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Hoyt KM, Barr JR, Hopkins AO, Dykes JK, Lúquez C, Kalb SR. Validation of a clinical assay for botulinum neurotoxins through mass spectrometric detection. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0162923. [PMID: 38687021 PMCID: PMC11237762 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01629-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a paralytic disease due to the inhibition of acetylcholine exocytosis at the neuromuscular junction, which can be lethal if left untreated. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by some spore-forming Clostridium bacteria. The current confirmatory assay to test for BoNTs in clinical specimens is the gold-standard mouse bioassay. However, an Endopep-MS assay method has been developed to detect BoNTs in clinical samples using benchtop mass spectrometric detection. This work demonstrates the validation of the Endopep-MS method for clinical specimens with the intent of method distribution in public health laboratories. The Endopep-MS assay was validated by assessing the sensitivity, robustness, selectivity, specificity, and reproducibility. The limit of detection was found to be equivalent to or more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. Specificity studies determined no cross-reactivity between the different serotypes and no false positives from an exclusivity panel of culture supernatants of enteric disease organisms and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridium. Inter-serotype specificity testing with 19 BoNT subtypes was 100% concordant with the expected results, accurately determining the presence of the correct serotype and the absence of incorrect serotypes. Additionally, a panel of potential interfering substances was used to test selectivity. Finally, clinical studies included clinical specimen stability and reproducibility, which was found to be 99.9% from a multicenter evaluation study. The multicenter validation study also included a clinical validation study, which yielded a 99.4% correct determination rate. Use of the Endopep-MS method will improve the capacity and response time for laboratory confirmation of botulism in public health laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M. Hoyt
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John R. Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - André O. Hopkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet K. Dykes
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carolina Lúquez
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suzanne R. Kalb
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Silkina MV, Kartseva AS, Riabko AK, Makarova MA, Rogozin MM, Romanenko YO, Shemyakin IG, Dyatlov IA, Firstova VV. New approach to generating of human monoclonal antibodies specific to the proteolytic domain of botulinum neurotoxin A. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2023; 14:27680. [PMID: 39104622 PMCID: PMC11298023 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2023.27680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause botulism and are the most potent natural toxins known. Immunotherapy with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) is considered to be the most effective immediate response to BoNT exposure. Hybridoma technology remains the preferred method for producing MAbs with naturally paired immunoglobulin genes and with preserved innate functions of immune cells. The affinity-matured human antibody repertoire may be ideal as a source for antibody therapeutics against BoNTs. In an effort to develop novel BoNT type A (BoNT/A) immunotherapeutics, sorted by flow cytometry plasmablasts and activated memory B cells from a donor repeatedly injected with BoNT/A for aesthetic botulinum therapy could be used due to obtain hybridomas producing native antibodies. Methods Plasmablasts and activated memory B-cells were isolated from whole blood collected 7 days after BoNT/A injection and sorted by flow cytometry. The sorted cells were then electrofused with the K6H6/B5 cell line, resulting in a producer of native human monoclonal antibodies (huMAbs). The 3 antibodies obtained were then purified by affinity chromatography, analyzed for binding by Western blot assay and neutralization by FRET assay. Results We have succeeded in creating 3 hybridomas that secrete huMAbs specific to native BoNT/A and the proteolytic domain (LC) of BoNT/A. The 1B9 antibody also directly inhibited BoNT/A catalytic activity in vitro. Conclusion The use activated plasmablasts and memory B-cells isolated at the peak of the immune response (at day 7 of immunogenesis) that have not yet completed the terminal stage of differentiation but have undergone somatic hypermutation for hybridization allows us to obtain specific huMAbs even when the immune response of the donor is weak (with low levels of specific antibodies and specific B-cells in blood). A BoNT/A LC-specific antibody is capable of effectively inhibiting BoNT/A by mechanisms not previously associated with antibodies that neutralize BoNT. Antibodies specific to BoNT LC can be valuable components of a mixture of antibodies against BoNT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena Sergeevna Kartseva
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), Obolensk 142279, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Yana Olegovna Romanenko
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), Obolensk 142279, Russia
| | | | - Ivan Alekseevich Dyatlov
- State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (SRCAMB), Obolensk 142279, Russia
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A Comprehensive Structural Analysis of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin A Cell-Binding Domain from Different Subtypes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020092. [PMID: 36828407 PMCID: PMC9966434 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause flaccid neuromuscular paralysis by cleaving one of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex proteins. BoNTs display high affinity and specificity for neuromuscular junctions, making them one of the most potent neurotoxins known to date. There are seven serologically distinct BoNTs (serotypes BoNT/A to BoNT/G) which can be further divided into subtypes (e.g., BoNT/A1, BoNT/A2…) based on small changes in their amino acid sequence. Of these, BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 have been utilised to treat various diseases associated with spasticity and hypersecretion. There are potentially many more BoNT variants with differing toxicological profiles that may display other therapeutic benefits. This review is focused on the structural analysis of the cell-binding domain from BoNT/A1 to BoNT/A6 subtypes (HC/A1 to HC/A6), including features such as a ganglioside binding site (GBS), a dynamic loop, a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) binding site, a possible Lys-Cys/Cys-Cys bridge, and a hinge motion between the HCN and HCC subdomains. Characterising structural features across subtypes provides a better understanding of how the cell-binding domain functions and may aid the development of novel therapeutics.
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Kalb SR, Baudys J, Kiernan K, Wang D, Becher F, Barr JR. Proposed BoNT/A and /B Peptide Substrates Cannot Detect Multiple Subtypes in the Endopep-MS Assay. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:173-179. [PMID: 31287544 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a family of protein toxins consisting of seven known serotypes (BoNT/A-BoNT/G) and multiple subtypes within the serotypes, and all of which cause the disease botulism-a disease of great public health concern. Accurate detection of BoNTs in human clinical samples is therefore an important public health goal. To achieve this goal, our laboratory developed a mass spectrometry-based assay detecting the presence of BoNT via its enzymatic activity on a peptide substrate. Recently, publications reported the use of new peptide substrates to detect BoNT/A and /B with improved results over other peptide substrates. However, the authors did not provide results of their peptide substrate on multiple subtypes of BoNT. In this work, we describe the results of testing the new substrates with multiple BoNT/A and /B subtypes and find that the substrates cannot detect many subtypes of BoNT/A and /B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Kalb
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Buford Hwy, Northeast Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jakub Baudys
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Buford Hwy, Northeast Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Kiernan
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Buford Hwy, Northeast Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dongxia Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Buford Hwy, Northeast Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - François Becher
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - John R Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Buford Hwy, Northeast Atlanta, GA, USA
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Popoff MR. Antibodies and Vaccines against Botulinum Toxins: Available Measures and Novel Approaches. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090528. [PMID: 31547338 PMCID: PMC6783819 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is produced by the anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium botulinum. As one of the most poisonous toxins known and a potential bioterrosism agent, BoNT is characterized by a complex mode of action comprising: internalization, translocation and proteolytic cleavage of a substrate, which inhibits synaptic exocytotic transmitter release at neuro-muscular nerve endings leading to peripheral neuroparalysis of the skeletal and autonomic nervous systems. There are seven major serologically distinct toxinotypes (A-G) of BoNT which act on different substrates. Human botulism is generally caused by BoNT/A, B and E. Due to its extreme lethality and potential use as biological weapon, botulism remains a global public health concern. Vaccination against BoNT, although an effective strategy, remains undesirable due to the growing expectation around therapeutic use of BoNTs in various pathological conditions. This review focuses on the current approaches for botulism control by immunotherapy, highlighting the future challenges while the molecular underpinnings among subtypes variants and BoNT sequences found in non-clostridial species remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rasetti-Escargueil
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Makhlynets
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Ivan V Korendovych
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Avril A, Miethe S, Mazuet C, Derman Y, Selby K, Thullier P, Pelat T, Urbain R, Fontayne A, Korkeala H, Sesardic D, Hust M, Popoff MR. The European AntibotABE Framework Program and Its Update: Development of Innovative Botulinum Antibodies. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100309. [PMID: 28974033 PMCID: PMC5666356 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the AntiBotABE Program was the development of recombinant antibodies that neutralize botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) A, B and E. These serotypes are lethal and responsible for most human botulinum cases. To improve therapeutic efficacy, the heavy and light chains (HC and LC) of the three BoNT serotypes were targeted to achieve a synergistic effect (oligoclonal antibodies). For antibody isolation, macaques were immunized with the recombinant and non-toxic BoNT/A, B or E, HC or LC, followed by the generation of immune phage-display libraries. Antibodies were selected from these libraries against the holotoxin and further analyzed in in vitro and ex vivo assays. For each library, the best ex vivo neutralizing antibody fragments were germline-humanized and expressed as immunoglobulin G (IgGs). The IgGs were tested in vivo, in a standardized model of protection, and challenged with toxins obtained from collections of Clostridium strains. Protective antibody combinations against BoNT/A and BoNT/B were evidenced and for BoNT/E, the anti-LC antibody alone was found highly protective. The combination of these five antibodies as an oligoclonal antibody cocktail can be clinically and regulatorily developed while their high “humanness” predicts a high tolerance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnaud Avril
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), Département de Microbiologie, Unité de Biotechnologie des Anticorps et Des Toxins, Cedex 38702 La Tronche, France.
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Biothérapies anti-Infectieuses et Immunité, 1 Place du Général Valérie André, BP73, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France.
| | - Sebastian Miethe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany and YUMAB GmbH, Rebenring 33, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, 25 Avenue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Yagmur Derman
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Katja Selby
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), Département de Microbiologie, Unité de Biotechnologie des Anticorps et Des Toxins, Cedex 38702 La Tronche, France.
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA), Département de Microbiologie, Unité de Biotechnologie des Anticorps et Des Toxins, Cedex 38702 La Tronche, France.
- BIOTEM, Parc d'activité Bièvre Dauphine 885, Rue Alphonse Gourju, 38140 Apprieu, France.
| | - Remi Urbain
- LFB Biotechnologies, Therapeutic Innovation Department, 59, Rue de Trévise, BP 2006-59011 Lille Cedex, France.
- Ecdysis Pharma, Bioincubateur Eurasanté, 70 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120 Loos, France.
| | - Alexandre Fontayne
- LFB Biotechnologies, Therapeutic Innovation Department, 59, Rue de Trévise, BP 2006-59011 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a Center of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Division of Bacteriology, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany and YUMAB GmbH, Rebenring 33, Braunschweig 38106, Germany.
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, 25 Avenue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Characterization of Hemagglutinin Negative Botulinum Progenitor Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060193. [PMID: 28617306 PMCID: PMC5488043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a disease involving intoxication with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), toxic proteins produced by Clostridium botulinum and other clostridia. The 150 kDa neurotoxin is produced in conjunction with other proteins to form the botulinum progenitor toxin complex (PTC), alternating in size from 300 kDa to 500 kDa. These progenitor complexes can be classified into hemagglutinin positive or hemagglutinin negative, depending on the ability of some of the neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) to cause hemagglutination. The hemagglutinin positive progenitor toxin complex consists of BoNT, nontoxic non-hemagglutinin (NTNH), and three hemagglutinin proteins; HA-70, HA-33, and HA-17. Hemagglutinin negative progenitor toxin complexes contain BoNT and NTNH as the minimally functional PTC (M-PTC), but not the three hemagglutinin proteins. Interestingly, the genome of hemagglutinin negative progenitor toxin complexes comprises open reading frames (orfs) which encode for three proteins, but the existence of these proteins has not yet been extensively demonstrated. In this work, we demonstrate that these three proteins exist and form part of the PTC for hemagglutinin negative complexes. Several hemagglutinin negative strains producing BoNT/A, /E, and /F were found to contain the three open reading frame proteins. Additionally, several BoNT/A-containing bivalent strains were examined, and NAPs from both genes, including the open reading frame proteins, were associated with BoNT/A. The open reading frame encoded proteins are more easily removed from the botulinum complex than the hemagglutinin proteins, but are present in several BoNT/A and /F toxin preparations. These are not easily removed from the BoNT/E complex, however, and are present even in commercially-available purified BoNT/E complex.
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Perry MJ, Centurioni DA, Davis SW, Hannett GE, Musser KA, Egan CT. Implementing the Bruker MALDI Biotyper in the Public Health Laboratory for C. botulinum Neurotoxin Detection. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030094. [PMID: 28282915 PMCID: PMC5371849 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the gold standard method for active botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) detection is the mouse bioassay (MBA). A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-developed mass spectrometry (MS)-based assay that detects active BoNT was successfully validated and implemented in a public health laboratory in clinical matrices using the Bruker MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry) Biotyper. For the first time, a direct comparison with the MBA was performed to determine MS-based assay sensitivity using the Bruker MALDI Biotyper. Mice were injected with BoNT/A, /B, /E, and /F at concentrations surrounding the established MS assay limit of detection (LOD) and analyzed simultaneously. For BoNT/B, /E, and /F, MS assay sensitivity was equivalent or better than the MBA at 25, 0.3, and 8.8 mLD50, respectively. BoNT/A was detected by the MBA between 1.8 and 18 mLD50, somewhat more sensitive than the MS method of 18 mLD50. Studies were performed to compare assay performance in clinical specimens. For all tested specimens, the MS method rapidly detected BoNT activity and serotype in agreement with, or in the absence of, results from the MBA. We demonstrate that the MS assay can generate reliable, rapid results while eliminating the need for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Perry
- Biodefense Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Dominick A Centurioni
- Biodefense Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Stephen W Davis
- Biodefense Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - George E Hannett
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Kimberlee A Musser
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Christina T Egan
- Biodefense Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Azarnia Tehran D, Pirazzini M, Leka O, Mattarei A, Lista F, Binz T, Rossetto O, Montecucco C. Hsp90 is involved in the entry of clostridial neurotoxins into the cytosol of nerve terminals. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Azarnia Tehran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Oneda Leka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via F. Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Histology and Molecular Biology Section; Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center; Via Santo Stefano Rotondo 4 00184 Rome Italy
| | - Thomas Binz
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover; Institut für Physiologische Chemie OE4310; 30625 Hannover Germany
| | - Ornella Rossetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
- National Research Institute of Neuroscience; University of Padova; Via Ugo Bassi 58/B 35121 Padova Italy
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Simon S, Fiebig U, Liu Y, Tierney R, Dano J, Worbs S, Endermann T, Nevers MC, Volland H, Sesardic D, Dorner MB. Recommended Immunological Strategies to Screen for Botulinum Neurotoxin-Containing Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5011-34. [PMID: 26703727 PMCID: PMC4690110 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the life-threatening neurological illness botulism in humans and animals and are divided into seven serotypes (BoNT/A–G), of which serotypes A, B, E, and F cause the disease in humans. BoNTs are classified as “category A” bioterrorism threat agents and are relevant in the context of the Biological Weapons Convention. An international proficiency test (PT) was conducted to evaluate detection, quantification and discrimination capabilities of 23 expert laboratories from the health, food and security areas. Here we describe three immunological strategies that proved to be successful for the detection and quantification of BoNT/A, B, and E considering the restricted sample volume (1 mL) distributed. To analyze the samples qualitatively and quantitatively, the first strategy was based on sensitive immunoenzymatic and immunochromatographic assays for fast qualitative and quantitative analyses. In the second approach, a bead-based suspension array was used for screening followed by conventional ELISA for quantification. In the third approach, an ELISA plate format assay was used for serotype specific immunodetection of BoNT-cleaved substrates, detecting the activity of the light chain, rather than the toxin protein. The results provide guidance for further steps in quality assurance and highlight problems to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Simon
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Uwe Fiebig
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Liu
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Rob Tierney
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Julie Dano
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tanja Endermann
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marie-Claire Nevers
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Hervé Volland
- CEA Saclay, Institute of Biology and Technologies of Saclay, Laboratory for Immunoanalytical Researches, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 cedex, France.
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, a Centre of Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Martin B Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Avril A, Chahboun S, Tierney R, Bak N, Miethe S, Mazuet C, Popoff MR, Thullier P, Hust M, Pelat T, Sesardic D. Development of human-like scFv-Fc antibodies neutralizing Botulinum toxin serotype B. MAbs 2015; 7:1161-77. [PMID: 26381852 PMCID: PMC4966489 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1082016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are responsible for human botulism, a life-threatening disease characterized by flaccid muscle paralysis that occurs naturally by food poisoning or colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by BoNT-producing clostridia. BoNTs have been classified as category A agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To date, 7 subtypes of BoNT/B were identified showing that subtypes B1 (16 strains) and B2 (32 strains) constitute the vast majority of BoNT/B strains. Neutralizing antibodies are required for the development of anti-botulism drugs to deal with the potential risk. In this study, macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were immunized with recombinant light chain (LC) or heavy chain (HC) of BoNT/B2, followed by the construction of 2 hyper-immune phage display libraries. The best single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) isolated from each library were selected according to their affinities and cross reactivity with BoNT/B1 toxin subtype. These scFvs against LC and HC were further analyzed by assessing the inhibition of in vitro endopeptidase activity of BoNT/B1 and B2 and neutralization of BoNT/B1 and B2 toxin-induced paralysis in the mouse ex vivo phrenic nerve assay. The antibodies B2–7 (against HC) and BLC3 (against LC) were produced as scFv-Fc, and, when tested individually, neutralized BoNT/B1 and BoNT/B2 in a mouse ex vivo phrenic nerve assay. Whereas only scFv-Fc BLC3 alone protected mice against BoNT/B2-induced paralysis in vivo, when B2–7 and BLC3 were combined they exhibited potent synergistic protection. The present study provided an opportunity to assess the extent of antibody-mediated neutralization of BoNT/B1 and BoNT/B2 subtypes in ex vivo and in vitro assays, and to confirm the benefit of the synergistic effect of antibodies targeting the 2 distinct functional domains of the toxin in vivo. Notably, the framework regions of the most promising antibodies (B2–7 and BLC3) are close to the human germline sequences, which suggest that they may be well tolerated in potential clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rasetti-Escargueil
- a Division of Bacteriology; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ; Hertfordshire UK
| | - Arnaud Avril
- b Département des Maladies Infectieuses ; Unité Interaction Hôte-Pathogène; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) ; Brétigny-sur-Orge , France
| | - Siham Chahboun
- b Département des Maladies Infectieuses ; Unité Interaction Hôte-Pathogène; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) ; Brétigny-sur-Orge , France
| | - Rob Tierney
- a Division of Bacteriology; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ; Hertfordshire UK
| | - Nicola Bak
- a Division of Bacteriology; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ; Hertfordshire UK
| | - Sebastian Miethe
- c Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Technische Universität Braunschweig ; Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- d Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines; Institut Pasteur ; Paris , France
| | - Michel R Popoff
- d Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines; Institut Pasteur ; Paris , France
| | - Philippe Thullier
- b Département des Maladies Infectieuses ; Unité Interaction Hôte-Pathogène; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) ; Brétigny-sur-Orge , France
| | - Michael Hust
- c Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik; Technische Universität Braunschweig ; Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- b Département des Maladies Infectieuses ; Unité Interaction Hôte-Pathogène; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) ; Brétigny-sur-Orge , France
| | - Dorothea Sesardic
- a Division of Bacteriology; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), a centre of Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ; Hertfordshire UK
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13
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Kalb SR, Boyer AE, Barr JR. Mass Spectrometric Detection of Bacterial Protein Toxins and Their Enzymatic Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3497-511. [PMID: 26404376 PMCID: PMC4591662 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has recently become a powerful technique for bacterial identification. Mass spectrometry approaches generally rely upon introduction of the bacteria into a matrix-assisted laser-desorption time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer with mass spectrometric recognition of proteins specific to that organism that form a reliable fingerprint. With some bacteria, such as Bacillus anthracis and Clostridium botulinum, the health threat posed by these organisms is not the organism itself, but rather the protein toxins produced by the organisms. One such example is botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), a potent neurotoxin produced by C. botulinum. There are seven known serotypes of BoNT, A–G, and many of the serotypes can be further differentiated into toxin variants, which are up to 99.9% identical in some cases. Mass spectrometric proteomic techniques have been established to differentiate the serotype or toxin variant of BoNT produced by varied strains of C. botulinum. Detection of potent biological toxins requires high analytical sensitivity and mass spectrometry based methods have been developed to determine the enzymatic activity of BoNT and the anthrax lethal toxins produced by B. anthracis. This enzymatic activity, unique for each toxin, is assessed with detection of the toxin-induced cleavage of strategically designed peptide substrates by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry offering unparalleled specificity. Furthermore, activity assays allow for the assessment of the biological activity of a toxin and its potential health risk. Such methods have become important diagnostics for botulism and anthrax. Here, we review mass spectrometry based methods for the enzymatic activity of BoNT and the anthrax lethal factor toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Kalb
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Anne E Boyer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - John R Barr
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Kalb SR, Baudys J, Wang D, Barr JR. Recommended mass spectrometry-based strategies to identify botulinum neurotoxin-containing samples. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1765-78. [PMID: 25996606 PMCID: PMC4448173 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the disease called botulism, which can be lethal. BoNTs are proteins secreted by some species of clostridia and are known to cause paralysis by interfering with nerve impulse transmission. Although the human lethal dose of BoNT is not accurately known, it is estimated to be between 0.1 μg to 70 μg, so it is important to enable detection of small amounts of these toxins. Our laboratory previously reported on the development of Endopep-MS, a mass-spectrometric‑based endopeptidase method to detect, differentiate, and quantify BoNT immunoaffinity purified from complex matrices. In this work, we describe the application of Endopep-MS for the analysis of thirteen blinded samples supplied as part of the EQuATox proficiency test. This method successfully identified the presence or absence of BoNT in all thirteen samples and was able to successfully differentiate the serotype of BoNT present in the samples, which included matrices such as buffer, milk, meat extract, and serum. Furthermore, the method yielded quantitative results which had z-scores in the range of -3 to +3 for quantification of BoNT/A containing samples. These results indicate that Endopep-MS is an excellent technique for detection, differentiation, and quantification of BoNT in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Kalb
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Jakub Baudys
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Dongxia Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - John R Barr
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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15
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Kull S, Schulz KM, Strotmeier JWN, Kirchner S, Schreiber T, Bollenbach A, Dabrowski PW, Nitsche A, Kalb SR, Dorner MB, Barr JR, Rummel A, Dorner BG. Isolation and functional characterization of the novel Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin A8 subtype. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116381. [PMID: 25658638 PMCID: PMC4320087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a severe neurological disease caused by the complex family of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT). Based on the different serotypes known today, a classification of serotype variants termed subtypes has been proposed according to sequence diversity and immunological properties. However, the relevance of BoNT subtypes is currently not well understood. Here we describe the isolation of a novel Clostridium botulinum strain from a food-borne botulism outbreak near Chemnitz, Germany. Comparison of its botulinum neurotoxin gene sequence with published sequences identified it to be a novel subtype within the BoNT/A serotype designated BoNT/A8. The neurotoxin gene is located within an ha-orfX+ cluster and showed highest homology to BoNT/A1, A2, A5, and A6. Unexpectedly, we found an arginine insertion located in the HC domain of the heavy chain, which is unique compared to all other BoNT/A subtypes known so far. Functional characterization revealed that the binding characteristics to its main neuronal protein receptor SV2C seemed unaffected, whereas binding to membrane-incorporated gangliosides was reduced in comparison to BoNT/A1. Moreover, we found significantly lower enzymatic activity of the natural, full-length neurotoxin and the recombinant light chain of BoNT/A8 compared to BoNT/A1 in different endopeptidase assays. Both reduced ganglioside binding and enzymatic activity may contribute to the considerably lower biological activity of BoNT/A8 as measured in a mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay. Despite its reduced activity the novel BoNT/A8 subtype caused severe botulism in a 63-year-old male. To our knowledge, this is the first description and a comprehensive characterization of a novel BoNT/A subtype which combines genetic information on the neurotoxin gene cluster with an in-depth functional analysis using different technical approaches. Our results show that subtyping of BoNT is highly relevant and that understanding of the detailed toxin function might pave the way for the development of novel therapeutics and tailor-made antitoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skadi Kull
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Melanie Schulz
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Kirchner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Schreiber
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - P. Wojtek Dabrowski
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Suzanne R. Kalb
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - John R. Barr
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andreas Rummel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins (ZBS3), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kalb SR, Krilich JC, Dykes JK, Lúquez C, Maslanka SE, Barr JR. Detection of Botulinum Toxins A, B, E, and F in Foods by Endopep-MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1133-1141. [PMID: 25578960 PMCID: PMC4523457 DOI: 10.1021/jf505482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Botulism is caused by exposure to botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are proteins secreted by some species of clostridia; these neurotoxins are known to interfere with nerve impulse transmission, thus causing paralysis. Botulism may be contracted through consumption of food either naturally or intentionally contaminated with BoNT. The human lethal dose of BoNT is not known but is estimated to be between 0.1 and 70 μg; thus, it is important to be able to detect small amounts of this toxin in foods to ensure food safety and to identify the source of an outbreak. Our laboratory previously reported on the development of Endopep-MS, a mass-spectrometric-based endopeptidase method for the detection and differentiation of BoNT. This method can detect BoNT at levels below the historic standard mouse bioassay in clinical samples such as serum, stool, and culture supernatants. We have now expanded this assay to detect BoNT in over 50 foods including representative products that were involved in actual botulism investigations. The foods tested by the Endopep-MS included those with various acidities, viscosities, and fat levels. Dairy and culturally diverse products were also included. This work demonstrates that the Endopep-MS method can be used to detect BoNT/A, /B, /E, and /F in foods at levels spiked below that of the limit of detection of the mouse bioassay. Furthermore, we successfully applied this method to investigate several foods associated with botulism outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R. Kalb
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center of Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Joan C. Krilich
- Battelle Memorial Institute under contract at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Janet K. Dykes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Carolina Lúquez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Susan E. Maslanka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - John R. Barr
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center of Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341
- Corresponding Author: Tel: 770-488-7848; Fax: 770-488-4609;
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Björnstad K, Tevell Åberg A, Kalb SR, Wang D, Barr JR, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Validation of the Endopep-MS method for qualitative detection of active botulinum neurotoxins in human and chicken serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7149-61. [PMID: 25228079 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly toxic proteases produced by anaerobic bacteria. Traditionally, a mouse bioassay (MBA) has been used for detection of BoNTs, but for a long time, laboratories have worked with alternative methods for their detection. One of the most promising in vitro methods is a combination of an enzymatic and mass spectrometric assay called Endopep-MS. However, no comprehensive validation of the method has been presented. The main purpose of this work was to perform a validation for the qualitative analysis of BoNT-A, B, C, C/D, D, D/C, and F in serum. The limit of detection (LOD), selectivity, precision, stability in matrix and solution, and correlation with the MBA were evaluated. The LOD was equal to or even better than that of the MBA for BoNT-A, B, D/C, E, and F. Furthermore, Endopep-MS was for the first time successfully used to differentiate between BoNT-C and D and their mosaics C/D and D/C by different combinations of antibodies and target peptides. In addition, sequential antibody capture was presented as a new way to multiplex the method when only a small sample volume is available. In the comparison with the MBA, all the samples analyzed were positive for BoNT-C/D with both methods. These results indicate that the Endopep-MS method is a valid alternative to the MBA as the gold standard for BoNT detection based on its sensitivity, selectivity, and speed and that it does not require experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Björnstad
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
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Matak I, Lacković Z. Botulinum toxin A, brain and pain. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 119-120:39-59. [PMID: 24915026 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is one of the most potent toxins known and a potential biological threat. At the same time, it is among the most widely used therapeutic proteins used yearly by millions of people, especially for cosmetic purposes. Currently, its clinical use in certain types of pain is increasing, and its long-term duration of effects represents a special clinical value. Efficacy of BoNT/A in different types of pain has been found in numerous clinical trials and case reports, as well as in animal pain models. However, sites and mechanisms of BoNT/A actions involved in nociception are a matter of controversy. In analogy with well known neuroparalytic effects in peripheral cholinergic synapses, presently dominant opinion is that BoNT/A exerts pain reduction by inhibiting peripheral neurotransmitter/inflammatory mediator release from sensory nerves. On the other hand, growing number of behavioral and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the requirement of axonal transport for BoNT/A's antinociceptive action. In addition, toxin's enzymatic activity in central sensory regions was clearly identified after its peripheral application. Apart from general pharmacology, this review summarizes the clinical and experimental evidence for BoNT/A antinociceptive activity and compares the data in favor of peripheral vs. central site and mechanism of action. Based on literature review and published results from our laboratory we propose that the hypothesis of peripheral site of BoNT/A action is not sufficient to explain the experimental data collected up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Matak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Brain Research Institute, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdravko Lacković
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Brain Research Institute, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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The thioredoxin reductase-thioredoxin system is involved in the entry of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins in the cytosol of nerve terminals. FEBS Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Dorner MB, Schulz KM, Kull S, Dorner BG. Complexity of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Challenges for Detection Technology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45790-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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