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Napoli FR, Daly CM, Neal S, McCulloch KJ, Zaloga AR, Liu A, Koenig KM. Cephalopod retinal development shows vertebrate-like mechanisms of neurogenesis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5045-5056.e3. [PMID: 36356573 PMCID: PMC9729453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Coleoid cephalopods, including squid, cuttlefish, and octopus, have large and complex nervous systems and high-acuity, camera-type eyes. These traits are comparable only to features that are independently evolved in the vertebrate lineage. The size of animal nervous systems and the diversity of their constituent cell types is a result of the tight regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation in development. Changes in the process of development during evolution that result in a diversity of neural cell types and variable nervous system size are not well understood. Here, we have pioneered live-imaging techniques and performed functional interrogation to show that the squid Doryteuthis pealeii utilizes mechanisms during retinal neurogenesis that are hallmarks of vertebrate processes. We find that retinal progenitor cells in the squid undergo nuclear migration until they exit the cell cycle. We identify retinal organization corresponding to progenitor, post-mitotic, and differentiated cells. Finally, we find that Notch signaling may regulate both retinal cell cycle and cell fate. Given the convergent evolution of elaborate visual systems in cephalopods and vertebrates, these results reveal common mechanisms that underlie the growth of highly proliferative neurogenic primordia. This work highlights mechanisms that may alter ontogenetic allometry and contribute to the evolution of complexity and growth in animal nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R Napoli
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christina M Daly
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephanie Neal
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kyle J McCulloch
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexandra R Zaloga
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alicia Liu
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kristen M Koenig
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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2
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Bostock MP, Prasad AR, Chaouni R, Yuen AC, Sousa-Nunes R, Amoyel M, Fernandes VM. An Immobilization Technique for Long-Term Time-Lapse Imaging of Explanted Drosophila Tissues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590094. [PMID: 33117817 PMCID: PMC7576353 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-lapse imaging is an essential tool to study dynamic biological processes that cannot be discerned from fixed samples alone. However, imaging cell- and tissue-level processes in intact animals poses numerous challenges if the organism is opaque and/or motile. Explant cultures of intact tissues circumvent some of these challenges, but sample drift remains a considerable obstacle. We employed a simple yet effective technique to immobilize tissues in medium-bathed agarose. We applied this technique to study multiple Drosophila tissues from first-instar larvae to adult stages in various orientations and with no evidence of anisotropic pressure or stress damage. Using this method, we were able to image fine features for up to 18 h and make novel observations. Specifically, we report that fibers characteristic of quiescent neuroblasts are inherited by their basal daughters during reactivation; that the lamina in the developing visual system is assembled roughly 2-3 columns at a time; that lamina glia positions are dynamic during development; and that the nuclear envelopes of adult testis cyst stem cells do not break down completely during mitosis. In all, we demonstrate that our protocol is well-suited for tissue immobilization and long-term live imaging, enabling new insights into tissue and cell dynamics in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Bostock
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anadika R. Prasad
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Chaouni
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice C. Yuen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Sousa-Nunes
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Amoyel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Seirin-Lee S, Osakada F, Takeda J, Tashiro S, Kobayashi R, Yamamoto T, Ochiai H. Role of dynamic nuclear deformation on genomic architecture reorganization. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007289. [PMID: 31509522 PMCID: PMC6738595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order genomic architecture varies according to cell type and changes dramatically during differentiation. One of the remarkable examples of spatial genomic reorganization is the rod photoreceptor cell differentiation in nocturnal mammals. The inverted nuclear architecture found in adult mouse rod cells is formed through the reorganization of the conventional architecture during terminal differentiation. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here, we found that the dynamic deformation of nuclei via actomyosin-mediated contractility contributes to chromocenter clustering and promotes genomic architecture reorganization during differentiation by conducting an in cellulo experiment coupled with phase-field modeling. Similar patterns of dynamic deformation of the nucleus and a concomitant migration of the nuclear content were also observed in rod cells derived from the developing mouse retina. These results indicate that the common phenomenon of dynamic nuclear deformation, which accompanies dynamic cell behavior, can be a universal mechanism for spatiotemporal genomic reorganization. The motion and spatial reorganization of sub-nuclear domains have been extensively studied using microscopy, but the underlying mechanisms that promote the reorganization are still poorly understood. We found that dynamic nuclear deformation provides a driving force for long-range migration and aggressive clustering of chromocenters, which ultimately induces nuclear architecture reorganization. This study significantly contributes to an improved understanding of the role of nuclear deformation and reorganization of nuclear architecture that seems complex but is based on simple physical properties of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungrim Seirin-Lee
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SSL); (HO)
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junichi Takeda
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (SSL); (HO)
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O'Sullivan C, Nickerson PEB, Krupke O, Christie J, Chen LL, Mesa-Peres M, Zhu M, Ryan B, Chow RL, Howard PL. ARS2 is required for retinal progenitor cell S-phase progression and Müller glial cell fate specification. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 98:50-60. [PMID: 30673303 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During a developmental period that extends postnatally in the mouse, proliferating multipotent retinal progenitor cells produce one of 7 major cell types (rod, cone, bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, ganglion, and Müller glial cells) as they exit the cell cycle in consecutive waves. Cell production in the retina is tightly regulated by intrinsic, extrinsic, spatial, and temporal cues, and is coupled to the timing of cell cycle exit. Arsenic-resistance protein 2 (ARS2, also known as SRRT) is a component of the nuclear cap-binding complex involved in RNA Polymerase II transcription, and is required for cell cycle progression. We show that postnatal retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) require ARS2 for proper progression through S phase, and ARS2 disruption leads to early exit from the cell cycle. Furthermore, we observe an increase in the proportion of cells expressing a rod photoreceptor marker, and a loss of Müller glia marker expression, indicating a role for ARS2 in regulating cell fate specification or differentiation. Knockdown of Flice Associated Huge protein (FLASH), which interacts with ARS2 and is required for cell cycle progression and 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone transcripts, phenocopies ARS2 knockdown. These data implicate ARS2-FLASH-mediated histone mRNA processing in regulating RPC cell cycle kinetics and neuroglial cell fate specification during postnatal retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor O'Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | | | - Oliver Krupke
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Jennifer Christie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Li-Li Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Monica Mesa-Peres
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Minyan Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Bridget Ryan
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Robert L Chow
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Perry L Howard
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Barrasso AP, Wang S, Tong X, Christiansen AE, Larina IV, Poché RA. Live imaging of developing mouse retinal slices. Neural Dev 2018. [PMID: 30219109 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0120-y.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo, whole-mount explant culture of the rodent retina has proved to be a valuable approach for studying retinal development. In a limited number of recent studies, this method has been coupled to live fluorescent microscopy with the goal of directly observing dynamic cellular events. However, retinal tissue thickness imposes significant technical limitations. To obtain 3-dimensional images with high quality axial resolution, investigators are restricted to specific areas of the retina and require microscopes, such as 2-photon, with a higher level of depth penetrance. Here, we report a retinal live imaging method that is more amenable to a wider array of imaging systems and does not compromise resolution of retinal cross-sectional area. RESULTS Mouse retinal slice cultures were prepared and standard, inverted confocal microscopy was used to generate movies with high quality resolution of retinal cross-sections. To illustrate the ability of this method to capture discrete, physiologically relevant events during retinal development, we imaged the dynamics of the Fucci cell cycle reporter in both wild type and Cyclin D1 mutant retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) undergoing interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). Like previously reported for the zebrafish, mouse RPCs in G1 phase migrated stochastically and exhibited overall basal drift during development. In contrast, mouse RPCs in G2 phase displayed directed, apical migration toward the ventricular zone prior to mitosis. We also determined that Cyclin D1 knockout RPCs in G2 exhibited a slower apical velocity as compared to wild type. These data are consistent with previous IdU/BrdU window labeling experiments on Cyclin D1 knockout RPCs indicating an elongated cell cycle. Finally, to illustrate the ability to monitor retinal neuron differentiation, we imaged early postnatal horizontal cells (HCs). Time lapse movies uncovered specific HC neurite dynamics consistent with previously published data showing an instructive role for transient vertical neurites in HC mosaic formation. CONCLUSIONS We have detailed a straightforward method to image mouse retinal slice culture preparations that, due to its relative ease, extends live retinal imaging capabilities to a more diverse group of scientists. We have also shown that, by using a slice technique, we can achieve excellent lateral resolution, which is advantageous for capturing intracellular dynamics and overall cell movements during retinal development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Barrasso
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xuefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Audrey E Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Irina V Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Barrasso AP, Wang S, Tong X, Christiansen AE, Larina IV, Poché RA. Live imaging of developing mouse retinal slices. Neural Dev 2018; 13:23. [PMID: 30219109 PMCID: PMC6139133 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ex vivo, whole-mount explant culture of the rodent retina has proved to be a valuable approach for studying retinal development. In a limited number of recent studies, this method has been coupled to live fluorescent microscopy with the goal of directly observing dynamic cellular events. However, retinal tissue thickness imposes significant technical limitations. To obtain 3-dimensional images with high quality axial resolution, investigators are restricted to specific areas of the retina and require microscopes, such as 2-photon, with a higher level of depth penetrance. Here, we report a retinal live imaging method that is more amenable to a wider array of imaging systems and does not compromise resolution of retinal cross-sectional area. Results Mouse retinal slice cultures were prepared and standard, inverted confocal microscopy was used to generate movies with high quality resolution of retinal cross-sections. To illustrate the ability of this method to capture discrete, physiologically relevant events during retinal development, we imaged the dynamics of the Fucci cell cycle reporter in both wild type and Cyclin D1 mutant retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) undergoing interkinetic nuclear migration (INM). Like previously reported for the zebrafish, mouse RPCs in G1 phase migrated stochastically and exhibited overall basal drift during development. In contrast, mouse RPCs in G2 phase displayed directed, apical migration toward the ventricular zone prior to mitosis. We also determined that Cyclin D1 knockout RPCs in G2 exhibited a slower apical velocity as compared to wild type. These data are consistent with previous IdU/BrdU window labeling experiments on Cyclin D1 knockout RPCs indicating an elongated cell cycle. Finally, to illustrate the ability to monitor retinal neuron differentiation, we imaged early postnatal horizontal cells (HCs). Time lapse movies uncovered specific HC neurite dynamics consistent with previously published data showing an instructive role for transient vertical neurites in HC mosaic formation. Conclusions We have detailed a straightforward method to image mouse retinal slice culture preparations that, due to its relative ease, extends live retinal imaging capabilities to a more diverse group of scientists. We have also shown that, by using a slice technique, we can achieve excellent lateral resolution, which is advantageous for capturing intracellular dynamics and overall cell movements during retinal development and differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13064-018-0120-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Barrasso
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xuefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Audrey E Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Irina V Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Lahne M, Gorsuch RA, Nelson CM, Hyde DR. Culture of Adult Transgenic Zebrafish Retinal Explants for Live-cell Imaging by Multiphoton Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287581 DOI: 10.3791/55335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by Müller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The Müller glia re-enter the cell cycle and produce neuronal progenitor cells that undergo subsequent rounds of cell divisions and differentiate into the lost neuronal cell types. Both Müller glia and neuronal progenitor cell nuclei replicate their DNA and undergo mitosis in distinct locations of the retina, i.e. they migrate between the basal Inner Nuclear Layer (INL) and the Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL), respectively, in a process described as Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM). INM has predominantly been studied in the developing retina. To examine the dynamics of INM in the adult regenerating zebrafish retina in detail, live-cell imaging of fluorescently-labeled Müller glia/neuronal progenitor cells is required. Here, we provide the conditions to isolate and culture dorsal retinas from Tg[gfap:nGFP]mi2004 zebrafish that were exposed to constant intense light for 35 h. We also show that these retinal cultures are viable to perform live-cell imaging experiments, continuously acquiring z-stack images throughout the thickness of the retinal explant for up to 8 h using multiphoton microscopy to monitor the migratory behavior of gfap:nGFP-positive cells. In addition, we describe the details to perform post-imaging analysis to determine the velocity of apical and basal INM. To summarize, we established conditions to study the dynamics of INM in an adult model of neuronal regeneration. This will advance our understanding of this crucial cellular process and allow us to determine the mechanisms that control INM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lahne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame
| | - Ryne A Gorsuch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame
| | - Craig M Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame; Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic
| | - David R Hyde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame;
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Razafsky D, Hodzic D. Nuclear envelope: positioning nuclei and organizing synapses. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 34:84-93. [PMID: 26079712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope plays an essential role in nuclear positioning within cells and tissues. This review highlights advances in understanding the mechanisms of nuclear positioning during skeletal muscle and central nervous system development. New findings, particularly about A-type lamins and Nesprin1, may link nuclear envelope integrity to synaptic integrity. Thus synaptic defects, rather than nuclear mispositioning, may underlie human pathologies associated with mutations of nuclear envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Razafsky
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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