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Alshbool FZ, Karim ZA, Espinosa EVP, Lin OA, Khasawneh FT. Investigation of a Thromboxane A 2 Receptor-Based Vaccine for Managing Thrombogenesis. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e009139. [PMID: 29936414 PMCID: PMC6064912 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the well-established role for the thromboxane A2 receptor (TPR) in the development of thrombotic disorders, none of the antagonists developed to date has been approved for clinical use. To this end, we have previously shown that an antibody targeted against TPR's ligand-binding domain inhibits platelet activation and thrombus formation, without exerting any effects on hemostasis. Thus, the goal of the present studies is to design a novel TPR-based vaccine, demonstrate its ability to trigger an immune response, and characterize its antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a mouse keyhole limpet hemocyanin/peptide-based vaccination approach rationalized over the TPR ligand-binding domain (ie, the C-terminus of the second extracellular loop). The biological activity of this vaccine was assessed in the context of platelets and thrombotic diseases, and using a host of in vitro and in vivo platelet function experiments. Our results revealed that the TPR C-terminus of the second extracellular loop vaccine, in mice: (1) triggered an immune response, which resulted in the development of a C-terminus of the second extracellular loop antibody; (2) did not affect expression of major platelet integrins (eg, glycoprotein IIb-IIIa); (3) selectively inhibited TPR-mediated platelet aggregation, platelet-leukocyte aggregation, integrin glycoprotein IIb-IIIa activation, as well as dense and α granule release; (4) significantly prolonged thrombus formation; and (5) did so without impairing physiological hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings shed light on TPR's structural biological features, and demonstrate that the C-terminus of the second extracellular loop domain may define a new therapeutic target and a TPR vaccine-based approach that should have therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Z Alshbool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas El Paso, TX
| | - Zubair A Karim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas El Paso, TX
| | | | | | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas El Paso, TX
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Advances in extracellular ligand recognition sites on prostanoid receptors. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:979-981. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Akasaka H, Thaliachery N, Zheng X, Blumenthal M, Nikhar S, Murdoch EE, Ling Q, Ruan KH. The key residue within the second extracellular loop of human EP3 involved in selectively turning down PGE 2- and retaining PGE 1-mediated signaling in live cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 616:20-29. [PMID: 28065721 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Key residues and binding mechanisms of PGE1 and PGE2 on prostanoid receptors are poorly understood due to the lack of X-ray structures for the receptors. We constructed a human EP3 (hEP3) model through integrative homology modeling using the X-ray structure of the β2-adrenergic receptor transmembrane domain and NMR structures of the thromboxane A2 receptor extracellular loops. PGE1 and PGE2 docking into the hEP3 model showed differing configurations within the extracellular ligand recognition site. While PGE2 could form possible binding contact with S211, PGE1 is unable to form similar contacts. Therefore, S211 could be the critical residue for PGE2 recognition, but is not a significant for PGE1. This prediction was confirmed using HEK293 cells transfected with hEP3 S211L cDNA. The S211L cells lost PGE2 binding and signaling. Interestingly, the S211L cells retained PGE1-mediated signaling. It indicates that S211 within the second extracellular loop is a key residue involved in turning down PGE2 signaling. Our study provided information that S211L within EP3 is the key residue to distinguish PGE1 and PGE2 binding to mediate diverse biological functions at the initial recognition step. The S211L mutant could be used as a model for studying the binding mechanism and signaling pathway specifically mediated by PGE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironari Akasaka
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics and Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Natasha Thaliachery
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics and Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Xianghai Zheng
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics and Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Marissa Blumenthal
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics and Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Sameer Nikhar
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics and Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Emma E Murdoch
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics and Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Qinglan Ling
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics and Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Ke-He Ruan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Pharmacoinformatics and Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
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Helmer D, Schmitz K. Peptides and Peptide Analogs to Inhibit Protein-Protein Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 917:147-83. [PMID: 27236556 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are governed by relatively few amino acid residues at the binding interface. Peptides derived from these protein regions may serve as mimics of one of the interaction partners in structural studies or as inhibitors to disrupt the respective interaction and investigate its biological consequences. Inhibitory peptides may also be lead structures for drug development if the respective protein-protein interaction is essential for a pathogen or disease mechanism. Binding peptides may be systematically derived from one of the binding partners or found in the screen of combinatorial peptide libraries. Molecular modelling based on structural data helps to refine existing peptides or even design novel binding peptides. This chapter gives an outline of the binding peptide discovery process and subsequent chemical modifications to further enhance affinity and specificity and to increase stability against degradation in vivo. Examples from the past three decades illustrate the great diversity of applications for protein binding peptides and peptide analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Helmer
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Guo Y, Tukaye DN, Wu WJ, Zhu X, Book M, Tan W, Jones SP, Rokosh G, Narumiya S, Li Q, Bolli R. The COX-2/PGI2 receptor axis plays an obligatory role in mediating the cardioprotection conferred by the late phase of ischemic preconditioning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41178. [PMID: 22844439 PMCID: PMC3402528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacologic studies with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors suggest that the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC) is mediated by COX-2. However, nonspecific effects of COX-2 inhibitors cannot be ruled out, and the selectivity of these inhibitors for COX-2 vs. COX-1 is only relative. Furthermore, the specific prostaglandin (PG) receptors responsible for the salubrious actions of COX-2-derived prostanoids remain unclear. Objective To determine the role of COX-2 and prostacyclin receptor (IP) in late PC by gene deletion. Methods COX-2 knockout (KO) mice (COX-2−/−), prostacyclin receptor KO (IP−/−) mice, and respective wildtype (WT, COX-2+/+ and IP+/+) mice underwent sham surgery or PC with six 4-min coronary occlusion (O)/4-min R cycles 24 h before a 30-min O/24 h R. Results There were no significant differences in infarct size (IS) between non-preconditioned (non-PC) COX-2+/+, COX-2−/−, IP+/+, and IP−/− mice, indicating that neither COX-2 nor IP modulates IS in the absence of PC. When COX-2−/− or IP−/− mice were preconditioned, IS was not reduced, indicating that the protection of late PC was completely abrogated by deletion of either the COX-2 or the IP gene. Administration of the IP selective antagonist, RO3244794 to C57BL6/J (B6) mice 30 min prior to the 30-min O had no effect on IS. When B6 mice were preconditioned 24 h prior to the 30-min O, IS was markedly reduced; however, the protection of late PC was completely abrogated by pretreatment of RO3244794. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that targeted disruption of the COX-2 gene completely abrogates the infarct-sparing effect of late PC, and that the IP, downstream of the COX-2/prostanoid pathway, is a key mediator of the late PC. These results provide unequivocal molecular genetic evidence for an essential role of the COX-2/PGI2 receptor axis in the cardioprotection afforded by the late PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Guo
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Deepali Nivas Tukaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wen-Jian Wu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Michael Book
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wei Tan
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Steven P. Jones
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Gregg Rokosh
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Qianhong Li
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The C-terminal segment of the second extracellular loop of the thromboxane A2 receptor plays an important role in platelet aggregation. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Ruan CH, Dixon RAF, Willerson JT, Ruan KH. Prostacyclin therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Tex Heart Inst J 2010; 37:391-399. [PMID: 20844610 PMCID: PMC2929860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In pulmonary arterial hypertension, the blood vessels that carry blood between the heart and lungs are constricted, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood through the lungs. Prostacyclin, a prostanoid metabolized from endogenous arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, is a potent vasodilator that has been identified as one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Currently, prostacyclin and its analogues are widely used in the clinical management of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. However, the mortality rate associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension has not been significantly reduced within the past 5 years. More powerful therapeutic approaches are needed. This article briefly reviews the current management of pulmonary arterial hypertension to identify the problems associated with present therapies; then it focuses on the emerging technology of prostacyclin synthase gene therapy and cell-based therapy using native stem cells and engineered stem cells with enhanced prostacyclin production capacity. By using the recent advances in technology and the molecular understanding of prostacyclin synthesis, researchers are prepared to make significant advances in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Huai Ruan
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York Hospital Medical Center of Queens/Weil Cornell Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Flushing, New York 11355, USA.
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Martin KA, Gleim S, Elderon L, Fetalvero K, Hwa J. The human prostacyclin receptor from structure function to disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 89:133-66. [PMID: 20374736 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)89006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years have passed since Vane and colleagues first described a substance, prostanoid X, from microsomal fractions (later called prostacyclin) that relaxed rather than contracted mesenteric arteries. The critical role of prostacyclin in many pathophysiological conditions, such as atherothrombosis, has only recently become appreciated (through receptor knockout mice studies, selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition clinical trials, and the discovery of dysfunctional prostacyclin receptor genetic variants). Additionally, important roles in such diverse areas as pain and inflammation, and parturition are being uncovered. Prostacyclin-based therapies, currently used for pulmonary hypertension, are accordingly emerging as possible treatments for such diseases, fueling interests in structure function studies for the receptor and signal transduction pathways in native cells. The coming decade is likely to yield many further exciting advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Bellot G, Granier S, Bourguet W, Seyer R, Rahmeh R, Mouillac B, Pascal R, Mendre C, Déméné H. Structure of the third intracellular loop of the vasopressin V2 receptor and conformational changes upon binding to gC1qR. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:491-507. [PMID: 19285506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The V2 vasopressin receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that regulates the renal antidiuretic response. Its third intracellular loop is involved in the coupling not only with the GalphaS protein but also with gC1qR, a potential chaperone of G-protein-coupled receptors. In this report, we describe the NMR solution structure of the V2 i3 loop under a cyclized form (i3_cyc) and characterize its interaction with gC1qR. i3_cyc formed a left-twisted alpha-helical hairpin structure. The building of a model of the entire V2 receptor including the i3_cyc NMR structure clarified the side-chain orientation of charged residues, in agreement with literature mutagenesis reports. In the model, the i3 loop formed a rigid helical column, protruding deep inside the cytoplasm, as does the i3 loop in the recently elucidated structure of squid rhodopsin. However, its higher packing angle resulted in a different structural motif at the intracellular interface, which may be important for the specific recognition of GalphaS. Moreover, we could estimate the apparent K(d) of the i3_cyc/gC1qR complex by anisotropy fluorescence. Using a shorter and more soluble version of i3_cyc, which encompassed the putative site of gC1qR binding, we showed by NMR saturation transfer difference spectroscopy that the binding surface corresponded to the central arginine cluster. Binding to gC1qR induced the folding of the otherwise disordered short peptide into a spiral-like path formed by a succession of I and IV turns. Our simulations suggested that this folding would rigidify the arginine cluster in the entire i3 loop and would alter the conformation of the cytosolic extensions of TM V and TM VI helices. In agreement with this conformational rearrangement, we observed that binding of gC1qR to the full-length receptor modifies the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence binding curves of V2 to an antagonist.
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de Graaf C, Foata N, Engkvist O, Rognan D. Molecular modeling of the second extracellular loop of G-protein coupled receptors and its implication on structure-based virtual screening. Proteins 2008; 71:599-620. [PMID: 17972285 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current study describes the validation of high-throughput modeling procedures for the construction of the second extracellular loop (ecl2) of all nonolfactory human G Protein-coupled receptors. Our modeling flowchart is based on the alignment of essential residues determining the particular ecl2 fold observed in the bovine rhodopsin (bRho) crystal structure. For a set of GPCR targets, the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), adenosine A3 receptor (AA3R), and the thromboxane A2 receptor (TA2R), the implications of including ecl2 atomic coordinates is evaluated in terms of structure-based virtual screening accuracy: the suitability of the 3D models to distinguish between known antagonists and randomly chosen decoys using automated docking approaches. The virtual screening results of different models describing increasingly exhaustive receptor representations (seven helices only, seven helices and ecl2 loop, full model) have been compared. Explicit modeling of the ecl2 loop was found to be important in only one of three test cases whereas a loopless model was shown to be accurate enough in the two other receptors. An exhaustive comparison of ecl2 loops of 365 receptors to that of bRho suggests that explicit ecl2 loop modeling should be reserved to receptors where loop building can be guided by experimental restraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris de Graaf
- Bioinformatics of the Drug, CNRS UMR 7175-LC1, Université Louis Pasteur Strasbourg I, Illkirch F-67401, France
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Ni F, So SP, Cervantes V, Ruan KH. A profile of the residues in the second extracellular loop that are critical for ligand recognition of human prostacyclin receptor. FEBS J 2008; 275:128-37. [PMID: 18042246 PMCID: PMC3046732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The residues in the second extracellular loop (eLP2) of the prostanoid receptors, which are important for specific ligand recognition, were previously predicted in our earlier studies of the thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and recombinant protein approaches. To further test this hypothesis, another prostanoid receptor, the prostacyclin receptor (IP), which has opposite biological characteristics to that of TP, was used as a model for these studies. A set of recombinant human IPs with site-directed mutations at the nonconserved eLP2 residues were constructed using an Ala-scanning approach, and then expressed in HEK293 and COS-7 cells. The expression levels of the recombinant receptors were six-fold higher in HEK293 cells than in COS-7 cells. The residues important for ligand recognition and binding within the N-terminal segment (G159, Q162, and C165) and the C-terminal segment (L172, R173, M174, and P179) of IP eLP2 were identified by mutagenesis analyses. The molecular mechanisms for the specific ligand recognition of IP were further demonstrated by specific site-directed mutagenesis using different amino acid residues with unique chemical properties for the key residues Q162, L172, R173, and M174. A comparison with the corresponding functional residues identified in TP eLP2 revealed that three (Q162, R173, and M174) of the four residues are nonconserved, and these are proposed to be involved in specific ligand recognition. We discuss the importance of G159 and P179 in ligand recognition through configuration of the loop conformation is discussed. These studies have further indicated that characterization of the residues in the eLP2 regions for all eight prostanoid receptors could be an effective approach for uncovering the molecular mechanisms of the ligand selectivities of the G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ni
- The Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The Center for Experimental Therapeutics and PharmacoInformatics, University of Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
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Stitham J, Arehart EJ, Gleim SR, Douville KL, Hwa J. Human prostacyclin receptor structure and function from naturally-occurring and synthetic mutations. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 82:95-108. [PMID: 17164137 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI2) is released by vascular endothelial cells and serves as a potent vasodilator, inhibitor of platelet aggregation (anti-thrombotic), and moderator of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation-migration-differentiation (anti-atherosclerotic). These actions are mediated via a seven transmembrane-spanning G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), known as the human prostacyclin receptor or hIP. Animal studies using prostacyclin receptor knock-out (IP-/-) mice have revealed increased propensities towards thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, atherosclerosis, restenosis, as well as reperfusion injury. Of further importance has been the world-wide withdrawal of selective COX-2 inhibitors, due to their discriminating suppression of COX-2-derived PGI2 and its cardioprotective effects, leading to increased cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and thrombotic stroke. Over the last decade, mutagenesis studies of the IP receptor, in conjunction with in vitro functional assays and molecular modeling, have provided critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of both agonist binding and receptor activation. Most recently, the discovery of naturally-occurring and dysfunctional mutations within the hIP has provided additional insights into the proposed cardioprotective role of prostacyclin. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent findings regarding hIP receptor structure-function that have developed through the study of both synthetic and naturally-occurring mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Stitham
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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