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Khodayari Moez E, Hajihosseini M, Andrews JL, Dinu I. Longitudinal linear combination test for gene set analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:650. [PMID: 31822265 PMCID: PMC6902471 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although microarray studies have greatly contributed to recent genetic advances, lack of replication has been a continuing concern in this area. Complex study designs have the potential to address this concern, though they remain undervalued by investigators due to the lack of proper analysis methods. The primary challenge in the analysis of complex microarray study data is handling the correlation structure within data while also dealing with the combination of large number of genetic measurements and small number of subjects that are ubiquitous even in standard microarray studies. Motivated by the lack of available methods for analysis of repeatedly measured phenotypic or transcriptomic data, herein we develop a longitudinal linear combination test (LLCT). Results LLCT is a two-step method to analyze multiple longitudinal phenotypes when there is high dimensionality in response and/or explanatory variables. Alternating between calculating within-subjects and between-subjects variations in two steps, LLCT examines if the maximum possible correlation between a linear combination of the time trends and a linear combination of the predictors given by the gene expressions is statistically significant. A generalization of this method can handle family-based study designs when the subjects are not independent. This method is also applicable to time-course microarray, with the ability to identify gene sets that exhibit significantly different expression patterns over time. Based on the results from a simulation study, LLCT outperformed its alternative: pathway analysis via regression. LLCT was shown to be very powerful in the analysis of large gene sets even when the sample size is small. Conclusions This self-contained pathway analysis method is applicable to a wide range of longitudinal genomics, proteomics, metabolomics (OMICS) data, allows adjusting for potentially time-dependent covariates and works well with unbalanced and incomplete data. An important potential application of this method could be time-course linkage of OMICS, an attractive possibility for future genetic researchers. Availability: R package of LLCT is available at: https://github.com/its-likeli-jeff/LLCT
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Zhang Y, Topham DJ, Thakar J, Qiu X. FUNNEL-GSEA: FUNctioNal ELastic-net regression in time-course gene set enrichment analysis. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:1944-1952. [PMID: 28334094 PMCID: PMC5939227 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEAs) are widely used in genomic research to identify underlying biological mechanisms (defined by the gene sets), such as Gene Ontology terms and molecular pathways. There are two caveats in the currently available methods: (i) they are typically designed for group comparisons or regression analyses, which do not utilize temporal information efficiently in time-series of transcriptomics measurements; and (ii) genes overlapping in multiple molecular pathways are considered multiple times in hypothesis testing. Results We propose an inferential framework for GSEA based on functional data analysis, which utilizes the temporal information based on functional principal component analysis, and disentangles the effects of overlapping genes by a functional extension of the elastic-net regression. Furthermore, the hypothesis testing for the gene sets is performed by an extension of Mann-Whitney U test which is based on weighted rank sums computed from correlated observations. By using both simulated datasets and a large-scale time-course gene expression data on human influenza infection, we demonstrate that our method has uniformly better receiver operating characteristic curves, and identifies more pathways relevant to immune-response to human influenza infection than the competing approaches. Availability and Implementation The methods are implemented in R package FUNNEL, freely and publicly available at: https://github.com/yunzhang813/FUNNEL-GSEA-R-Package. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology
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3
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Guo X, Shu C, Li H, Pei Y, Woo SL, Zheng J, Liu M, Xu H, Botchlett R, Guo T, Cai Y, Gao X, Zhou J, Chen L, Li Q, Xiao X, Xie L, Zhang KK, Ji JY, Huo Y, Meng F, Alpini G, Li P, Wu C. Cyclic GMP-AMP Ameliorates Diet-induced Metabolic Dysregulation and Regulates Proinflammatory Responses Distinctly from STING Activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6355. [PMID: 28743914 PMCID: PMC5526935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) binds and activates STING to induce type I interferons. However, whether cGAMP plays any roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis remains unknown. Here we show that exogenous cGAMP ameliorates obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation and uniquely alters proinflammatory responses. In obese mice, treatment with cGAMP significantly decreases diet-induced proinflammatory responses in liver and adipose tissues and ameliorates metabolic dysregulation. Strikingly, cGAMP exerts cell-type-specific anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages, hepatocytes, and adipocytes, which is distinct from the effect of STING activation by DMXAA on enhancing proinflammatory responses. While enhancing insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in hepatocytes and adipocytes, cGAMP weakens the effects of glucagon on stimulating hepatocyte gluconeogenic enzyme expression and glucose output and blunts palmitate-induced hepatocyte fat deposition in an Akt-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest an essential role for cGAMP in linking innate immunity and metabolic homeostasis, indicating potential applications of cGAMP in treating obesity-associated inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ya Pei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shih-Lung Woo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rachel Botchlett
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuli Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xinsheng Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,The Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ke K Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Departments of Medical Physiology and Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Departments of Medical Physiology and Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Performance Gains in Genome-Wide Association Studies for Longitudinal Traits via Modeling Time-varied effects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:590. [PMID: 28377602 PMCID: PMC5428860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex traits with multiple phenotypic values changing over time are called longitudinal traits. In traditional genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for longitudinal traits, a combined/averaged estimated breeding value (EBV) or deregressed proof (DRP) instead of multiple phenotypic measurements per se for each individual was frequently treated as response variable in statistical model. This can result in power losses or even inflate false positive rates (FPRs) in the detection due to failure of exploring time-dependent relationship among measurements. Aiming at overcoming such limitation, we developed two random regression-based models for functional GWAS on longitudinal traits, which could directly use original time-dependent records as response variable and fit the time-varied Quantitative Trait Nucleotide (QTN) effect. Simulation studies showed that our methods could control the FPRs and increase statistical powers in detecting QTN in comparison with traditional methods where EBVs, DRPs or estimated residuals were considered as response variables. Besides, our proposed models also achieved reliable powers in gene detection when implementing into two real datasets, a Chinese Holstein Cattle data and the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 data. Our study herein offers an optimal way to enhance the power of gene detection and further understand genetic control of developmental processes for complex longitudinal traits.
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Zhang KK, Xiang M, Zhou L, Liu J, Curry N, Heine Suñer D, Garcia-Pavia P, Zhang X, Wang Q, Xie L. Gene network and familial analyses uncover a gene network involving Tbx5/Osr1/Pcsk6 interaction in the second heart field for atrial septation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1140-51. [PMID: 26744331 PMCID: PMC4764195 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are a common human congenital heart disease (CHD) that can be induced by genetic abnormalities. Our previous studies have demonstrated a genetic interaction between Tbx5 and Osr1 in the second heart field (SHF) for atrial septation. We hypothesized that Osr1 and Tbx5 share a common signaling networking and downstream targets for atrial septation. To identify this molecular networks, we acquired the RNA-Seq transcriptome data from the posterior SHF of wild-type, Tbx5(+/) (-), Osr1(+/-), Osr1(-/-) and Tbx5(+/-)/Osr1(+/-) mutant embryos. Gene set analysis was used to identify the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways that were affected by the doses of Tbx5 and Osr1. A gene network module involving Tbx5 and Osr1 was identified using a non-parametric distance metric, distance correlation. A subset of 10 core genes and gene-gene interactions in the network module were validated by gene expression alterations in posterior second heart field (pSHF) of Tbx5 and Osr1 transgenic mouse embryos, a time-course gene expression change during P19CL6 cell differentiation. Pcsk6 was one of the network module genes that were linked to Tbx5. We validated the direct regulation of Tbx5 on Pcsk6 using immunohistochemical staining of pSHF, ChIP-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and luciferase reporter assay. Importantly, we identified Pcsk6 as a novel gene associated with ASD via a human genotyping study of an ASD family. In summary, our study implicated a gene network involving Tbx5, Osr1 and Pcsk6 interaction in SHF for atrial septation, providing a molecular framework for understanding the role of Tbx5 in CHD ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke K Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, ND INBRE Bioinformatics Core, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Menglan Xiang
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and ND INBRE Bioinformatics Core, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Lun Zhou
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Department of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jielin Liu
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and
| | - Nathan Curry
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and
| | - Damian Heine Suñer
- Laboratori de Genetica Molecular, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca 07010, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Pavia
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Manuel de Falla, 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Nemours Research Institute, Nemours Children's hospital, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, Cater-Mattil Hall Rm 217B, TAMU 2253, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Turner JA, Bolen CR, Blankenship DM. Quantitative gene set analysis generalized for repeated measures, confounder adjustment, and continuous covariates. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:272. [PMID: 26316107 PMCID: PMC4551517 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene set analysis (GSA) of gene expression data can be highly powerful when the biological signal is weak compared to other sources of variability in the data. However, many gene set analysis approaches utilize permutation tests which are not appropriate for complex study designs. For example, the correlation of subjects is broken when comparing time points within a longitudinal study. Linear mixed models provide a method to analyze longitudinal studies as well as adjust for potential confounding factors and account for sources of variability that are not of primary interest. Currently, there are no known gene set analysis approaches that fully account for these study design and analysis aspects. In order to do so, we generalize the QuSAGE gene set analysis algorithm, denoted Q-Gen, and provide the necessary estimation adjustments to incorporate linear mixed model analyses. Results We assessed the performance of our generalized method in comparison to the original QuSAGE method in settings such as longitudinal repeated measures analysis and accounting for potential confounders. We demonstrate that the original QuSAGE method can not control for type-I error when these complexities exist. In addition to statistical appropriateness, analysis of a longitudinal influenza study suggests Q-Gen can allow for greater sensitivity when exploring a large number of gene sets. Conclusions Q-Gen is an extension to the gene set analysis method of QuSAGE, and allows for linear mixed models to be applied appropriately within a gene set analysis framework. It provides GSA an added layer of flexibility that was not currently available. This flexibility allows for more appropriate statistical modeling of complex data structures that are inherent to many microarray study designs and can provide more sensitivity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0707-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Turner
- Baylor Research Institute, 3310 Live Oak, Dallas, 75204, TX, USA.
| | - Christopher R Bolen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
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Hejblum BP, Skinner J, Thiébaut R. Time-Course Gene Set Analysis for Longitudinal Gene Expression Data. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004310. [PMID: 26111374 PMCID: PMC4482329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene set analysis methods, which consider predefined groups of genes in the analysis of genomic data, have been successfully applied for analyzing gene expression data in cross-sectional studies. The time-course gene set analysis (TcGSA) introduced here is an extension of gene set analysis to longitudinal data. The proposed method relies on random effects modeling with maximum likelihood estimates. It allows to use all available repeated measurements while dealing with unbalanced data due to missing at random (MAR) measurements. TcGSA is a hypothesis driven method that identifies a priori defined gene sets with significant expression variations over time, taking into account the potential heterogeneity of expression within gene sets. When biological conditions are compared, the method indicates if the time patterns of gene sets significantly differ according to these conditions. The interest of the method is illustrated by its application to two real life datasets: an HIV therapeutic vaccine trial (DALIA-1 trial), and data from a recent study on influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. In the DALIA-1 trial TcGSA revealed a significant change in gene expression over time within 69 gene sets during vaccination, while a standard univariate individual gene analysis corrected for multiple testing as well as a standard a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) for time series both failed to detect any significant pattern change over time. When applied to the second illustrative data set, TcGSA allowed the identification of 4 gene sets finally found to be linked with the influenza vaccine too although they were found to be associated to the pneumococcal vaccine only in previous analyses. In our simulation study TcGSA exhibits good statistical properties, and an increased power compared to other approaches for analyzing time-course expression patterns of gene sets. The method is made available for the community through an R package. Gene set analysis methods use prior biological knowledge to analyze gene expression data. This prior knowledge takes the form of predefined groups of genes, linked through their biological function. Gene set analysis methods have been successfully applied in transversal studies, their results being more sensitive and interpretable than those of methods investigating genomic data one gene at a time. The time-course gene set analysis (TcGSA) introduced here is an extension of such gene set analysis to longitudinal data. This method identifies a priori defined groups of genes whose expression is not stable over time, taking into account the potential heterogeneity between patients and between genes. When biological conditions are compared, it identifies the gene sets that have different expression dynamics according to these conditions. Data from 2 studies are analyzed: data from an HIV therapeutic vaccine trial, and data from a recent study on influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. In both cases, TcGSA provided new insights compared to standard approaches thanks to an increased sensitivity compared to other approaches. Those results highlight the benefits of the TcGSA method for analyzing gene expression dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris P. Hejblum
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, Team SISTM, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason Skinner
- Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, Team SISTM, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Bioanalysts and immunologists can interrogate the immune system with a variety of high-throughput technologies such as gene expression, multiplex bead arrays and flow cytometry. Conceptually, these assays support systems immunology studies, in which phenomena can be measured and correlated across biological compartments. First, however, the resulting high-dimensional data must be combined in a consistent fashion that supports analysis of the data as an integrated whole. Next, analytical methods must be applied to the hundreds or thousands of readouts. We recommend the use of a four-part analytical pipeline, consisting of data integration, hypothesis generation, prediction and hypothesis testing, and validation. We describe a variety of established methods appropriate for these integrated datasets, and highlight their application to human immunological studies. Our goal is to provide bioanalysts, immunologists and data analysts with a valuable perspective with which to approach the multiassay high-dimensional datasets generated by contemporary immunological studies.
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Garrett SH, Clarke K, Sens DA, Deng Y, Somji S, Zhang KK. Short and long term gene expression variation and networking in human proximal tubule cells when exposed to cadmium. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 23369406 PMCID: PMC3552673 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-s1-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd2+) is a known nephrotoxin causing tubular necrosis during acute exposure and potentially contributing to renal failure in chronic long-term exposure. To investigate changes in global gene expression elicited by cadmium, an in-vitro exposure system was developed from cultures of human renal epithelial cells derived from cortical tissue obtained from nephrectomies. These cultures exhibit many of the qualities of proximal tubule cells. Using these cells, a study was performed to determine the cadmium-induced global gene expression changes after short-term (1 day, 9, 27, and 45 μM) and long-term cadmium exposure (13 days, 4.5, 9, and 27 μM). These studies revealed fundamental differences in the types of genes expressed during each of these time points. The obtained data was further analyzed using regression to identify cadmium toxicity responsive genes. Regression analysis showed 403 genes were induced and 522 genes were repressed by Cd2+ within 1 day, and 366 and 517 genes were induced and repressed, respectively, after 13 days. We developed a gene set enrichment analysis method to identify the cadmium induced pathways that are unique in comparison to traditional approaches. The perturbation of global gene expression by various Cd2+ concentrations and multiple time points enabled us to study the transcriptional dynamics and gene interaction using a mutual information-based network model. The most prominent network module consisted of INHBA, KIF20A, DNAJA4, AKAP12, ZFAND2A, AKR1B10, SCL7A11, and AKR1C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Ng JWY, Barrett LM, Wong A, Kuh D, Smith GD, Relton CL. The role of longitudinal cohort studies in epigenetic epidemiology: challenges and opportunities. Genome Biol 2012; 13:246. [PMID: 22747597 PMCID: PMC3446311 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal cohort studies are ideal for investigating how epigenetic patterns change over time and relate to changing exposure patterns and the development of disease. We highlight the challenges and opportunities in this approach.
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Ng JWY, Barrett LM, Wong A, Kuh D, Smith G, Relton CL. The role of longitudinal cohort studies in epigenetic epidemiology: challenges and opportunities. Genome Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1186/gb4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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