD4 or LTC4 was significantly increased in CysLT1-G300S-transfected cells. Moreover, LTD4-induced phosphorylation of the signalling effector Erk, but not p38, p65 or c-Jun was higher in CysLT1-G300S-transfected cells. On the other hand, the variant CysLT1-I206S did not show a significant difference in its signal transduction compared to the wild-type receptor. Taken together, our results indicate that the variant CysLT1-G300S can induce a greater signal than the CysLT1-WT receptor, a feature that may be relevant to its association with atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Yaddaden
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Steeve Véronneau
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Jana Stankova
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4.
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Harada T, Yamasaki A, Chikumi H, Hashimoto K, Okazaki R, Takata M, Fukushima T, Watanabe M, Kurai J, Halayko AJ, Shimizu E. γ-Tocotrienol reduces human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 32:45-52. [PMID: 25956071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vitamin E is an antioxidant that occurs in 8 different forms (α, β, γ, and δ tocopherol and tocotrienol). Clinical trials of tocopherol supplementation to assess the impact of antioxidant activity in asthma have yielded equivocal results. Tocotrienol exhibits greater antioxidant activity than tocopherol in several biological phenomena in vivo and in vitro. We tested the effect of tocotrienol on human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell growth and migration, both of which mediate airway remodeling in asthma. MAIN METHODS We measured platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced ASM cell proliferation and migration by colorimetric and Transwell migration assays in the presence and absence of γ-tocotrienol (an isoform of tocotrienol). KEY FINDINGS PDGF-BB-induced ASM cell proliferation and migration were inhibited by γ-tocotrienol. This effect was associated with inhibition of RhoA activation, but it had no effect on p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or Akt1 activation. We confirmed that pharmacological inhibition of Rho kinase activity was sufficient to inhibit PDGF-BB-induced ASM cell proliferation and migration. SIGNIFICANCE γ-Tocotrienol could impart therapeutic benefits for airway remodeling in asthma by inhibiting human ASM cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Harada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Akira Yamasaki
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Chikumi
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hashimoto
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ryota Okazaki
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Miki Takata
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Takehito Fukushima
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masanari Watanabe
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Jun Kurai
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Boyce JA, Barrett NA. Cysteinyl leukotrienes: an innate system for epithelial control of airway smooth muscle proliferation? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:496-7. [PMID: 25723820 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0073ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Vogel ER, VanOosten SK, Holman MA, Hohbein DD, Thompson MA, Vassallo R, Pandya HC, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. Cigarette smoke enhances proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition by human fetal airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L978-86. [PMID: 25344066 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00111.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a common environmental insult associated with increased risk of developing airway diseases such as wheezing and asthma in neonates and children. In adults, asthma involves airway remodeling characterized by increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation and increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, as well as airway hyperreactivity. The effects of cigarette smoke on remodeling and contractility in the developing airway are not well-elucidated. In this study, we used canalicular-stage (18-20 wk gestational age) human fetal airway smooth muscle (fASM) cells as an in vitro model of the immature airway. fASM cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE; 0.5-1.5% for 24-72 h), and cell proliferation, ECM deposition, and intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) responses to agonist (histamine 10 μM) were used to evaluate effects on remodeling and hyperreactivity. CSE significantly increased cell proliferation and deposition of ECM molecules collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin. In contrast, [Ca(2+)]i responses were not significantly affected by CSE. Analysis of key signaling pathways demonstrated significant increase in extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and p38 activation with CSE. Inhibition of ERK or p38 signaling prevented CSE-mediated changes in proliferation, whereas only ERK inhibition attenuated the CSE-mediated increase in ECM deposition. Overall, these results demonstrate that cigarette smoke may enhance remodeling in developing human ASM through hyperplasia and ECM production, thus contributing to development of neonatal and pediatric airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Vogel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Vassallo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Hitesh C Pandya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
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Bäck M, Powell WS, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. Update on leukotriene, lipoxin and oxoeicosanoid receptors: IUPHAR Review 7. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3551-74. [PMID: 24588652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous ligands for the LT, lipoxin (LX) and oxoeicosanoid receptors are bioactive products produced by the action of the lipoxygenase family of enzymes. The LT receptors BLT1 and BLT2 , are activated by LTB4 and the CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors are activated by the cysteinyl-LTs, whereas oxoeicosanoids exert their action through the OXE receptor. In contrast to these pro-inflammatory mediators, LXA4 transduces responses associated with the resolution of inflammation through the receptor FPR2/ALX (ALX/FPR2). The aim of the present review is to give a state of the field on these receptors, with focus on recent important findings. For example, BLT1 receptor signalling in cancer and the dual role of the BLT2 receptor in pro- and anti-inflammatory actions have added more complexity to lipid mediator signalling. Furthermore, a cross-talk between the CysLT and P2Y receptor systems has been described, and also the presence of novel receptors for cysteinyl-LTs, such as GPR17 and GPR99. Finally, lipoxygenase metabolites derived from ω-3 essential polyunsaturated acids, the resolvins, activate the receptors GPR32 and ChemR23. In conclusion, the receptors for the lipoxygenase products make up a sophisticated and tightly controlled system of endogenous pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Nomenclature Subcommittee for Leukotriene Receptors, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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O’Sullivan MJ, Hirota N, Martin JG. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) release is mediated by S1P receptor 2 and nuclear factor κB in BEAS-2B cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95566. [PMID: 24743449 PMCID: PMC3990666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium may release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the asthmatic airway. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid, increased in the airways of asthmatics, that may trigger the release of the potent neutrophil chemoattractant Interleukin-8 (IL-8) by epithelial cells. S1P is a ligand for 5 G protein-coupled receptors, S1PR1-5. We wished to explore the mechanisms of S1P induced IL-8 secretion with regard to the receptor(s) and downstream signaling events involved. Our results indicate that S1P induced IL-8 release is mediated by S1PR2 and the transcription factor NF-κB. Since the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in IL-8 release in response to activation of other G protein-coupled receptors, we examined their importance in S1P induced IL-8 release and established that they are not involved. This study reveals S1PR2 and NF-κB as potential therapeutic targets in neutrophilic airway diseases such as severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. O’Sullivan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nobuaki Hirota
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - James G. Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Capra V, Rovati GE. Rosuvastatin inhibits human airway smooth muscle cells mitogenic response to eicosanoid contractile agents. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 27:10-6. [PMID: 23806820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of permanent narrowing of the airways resulting from chronic inflammation and fibrosis is called remodeling and is a common feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The eicosanoid contractile agents thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) and cysteinyl-leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) are among the recognized mitogens for human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Statins are known to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that are independent on their cholesterol-lowering effects and may result in clinical lung benefits. Rosuvastatin is the last agent of the lipid-lowering drugs to be introduced and experimental evidence indicates that it possess favorable pleiotropic effects in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Yet, no data is available in the literature regarding its effects on human airway remodeling. The present study was aimed at examining the effect of rosuvastatin and the involvement of prenylated proteins in the response of human ASM cells to serum, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and eicosanoid contractile mitogens that activate TxA(2) prostanoid and LTD(4) receptors. METHODS Cell growth was assessed by nuclear incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine in human ASM cells serum-starved and then stimulated for 48 h in MEM plus 0.1% BSA containing mitogens in the absence and presence of modulators of the mevalonate and prenylation pathways. RESULTS We found that rosuvastatin dose-dependently inhibited serum-, EGF-, the TxA(2) stable analog U46619-, and LTD(4)-induced human ASM cells growth. All these effects were prevented by pretreatment with mevalonate. Addition of the prenylation substrates farnesol and geranylgeraniol reversed the effect of rosuvastatin on EGF and U46619, respectively. Interestingly, only mevalonate showed restoration of cell growth following rosuvastatin treatment in LTD(4) and LTD(4) plus EGF treated cells, suggesting a possible involvement of both farnesylated and geranylgeranylated proteins in the cysteinyl-LT-induced cell growth. CONCLUSIONS The hydrophilic statin rosuvastatin exerts direct effects on human ASM cells mitogenic response in vitro by inhibiting prenylation of signaling proteins, likely small G proteins. These findings are consistent with previous observed involvement of small GTPase signaling in EGF- and U46619-induced human airway proliferation and corroborate the recent interest in the potential clinical benefits of statins in asthma/COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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27
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Functional phenotype of airway myocytes from asthmatic airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:95-104. [PMID: 22921313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In asthma, the airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell plays a central role in disease pathogenesis through cellular changes which may impact on its microenvironment and alter ASM response and function. The answer to the long debated question of what makes a 'healthy' ASM cell become 'asthmatic' still remains speculative. What is known of an 'asthmatic' ASM cell, is its ability to contribute to the hallmarks of asthma such as bronchoconstriction (contractile phenotype), inflammation (synthetic phenotype) and ASM hyperplasia (proliferative phenotype). The phenotype of healthy or diseased ASM cells or tissue for the most part is determined by expression of key phenotypic markers. ASM is commonly accepted to have different phenotypes: the contractile (differentiated) state versus the synthetic (dedifferentiated) state (with the capacity to synthesize mediators, proliferate and migrate). There is now accumulating evidence that the synthetic functions of ASM in culture derived from asthmatic and non-asthmatic donors differ. Some of these differences include an altered profile and increased production of extracellular matrix proteins, pro-inflammatory mediators and adhesion receptors, collectively suggesting that ASM cells from asthmatic subjects have the capacity to alter their environment, actively participate in repair processes and functionally respond to changes in their microenvironment.
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Black JL, Panettieri RA, Banerjee A, Berger P. Airway smooth muscle in asthma: just a target for bronchodilation? Clin Chest Med 2012; 33:543-58. [PMID: 22929101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) has long been recognized as the main cell type responsible for bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It has, thus, been considered as a target for bronchodilation. In asthma, however, there is a complex relationship between ASM and inflammatory cells, such as mast cells and T lymphocytes. Moreover, the increased ASM mass in asthmatic airways is one of the key features of airway remodeling. This article aims to review the main concepts about the 3 possible roles of ASM in asthma: (1) contractile tone, (2) inflammatory response, and (3) remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith L Black
- University of Sydney, Discipline of Pharmacology and Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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29
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Abstract
Airway smooth muscle has classically been of interest for its contractile response linked to bronchoconstriction. However, terminally differentiated smooth muscle cells are phenotypically plastic and have multifunctional capacity for proliferation, cellular hypertrophy, migration, and the synthesis of extracellular matrix and inflammatory mediators. These latter properties of airway smooth muscle are important in airway remodeling which is a structural alteration that compounds the impact of contractile responses on limiting airway conductance. In this overview, we describe the important signaling components and the functional evidence supporting a view of smooth muscle cells at the core of fibroproliferative remodeling of hollow organs. Signal transduction components and events are summarized that control the basic cellular processes of proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis, and cellular migration. We delineate known intracellular control mechanisms and suggest future areas of interest to pursue to more fully understand factors that regulate normal myocyte function and airway remodeling in obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Gerthoffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
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30
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The pivotal role of airway smooth muscle in asthma pathophysiology. J Allergy (Cairo) 2011; 2011:742710. [PMID: 22220184 PMCID: PMC3246780 DOI: 10.1155/2011/742710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by the association of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation, and remodelling. The aim of the present article is to review the pivotal role of airway smooth muscle (ASM) in the pathophysiology of asthma. ASM is the main effector of AHR. The mechanisms of AHR in asthma may involve a larger release of contractile mediators and/or a lower release of relaxant mediators, an improved ASM cell excitation/contraction coupling, and/or an alteration in the contraction/load coupling. Beyond its contractile function, ASM is also involved in bronchial inflammation and remodelling. Whereas ASM is a target of the inflammatory process, it can also display proinflammatory and immunomodulatory functions, through its synthetic properties and the expression of a wide range of cell surface molecules. ASM remodelling represents a key feature of asthmatic bronchial remodelling. ASM also plays a role in promoting complementary airway structural alterations, in particular by its synthetic function.
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31
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Bäck M, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Evans JF, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Rovati GE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIV: Leukotriene Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, and Pathophysiological Functions. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:539-84. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Cho KJ, Seo JM, Kim JH. Bioactive lipoxygenase metabolites stimulation of NADPH oxidases and reactive oxygen species. Mol Cells 2011; 32:1-5. [PMID: 21424583 PMCID: PMC3887656 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-1021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced via a variety of cellular oxidative processes, including the activity of NADPH oxidases (NOX), the activity of xanthine oxidases, the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by lipoxygenases (LOX) and cyclooxygenases (COX), and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Although NOX-generated ROS are the best characterized examples of ROS in mammalian cells, ROS are also generated by the oxidative metabolism (e.g., via LOX and COX) of AA that is released from the membrane phospholipids via the activity of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)). Recently, growing evidence suggests that LOX- and COX-generated AA metabolites can induce ROS generation by stimulating NOX and that a potential signaling connection exits between the LOX/COX metabolites and NOX. In this review, we discuss the results of recent studies that report the generation of ROS by LOX metabolites, especially 5-LOX metabolites, via NOX stimulation. In particular, we have focused on the contribution of leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)), a potent bioactive eicosanoid that is derived from 5-LOX, and its receptors, BLT1 and BLT2, to NOX stimulation through a signaling mechanism that leads to ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji-Min Seo
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Svensson Holm ACB, Bengtsson T, Grenegård M, Lindström EG. Platelet membranes induce airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. Platelets 2011; 22:45-55. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2010.515696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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McGovern T, Risse PA, Tsuchiya K, Hassan M, Frigola G, Martin JG. LTD₄ induces HB-EGF-dependent CXCL8 release through EGFR activation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L808-15. [PMID: 20889674 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00438.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells release proinflammatory mediators that may contribute to airway remodeling and leukocyte recruitment. We explored the hypothesis that leukotriene D₄ (LTD₄) may trigger the release of proremodeling factors through activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR). We particularly focused on the effects of LTD₄ on release of heparin-binding EGF-like factor (HB-EGF) and IL-8 (CXCL8), a potent neutrophil chemoattractant that may be released downstream of EGFR activation. To address this hypothesis, both primary (NHBE) and transformed bronchial human epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were grown on an air-liquid interface and stimulated with LTD₄. HB-EGF and CXCL8 were evaluated by ELISA in cell culture supernatants. To explore the EGFR signaling pathway, we used a broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, GM-6001, two selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, AG-1478 and PD-153035, an HB-EGF neutralizing antibody, and a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the EGFR. Expression of the CysLT₁ cysteinyl leukotriene receptor was demonstrated by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry in both BEAS-2B and NHBE cells. Four hours after stimulation with LTD₄, HB-EGF and CXCL8 were significantly increased in cell culture supernatant. GM-6001 and montelukast, a specific CysLT₁ receptor antagonist, blocked the LTD₄-induced increase in HB-EGF. All inhibitors/antagonists decreased LTD₄-induced CXCL8 release. siRNA against EGFR abrogated CXCL8 release following stimulation with LTD₄ and exogenous HB-EGF. These findings suggest LTD₄ induced EGFR transactivation through the release of HB-EGF in human bronchial epithelial cells with downstream release of CXCL8. These effects may contribute to epithelial-mediated airway remodeling in asthma and other conditions associated with cysteinyl leukotriene release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby McGovern
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Hassan M, Jo T, Risse PA, Tolloczko B, Lemière C, Olivenstein R, Hamid Q, Martin JG. Airway smooth muscle remodeling is a dynamic process in severe long-standing asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1037-1045.e3. [PMID: 20451038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of the excess airway smooth muscle in asthma and when in the course of the disease it is acquired are uncertain. OBJECTIVES We examined the relative sensitivities of 2 markers of proliferation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki 67, in airway smooth muscle in vivo and in vitro. We then studied whether muscle remodeling is a dynamic process in asthma by quantifying proliferation rate and area. Finally we examined heparin-binding epidermal growth factor as a biomarker of remodeling. METHODS We obtained bronchoscopic biopsies from subjects with moderate or severe asthma and healthy controls (n = 9/group). For in vitro studies, airway smooth muscle cells were cultured from tracheas of transplant donors. The proliferation rate was quantified from PCNA and Ki 67, co-localized to smooth muscle-specific alpha-actin cells in vivo. Muscle area was assessed morphometrically. We examined the expression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor on tissues by in situ hybridization and by immunohistochemistry and in cells in culture by RT-PCR. RESULTS Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki 67 were highly correlated, but PCNA was a significantly more sensitive marker both in vivo and in vitro. Muscle area was 3.4-fold greater and the fraction of PCNA(+) nuclei in muscle was 5-fold greater in severe asthma than in healthy subjects. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor was upregulated in proliferating muscle cells in culture and in airway smooth muscle in severe asthmatic tissues. CONCLUSION Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is a highly sensitive marker of proliferation and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor is a potential biomarker during active remodeling of ASM in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Hassan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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Tazzeo T, Worek F, Janssen L. The NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium is also a potent inhibitor of cholinesterases and the internal Ca(2+) pump. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:790-6. [PMID: 19788497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is often used as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, but is increasingly being found to have unrelated side effects. We investigated its effects on smooth muscle contractions and the related mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied isometric contractions in smooth muscle strips from bovine trachea. Cholinesterase activity was measured using a spectrophotometric assay; internal Ca(2+) pump activity was assessed by Ca(2+) uptake into smooth muscle microsomes. KEY RESULTS Contractions to acetylcholine were markedly enhanced by DPI (10(-4) M), whereas those to carbachol (CCh) were not, suggesting a possible inhibition of cholinesterase. DPI markedly suppressed contractions evoked by CCh, KCl and 5-HT, and also unmasked phasic activity in otherwise sustained responses. Direct biochemical assays confirmed that DPI was a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (IC(50) approximately 8 x 10(-6) M and 6 x 10(-7) M, respectively), following a readily reversible, mixed non-competitive type of inhibition. The inhibitory effects of DPI on CCh contractions were not mimicked by another NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), nor the Src inhibitors PP1 or PP2, ruling out an action through the NADPH oxidase signalling pathway. Several features of the DPI-mediated suppression of agonist-evoked responses (i.e. suppression of peak magnitudes and unmasking of phasic activity) are similar to those of cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of the internal Ca(2+) pump. Direct measurement of microsomal Ca(2+) uptake revealed that DPI modestly inhibits the internal Ca(2+) pump. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS DPI inhibits cholinesterase activity and the internal Ca(2+) pump in tracheal smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tazzeo
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Angiotensin II triggers release of leukotriene C4 in vascular smooth muscle cells via the multidrug resistance-related protein 1. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 333:261-7. [PMID: 19685171 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance-related protein-1 (MRP1) is important for the management of oxidative stress in vascular cells in vivo. Substrates of MRP1 are, among others, glutathione and the leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)), an eicosanoid and mediator of inflammation. Angiotensin (Ang) II infusion results in MRP1(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice in improved endothelial function and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. However, the interaction between Ang II, LTC(4) and MRP1 is not completely understood and has never been investigated in vitro. Ang II induced in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) the release of LTC(4) and the generation of ROS. Pharmacologic inhibition of MRP1 via MK 571 significantly reduced Ang II-induced ROS release (L012-luminescence) in VSMC. The release of ROS after Ang II stimulation is inhibited, to a comparable degree, by blockade of the Cys-LT1 receptor with montelukast. Incubation of VSMC with recombined LTC(4) and Ang II caused enhanced rates of proliferation in VSMC. This effect can be rescued by either MRP1 or Cys-LT1 receptor inhibition. Accordingly, stimulation of VSMC with LTC(4) reduces intracellular levels of glutathione, but does not affect apoptosis. LTC(4) stimulation results in a significant activation of MRP1, but does not alter MRP1 expression. These findings indicate a connection between Ang II, MRP1 and LTC(4). Both, MRP1 and LTC(4), are potentially promising targets for atheroprotective therapy.
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Yuan YM, Fang SH, Qian XD, Liu LY, Xu LH, Shi WZ, Zhang LH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. Leukotriene D4 stimulates the migration but not proliferation of endothelial cells mediated by the cysteinyl leukotriene cyslt(1) receptor via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:285-92. [PMID: 19234368 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08321fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are mediated by activating CysLT receptors, CysLT(1), and CysLT(2). The CysLT(1) receptor mediates vascular responses to CysLTs; however, its effect on the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells is not clarified. To determine this effect, we observed proliferation and migration in EA.hy926 cells, a human endothelial cell line, and the involvement of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). We found that LTD(4) did not affect the proliferation, but significantly stimulated the migration of endothelial cells. LTD(4) also induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, but not those of p38 or JNK. The LTD(4)-induced migration and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were blocked by the CysLT(1)-receptor antagonist montelukast and the dual antagonist Bay u9773, but not by the CysLT(2)-receptor antagonist Bay cysLT2; the migration was also inhibited by the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Our findings indicate that LTD(4) stimulates the CysLT(1) receptor-mediated migration of endothelial cells; this may be regulated by the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
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Bossé Y, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes in asthmatic airway smooth muscle cell hyperplasia. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102:16-21. [PMID: 19205280 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a historic perspective and an up-to-date understanding of the involvement of cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) in asthmatic airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell hyperplasia. DATA SOURCES Data collected from human tissues, from animal models of airway inflammation, and from ASM cells cultured in vitro are included. STUDY SELECTION All studies regarding the potential contribution of cys-LTs on ASM cell hyperplasia are reviewed. RESULTS Whereas in vivo observations are consistent and seem to attribute an important role for cys-LTs in ASM cell hyperplasia, the observations made in cultured ASM cells are inconsistent, with studies documenting a mitogenic potential only reporting marginal effects. CONCLUSION This dichotomy between in vitro and in vivo results led to the elaboration of a hypothesis suggesting that the mitogenic effect of cys-LTs on ASM cells may be indirect and mediated by a paracrine loop involving transforming growth factor beta1 production by airway resident and inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynuk Bossé
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Providence Health Care/St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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41
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Jiang Y, Borrelli L, Bacskai BJ, Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA. P2Y6 receptors require an intact cysteinyl leukotriene synthetic and signaling system to induce survival and activation of mast cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1129-37. [PMID: 19124756 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) induce inflammatory responses through type 1 (CysLT1R) and type 2 (CysLT2R) cys-LT receptors and activate mast cells in vitro. We previously demonstrated that cys-LTs cross-desensitized IL-4-primed primary human mast cells (hMCs) to stimulation with the nucleotide uridine diphosphate (UDP). We now report that hMCs, mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (mBMMCs), and the human MC line LAD2 all express UDP-selective P2Y6 receptors that cooperate with CysLT1R to promote cell survival and chemokine generation by a pathway involving reciprocal ligand-mediated cross-talk. Leukotriene (LT) D4, the most potent CysLT1R ligand, and UDP both induced phosphorylation of ERK and prolonged the survival of cytokine-starved hMCs and mBMMCs. ERK activation and cytoprotection in response to either ligand were attenuated by treatment of the cells with a selective P2Y6 receptor antagonist (MRS2578), which did not interfere with signaling through recombinant CysLT1R. Surprisingly, both UDP and LTD4-mediated ERK activation and cytoprotection were absent in mBMMCs lacking CysLT1R and the biosynthetic enzyme LTC4 synthase, implying a requirement for a cys-LT-mediated autocrine loop. In IL-4-primed LAD2 cells, LTD4 induced the generation of MIP-1beta, a response blocked by short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of CysLT1R or P2Y6 receptors, but not of CysLT2R. Thus, CysLT1R and P2Y6 receptors, which are coexpressed on many cell types of innate immunity, reciprocally amplify one another's function in mast cells through endogenous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Svensson Holm ACB, Bengtsson T, Grenegård M, Lindström EG. Platelets stimulate airway smooth muscle cell proliferation through mechanisms involving 5-lipoxygenase and reactive oxygen species. Platelets 2009; 19:528-36. [PMID: 18979365 DOI: 10.1080/09537100802320300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Continuous recruitment and inappropriate activity of platelets in the airways may contribute to airway remodeling, a characteristic feature of inflammatory airway diseases that includes increased proliferation of the smooth muscle. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the effect of platelets on proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) in culture and to determine the possible role of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this context. ASMC obtained from guinea pigs were cultured and co-incubated with washed platelets for 24 hours. Thereafter, the proliferation was measured with the MTS-assay; the results were also verified by using thymidine incorporation, DNA measurements and manual counting. The interaction between platelets and ASMC was visualized with fluorescence microscopy. We found that platelets bind to the ASMC and the presence of platelets caused a significant dose-dependent increase in ASMC proliferation. Co-incubation of ASMC with platelets also increased ROS-production, detected by the fluorescent probe DCFDA. Furthermore, the platelet-induced proliferation was reduced in the presence of the NADPH-oxidase inhibitors DPI and apocynin. A possible role of 5-LOX in platelet-induced proliferation and ROS-generation was evaluated by using the 5-LOX inhibitor AA-861 and the PLA(2)-inhibitor ATK. The results showed that inhibition of these enzymes significantly reduced the platelet-induced proliferation. Moreover, Western blot analysis revealed that the ASMC but not the platelets express 5-LOX. In addition, our experiments revealed that the presence of AA-861 and ATK significantly inhibited the ROS-production generated upon co-incubation of platelets and ASMC. In conclusion, we show that platelets have a marked capacity to induce ASMC proliferation. Furthermore, our study indicates that the interaction between platelets and ASMC leads to activation of 5-LOX in the ASMC followed by an increased ROS-production, events resulting in enhanced ASMC proliferation. The new findings are of importance in understanding possible mechanisms contributing to airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte B Svensson Holm
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research/Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cardiovascular Inflammation Research Centre, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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43
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Clarke DL, Dakshinamurti S, Larsson AK, Ward JE, Yamasaki A. Lipid metabolites as regulators of airway smooth muscle function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:426-35. [PMID: 19114116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence identifies airway smooth muscle (ASM) not only as a target but also a cellular source for a diverse range of mediators underlying the processes of airway narrowing and airway hyperresponsiveness in diseases such as asthma. These include the growing family of plasma membrane phospholipid-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids broadly characterised by the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, isoprostanes and lysophospholipids. In this review, we describe the enzymatic and non-enzymatic biosynthetic pathways of these lipid mediators and how these are influenced by drug treatment, oxidative stress and airways disease. Additionally, we outline their cognate receptors, many of which are expressed by ASM. We describe potential deleterious and protective roles for these lipid mediators in airway inflammatory and remodelling processes by describing their effects on diverse functions of ASM in asthma that have the potential to contribute to asthma pathogenesis and symptoms. These functions include contractile tone development, cytokine and extracellular matrix production, and cellular proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Clarke
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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44
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Siddiqui S, Martin JG. Structural aspects of airway remodeling in asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2008; 8:540-7. [PMID: 18940147 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-008-0098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Airway remodeling in asthma is a complex process that involves structural changes in virtually all tissues of the airway wall. The histologic changes to the airways consist of epithelial proliferation and goblet cell differentiation, subepithelial fibrosis, airway smooth muscle (ASM) growth, angiogenesis, matrix protein deposition, gland hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and nerve proliferation. Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors from inflammatory cells and structural cells contribute to remodeling. There are complex interactions among the various signaling pathways involving matrix metalloproteinases that are required for growth factor release. The physiologic consequences of remodeling are airway hyperresponsiveness from ASM growth and mucus hypersecretion from gland and goblet cell hyperplasia. Airway stiffening is a probable contributor to airway hyperresponsiveness through attenuation of the transmission of potently bronchodilating cyclical stress to the ASM during breathing. The epidermal growth factor receptor's role in remodeling and its interaction with other potential causes of remodeling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Siddiqui
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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45
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Ammit AJ, Burgess JK, Hirst SJ, Hughes JM, Kaur M, Lau JY, Zuyderduyn S. The effect of asthma therapeutics on signalling and transcriptional regulation of airway smooth muscle function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 22:446-54. [PMID: 19022391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Our knowledge of the multifunctional nature of airway smooth muscle (ASM) has expanded rapidly in the last decade, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and how current therapies for obstructive airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affect these are still being elucidated. Our current knowledge has built on the pharmacology of human ASM contraction and relaxation established prior to that and which is reviewed in detail elsewhere in this issue. The advent of methods to isolate and culture ASM cells, especially human ASM cells, has made it possible to study how they may contribute to airway remodelling through their synthetic, proliferative, and migratory capacities. Now the underlying molecular mechanisms of ASM growth factor secretion, extracellular matrix (ECM) production, proliferation and migration, as well as contraction and relaxation, are being determined. A complex network of signalling pathways leading to gene transcription in ASM cells permits this functional plasticity in healthy and diseased airways. This review is an overview of the effects of current therapies, and some of those in development, on key signalling pathways and transcription factors involved in these ASM functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina J Ammit
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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46
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Mueller CFH, Wassmann K, Widder JD, Wassmann S, Chen CH, Keuler B, Kudin A, Kunz WS, Nickenig G. Multidrug resistance protein-1 affects oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenesis via leukotriene C4 export. Circulation 2008; 117:2912-8. [PMID: 18506003 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.747667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently showed that the multidrug resistance related protein-1 (MRP1) is important for the management of oxidative stress in vascular cells. However, the underlying mechanism and the in vivo relevance of these findings remain elusive. We hypothesize that inside-outside transport of leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) via MRP1 is a substantial proatherogenic mechanism in the vasculature. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of MRP1 inhibition and LTC(4) receptor blockade (Cys-LT1 receptor) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS MRP1 is expressed abundantly in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Pharmacological inhibition of MRP1 via MK571 reduces angiotensin II-induced reactive oxygen species release by 59% (L012 fluorescence) in VSMCs. The release of reactive oxygen species after angiotensin II stimulation also is inhibited by blockade of the Cys-LT1 receptor with montelukast. Incubation of VSMCs with recombined LTC(4) causes enhanced rates of reactive oxygen species and proliferation in wild-type and MRP1(-/-) VSMCs. Accordingly, the LTC(4) release in the cell culture supernatant of MRP1(-/-) VSMCs is significantly decreased compared with wild-type cells. To extend our observations to the in vivo situation, atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient mice on a high-cholesterol diet were treated with placebo, the MRP1 inhibitor MK571, or the Cys-LT1 receptor inhibitor montelukast for 6 weeks. Treatment with MK571 or montelukast reduced vascular reactive oxygen species production, significantly improved endothelial function, and ameliorated atherosclerotic plaque generation by 52% and 61%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that MRP1 and LTC(4) exert proatherosclerotic effects and that both MRP1 and LTC(4) are potentially promising targets for atheroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius F H Mueller
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund Freud Str 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Profita M, Sala A, Bonanno A, Siena L, Ferraro M, Di Giorgi R, Montalbano AM, Albano GD, Gagliardo R, Gjomarkaj M. Cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor activation in a human bronchial epithelial cell line leads to signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-mediated eosinophil adhesion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:1024-30. [PMID: 18305014 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of leukotriene D(4) (LTD(4)) on a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) overexpressing the cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) (1) receptor (HBECysLT(1)R), looking at the associated signal transduction mechanisms as well as at effects on inflammatory cell adhesion. The results obtained showed that LTD(4) increases the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 and of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) in serine 727 (STAT-1Ser727), resulting in increased eosinophil adhesion to HBECysLT(1)R, associated with enhanced surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) 1. Pretreatment with a CysLT(1)R-selective antagonist or with a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) or with a selective inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) successfully suppressed both LTD(4)-induced STAT-1Ser727 phosphorylation and the associated increase in eosinophil adhesion. The use of the MEK inhibitor and of the selective CysLT(1)R antagonist in electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments showed that LTD(4) promotes the nuclear translocation of STAT-1 through the activation of ERK1/2 pathway. The key role of STAT-1 in leukotriene D(4) transduction signaling was confirmed by RNA interference experiments, where silencing of STAT-1 expression abolished the effect of leukotriene D(4) on eosinophil adhesion. In conclusion, for the first time, we provide evidence of the involvement of STAT-1 in the signal transduction mechanism of the CysLT(1) receptor; phosphorylation of STAT-1, through PKC and ERK1/2 activation, causes enhanced ICAM-1 surface expression and eosinophil adhesion. Effective CysLT(1)R antagonism may therefore contribute to the control of the chronic inflammatory condition that characterizes human airways in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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48
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Bossé Y, Thompson C, McMahon S, Dubois CM, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Leukotriene D4-induced, epithelial cell-derived transforming growth factor beta1 in human bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 38:113-21. [PMID: 18028462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) orchestrate many pathognomonic features of asthma in animal models of allergic airway inflammation, including bronchial smooth muscle cell (BSMC) hyperplasia. However, because cys-LTs alone do not induce mitogenesis in monocultures of human BSMC, the effect observed in vivo seemingly involves indirect mechanisms, which are still undefined. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the regulatory role of leukotriene (LT)D(4) on TGF-beta1 expression in airway epithelial cells and the consequence of this interplay on BSMC proliferation. METHODS HEK293 cells stably transfected with cys-LT receptor 1 (CysLT1) (293LT1) were stimulated with LTD(4) and TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein expression was measured using Northern blot and ELISA, respectively. Conditioned medium (CM) harvested from LTD(4)-treated cells was then assayed for its proliferative effect on primary human BSMC. TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was also determined in tumoural type II pneumocytes A549 and in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) following LTD(4) stimulation. RESULTS The results demonstrated that LTD(4)-induced TGF-beta1 mRNA production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in 293LT1. TGF-beta1 secretion was also up-regulated and CM from LTD(4)-treated 293LT1 was shown to increase BSMC proliferation in a TGF-beta1-dependent manner. The increased expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA by LTD(4) also occured in A549 and NHBE cells via a CysLT1-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSION In conclusion, elevated expression of cys-LTs in asthmatic airways might contribute to BSMC hyperplasia and concomitant clinical features of asthma such as airway hyperresponsiveness via a paracrine loop involving TGF-beta1 production by airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bossé
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Capra V, Thompson MD, Sala A, Cole DE, Folco G, Rovati GE. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes and their receptors in asthma and other inflammatory diseases: critical update and emerging trends. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:469-527. [PMID: 16894531 DOI: 10.1002/med.20071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cysteinyl-LTs), that is, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, trigger contractile and inflammatory responses through the specific interaction with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belonging to the purine receptor cluster of the rhodopsin family, and identified as CysLT receptors (CysLTRs). Cysteinyl-LTs have a clear role in pathophysiological conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), and have been implicated in other inflammatory conditions including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria. Molecular cloning of human CysLT1R and CysLT2R subtypes has confirmed most of the previous pharmacological characterization and identified distinct expression patterns only partially overlapping. Interestingly, recent data provide evidence for the immunomodulation of CysLTR expression, the existence of additional receptor subtypes, and of an intracellular pool of CysLTRs that may have roles different from those of plasma membrane receptors. Furthermore, genetic variants have been identified for the CysLTRs that may interact to confer risk for atopy. Finally, a crosstalk between the cysteinyl-LT and the purine systems is being delineated. This review will summarize and attempt to integrate recent data derived from studies on the molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of CysLTRs, and will consider the therapeutic opportunities arising from the new roles suggested for cysteinyl-LTs and their receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Dermatitis, Atopic/drug therapy
- Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology
- Female
- Humans
- Hydroxyurea/adverse effects
- Hydroxyurea/analogs & derivatives
- Leukotriene Antagonists/adverse effects
- Leukotriene Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Leukotriene C4/physiology
- Leukotriene D4/physiology
- Leukotriene E4/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/drug effects
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Pharmacogenetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/drug effects
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/physiopathology
- SRS-A/biosynthesis
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Gosens R, Dueck G, Rector E, Nunes RO, Gerthoffer WT, Unruh H, Zaagsma J, Meurs H, Halayko AJ. Cooperative regulation of GSK-3 by muscarinic and PDGF receptors is associated with airway myocyte proliferation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1348-58. [PMID: 17873004 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00346.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors synergistically induce proliferation of airway smooth muscle (ASM), but the pathways that regulate these effects are not yet completely identified. We hypothesized that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a kinase that represses several promitogenic signaling pathways in its unphosphorylated form, is cooperatively inhibited by PDGF and muscarinic receptors in immortalized human ASM cell lines. PDGF or methacholine alone induced rapid GSK-3 phosphorylation. This phosphorylation was sustained only for PDGF; however, methacholine potentiated PDGF-induced sustained GSK-3 phosphorylation. Synergistic effects of methacholine also were observed on PDGF-induced retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Suppression of GSK-3 inhibitory function using SB 216763 also augmented PDGF-induced Rb phosphorylation and cell cycle progression; this synergy was similar in magnitude to that seen for methacholine with PDGF. GSK-3 phosphorylation induced by methacholine required PKC, since it was abolished by GF 109203X and Gö 6976; however, inhibition of PKC had no effect on cell responses to PDGF. PKC inhibition also specifically abolished the synergistic effect of methacholine on PDGF-induced GSK-3 phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Collectively, these results show that GSK-3 plays a key repressive role in ASM cell proliferation. Moreover, muscarinic receptors mediate PKC-dependent GSK-3 inhibition, and this appears to be a primary mechanism underpinning augmentation of PDGF-induced cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Gosens
- Departments of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
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