1
|
Tavares LA, Januário YC, daSilva LLP. HIV-1 Hijacking of Host ATPases and GTPases That Control Protein Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622610. [PMID: 34307340 PMCID: PMC8295591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) modifies the host cell environment to ensure efficient and sustained viral replication. Key to these processes is the capacity of the virus to hijack ATPases, GTPases and the associated proteins that control intracellular protein trafficking. The functions of these energy-harnessing enzymes can be seized by HIV-1 to allow the intracellular transport of viral components within the host cell or to change the subcellular distribution of antiviral factors, leading to immune evasion. Here, we summarize how energy-related proteins deviate from their normal functions in host protein trafficking to aid the virus in different phases of its replicative cycle. Recent discoveries regarding the interplay among HIV-1 and host ATPases and GTPases may shed light on potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Tavares
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yunan C Januário
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Robinson M, Schor S, Barouch-Bentov R, Einav S. Viral journeys on the intracellular highways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3693-3714. [PMID: 30043139 PMCID: PMC6151136 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that are dependent on cellular machineries for their replication. Recent technological breakthroughs have facilitated reliable identification of host factors required for viral infections and better characterization of the virus-host interplay. While these studies have revealed cellular machineries that are uniquely required by individual viruses, accumulating data also indicate the presence of broadly required mechanisms. Among these overlapping cellular functions are components of intracellular membrane trafficking pathways. Here, we review recent discoveries focused on how viruses exploit intracellular membrane trafficking pathways to promote various stages of their life cycle, with an emphasis on cellular factors that are usurped by a broad range of viruses. We describe broadly required components of the endocytic and secretory pathways, the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport pathway, and the autophagy pathway. Identification of such overlapping host functions offers new opportunities to develop broad-spectrum host-targeted antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makeda Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane Building, Rm L127, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stanford Schor
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane Building, Rm L127, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rina Barouch-Bentov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane Building, Rm L127, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane Building, Rm L127, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luft C, Freeman J, Elliott D, Al-Tamimi N, Kriston-Vizi J, Heintze J, Lindenschmidt I, Seed B, Ketteler R. Application of Gaussia luciferase in bicistronic and non-conventional secretion reporter constructs. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:14. [PMID: 25007711 PMCID: PMC4099409 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Secreted luciferases are highly useful bioluminescent reporters for cell-based assays and drug discovery. A variety of secreted luciferases from marine organisms have been described that harbor an N-terminal signal peptide for release along the classical secretory pathway. Here, we have characterized the secretion of Gaussia luciferase in more detail. Results We describe three basic mechanisms by which GLUC can be released from cells: first, classical secretion by virtue of the N-terminal signal peptide; second, internal signal peptide-mediated secretion and third, non-conventional secretion in the absence of an N-terminal signal peptide. Non-conventional release of dNGLUC is not stress-induced, does not require autophagy and can be enhanced by growth factor stimulation. Furthermore, we have identified the golgi-associated, gamma adaptin ear containing, ARF binding protein 1 (GGA1) as a suppressor of release of dNGLUC. Conclusions Due to its secretion via multiple secretion pathways GLUC can find multiple applications as a research tool to study classical and non-conventional secretion. As GLUC can also be released from a reporter construct by internal signal peptide-mediated secretion it can be incorporated in a novel bicistronic secretion system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robin Ketteler
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Moleclar and Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vlach J, Samal AB, Saad JS. Solution structure of calmodulin bound to the binding domain of the HIV-1 matrix protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8697-705. [PMID: 24500712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcellular distribution of calmodulin (CaM) in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected cells is distinct from that observed in uninfected cells. CaM co-localizes and interacts with the HIV-1 Gag protein in the cytosol of infected cells. Although it has been shown that binding of Gag to CaM is mediated by the matrix (MA) domain, the structural details of this interaction are not known. We have recently shown that binding of CaM to MA induces a conformational change that triggers myristate exposure, and that the CaM-binding domain of MA is confined to a region spanning residues 8-43 (MA-(8-43)). Here, we present the NMR structure of CaM bound to MA-(8-43). Our data revealed that MA-(8-43), which contains a novel CaM-binding motif, binds to CaM in an antiparallel mode with the N-terminal helix (α1) anchored to the CaM C-terminal lobe, and the C-terminal helix (α2) of MA-(8-43) bound to the N-terminal lobe of CaM. The CaM protein preserves a semiextended conformation. Binding of MA-(8-43) to CaM is mediated by numerous hydrophobic interactions and stabilized by favorable electrostatic contacts. Our structural data are consistent with the findings that CaM induces unfolding of the MA protein to have access to helices α1 and α2. It is noteworthy that several MA residues involved in CaM binding have been previously implicated in membrane binding, envelope incorporation, and particle production. The present findings may ultimately help in identification of the functional role of CaM in HIV-1 replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Vlach
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghanam RH, Samal AB, Fernandez TF, Saad JS. Role of the HIV-1 Matrix Protein in Gag Intracellular Trafficking and Targeting to the Plasma Membrane for Virus Assembly. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:55. [PMID: 22363329 PMCID: PMC3281212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) encodes a polypeptide called Gag that is able to form virus-like particles in vitro in the absence of any cellular or viral constituents. During the late phase of the HIV-1 infection, Gag polyproteins are transported to the plasma membrane (PM) for assembly. In the past two decades, in vivo, in vitro, and structural studies have shown that Gag trafficking and targeting to the PM are orchestrated events that are dependent on multiple factors including cellular proteins and specific membrane lipids. The matrix (MA) domain of Gag has been the focus of these studies as it appears to be engaged in multiple intracellular interactions that are suggested to be critical for virus assembly and replication. The interaction between Gag and the PM is perhaps the most understood. It is now established that the ultimate localization of Gag on punctate sites on the PM is mediated by specific interactions between the MA domain of Gag and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)], a minor lipid localized on the inner leaflet of the PM. Structure-based studies revealed that binding of PI(4,5)P(2) to MA induces minor conformational changes, leading to exposure of the myristyl (myr) group. Exposure of the myr group is also triggered by binding of calmodulin, enhanced by factors that promote protein self-association like the capsid domain of Gag, and is modulated by pH. Despite the steady progress in defining both the viral and cellular determinants of retroviral assembly and release, Gag's intracellular interactions and trafficking to its assembly sites in the infected cell are poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structural and functional role of MA in HIV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruba H Ghanam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dordor A, Poudevigne E, Göttlinger H, Weissenhorn W. Essential and supporting host cell factors for HIV-1 budding. Future Microbiol 2012; 6:1159-70. [PMID: 22004035 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 employs its structural proteins to orchestrate assembly and budding at the plasma membrane of host cells. The Gag polyprotein is sufficient to form virus-like particles in the absence of other viral proteins and provides a platform to interact with numerous cellular factors that regulate Gag trafficking to the site of assembly and budding. Notably endosomal sorting complexes required for transport have attained much attention over the last decade because of their essential role in virion release. Here we review recent advances in understanding the role of host cell factors recruited by Gag during HIV-1 assembly and budding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Dordor
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions UMI 3265 Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, 6 rue Jules Horowitz 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Waheed AA, Freed EO. HIV type 1 Gag as a target for antiviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:54-75. [PMID: 21848364 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gag proteins of HIV-1 are central players in virus particle assembly, release, and maturation, and also function in the establishment of a productive infection. Despite their importance throughout the replication cycle, there are currently no approved antiretroviral therapies that target the Gag precursor protein or any of the mature Gag proteins. Recent progress in understanding the structural and cell biology of HIV-1 Gag function has revealed a number of potential Gag-related targets for possible therapeutic intervention. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of HIV-1 Gag and suggest some approaches for the development of novel antiretroviral agents that target Gag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul A. Waheed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Eric O. Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Assembly and release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles is mediated by the viral Gag polyprotein precursor. Gag is synthesized in the cytosol and rapidly translocates to membrane to orchestrate particle production. The cell biology of HIV-1 Gag trafficking is currently one of the least understood aspects of HIV-1 replication. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of the cellular machinery involved in Gag trafficking and virus assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Eric O. Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Joshi A, Garg H, Ablan SD, Freed EO. Evidence of a role for soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) machinery in HIV-1 assembly and release. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29861-71. [PMID: 21680744 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.241521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrovirus assembly is a complex process that requires the orchestrated participation of viral components and host-cell factors. The concerted movement of different viral proteins to specific sites in the plasma membrane allows for virus particle assembly and ultimately budding and maturation of infectious virions. The soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins constitute the minimal machinery that catalyzes the fusion of intracellular vesicles with the plasma membrane, thus regulating protein trafficking. Using siRNA and dominant negative approaches we demonstrate here that generalized disruption of the host SNARE machinery results in a significant reduction in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and equine infectious anemia virus particle production. Further analysis of the mechanism involved revealed a defect at the level of HIV-1 Gag localization to the plasma membrane. Our findings demonstrate for the first time a role of SNARE proteins in HIV-1 assembly and release, likely by affecting cellular trafficking pathways required for Gag transport and association with the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Joshi
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
The cellular factors Vps18 and Mon2 are required for efficient production of infectious HIV-1 particles. J Virol 2011; 85:5618-27. [PMID: 21450827 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00846-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Like all viruses, HIV-1 requires cellular host factors for replication. The mechanisms for production of progeny virions involving these host factors, however, are not fully understood. To better understand these mechanisms, we used a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genetic screen to identify mutant strains in which HIV-1 Gag targeting to the plasma membrane was aberrant. Of the 917 mutants identified, we selected 14 mutants whose missing genes had single orthologous counterparts in human and tested them for Gag-induced viruslike particle (VLP) release in yeast cells. We found that the Vps18 and Mon2 proteins were important for HIV-1 Gag-induced VLP release in yeast. In eukaryote cells, these host proteins are highly conserved and function in protein trafficking. Depletion of hVps18 or hMon2 reduced the efficient production of infectious HIV-1 virions in human cells. Our data suggest that these cellular factors play an important role in the efficient production of infectious HIV-1 virion particles.
Collapse
|
11
|
Freed EO, Simon A. EMBO World Lecture Course ‘Virus–Host: Partners in Pathogenesis’. Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In February of this year, virologists from around the world gathered at the University of Costa Rica in San Jose to participate in an EMBO World Lecture Course entitled ‘Virus–Host: Partners in Pathogenicity’ organized by Cecilia Ramirez from the Institut Cochin in Paris. The EMBO World Lecture Course format enabled a number of PhD students and postdoctoral fellows from diverse nationalities to attend and participate actively in scientific presentations and discussion. The conference covered a range of topics that related to the broad field of virus–host interactions. These topics included virus entry and receptors, gene expression, virus maturation, assembly and release, host defenses, plant virus movement and suppression of RNA silencing, the discovery of new viruses, and emerging and re-emerging viruses as important human pathogens. Numerous examples of virus–host interactions, in both animal and plant virus systems, were highlighted during the conference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Freed
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702–1201, USA
| | - Anne Simon
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|