1
|
Shiwani HA, Elfaki MY, Memon D, Ali S, Aziz A, Egom EE. Updates on sphingolipids: Spotlight on retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112197. [PMID: 34560541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipids ceramide (Cer), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine (Sph), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)) are key signaling molecules that regulate many patho-biological processes. During the last decade, they have gained increasing attention since they may participate in important and numerous retinal processes, such as neuronal survival and death, proliferation and migration of neuronal and vascular cells, inflammation, and neovascularization. Cer for instance has emerged as a key mediator of inflammation and death of neuronal and retinal pigment epithelium cells in experimental models of retinopathies such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and retinitis pigmentosa. S1P may have opposite biological actions, preventing photoreceptor and ganglion cell degeneration but also promoting inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularization in AMD, glaucoma, and pro-fibrotic disorders. Alterations in Cer, S1P, and ceramide 1- phosphate may also contribute to uveitis. Furthermore, use of inhibitors that either prevent Cer increase or modulate S1P signaling, such as Myriocin, desipramine, and Fingolimod (FTY720), have been shown to preserve neuronal viability and retinal function. Collectively, the expanding role for these sphingolipids in the modulation of vital processes in retina cell types and in their dysregulation in retinal degenerations makes them attractive therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haaris A Shiwani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Preston Hospital, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Danyal Memon
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suhayb Ali
- Department of Acute Medicine, Ulster Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel E Egom
- Institut du Savoir Montfort (ISM), Hôpital Montfort, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simon MV, Basu SK, Qaladize B, Grambergs R, Rotstein NP, Mandal N. Sphingolipids as critical players in retinal physiology and pathology. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100037. [PMID: 32948663 PMCID: PMC7933806 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr120000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids have emerged as bioactive lipids involved in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes. In the retina, they have been established to participate in numerous processes, such as neuronal survival and death, proliferation and migration of neuronal and vascular cells, inflammation, and neovascularization. Dysregulation of sphingolipids is therefore crucial in the onset and progression of retinal diseases. This review examines the involvement of sphingolipids in retinal physiology and diseases. Ceramide (Cer) has emerged as a common mediator of inflammation and death of neuronal and retinal pigment epithelium cells in animal models of retinopathies such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and retinitis pigmentosa. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has opposite roles, preventing photoreceptor and ganglion cell degeneration but also promoting inflammation, fibrosis, and neovascularization in AMD, glaucoma, and pro-fibrotic disorders. Alterations in Cer, S1P, and ceramide 1-phosphate may also contribute to uveitis. Notably, use of inhibitors that either prevent Cer increase or modulate S1P signaling, such as Myriocin, desipramine, and Fingolimod (FTY720), preserves neuronal viability and retinal function. These findings underscore the relevance of alterations in the sphingolipid metabolic network in the etiology of multiple retinopathies and highlight the potential of modulating their metabolism for the design of novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Simon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Sandip K Basu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bano Qaladize
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard Grambergs
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento De Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Argentine National Research Council (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Nawajes Mandal
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bruzelius A, Hidalgo I, Boza-Serrano A, Hjelmér AG, Tison A, Deierborg T, Bengzon J, Ramos-Moreno T. The human bone marrow harbors a CD45 - CD11B + cell progenitor permitting rapid microglia-like cell derivative approaches. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:582-597. [PMID: 33295698 PMCID: PMC7980218 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immune sentinel of the central nervous system (CNS), are generated from yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitors that populate the developing CNS. Interestingly, a specific type of bone marrow-derived monocyte is able to express a yolk sac microglial signature and populate CNS in disease. Here we have examined human bone marrow (hBM) in an attempt to identify novel cell sources for generating microglia-like cells to use in cell-based therapies and in vitro modeling. We demonstrate that hBM stroma harbors a progenitor cell that we name stromal microglial progenitor (STR-MP). STR-MP single-cell gene analysis revealed the expression of the consensus genetic microglial signature and microglial-specific genes present in development and CNS pathologies. STR-MPs can be expanded and generate microglia-like cells in vitro, which we name stromal microglia (STR-M). STR-M cells show phagocytic ability, classically activate, and survive and phagocyte in human brain tissue. Thus, our results reveal that hBM harbors a source of microglia-like precursors that can be used in patient-centered fast derivative approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bruzelius
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Experimental Medical Science and Lund Stem Cell Center BMC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabel Hidalgo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Division of Molecular Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia e Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Bio Medical Center (BMC)., Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna-Giorgia Hjelmér
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amelie Tison
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Bio Medical Center (BMC)., Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Bengzon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tania Ramos-Moreno
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Bio Medical Center (BMC)., Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quarta A, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Functional consequences of a close encounter between microglia and brain-infiltrating monocytes during CNS pathology and repair. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:89-106. [PMID: 33155726 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0820-536r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is recognized as an important factor contributing to the development and progression of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Upon CNS trauma or disease, parenchymal microglia highly proliferate and accumulate in and around the lesion site. In addition, blood-derived monocytes can infiltrate the inflamed CNS in response to cellular damage and/or a compromised blood-brain barrier. Both microglia and infiltrating monocytes are characterized by multiple functional states and can either display highly proinflammatory properties or promote resolution of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Despite sharing some basic immunologic functions, microglia and monocytes display many distinctive features, which ultimately define their contribution to neuropathology. Understanding how the innate immune system participates to brain disease is imperative to identify novel treatment options for CNS inflammatory disorders. In this context, existing and newly developed in vitro platforms for disease modeling are fundamental tools to investigate and modulate microglia and monocyte immune functions within a specific neuropathologic context. In this review, we first briefly summarize the current knowledge on microglia and monocyte ontogenesis, as well as their complex and interconnected contributions to the development of various CNS pathologies. Following the well-recognized concept that both microglia and monocytes can either exert neuroprotective functions or exacerbate tissue damage, we provide a comprehensive overview of cellular models currently available for in vitro study of neuroinflammatory responses. In this context, we highlight how simplified single-cell models may not always correctly recapitulate in vivo biology, hence future research should move toward novel models with higher and multicellular complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu M, Zhang L, Liu G, Jiang N, Zhou W, Zhang Y. Pathological Changes in Alzheimer's Disease Analyzed Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Human Microglia-Like Cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:357-368. [PMID: 30562902 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia constitute the majority of innate immune cells in the brain, and their dysfunction is associated with various central nervous system diseases. Human microglia are extremely difficult to obtain experimentally, thereby limiting studies on their role in complex diseases. Microglia derived from human stem cells provide new tools to assess the pathogenesis of complex diseases and to develop effective treatment methods. This study aimed to develop a reliable method to derive human microglial-like cells (iMGLs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) expressing microglia-specific markers IBA1 and TMEM119 and respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Thereafter, we compared iMGL functions from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and cognitive normal controls (CNCs). AD-iMGLs displayed stronger phagocytic ability with or without stimulation. High LPS concentrations (>2μg/ml) caused death in CNC-iMGLs, while AD-iMGLs did not display significant cell death. Cytokine analysis revealed that TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 secreted by AD-iMGLs were significantly increased upon LPS stimulation compared to those in CNC-iMGLs. The present results indicate that AD-iMGLs exhibit significant inflammatory characteristics and can reflect some pathological changes in microglia in AD, thereby providing new valuable tools to screen candidate drugs for AD and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Quarta A, Le Blon D, D'aes T, Pieters Z, Hamzei Taj S, Miró-Mur F, Luyckx E, Van Breedam E, Daans J, Goossens H, Dewilde S, Hens N, Pasque V, Planas AM, Hoehn M, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Murine iPSC-derived microglia and macrophage cell culture models recapitulate distinct phenotypical and functional properties of classical and alternative neuro-immune polarisation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:406-421. [PMID: 31525508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment and validation of reliable induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived in vitro models to study microglia and monocyte/macrophage immune function holds great potential for fundamental and translational neuro-immunology research. In this study, we first demonstrate that ramified CX3CR1+ iPSC-microglia (cultured within a neural environment) and round-shaped CX3CR1- iPSC-macrophages can easily be differentiated from newly established murine CX3CR1eGFP/+CCR2RFP/+ iPSC lines. Furthermore, we show that obtained murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages are distinct cell populations, even though iPSC-macrophages may upregulate CX3CR1 expression when cultured within a neural environment. Next, we characterized the phenotypical and functional properties of murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages following classical and alternative immune polarisation. While iPSC-macrophages could easily be triggered to adopt a classically-activated or alternatively-activated phenotype following, respectively, lipopolysaccharide + interferon γ or interleukin 13 (IL13) stimulation, iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages cultured within a neural environment displayed a more moderate activation profile as characterised by the absence of MHCII expression upon classical immune polarisation and the absence of Ym1 expression upon alternative immune polarisation. Finally, extending our preceding in vivo studies, this striking phenotypical divergence was also observed for resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes within highly inflammatory cortical lesions in CX3CR1eGFP/+CCR2RFP/+ mice subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) stroke and following IL13-mediated therapeutic intervention thereon. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the applied murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophage culture models are able to recapitulate in vivo microglia and monocyte/macrophage ontogeny and corresponding phenotypical/functional properties upon classical and alternative immune polarisation, and therefore represent a valuable in vitro platform to further study and modulate microglia and (infiltrating) monocyte immune responses under neuro-inflammatory conditions within a neural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Debbie Le Blon
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine D'aes
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zoë Pieters
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Somayyeh Hamzei Taj
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesc Miró-Mur
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evi Luyckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elise Van Breedam
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Dewilde
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Pasque
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna M Planas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costa-Marques L, Arnold K, Pardon MC, Leovsky C, Swarbrick S, Fabian C, Stolzing A. Transplantation of bone marrow derived macrophages reduces markers of neuropathology in an APP/PS1 mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:33. [PMID: 31636901 PMCID: PMC6790992 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated early hallmarks of putative therapeutic effects following systemic transplantation of bone marrow derived macrophages (BM-M) in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Method BM-M were transplanted into the tail vein and the animals analysed 1 month later. Results BM-M transplantation promoted the reduction of the amyloid beta [37-42] plaque number and size in the cortex and hippocampus of the treated mice, but no change in the more heavily modified pyroglutamate amyloid beta E3 plaques. The number of phenotypically 'small' microglia increased in the hippocampus. Astrocyte size decreased overall, indicating a reduction of activated astrocytes. Gene expression of interleukin 6 and 10, interferon-gamma, and prostaglandin E receptor 2 was significantly lower in the hippocampus, while interleukin 10 expression was elevated in the cortex of the treated mice. Conclusions BM-M systemically transplanted, promote a decrease in neuroinflammation and a limited reversion of amyloid pathology. This exploratory study may support the potential of BM-M or microglia-like cell therapy and further illuminates the mechanisms of action associated with such transplants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Costa-Marques
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK
| | - Katrin Arnold
- 2Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Pardon
- School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Samantha Swarbrick
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK
| | - Claire Fabian
- 2Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- 1Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, UK.,4Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kawanishi S, Takata K, Itezono S, Nagayama H, Konoya S, Chisaki Y, Toda Y, Nakata S, Yano Y, Kitamura Y, Ashihara E. Bone-Marrow-Derived Microglia-Like Cells Ameliorate Brain Amyloid Pathology and Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:563-585. [PMID: 29914020 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells in the brain, sense pathogens and tissue damage, stimulate cytokine production, and phagocytosis to maintain homeostasis. Accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) in the brain triggers the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, promotion of Aβ clearance represents a promising strategy for AD therapy. We previously demonstrated that primary-cultured rat microglia phagocytose Aβ, and that transplantation of these cells ameliorates the Aβ burden in brains of Aβ-injected rats. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulation with colony-stimulating factor-1 efficiently differentiates mouse bone marrow cells into bone marrow-derived microglia-like (BMDML) cells that express markers for microglia, including the recently identified transmembrane protein 119. BMDML cells effectively phagocytose Aβ in vitro, with effects comparable to primary-cultured mouse microglia and greater than peritoneal macrophages. RT-qPCR analysis for cytokine mRNA levels revealed that BMDML cells polarize to a relatively anti-inflammatory state under non-stimulated and inflammatory conditions but exert a pro-inflammatory reaction after lipopolysaccharide treatment. Moreover, BMDML cells hippocampally injected into a mouse model of AD are morphologically similar to the ramified and amoeboid types of residential microglia. Comparisons with simulations assuming a uniform distribution of cells suggest that BMDML cells migrate directionally toward Aβ plaques. We also detected Aβ phagocytosis by BMDML cells, concomitant with a reduction in the number and area of Aβ plaques. Finally, we observed amelioration of cognitive impairment in a mouse model of AD after hippocampal injection of BMDML cells. Our results suggest that BMDML cells have potential as a cell-based disease-modifying therapy against AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kawanishi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Current address: Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shouma Itezono
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nagayama
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayaka Konoya
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yugo Chisaki
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Toda
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yano
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Role of Bioactive Sphingolipids in Inflammation and Eye Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:149-167. [PMID: 31562629 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a common underlying factor in a diversity of ocular diseases, ranging from macular degeneration, autoimmune uveitis, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and microbial infection. In addition to the variety of known cellular mediators of inflammation, such as cytokines, chemokines and lipid mediators, there is now considerable evidence that sphingolipid metabolites also play a central role in the regulation of inflammatory pathways. Various sphingolipid metabolites, such as ceramide (Cer), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and lactosylceramide (LacCer) can contribute to ocular inflammatory diseases through multiple pathways. For example, inflammation generates Cer from sphingomyelins (SM) in the plasma membrane, which induces death receptor ligand formation and leads to apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and photoreceptor cells. Inflammatory stress by reactive oxygen species leads to LacCer accumulation and S1P secretion and induces proliferation of retinal endothelial cells and eventual formation of new vessels. In sphingolipid/lysosomal storage disorders, sphingolipid metabolites accumulate in lysosomes and can cause ocular disorders that have an inflammatory etiology. Sphingolipid metabolites activate complement factors in the immune-response mediated pathogenesis of macular degeneration. These examples highlight the integral association between sphingolipids and inflammation in ocular diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chakravarthy H, Devanathan V. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration: Potential Research Avenues and Therapeutic Targets. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:445-461. [PMID: 30293228 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a devastating complication of diabetes with a prevalence rate of 35%, and no effective treatment options. Since the most visible clinical features of DR are microvascular irregularities, therapeutic interventions often attempt to reduce microvascular injury, but only after permanent retinal damage has ensued. However, recent data suggests that diabetes initially affects retinal neurons, leading to neurodegeneration as an early occurrence in DR, before onset of the more noticeable vascular abnormalities. In this review, we delineate the sequence of initiating events leading to retinal degeneration in DR, considering neuronal dysfunction as a primary event. Key molecular mechanisms and potential biomarkers associated with retinal neuronal degeneration in diabetes are discussed. In addition to glial reactivity and inflammation in the diabetic retina, the contribution of neurotrophic factors, cell adhesion molecules, apoptosis markers, and G protein signaling to neurodegenerative pathways warrants further investigation. These studies could complement recent developments in innovative treatment strategies for diabetic retinopathy, such as targeting retinal neuroprotection, promoting neuronal regeneration, and attempts to re-program other retinal cell types into functional neurons. Indeed, several ongoing clinical trials are currently attempting treatment of retinal neurodegeneration by means of such novel therapeutic avenues. The aim of this article is to highlight the crucial role of neurodegeneration in early retinopathy progression, and to review the molecular basis of neuronal dysfunction as a first step toward developing early therapeutic interventions that can prevent permanent retinal damage in diabetes. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02471651, NCT01492400.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Chakravarthy
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Transit campus: C/o. Sree Rama Engineering College Campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Vasudharani Devanathan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Transit campus: C/o. Sree Rama Engineering College Campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati, 517507, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Timmerman R, Burm SM, Bajramovic JJ. An Overview of in vitro Methods to Study Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:242. [PMID: 30127723 PMCID: PMC6087748 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases and strategies to modulate neuroinflammatory processes are increasingly considered as therapeutic options. In such strategies, glia cells rather than neurons represent the cellular targets. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are principal players in neuroinflammation and detailed cellular biological knowledge of this particular cell type is therefore of pivotal importance. The last decade has shed new light on the origin, characteristics and functions of microglia, underlining the need for specific in vitro methodology to study these cells in detail. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of existing methodology such as cell lines, stem cell-derived microglia and primary dissociated cell cultures, as well as discuss recent developments. As there is no in vitro method available yet that recapitulates all hallmarks of adult homeostatic microglia, we also discuss the advantages and limitations of existing models across different species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Timmerman
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Duan Y, Beli E, Li Calzi S, Quigley JL, Miller RC, Moldovan L, Feng D, Salazar TE, Hazra S, Al-Sabah J, Chalam KV, Phuong Trinh TL, Meroueh M, Markel TA, Murray MC, Vyas RJ, Boulton ME, Parsons-Wingerter P, Oudit GY, Obukhov AG, Grant MB. Loss of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Exacerbates Diabetic Retinopathy by Promoting Bone Marrow Dysfunction. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1430-1440. [PMID: 29761600 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary enzyme of the vasoprotective axis of the renin angiotensin system (RAS). We tested the hypothesis that loss of ACE2 would exacerbate diabetic retinopathy by promoting bone marrow dysfunction. ACE2-/y were crossed with Akita mice, a model of type 1 diabetes. When comparing the bone marrow of the ACE2-/y -Akita mice to that of Akita mice, we observed a reduction of both short-term and long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells, a shift of hematopoiesis toward myelopoiesis, and an impairment of lineage- c-kit+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HS/PC) migration and proliferation. Migratory and proliferative dysfunction of these cells was corrected by exposure to angiotensin-1-7 (Ang-1-7), the protective peptide generated by ACE2. Over the duration of diabetes examined, ACE2 deficiency led to progressive reduction in electrical responses assessed by electroretinography and to increases in neural infarcts observed by fundus photography. Compared with Akita mice, ACE2-/y -Akita at 9-months of diabetes showed an increased number of acellular capillaries indicative of more severe diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic and control human subjects, CD34+ cells, a key bone marrow HS/PC population, were assessed for changes in mRNA levels for MAS, the receptor for Ang-1-7. Levels were highest in CD34+ cells from diabetics without retinopathy. Higher serum Ang-1-7 levels predicted protection from development of retinopathy in diabetics. Treatment with Ang-1-7 or alamandine restored the impaired migration function of CD34+ cells from subjects with retinopathy. These data support that activation of the protective RAS within HS/PCs may represents a therapeutic strategy for prevention of diabetic retinopathy. Stem Cells 2018;36:1430-1440.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Duan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Eleni Beli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Judith L Quigley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Rehae C Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Leni Moldovan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Dongni Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Tatiana E Salazar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Sugata Hazra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Jude Al-Sabah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kakarla V Chalam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Thao Le Phuong Trinh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Marya Meroueh
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Troy A Markel
- Riley Hospital for Children, Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew C Murray
- Space Life Sciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Ruchi J Vyas
- Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, California, USA
| | - Michael E Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alexander G Obukhov
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Migration-based selections of antibodies that convert bone marrow into trafficking microglia-like cells that reduce brain amyloid β. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E372-E381. [PMID: 29295920 PMCID: PMC5777004 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719259115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A migration-based selection system is used to identify antibodies from combinatorial libraries that induce stem cells to both differentiate and selectively traffic to different tissues in adult animals. Significantly, a single agonist antibody induces microglia-like cells, which have the capacity to migrate to the brain and decrease amyloid beta deposition in the brain. One goal of regenerative medicine is to repair damaged tissue. This requires not only generating new cells of the proper phenotype, but also selecting for those that properly integrate into sites of injury. In our laboratory we are using a cell-migration–based in vivo selection system to generate antibodies that induce cells to both differentiate and selectively localize to different tissues. Here we describe an antibody that induces bone marrow stem cells to differentiate into microglia-like cells that traffic to the brain where they organize into typical networks. Interestingly, in the APP/PS1 Alzheimer’s disease mouse model, these induced microglia-like cells are found at sites of plaque formation and significantly reduce their number. These results raise the intriguing question as to whether one can use such antibody-induced differentiation of stem cells to essentially recapitulate embryogenesis in adults to discover cells that can regenerate damaged organ systems.
Collapse
|
14
|
Takata K, Kozaki T, Lee CZW, Thion MS, Otsuka M, Lim S, Utami KH, Fidan K, Park DS, Malleret B, Chakarov S, See P, Low D, Low G, Garcia-Miralles M, Zeng R, Zhang J, Goh CC, Gul A, Hubert S, Lee B, Chen J, Low I, Shadan NB, Lum J, Wei TS, Mok E, Kawanishi S, Kitamura Y, Larbi A, Poidinger M, Renia L, Ng LG, Wolf Y, Jung S, Önder T, Newell E, Huber T, Ashihara E, Garel S, Pouladi MA, Ginhoux F. Induced-Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived Primitive Macrophages Provide a Platform for Modeling Tissue-Resident Macrophage Differentiation and Function. Immunity 2017; 47:183-198.e6. [PMID: 28723550 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue macrophages arise during embryogenesis from yolk-sac (YS) progenitors that give rise to primitive YS macrophages. Until recently, it has been impossible to isolate or derive sufficient numbers of YS-derived macrophages for further study, but data now suggest that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be driven to undergo a process reminiscent of YS-hematopoiesis in vitro. We asked whether iPSC-derived primitive macrophages (iMacs) can terminally differentiate into specialized macrophages with the help of growth factors and organ-specific cues. Co-culturing human or murine iMacs with iPSC-derived neurons promoted differentiation into microglia-like cells in vitro. Furthermore, murine iMacs differentiated in vivo into microglia after injection into the brain and into functional alveolar macrophages after engraftment in the lung. Finally, iPSCs from a patient with familial Mediterranean fever differentiated into iMacs with pro-inflammatory characteristics, mimicking the disease phenotype. Altogether, iMacs constitute a source of tissue-resident macrophage precursors that can be used for biological, pathophysiological, and therapeutic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Takata
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kozaki
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Christopher Zhe Wei Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Morgane Sonia Thion
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, U1024, CNRS, UMR8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Masayuki Otsuka
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shawn Lim
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Kagistia Hana Utami
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Kerem Fidan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Dong Shin Park
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Peter See
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Gillian Low
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Marta Garcia-Miralles
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ruizhu Zeng
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chi Ching Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Sandra Hubert
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ivy Low
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Nurhidaya Binte Shadan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Tay Seok Wei
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Esther Mok
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shohei Kawanishi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Yochai Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamer Önder
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Evan Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Tara Huber
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Sonia Garel
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, U1024, CNRS, UMR8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Microglia begin colonizing the developing brain as early as embryonic day 9, prior to the emergence of neurons and other glia. Their ontogeny is also distinct from other central nervous system cells, as they derive from yolk sac hematopoietic progenitors and not neural progenitors. In this review, we feature these unique characteristics of microglia and assess the spatiotemporal similarities between microglia colonization of the central nervous system and embryonic neurogenesis. We also infer to existing evidence for microglia function from embryonic through to postnatal neurodevelopment to postulate roles for microglia in neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih Kong Tong
- Neuroinflammation Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sharmili Vidyadaran
- Neuroinflammation Group, Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rawat P, Spector SA. Development and characterization of a human microglia cell model of HIV-1 infection. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:33-46. [PMID: 27538994 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia cells are the major reservoir of HIV-1 (HIV) within the CNS. However, current models using transformed cell lines are not representative of primary microglia and fetal brain samples for isolation of primary human microglia (HMG) are increasingly difficult to obtain. Here, we describe a monocyte-derived microglia (MMG) cell model of HIV infection that recapitulates infection of primary HMG. CD14+ cells isolated from healthy donors were cultured with M-CSF, beta-nerve growth factor, GM-CSF, and CCL2, and compared to HMG. MMG and HMG cells were infected with HIV and viral replication was detected by p24 antigen. Both MMG and HMG cells were found to acquire spindle shape with few branched or unbranched processes at their ends during the second week in culture and both were found to be CD11b+/ CD11c+/ CD14+/ CD45+/ CD195+/ HLADRlow/ CD86low/ CD80+. Whereas hT-Hμglia and HMC3 transformed cell lines are deficient in human microglia signature genes (C1Q, GAS6, GPR34, MERTK, PROS1, and P2RY12), MMG cells expressed all of these genes. Additionally, MMG expressed all the microglia signature miRNA (miR-99a, miR125b-5p, and miR-342-3p). Both MMG and HMG produced ROS and phagocytosed labeled zymosan particles upon PMA stimulation. MMG and HMG infected with HIV produced equivalent levels of HIV p24 antigen in culture supernatants for 30 days post-infection. Thus, we have developed and characterized a microglia cell model of HIV infection derived from primary monocytes that recapitulates the phenotypic and molecular properties of HMG, is superior to transformed cell lines, and has similar HIV replication kinetics to HMG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0672, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0672, USA. .,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sorrentino FS, Allkabes M, Salsini G, Bonifazzi C, Perri P. The importance of glial cells in the homeostasis of the retinal microenvironment and their pivotal role in the course of diabetic retinopathy. Life Sci 2016; 162:54-9. [PMID: 27497914 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a remarkable microvascular complication of diabetes and it has been considered the leading cause of legal blindness in working-age adults in the world. Several overlapping and interrelated molecular pathways are involved in the development of this disease. DR is staged into different levels of severity, from the nonproliferative to the advanced proliferative form. Over the years the progression of DR evolves through a series of changes involving distinct types of specialized cells: neural, vascular and glial. Prior to the clinically observable vascular complications, hyperglycemia and inflammation affect retinal glial cells which undergo a wide range of structural and functional alterations. In this review, we provide an overview of the status of macroglia and microglia in the course of DR, trying to briefly take into account the complex biochemical mechanisms that affect the intimate relationship among neuroretina, vessels and glial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Allkabes
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Salsini
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonifazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Human Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Perri
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qudrat A, Unni N. Theoretical Approaches to Lentiviral Mediated Neurotrophin Delivery in Potential Treatments of Parkinson's Disease. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:215-25. [PMID: 27354847 PMCID: PMC4918865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease, characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Motor symptoms include postural instability, rigidity, and tremor, while non-motor symptoms include anxiety, dementia, and depression. In this integrative review, we discuss PD disease pathophysiology in detail and introduce how neurotrophic growth factor delivery via a retroviral-based system can be used as efficacious tools for targeted gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Qudrat
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Anam Qudrat, Rosebrugh Building, Rm. 407, 164 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9; Tele: 647-627-4049; anam.qudrat@mail.utoronto.ca
| | - Netra Unni
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leovsky C, Fabian C, Naaldijk Y, Jäger C, Jang HJ, Böhme J, Rudolph L, Stolzing A. Biodistribution of in vitro-derived microglia applied intranasally and intravenously to mice: effects of aging. Cytotherapy 2016; 17:1617-26. [PMID: 26432561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The age of both the donor and the recipient has a potential influence on the efficacy of various cell therapies, but the underlying mechanisms are still being charted. We studied the effect of donor and recipient age in the context of microglia migration. METHODS Microglia were in vitro--differentiated from bone marrow of young (3 months) and aged (12 months) mice and transplanted into young (∼ 3 months) and aged (∼ 17 months) C57BL/6 mice (n = 25) through intravenous and intranasal application routes. Recipients were not immune-suppressed or irradiated. Transplanted microglia were tracked through the use of a sex-mismatched setup or histologically with the use of cells from enhanced green fluorescent protein enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic mice. RESULTS No acute rejections or transplant-associated toxicity was observed. After 10 days, both intravenously and intranasally transplanted cells were detected in the brain. Transplanted cells were also found in the blood and the lymph system. The applied cells were also tracked in lungs and kidney but only after intravenous injection subjected to a "pulmonary first-pass effect." After 28 days, intravenously delivered cells were also found in the bone marrow and other organs, especially in aged recipients. Whereas in young recipients the transplanted microglia did not appear to persist, in aged brains the transplanted cells could still be identified up to 28 days after transplantation. However, when cells from aged donors were used, no signals of transplanted cells could be detected in the recipients. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes proof of principle that in vitro--derived microglia from young but not from aged donors, intravenously or intranasally transplanted, migrate to the brain in young and aged recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Fabian
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hwa Jin Jang
- Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Hangul, Korea
| | - Josephine Böhme
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Rudolph
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; University of Loughborough, Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Material and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chakravarthy H, Beli E, Navitskaya S, O’Reilly S, Wang Q, Kady N, Huang C, Grant MB, Busik JV. Imbalances in Mobilization and Activation of Pro-Inflammatory and Vascular Reparative Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146829. [PMID: 26760976 PMCID: PMC4711951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a sight-threatening complication of diabetes, affecting 65% of patients after 10 years of the disease. Diabetic metabolic insult leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, retinal endothelial cell loss and inadequate vascular repair. This is partly due to bone marrow (BM) pathology leading to increased activity of BM-derived pro-inflammatory monocytes and impaired function of BM-derived reparative circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). We propose that diabetes has a significant long-term effect on the nature and proportion of BM-derived cells that circulate in the blood, localize to the retina and home back to their BM niche. Using a streptozotocin mouse model of diabetic retinopathy with GFP BM-transplantation, we have demonstrated that BM-derived circulating pro-inflammatory monocytes are increased in diabetes while reparative CACs are trapped in the BM and spleen, with impaired release into circulation. Diabetes also alters activation of splenocytes and BM-derived dendritic cells in response to LPS stimulation. A majority of the BM-derived GFP cells that migrate to the retina express microglial markers, while others express endothelial, pericyte and Müller cell markers. Diabetes significantly increases infiltration of BM-derived microglia in an activated state, while reducing infiltration of BM-derived endothelial progenitor cells in the retina. Further, control CACs injected into the vitreous are very efficient at migrating back to their BM niche, whereas diabetic CACs have lost this ability, indicating that the in vivo homing efficiency of diabetic CACs is dramatically decreased. Moreover, diabetes causes a significant reduction in expression of specific integrins regulating CAC migration. Collectively, these findings indicate that BM pathology in diabetes could play a role in both increased pro-inflammatory state and inadequate vascular repair contributing to diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Chakravarthy
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eleni Beli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Navitskaya
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sandra O’Reilly
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nermin Kady
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Julia V. Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chakravarthy H, Navitskaya S, O'Reilly S, Gallimore J, Mize H, Beli E, Wang Q, Kady N, Huang C, Blanchard GJ, Grant MB, Busik JV. Role of Acid Sphingomyelinase in Shifting the Balance Between Proinflammatory and Reparative Bone Marrow Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy. Stem Cells 2016; 34:972-83. [PMID: 26676316 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic insults associated with diabetes lead to low-grade chronic inflammation, retinal endothelial cell damage, and inadequate vascular repair. This is partly due to the increased activation of bone marrow (BM)-derived proinflammatory monocytes infiltrating the retina, and the compromised function of BM-derived reparative circulating angiogenic cells (CACs), which home to sites of endothelial injury and foster vascular repair. We now propose that a metabolic link leading to activated monocytes and dysfunctional CACs in diabetes involves upregulation of a central enzyme of sphingolipid signaling, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). Selective inhibition of ASM in the BM prevented diabetes-induced activation of BM-derived microglia-like cells and normalized proinflammatory cytokine levels in the retina. ASM upregulation in diabetic CACs caused accumulation of ceramide on their cell membrane, thereby reducing membrane fluidity and impairing CAC migration. Replacing sphingomyelin with ceramide in synthetic membrane vesicles caused a similar decrease in membrane fluidity. Inhibition of ASM in diabetic CACs improved membrane fluidity and homing of these cells to damaged retinal vessels. Collectively, these findings indicate that selective modulation of sphingolipid metabolism in BM-derived cell populations in diabetes normalizes the reparative/proinflammatory cell balance and can be explored as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Navitskaya
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sandra O'Reilly
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jacob Gallimore
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Hannah Mize
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Eleni Beli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nermin Kady
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Gary J Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia V Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhattacharya P, Thiruppathi M, Elshabrawy HA, Alharshawi K, Kumar P, Prabhakar BS. GM-CSF: An immune modulatory cytokine that can suppress autoimmunity. Cytokine 2015; 75:261-71. [PMID: 26113402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GM-CSF was originally identified as a colony stimulating factor (CSF) because of its ability to induce granulocyte and macrophage populations from precursor cells. Multiple studies have demonstrated that GM-CSF is also an immune-modulatory cytokine, capable of affecting not only the phenotype of myeloid lineage cells, but also T-cell activation through various myeloid intermediaries. This property has been implicated in the sustenance of several autoimmune diseases like arthritis and multiple sclerosis. In contrast, several studies using animal models have shown that GM-CSF is also capable of suppressing many autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease, Type-1 diabetes, Myasthenia gravis and experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Knockout mouse studies have suggested that the role of GM-CSF in maintaining granulocyte and macrophage populations in the physiological steady state is largely redundant. Instead, its immune-modulatory role plays a significant role in the development or resolution of autoimmune diseases. This is mediated either through the differentiation of precursor cells into specialized non-steady state granulocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, or through the modulation of the phenotype of mature myeloid cells. Thus, outside of myelopoiesis, GM-CSF has a profound role in regulating the immune response and maintaining immunological tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Muthusamy Thiruppathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hatem A Elshabrawy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Khaled Alharshawi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bourkoula E, Mangoni D, Ius T, Pucer A, Isola M, Musiello D, Marzinotto S, Toffoletto B, Sorrentino M, Palma A, Caponnetto F, Gregoraci G, Vindigni M, Pizzolitto S, Falconieri G, De Maglio G, Pecile V, Ruaro ME, Gri G, Parisse P, Casalis L, Scoles G, Skrap M, Beltrami CA, Beltrami AP, Cesselli D. Glioma-associated stem cells: a novel class of tumor-supporting cells able to predict prognosis of human low-grade gliomas. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1239-53. [PMID: 24375787 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translational medicine aims at transferring advances in basic science research into new approaches for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Low-grade gliomas (LGG) have a heterogeneous clinical behavior that can be only partially predicted employing current state-of-the-art markers, hindering the decision-making process. To deepen our comprehension on tumor heterogeneity, we dissected the mechanism of interaction between tumor cells and relevant components of the neoplastic environment, isolating, from LGG and high-grade gliomas (HGG), proliferating stem cell lines from both the glioma stroma and, where possible, the neoplasm. METHODS AND FINDINGS We isolated glioma-associated stem cells (GASC) from LGG (n=40) and HGG (n=73). GASC showed stem cell features, anchorage-independent growth, and supported the malignant properties of both A172 cells and human glioma-stem cells, mainly through the release of exosomes. Finally, starting from GASC obtained from HGG (n=13) and LGG (n=12) we defined a score, based on the expression of 9 GASC surface markers, whose prognostic value was assayed on 40 subsequent LGG-patients. At the multivariate Cox analysis, the GASC-based score was the only independent predictor of overall survival and malignant progression free-survival. CONCLUSIONS The microenvironment of both LGG and HGG hosts non-tumorigenic multipotent stem cells that can increase in vitro the biological aggressiveness of glioma-initiating cells through the release of exosomes. The clinical importance of this finding is supported by the strong prognostic value associated with the characteristics of GASC. This patient-based approach can provide a groundbreaking method to predict prognosis and to exploit novel strategies that target the tumor stroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Bourkoula
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brites D, Vaz AR. Microglia centered pathogenesis in ALS: insights in cell interconnectivity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:117. [PMID: 24904276 PMCID: PMC4033073 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and most aggressive form of adult motor neuron (MN) degeneration. The cause of the disease is still unknown, but some protein mutations have been linked to the pathological process. Loss of upper and lower MNs results in progressive muscle paralysis and ultimately death due to respiratory failure. Although initially thought to derive from the selective loss of MNs, the pathogenic concept of non-cell-autonomous disease has come to the forefront for the contribution of glial cells in ALS, in particular microglia. Recent studies suggest that microglia may have a protective effect on MN in an early stage. Conversely, activated microglia contribute and enhance MN death by secreting neurotoxic factors, and impaired microglial function at the end-stage may instead accelerate disease progression. However, the nature of microglial–neuronal interactions that lead to MN degeneration remains elusive. We review the contribution of the neurodegenerative network in ALS pathology, with a special focus on each glial cell type from data obtained in the transgenic SOD1G93A rodents, the most widely used model. We further discuss the diverse roles of neuroinflammation and microglia phenotypes in the modulation of ALS pathology. We provide information on the processes associated with dysfunctional cell–cell communication and summarize findings on pathological cross-talk between neurons and astroglia, and neurons and microglia, as well as on the spread of pathogenic factors. We also highlight the relevance of neurovascular disruption and exosome trafficking to ALS pathology. The harmful and beneficial influences of NG2 cells, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells will be discussed as well. Insights into the complex intercellular perturbations underlying ALS, including target identification, will enhance our efforts to develop effective therapeutic approaches for preventing or reversing symptomatic progression of this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vaz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal ; Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
CD166(pos) subpopulation from differentiated human ES and iPS cells support repair of acute lung injury. Mol Ther 2012; 20:2335-46. [PMID: 22968480 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous efforts to derive lung progenitor cells from human embryonic stem (hES) cells using embryoid body formation or stromal feeder cocultures had been limited by low efficiencies. Here, we report a step-wise differentiation method to drive both hES and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells toward the lung lineage. Our data demonstrated a 30% efficiency in generating lung epithelial cells (LECs) that expresses various distal lung markers. Further enrichment of lung progenitor cells using a stem cell marker, CD166 before transplantation into bleomycin-injured NOD/SCID mice resulted in enhanced survivability of mice and improved lung pulmonary functions. Immunohistochemistry of lung sections from surviving mice further confirmed the specific engraftment of transplanted cells in the damaged lung. These cells were shown to express surfactant protein C, a specific marker for distal lung progenitor in the alveoli. Our study has therefore demonstrated the proof-of-concept of using iPS cells for the repair of acute lung injury, demonstrating the potential usefulness of using patient's own iPS cells to prevent immune rejection which arise from allogenic transplantation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Characterization of myelomonocytoid progenitor cells with mesenchymal differentiation potential obtained by outgrowth from pancreas explants. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:429868. [PMID: 22953065 PMCID: PMC3431127 DOI: 10.1155/2012/429868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Progenitor cells can be obtained by outgrowth from tissue explants during primary ex vivo tissue culture. We have isolated and characterized cells outgrown from neonatal mouse pancreatic explants. A relatively uniform population of cells showing a distinctive morphology emerged over time in culture. This population expressed monocyte/macrophage and hematopoietic markers (CD11b(+) and CD45(+)), and some stromal-related markers (CD44(+) and CD29(+)), but not mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-defining markers (CD90(-) and CD105(-)) nor endothelial (CD31(-)) or stem cell-associated markers (CD133(-) and stem cell antigen-1; Sca-1(-)). Cells could be maintained in culture as a plastic-adherent monolayer in culture medium (MesenCult MSC) for more than 1 year. Cells spontaneously formed sphere clusters "pancreatospheres" which, however, were nonclonal. When cultured in appropriate media, cells differentiated into multiple mesenchymal lineages (fat, cartilage, and bone). Positive dithizone staining suggested that a subset of cells differentiated into insulin-producing cells. However, further studies are needed to characterize the endocrine potential of these cells. These findings indicate that a myelomonocytoid population from pancreatic explant outgrowths has mesenchymal differentiation potential. These results are in line with recent data onmonocyte-derivedmesenchymal progenitors (MOMPs).
Collapse
|
27
|
Etemad S, Zamin RM, Ruitenberg MJ, Filgueira L. A novel in vitro human microglia model: characterization of human monocyte-derived microglia. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:79-89. [PMID: 22659341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the innate immune cells of the central nervous system. They help maintaining physiological homeostasis and contribute significantly to inflammatory responses in the course of infection, injury and degenerative processes. To date, there is no standardized simple model available to investigate the biology of human microglia. The aim of this study was to establish a new human microglia model. For that purpose, human peripheral blood monocytes were cultured in serum free medium in the presence of M-CSF, GM-CSF, NGF and CCL2 to generate monocyte-derived microglia (M-MG). M-MG were clearly different in morphology, phenotype and function from freshly isolated monocytes, cultured monocytes in the absence of the cytokines and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (M-DC) cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4. M-MG acquired a ramified morphology with primary and secondary processes. M-MG displayed a comparable phenotype to the human microglia cell line HMC3, expressing very low levels of CD45, CD14 and HLA-DR, CD11b and CD11c; and undetectable levels of CD40, CD80 and CD83, and a distinct pattern of chemokine receptors (positive for CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CXCR1, CXCR3, CX3CR1; negative for CCR6 and CCR7). In comparison with M-DC, M-MG displayed lower T-lymphocyte stimulatory capacity, as well as lower phagocytosis activity. The described protocol for the generation of human monocyte-derived microglia is feasible, well standardized and reliable, as it uses well defined culture medium and recombinant cytokines, but no serum or conditioned medium. This protocol will certainly be very helpful for future studies investigating the biology and pathology of human microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Etemad
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into urothelial cells: potential for urinary tract tissue engineering. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:737-746. [PMID: 22290635 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autologous urothelial cells (UCs) provide a cell source for urinary tissue engineering because they can be used safely due to their lack of immunogenicity. However, these cells cannot be harvested under the following circumstances: malignancy, infection and organ loss, etc. Human adipose-derived stem cells (HADSCs) possess the traits of high differentiation potential and ease of isolation, representing a promising resource for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, HADSCs have been poorly investigated in urology and the optimal approaches to induce HADSCs into urothelium are still under investigation. In this study, we hypothesized that the change of microenvironment by a conditioned medium was essential for the transdifferentiation of HADSCs into UCs. We then used a conditioned medium derived from urothelium to alternate the microenvironment of HADSCs. After 14 days of culture in a conditioned medium, about 25-50% HADSCs changed their morphology into polygonal epithelium-like shapes. In addition, these cells expressed up-regulating of urothelial lineage-specific markers (uroplakin 2and cytokeratin-18) and down-regulating of mesenchymal marker (vimentin) in RNA and protein level, respectively, which confirmed that HADSCs were induced into urothelial lineage cells. We also measured the growth factors in the conditioned medium in order to analyze the molecular mechanisms regulating transdifferentiation. We observed that the expression levels of PDGF-BB and VEGF were significantly higher than those of the control group after 14 days induction, suggesting they were abundantly secreted into the medium during the culturing period. In conclusion, HADSCs showed in vitro the upregulation of markers for differentiation towards urothelial cells by culturing in an urothelial-conditioned medium, which provides an alternative cell source for potential use in urinary tract tissue engineering.
Collapse
|