1
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Klug JR, Yan X, Hoffman HA, Engelhardt MD, Osakada F, Callaway EM, Jin X. Asymmetric cortical projections to striatal direct and indirect pathways distinctly control actions. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.02.560589. [PMID: 37873164 PMCID: PMC10592949 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The striatal direct and indirect pathways constitute the core for basal ganglia function in action control. Although both striatal D1- and D2-spiny projection neurons (SPNs) receive excitatory inputs from the cerebral cortex, whether or not they share inputs from the same cortical neurons, and how pathway-specific corticostriatal projections control behavior remain largely unknown. Here using a new G-deleted rabies system in mice, we found that more than two-thirds of excitatory inputs to D2-SPNs also target D1-SPNs, while only one-third do so vice versa. Optogenetic stimulation of striatal D1- vs. D2-SPN-projecting cortical neurons differently regulate locomotion, reinforcement learning and sequence behavior, implying the functional dichotomy of pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits. These results reveal the partially segregated yet asymmetrically overlapping cortical projections on striatal D1- vs. D2-SPNs, and that the pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits distinctly control behavior. It has important implications in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases affecting cortico-basal ganglia circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Klug
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xunyi Yan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hilary A. Hoffman
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max D. Engelhardt
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M. Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU–ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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2
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Takakura M, Lam YH, Nakagawa R, Ng MY, Hu X, Bhargava P, Alia AG, Gu Y, Wang Z, Ota T, Kimura Y, Morimoto N, Osakada F, Lee AY, Leung D, Miyashita T, Du J, Okuno H, Hirano Y. Differential second messenger signaling via dopamine neurons bidirectionally regulates memory retention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304851120. [PMID: 37639608 PMCID: PMC10483633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304851120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory formation and forgetting unnecessary memory must be balanced for adaptive animal behavior. While cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling via dopamine neurons induces memory formation, here we report that cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling via dopamine neurons launches forgetting of unconsolidated memory in Drosophila. Genetic screening and proteomic analyses showed that neural activation induces the complex formation of a histone H3K9 demethylase, Kdm4B, and a GMP synthetase, Bur, which is necessary and sufficient for forgetting unconsolidated memory. Kdm4B/Bur is activated by phosphorylation through NO-dependent cGMP signaling via dopamine neurons, inducing gene expression, including kek2 encoding a presynaptic protein. Accordingly, Kdm4B/Bur activation induced presynaptic changes. Our data demonstrate a link between cGMP signaling and synapses via gene expression in forgetting, suggesting that the opposing functions of memory are orchestrated by distinct signaling via dopamine neurons, which affects synaptic integrity and thus balances animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Takakura
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Hong Lam
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Reiko Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe650-0047, Japan
| | - Man Yung Ng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Priyanshu Bhargava
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Abdalla G. Alia
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yuzhe Gu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zigao Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Takeshi Ota
- SHIONOGI & CO., LTD, Analysis and Evaluation Laboratory, Bio Analytical 1, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka561-0825, Japan
| | - Yoko Kimura
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-0815, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi464-8601, Japan
| | - Ah Young Lee
- Center for Epigenomics Research, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Danny Leung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Center for Epigenomics Research, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Tomoyuki Miyashita
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo156-8506, Japan
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100193, China
| | - Hiroyuki Okuno
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima890-8544, Japan
| | - Yukinori Hirano
- SK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8507, Japan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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3
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Kodera T, Takeuchi RF, Takahashi S, Suzuki K, Kassai H, Aiba A, Shiozawa S, Okano H, Osakada F. Modeling the marmoset brain using embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral assembloids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 657:119-127. [PMID: 37002985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Studying the non-human primate (NHP) brain is required for the translation of rodent research to humans, but remains a challenge for molecular, cellular, and circuit-level analyses in the NHP brain due to the lack of in vitro NHP brain system. Here, we report an in vitro NHP cerebral model using marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral assembloids (CAs) that recapitulate inhibitory neuron migration and cortical network activity. Cortical organoids (COs) and ganglionic eminence organoids (GEOs) were induced from cjESCs and fused to generate CAs. GEO cells expressing the inhibitory neuron marker LHX6 migrated toward the cortical side of CAs. COs developed their spontaneous neural activity from a synchronized pattern to an unsynchronized pattern as COs matured. CAs containing excitatory and inhibitory neurons showed mature neural activity with an unsynchronized pattern. The CAs represent a powerful in vitro model for studying excitatory and inhibitory neuron interactions, cortical dynamics, and their dysfunction. The marmoset assembloid system will provide an in vitro platform for the NHP neurobiology and facilitate translation into humans in neuroscience research, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery.
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Osakada F, Takata K. [Preface]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2023; 158:51. [PMID: 36596491 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.22134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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5
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Kodera T, Osakada F. [Interdisciplinary approaches to brain organoid biology]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2023; 158:64-70. [PMID: 36596494 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used as materials for regenerative medicine and for modeling development and disease because of their pluripotency to differentiate into all cell types of the body. Recently, organoid research has attracted considerable attention as a constructive approach to reconstitute various tissues from ESCs or iPSCs in three-dimensional culture in vitro. Organoids can provide sophisticated in vitro models because of their ability to partially recapitulate different cell types of living tissues and their functions. However, given their complexity, conventional analyses of stem cell biology are insufficient for evaluating organoid performance, limiting basic research and clinical translation. In recent years, elucidating diverse and complex biological phenomena by integrating stem cell biology with other research fields has become feasible. In this review, we focus on brain organoids with some representative examples of interdisciplinary research using machine learning, genetic and viral engineering, and optical imaging, as well as findings obtained from such research. Furthermore, we will discuss the potential applications and future perspectives of interdisciplinary research in organoid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kodera
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency
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6
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Ito KN, Isobe K, Osakada F. Fast z-focus controlling and multiplexing strategies for multiplane two-photon imaging of neural dynamics. Neurosci Res 2022; 179:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Masaki Y, Yamaguchi M, Takeuchi RF, Osakada F. Monosynaptic rabies virus tracing from projection-targeted single neurons. Neurosci Res 2022; 178:20-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Okigawa S, Yamaguchi M, Ito KN, Takeuchi RF, Morimoto N, Osakada F. Cover Image, Volume 529, Issue 8. J Comp Neurol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.25131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Ito A, Ye K, Onda M, Morimoto N, Osakada F. Efficient and robust induction of retinal pigment epithelium cells by tankyrase inhibition regardless of the differentiation propensity of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 552:66-72. [PMID: 33743349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold great promise as a new therapeutic modality for age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease. The development of hESC/hiPSC-derived RPE cells as cell-based therapeutic products requires a robust, scalable production for every hiPSC line congruent for patients. However, individual hESC/hiPSC lines show bias in differentiation. Here we report an efficient, robust method that induces RPE cells regardless of the differentiation propensity of the hiPSC lines. Application of the tankyrase inhibitor IWR-1-endo, which potentially inhibits Wnt signaling, promoted retinal differentiation in dissociated hiPSCs under feeder-free, two-dimensional culture conditions. The other tankyrase inhibitor, XAV939, also promoted retinal differentiation. However, Wnt signaling inhibitors, IWP-2 and iCRT3, that target porcupine and β-catenin/TCF, respectively, did not. Further treatment with the GSK3β inhibitor CHIR99021 and FGF receptor inhibitor SU5402 induced hexagonal pigmented cells with phagocytotic ability. Notably, the IWR-1-endo-based differentiation method induced RPE cells even in an hiPSC line that expresses a lower level of the differentiation propensity marker SALL3, which is indicative of resistance to ectoderm differentiation. The present study demonstrated that tankyrase inhibitors cause efficient and robust RPE differentiation, irrespective of the SALL3 expression levels in hiPSC lines. This differentiation method will resolve line-to-line variations of hiPSCs in RPE production and facilitate clinical application and industrialization of RPE cell products for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Ito
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ke Ye
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanari Onda
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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10
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Okigawa S, Yamaguchi M, Ito KN, Takeuchi RF, Morimoto N, Osakada F. Cell type- and layer-specific convergence in core and shell neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:2099-2124. [PMID: 33236346 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over 40 distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) generate parallel processing pathways in the visual system. In mice, two subdivisions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the core and the shell, organize distinct parallel channels to transmit visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1). To investigate how the dLGN core and shell differentially integrate visual information and other modalities, we mapped synaptic input sources to each dLGN subdivision at the cell-type level with G-deleted rabies viral vectors. The monosynaptic circuit tracing revealed that dLGN core neurons received inputs from alpha-RGCs, Layer 6 neurons of the V1, the superficial and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SC), the internal ventral LGN, the lower layer of the external ventral LGN (vLGNe), the intergeniculate leaf, the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and the pretectal nucleus (PT). Conversely, shell neurons received inputs from alpha-RGCs and direction-selective ganglion cells of the retina, Layer 6 neurons of the V1, the superficial layer of the SC, the superficial and lower layers of the vLGNe, the TRN, the PT, and the parabigeminal nucleus. The present study provides anatomical evidence of the cell type- and layer-specific convergence in dLGN core and shell neurons. These findings suggest that dLGN core neurons integrate and process more multimodal information along with visual information than shell neurons and that LGN core and shell neurons integrate different types of information, send their own convergent information to discrete populations of the V1, and differentially contribute to visual perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Okigawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei N Ito
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke F Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO/CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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Ye K, Takemoto Y, Ito A, Onda M, Morimoto N, Mandai M, Takahashi M, Kato R, Osakada F. Reproducible production and image-based quality evaluation of retinal pigment epithelium sheets from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14387. [PMID: 32873827 PMCID: PMC7462996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) sheets derived from human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSC) is a promising cell therapy for RPE degeneration, such as in age-related macular degeneration. Current RPE replacement therapies, however, face major challenges. They require a tedious manual process of selecting differentiated RPE from hiPSC-derived cells, and despite wide variation in quality of RPE sheets, there exists no efficient process for distinguishing functional RPE sheets from those unsuitable for transplantation. To overcome these issues, we developed methods for the generation of RPE sheets from hiPSC, and image-based evaluation. We found that stepwise treatment with six signaling pathway inhibitors along with nicotinamide increased RPE differentiation efficiency (RPE6iN), enabling the RPE sheet generation at high purity without manual selection. Machine learning models were developed based on cellular morphological features of F-actin-labeled RPE images for predicting transepithelial electrical resistance values, an indicator of RPE sheet function. Our model was effective at identifying low-quality RPE sheets for elimination, even when using label-free images. The RPE6iN-based RPE sheet generation combined with the non-destructive image-based prediction offers a comprehensive new solution for the large-scale production of pure RPE sheets with lot-to-lot variations and should facilitate the further development of RPE replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ye
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuto Takemoto
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Bioengineering, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Arisa Ito
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masanari Onda
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michiko Mandai
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Opthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Opthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.,Vison Care Inc., Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Bioengineering, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. .,PRESTO/CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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12
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Takeuchi RF, Osakada F. [Circuit mechanisms of spatial perception and visuomotor integration]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:99-106. [PMID: 32115486 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.19132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Animals can make appropriate decisions based on sensory information about the environment. Vision is one of the most critical ability for survival in dynamic situations in nature, particularly for mammalian species, such as primates, carnivores, and rodents. Although there is a huge computational cost involved in processing visual information, the brain can perform this task very rapidly using well-organized parallel and hierarchical neural circuits, enabling animals to rapidly sense the environment and, in turn, perform adaptive actions. Physiological, psychophysical, and clinical studies over hundreds of years have delineated the neural circuit mechanisms of the visual system. Artificial intelligence and robotics have also started making progress in this area. However, due to technical limitations, there are still many open questions that elude explanation in understanding the neural mechanism of visuomotor integration. Herein, we initially describe the anatomical structures of occipital cortices related to vision and then provide an overview of the physiological and clinical studies of the dorsal visual pathway related to spatial perception and prediction in non-human primate species. Finally, we introduce recent approaches in which rodents have been used as model species to elucidate the neural circuit mechanism of visually-guided behavior. Uncovering neural implementation of the association between visual-spatial perception and visuomotor function could provide key insights into the engineering of highly active robots and could also contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies addressing visual impairment and psychiatric/neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke F Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency
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13
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Suzuki T, Morimoto N, Akaike A, Osakada F. Multiplex Neural Circuit Tracing With G-Deleted Rabies Viral Vectors. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 13:77. [PMID: 31998081 PMCID: PMC6967742 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits interconnect to organize large-scale networks that generate perception, cognition, memory, and behavior. Information in the nervous system is processed both through parallel, independent circuits and through intermixing circuits. Analyzing the interaction between circuits is particularly indispensable for elucidating how the brain functions. Monosynaptic circuit tracing with glycoprotein (G) gene-deleted rabies viral vectors (RVΔG) comprises a powerful approach for studying the structure and function of neural circuits. Pseudotyping of RVΔG with the foreign envelope EnvA permits expression of transgenes such as fluorescent proteins, genetically-encoded sensors, or optogenetic tools in cells expressing TVA, a cognate receptor for EnvA. Trans-complementation with rabies virus glycoproteins (RV-G) enables trans-synaptic labeling of input neurons directly connected to the starter neurons expressing both TVA and RV-G. However, it remains challenging to simultaneously map neuronal connections from multiple cell populations and their interactions between intermixing circuits solely with the EnvA/TVA-mediated RV tracing system in a single animal. To overcome this limitation, here, we multiplexed RVΔG circuit tracing by optimizing distinct viral envelopes (oEnvX) and their corresponding receptors (oTVX). Based on the EnvB/TVB and EnvE/DR46-TVB systems derived from the avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV), we developed optimized TVB receptors with lower or higher affinity (oTVB-L or oTVB-H) and the chimeric envelope oEnvB, as well as an optimized TVE receptor with higher affinity (oTVE-H) and its chimeric envelope oEnvE. We demonstrated independence of RVΔG infection between the oEnvA/oTVA, oEnvB/oTVB, and oEnvE/oTVE systems and in vivo proof-of-concept for multiplex circuit tracing from two distinct classes of layer 5 neurons targeting either other cortical or subcortical areas. We also successfully labeled common input of the lateral geniculate nucleus to both cortico-cortical layer 5 neurons and inhibitory neurons of the mouse V1 with multiplex RVΔG tracing. These oEnvA/oTVA, oEnvB/oTVB, and oEnvE/oTVE systems allow for differential labeling of distinct circuits to uncover the mechanisms underlying parallel processing through independent circuits and integrated processing through interaction between circuits in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akinori Akaike
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO/CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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14
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Osakada F, Sakamoto K. [Preface]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:80. [PMID: 32115482 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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15
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Seirin-Lee S, Osakada F, Takeda J, Tashiro S, Kobayashi R, Yamamoto T, Ochiai H. Role of dynamic nuclear deformation on genomic architecture reorganization. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007289. [PMID: 31509522 PMCID: PMC6738595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order genomic architecture varies according to cell type and changes dramatically during differentiation. One of the remarkable examples of spatial genomic reorganization is the rod photoreceptor cell differentiation in nocturnal mammals. The inverted nuclear architecture found in adult mouse rod cells is formed through the reorganization of the conventional architecture during terminal differentiation. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here, we found that the dynamic deformation of nuclei via actomyosin-mediated contractility contributes to chromocenter clustering and promotes genomic architecture reorganization during differentiation by conducting an in cellulo experiment coupled with phase-field modeling. Similar patterns of dynamic deformation of the nucleus and a concomitant migration of the nuclear content were also observed in rod cells derived from the developing mouse retina. These results indicate that the common phenomenon of dynamic nuclear deformation, which accompanies dynamic cell behavior, can be a universal mechanism for spatiotemporal genomic reorganization. The motion and spatial reorganization of sub-nuclear domains have been extensively studied using microscopy, but the underlying mechanisms that promote the reorganization are still poorly understood. We found that dynamic nuclear deformation provides a driving force for long-range migration and aggressive clustering of chromocenters, which ultimately induces nuclear architecture reorganization. This study significantly contributes to an improved understanding of the role of nuclear deformation and reorganization of nuclear architecture that seems complex but is based on simple physical properties of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungrim Seirin-Lee
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail: (SSL); (HO)
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junichi Takeda
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (SSL); (HO)
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16
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Hara T, Osakada F. [Cell-type-specific targeting strategies for elucidating neural circuits and pathophysiological mechanisms in the marmoset brain]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:210-218. [PMID: 31092753 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As a primate animal model for neuroscience research, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) provides an unprecedented opportunity to gain a better understanding of the human brain function and pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders, thereby helping in the diagnosis and treatment of those disorders. The marmoset is particularly useful in studying the neural mechanisms underlying social behavior, as their prosocial behavior and visual and vocal communication systems are well-developed. Despite recent advances in biotechnology such as the creation of genetically engineered marmosets, our understanding of the marmoset brain, including its dysfunction in disease, at the circuit level remains limited due to the lack of comprehensive knowledge of the neuronal connections in the marmoset brain. Here we describe the development of genetic and viral engineering techniques for a particular type of neuron in non-transgenic animals. These approaches, combined with rabies viral tracing, imaging, and electrophysiology, will make it possible to map the connectome and relate neuronal connectivity to function in the marmoset brain. Such circuit-level studies will open a new avenue for non-human primate research that can bridge the gap between basic research and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Hara
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University.,Sohyaku Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University
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17
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Dohaku R, Yamaguchi M, Yamamoto N, Shimizu T, Osakada F, Hibi M. Tracing of Afferent Connections in the Zebrafish Cerebellum Using Recombinant Rabies Virus. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:30. [PMID: 31068795 PMCID: PMC6491863 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in some forms of motor coordination and learning, and in cognitive and emotional functions. To elucidate the functions of the cerebellum, it is important to unravel the detailed connections of the cerebellar neurons. Although the cerebellar neural circuit structure is generally conserved among vertebrates, it is not clear whether the cerebellum receives and processes the same or similar information in different vertebrate species. Here, we performed monosynaptic retrograde tracing with recombinant rabies viruses (RV) to identify the afferent connections of the zebrafish cerebellar neurons. We used a G-deleted RV that expressed GFP. The virus was also pseudotyped with EnvA, an envelope protein of avian sarcoma and leucosis virus (ALSV-A). For the specific infection of cerebellar neurons, we expressed the RV glycoprotein (G) gene and the envelope protein TVA, which is the receptor for EnvA, in Purkinje cells (PCs) or granule cells (GCs), using the promoter for aldolase Ca (aldoca) or cerebellin 12 (cbln12), respectively. When the virus infected PCs in the aldoca line, GFP was detected in the PCs’ presynaptic neurons, including GCs and neurons in the inferior olivary nuclei (IOs), which send climbing fibers (CFs). These observations validated the RV tracing method in zebrafish. When the virus infected GCs in the cbln12 line, GFP was again detected in their presynaptic neurons, including neurons in the pretectal nuclei, the nucleus lateralis valvulae (NLV), the central gray (CG), the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), and the descending octaval nucleus (DON). GFP was not observed in these neurons when the virus infected PCs in the aldoca line. These precerebellar neurons generally agree with those reported for other teleost species and are at least partly conserved with those in mammals. Our results demonstrate that the RV system can be used for connectome analyses in zebrafish, and provide fundamental information about the cerebellar neural circuits, which will be valuable for elucidating the functions of cerebellar neural circuits in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Dohaku
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Organogenesis and Organ Function, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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18
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Padmanabhan K, Osakada F, Tarabrina A, Kizer E, Callaway EM, Gage FH, Sejnowski TJ. Centrifugal Inputs to the Main Olfactory Bulb Revealed Through Whole Brain Circuit-Mapping. Front Neuroanat 2019; 12:115. [PMID: 30666191 PMCID: PMC6330333 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity in sensory regions can be modulated by attention, behavioral state, motor output, learning, and memory. This is often done through direct feedback or centrifugal projections originating from higher processing areas. Though, functionally important, the identity and organization of these feedback connections remain poorly characterized. Using a retrograde monosynaptic g-deleted rabies virus and whole-brain reconstructions, we identified the organization of feedback projecting neurons to the main olfactory bulb of the mouse. In addition to previously described projections from regions such as the Anterior Olfactory Nucleus (AON) and the piriform cortex, we characterized direct projections from pyramidal cells in the ventral CA1 region of hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex to the granule cell layer (GCL) of the main olfactory bulb (MOB). These data suggest that areas involved in stress, anxiety, learning and memory are all tethered to olfactory coding, two synapses away from where chemical compounds are first detected. Consequently, we hypothesize that understanding olfactory perception, even at the earliest stages, may require studying memory and behavior in addition to studying the physiochemical features of odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Crick-Jacobs Center for Theoretical and Computational Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Anna Tarabrina
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Erin Kizer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Crick-Jacobs Center for Theoretical and Computational Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Crick-Jacobs Center for Theoretical and Computational Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
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19
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Onda M, Sansawa K, Osakada F. [Viral and Electrophysiological Approaches for Elucidating the Structure and Function of Retinal Circuits]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:669-678. [PMID: 29710012 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian retina consists of five classes of neurons: photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Based on cell morphology, electrophysiological properties, connectivity, and gene expression patterns, each class of retinal neurons is further subdivided into many distinct cell types. Each type of photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cell tiles the retina, collectively providing a complete representation across the visual scene. Visual signals are processed by at least 80 distinct cell types and at least 20 separate circuits in the retina. These circuits comprise parallel pathways from the photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells, each forming a channel of visual information. Feed-forward and feedback inhibition of horizontal and amacrine cells shape these parallel pathways. However, the cell-type-specific roles of inhibitory circuits in retinal information processing remain unknown. Here we summarize parallel processing strategies in the retina, and then introduce our viral and electrophysiological approaches that reveal the roles of genetically defined subtypes of amacrine cells in retinal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Onda
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Kouki Sansawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University.,Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency
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20
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Osakada F, Koike C. [The Cutting Edge of Retinal Circuit Research]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:667-668. [PMID: 29710011 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00200-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| | - Chieko Koike
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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21
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Onda M, Osakada F. Toward understanding structure and function of neural circuits in the visual system. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017. [PMID: 28626120 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.149.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generation, much progress has been made in the fields of medical and pharmaceutical research, such as cell transplantation therapy. We have generated retinal cells and tissues, including retinal pigment epithelia (RPE), from human iPSCs. The ability to produce iPSCs from patients allows for autologous transplantation without causing immune rejection. The autologous transplantation of iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelial sheets to a patient with age-related macular degeneration was carried out in Japan in 2014 as a first-in-human clinical study. Biotechnology has enabled the development of a wide range of drugs, including cell-based drugs. We are currently developing iPSC-derived RPE sheets as next-generation cell-based drugs aimed at allogeneic transplantation utilizing iPSC banks of homozygotes of human leukocyte antigen at 3 loci. Regulatory science concerning cellular and tissue-based products is a vital matter associated with the realization of regenerative medicine. Here we review the most recent progress in retinal regeneration and drug development, as well as its future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
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23
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Xu C, Krabbe S, Gründemann J, Botta P, Fadok JP, Osakada F, Saur D, Grewe BF, Schnitzer MJ, Callaway EM, Lüthi A. Distinct Hippocampal Pathways Mediate Dissociable Roles of Context in Memory Retrieval. Cell 2016; 167:961-972.e16. [PMID: 27773481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Memories about sensory experiences are tightly linked to the context in which they were formed. Memory contextualization is fundamental for the selection of appropriate behavioral reactions needed for survival, yet the underlying neuronal circuits are poorly understood. By combining trans-synaptic viral tracing and optogenetic manipulation, we found that the ventral hippocampus (vHC) and the amygdala, two key brain structures encoding context and emotional experiences, interact via multiple parallel pathways. A projection from the vHC to the basal amygdala mediates fear behavior elicited by a conditioned context, whereas a parallel projection from a distinct subset of vHC neurons onto midbrain-projecting neurons in the central amygdala is necessary for context-dependent retrieval of cued fear memories. Our findings demonstrate that two fundamentally distinct roles of context in fear memory retrieval are processed by distinct vHC output pathways, thereby allowing for the formation of robust contextual fear memories while preserving context-dependent behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xu
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Krabbe
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gründemann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Botta
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan P Fadok
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- CNC Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Arakawa D, Ito A, Osakada F. Development of novel therapies using human iPS cell-derived retinal pigment epithelia. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:217. [PMID: 27725570 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Tian J, Huang R, Cohen JY, Osakada F, Kobak D, Machens CK, Callaway EM, Uchida N, Watabe-Uchida M. Distributed and Mixed Information in Monosynaptic Inputs to Dopamine Neurons. Neuron 2016; 91:1374-1389. [PMID: 27618675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons encode the difference between actual and predicted reward, or reward prediction error (RPE). Although many models have been proposed to account for this computation, it has been difficult to test these models experimentally. Here we established an awake electrophysiological recording system, combined with rabies virus and optogenetic cell-type identification, to characterize the firing patterns of monosynaptic inputs to dopamine neurons while mice performed classical conditioning tasks. We found that each variable required to compute RPE, including actual and predicted reward, was distributed in input neurons in multiple brain areas. Further, many input neurons across brain areas signaled combinations of these variables. These results demonstrate that even simple arithmetic computations such as RPE are not localized in specific brain areas but, rather, distributed across multiple nodes in a brain-wide network. Our systematic method to examine both activity and connectivity revealed unexpected redundancy for a simple computation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Tian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ryan Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dmitry Kobak
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Christian K Machens
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Naoshige Uchida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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26
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Suzuki T, Osakada F. [Visual system and inhibitory neural circuits in the mouse]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:162. [PMID: 27581965 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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27
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Tuncdemir SN, Wamsley B, Stam FJ, Osakada F, Goulding M, Callaway EM, Rudy B, Fishell G. Early Somatostatin Interneuron Connectivity Mediates the Maturation of Deep Layer Cortical Circuits. Neuron 2016; 89:521-35. [PMID: 26844832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The precise connectivity of somatostatin and parvalbumin cortical interneurons is generated during development. An understanding of how these interneuron classes incorporate into cortical circuitry is incomplete but essential to elucidate the roles they play during maturation. Here, we report that somatostatin interneurons in infragranular layers receive dense but transient innervation from thalamocortical afferents during the first postnatal week. During this period, parvalbumin interneurons and pyramidal neurons within the same layers receive weaker thalamocortical inputs, yet are strongly innervated by somatostatin interneurons. Further, upon disruption of the early (but not late) somatostatin interneuron network, the synaptic maturation of thalamocortical inputs onto parvalbumin interneurons is perturbed. These results suggest that infragranular somatostatin interneurons exhibit a transient early synaptic connectivity that is essential for the establishment of thalamic feedforward inhibition mediated by parvalbumin interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem N Tuncdemir
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brie Wamsley
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Floor J Stam
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martyn Goulding
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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28
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Faget L, Osakada F, Duan J, Ressler R, Johnson AB, Proudfoot JA, Yoo JH, Callaway EM, Hnasko TS. Afferent Inputs to Neurotransmitter-Defined Cell Types in the Ventral Tegmental Area. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2796-808. [PMID: 27292633 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays a central role in the neural circuit control of behavioral reinforcement. Though considered a dopaminergic nucleus, the VTA contains substantial heterogeneity in neurotransmitter type, containing also GABA and glutamate neurons. Here, we used a combinatorial viral approach to transsynaptically label afferents to defined VTA dopamine, GABA, or glutamate neurons. Surprisingly, we find that these populations received qualitatively similar inputs, with dominant and comparable projections from the lateral hypothalamus, raphe, and ventral pallidum. However, notable differences were observed, with striatal regions and globus pallidus providing a greater share of input to VTA dopamine neurons, cortical input preferentially on to glutamate neurons, and GABA neurons receiving proportionally more input from the lateral habenula and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. By comparing inputs to each of the transmitter-defined VTA cell types, this study sheds important light on the systems-level organization of diverse inputs to VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Faget
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Jinyi Duan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Reed Ressler
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander B Johnson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James A Proudfoot
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ji Hoon Yoo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas S Hnasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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29
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Osakada F. [From the connectome to brain function: rabies virus tools for elucidating structure and function of neural circuits]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 146:98-105. [PMID: 26256748 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.146.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in retinal regeneration, as exemplified by successful transplantation of retinal pigment epithelia and photoreceptor cells in the adult retina, as well as by generation of retinal tissue from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent cells. However, it remains unknown how new photoreceptors integrate within retinal circuits and contribute to vision restoration. There is a large gap in our understanding, at both the cellular and behavioral levels, of the functional roles of new neurons in the adult retina. This gap largely arises from the lack of appropriate methods for analyzing the organization and function of new neurons at the circuit level. To bridge this gap and understand the functional roles of new neurons in living animals, it will be necessary to identify newly formed connections, correlate them with function, manipulate their activity, and assess the behavioral outcome of these manipulations. Recombinant viral vectors are powerful tools not only for controlling gene expression and reprogramming cells, but also for tracing cell fates and neuronal connectivity, monitoring biological functions, and manipulating the physiological state of a specific cell population. These virus-based approaches, combined with electrophysiology and optical imaging, will provide circuit-level insight into neural regeneration and facilitate new strategies for achieving vision restoration in the adult retina. Herein, we discuss challenges and future directions in retinal regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University; Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, California 92037, USA; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Cruz-Martín A, El-Danaf RN, Osakada F, Sriram B, Dhande OS, Nguyen PL, Callaway EM, Ghosh A, Huberman AD. A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal ganglion cells to the primary visual cortex. Nature 2014; 507:358-61. [PMID: 24572358 PMCID: PMC4143386 DOI: 10.1038/nature12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
How specific features in the environment are represented within the brain is an important unanswered question in neuroscience. A subset of retinal neurons, called direction selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) are specialized for detecting motion along specific axes of the visual field1. Despite extensive study of the retinal circuitry that endows DSGCs with their unique tuning properties2,3, their downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unclear. In mice, several different types of DSGCs connect to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN),4,5,6 the visual thalamic structure that harbors cortical relay neurons. Whether direction selective information computed at the level of the retina is routed to cortical circuits and integrated with other visual channels, however, is unknown. Here we show using viral trans-synaptic circuit mapping7,8 and functional imaging of visually-driven calcium signals in thalamocortical axons, that there is a di-synaptic circuit linking DSGCs with the superficial layers of primary visual cortex (V1). This circuit pools information from multiple types of DSGCs, converges in a specialized subdivision of the dLGN, and delivers direction-tuned and orientation-tuned signals to superficial V1. Notably, this circuit is anatomically segregated from the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway carrying non-direction-tuned visual information to deeper layers of V1, such as layer 4. Thus, the mouse harbors several functionally specialized, parallel retino-geniculo-cortical pathways, one of which originates with retinal DSGCs and delivers direction- and orientation-tuned information specifically to the superficial layers of primary visual cortex. These data provide evidence that direction and orientation selectivity of some V1 neurons may be influenced by the activation of DSGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cruz-Martín
- 1] Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Rana N El-Danaf
- 1] Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92097, USA
| | - Balaji Sriram
- Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Onkar S Dhande
- 1] Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Phong L Nguyen
- 1] Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92097, USA
| | - Anirvan Ghosh
- Neuroscience Discovery, F. Hoffman La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D Huberman
- 1] Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA [2] Neurobiology Section in the Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA [3] Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92097, USA [4] Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
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Yin L, Geng Y, Osakada F, Sharma R, Cetin AH, Callaway EM, Williams DR, Merigan WH. Imaging light responses of retinal ganglion cells in the living mouse eye. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:2415-21. [PMID: 23407356 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01043.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports development of a novel method for high-resolution in vivo imaging of the function of individual mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that overcomes many limitations of available methods for recording RGC physiology. The technique combines insertion of a genetically encoded calcium indicator into RGCs with imaging of calcium responses over many days with FACILE (functional adaptive optics cellular imaging in the living eye). FACILE extends the most common method for RGC physiology, in vitro physiology, by allowing repeated imaging of the function of each cell over many sessions and by avoiding damage to the retina during removal from the eye. This makes it possible to track changes in the response of individual cells during morphological development or degeneration. FACILE also overcomes limitations of existing in vivo imaging methods, providing fine spatial and temporal detail, structure-function comparison, and simultaneous analysis of multiple cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yin
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Osakada F, Takahashi M. Stem Cells in the Developing and Adult Nervous System. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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West EL, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Hippert C, Osakada F, Martinez-Barbera JP, Pearson RA, Sowden JC, Takahashi M, Ali RR. Defining the integration capacity of embryonic stem cell-derived photoreceptor precursors. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1424-35. [PMID: 22570183 PMCID: PMC3580313 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. Differentiation of retinal cells, including photoreceptors, from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), potentially provide a renewable source of cells for retinal transplantation. Previously, we have shown both the functional integration of transplanted rod photoreceptor precursors, isolated from the postnatal retina, in the adult murine retina, and photoreceptor cell generation by stepwise treatment of ESCs with defined factors. In this study, we assessed the extent to which this protocol recapitulates retinal development and also evaluated differentiation and integration of ESC-derived retinal cells following transplantation using our established procedures. Optimized retinal differentiation via isolation of Rax.GFP retinal progenitors recreated a retinal niche and increased the yield of Crx(+) and Rhodopsin(+) photoreceptors. Rod birth peaked at day 20 of culture and expression of the early photoreceptor markers Crx and Nrl increased until day 28. Nrl levels were low in ESC-derived populations compared with developing retinae. Transplantation of early stage retinal cultures produced large tumors, which were avoided by prolonged retinal differentiation (up to day 28) prior to transplantation. Integrated mature photoreceptors were not observed in the adult retina, even when more than 60% of transplanted ESC-derived cells expressed Crx. We conclude that exclusion of proliferative cells from ESC-derived cultures is essential for effective transplantation. Despite showing expression profiles characteristic of immature photoreceptors, the ESC-derived precursors generated using this protocol did not display transplantation competence equivalent to precursors from the postnatal retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L West
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, United Kingdom
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Osakada F, Mori T, Cetin A, Marshel J, Virgen B, Callaway E. New Rabies Virus Variants for Monitoring and Manipulating Activity and Gene Expression in Defined Neural Circuits. Neuron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Osakada F, Takahashi M. Neural induction and patterning in Mammalian pluripotent stem cells. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2012; 10:419-32. [PMID: 21495966 DOI: 10.2174/187152711795563958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst stage embryos, while induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from somatic cells through transient overexpression of defined transcription factors. When transplanted into a preimplantation embryo, ES cells and iPS cells can differentiate into any cell type, including germ cells. Moreover, they can grow in culture indefinitely while maintaining pluripotency. In vitro differentiation of ES cells and iPS cells recapitulates many aspects of in vivo embryogenesis. The acquisition of neural fates (neural induction) in ES cells can be controlled by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Wnt signaling, while the production of specific neural cell types (neural patterning) can be controlled by exogenous patterning signals such as Wnt, BMP, Shh, FGF, and retinoic acid. In response to these signals, ES cells can differentiate into a wide range of neural cell types that correlate with their positions along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes. ES cell and iPS cell culture systems will provide materials for cell replacement therapy, and can be used as in vitro models for disease and drug testing as well as development. Here we review spatiotemporal control of neural differentiation of mammalian pluripotent stem cells, with a special emphasis on the relationship between in vivo embryogenesis and in vitro ES cell differentiation. Retinal differentiation from ES cells and iPS cells is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey, Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
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Osakada F, Mori T, Cetin AH, Marshel JH, Virgen B, Callaway EM. New rabies virus variants for monitoring and manipulating activity and gene expression in defined neural circuits. Neuron 2011; 71:617-31. [PMID: 21867879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycoprotein-deleted (ΔG) rabies virus is a powerful tool for studies of neural circuit structure. Here, we describe the development and demonstrate the utility of new resources that allow experiments directly investigating relationships between the structure and function of neural circuits. New methods and reagents allowed efficient production of 12 novel ΔG rabies variants from plasmid DNA. These new rabies viruses express useful neuroscience tools, including the Ca(2+) indicator GCaMP3 for monitoring activity; Channelrhodopsin-2 for photoactivation; allatostatin receptor for inactivation by ligand application; and rtTA, ER(T2)CreER(T2), or FLPo, for control of gene expression. These new tools allow neurons targeted on the basis of their connectivity to have their function assayed or their activity or gene expression manipulated. Combining these tools with in vivo imaging and optogenetic methods and/or inducible gene expression in transgenic mice will facilitate experiments investigating neural circuit development, plasticity, and function that have not been possible with existing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Jin ZB, Okamoto S, Osakada F, Homma K, Assawachananont J, Hirami Y, Iwata T, Takahashi M. Modeling retinal degeneration using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17084. [PMID: 21347327 PMCID: PMC3037398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common inherited human eye disease resulting in night blindness and visual defects. It is well known that the disease is caused by rod photoreceptor degeneration; however, it remains incurable, due to the unavailability of disease-specific human photoreceptor cells for use in mechanistic studies and drug screening. We obtained fibroblast cells from five RP patients with distinct mutations in the RP1, RP9, PRPH2 or RHO gene, and generated patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by ectopic expression of four key reprogramming factors. We differentiated the iPS cells into rod photoreceptor cells, which had been lost in the patients, and found that they exhibited suitable immunocytochemical features and electrophysiological properties. Interestingly, the number of the patient-derived rod cells with distinct mutations decreased in vitro; cells derived from patients with a specific mutation expressed markers for oxidation or endoplasmic reticulum stress, and exhibited different responses to vitamin E than had been observed in clinical trials. Overall, patient-derived rod cells recapitulated the disease phenotype and expressed markers of cellular stresses. Our results demonstrate that the use of patient-derived iPS cells will help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms caused by genetic mutations in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bing Jin
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Satoshi Okamoto
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kohei Homma
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiko Hirami
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- Center for iPS Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Akaike A, Kume T, Izumi Y, Osakada F. [Factors regulating regeneration and differentiation of the retina]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2010; 135:142-5. [PMID: 20410655 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.135.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Osakada F. In vitro retinogenesis from mammalian pluripotent stem cells. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Osakada F, Jin ZB, Hirami Y, Ikeda H, Danjyo T, Watanabe K, Sasai Y, Takahashi M. In vitro differentiation of retinal cells from human pluripotent stem cells by small-molecule induction. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3169-79. [PMID: 19671662 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem-cell therapy to treat retinal degeneration holds great promise. However, definitive methods of retinal differentiation that do not depend on recombinant proteins produced in animal or Escherichia coli cells have not been devised. Here, we report a defined culture method using low-molecular-mass compounds that induce differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into retinal progenitors, retinal pigment epithelium cells and photoreceptors. The casein kinase I inhibitor CKI-7, the ALK4 inhibitor SB-431542 and the Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in serum-free and feeder-free floating aggregate culture induce retinal progenitors positive for RX, MITF, PAX6 and CHX10. The treatment induces hexagonal pigmented cells that express RPE65 and CRALBP, form ZO1-positive tight junctions and exhibit phagocytic functions. Subsequent treatment with retinoic acid and taurine induces photoreceptors that express recoverin, rhodopsin and genes involved in phototransduction. Both three-factor (OCT3/4, SOX2 and KLF4) and four-factor (OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC) human iPS cells could be successfully differentiated into retinal cells by small-molecule induction. This method provides a solution to the problem of cross-species antigenic contamination in cell-replacement therapy, and is also useful for in vitro modeling of development, disease and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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Homma K, Osakada F, Hirami Y, Jin ZB, Mandai M, Takahashi M. Detection of localized retinal malfunction in retinal degeneration model using a multielectrode array system. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2175-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hirami Y, Osakada F, Takahashi K, Okita K, Yamanaka S, Ikeda H, Yoshimura N, Takahashi M. Generation of retinal cells from mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 458:126-31. [PMID: 19379795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a technique for generating retinal pigment epithelia (RPE) and putative photoreceptors from embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here we tested whether our procedure can promote retinal differentiation of mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Treating iPSCs with Wnt and Nodal antagonists in suspension culture induced expression of markers of retinal progenitor cells and generated RPE cells. Subsequently, treatment with retinoic acid and taurine generated cells positive for photoreceptor markers in all but one human cell lines. We propose that iPSCs can be induced to differentiate into retinal cells which have a possibility to be used as patient-specific donor cells for transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Hirami
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Jin ZB, Hirokawa G, Gui L, Takahashi R, Osakada F, Hiura Y, Takahashi M, Yasuhara O, Iwai N. Targeted deletion of miR-182, an abundant retinal microRNA. Mol Vis 2009; 15:523-33. [PMID: 19279690 PMCID: PMC2654046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA-182 (miR-182) is expressed abundantly in the mammalian retina and is therefore thought to perform important roles for the retinal development and the function. To test this hypothesis, we generated miR-182 knockout mice. METHODS northern blotting was performed to confirm the robust expression of miR-182 in the eye. The precursor sequence of miR-182 was replaced by the neomycin resistance gene under the control of the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 promoter in a targeting construct. The targeting vector was linearized and transfected into embryonic stem (ES) cells. Recombinant ES clones were selected and injected into blastocysts to generate male chimeras. Heterozygous and homozygous mice were obtained after five generations of backcrossing and were confirmed using genotyping and northern blotting. RESULTS Heterozygous (+/-) and homozygous (-/-) knockout mice were morphologically normal, viable, and fertile. Immunohistochemical analysis of the miR-182-deficient retinas did not reveal any apparent structural abnormalities in the retinas. Consistently, global expression profiling using a repeated microarray did not identify significant fluctuations for potential target genes. CONCLUSIONS We successfully generated miR-182 knockout mice and characterized the resulting miR-182-depleted retina. This is the first report describing the targeted deletion of a single miRNA that is highly expressed in the retina. The absence of significant transcriptional and phenotypic changes in miR-182-depleted retinas suggests that miR-182 is not a major determinant of retinal development or delamination. Further studies are required to elucidate any functional changes in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bing Jin
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Go Hirokawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Le Gui
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rie Takahashi
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hiura
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Osamu Yasuhara
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Naoharu Iwai
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Osakada F, Takahashi M. Drug Development Targeting the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β)-Mediated Signal Transduction Pathway: Targeting the Wnt Pathway and Transplantation Therapy as Strategies for Retinal Repair. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:168-73. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08r19fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Kume T, Kawato Y, Osakada F, Izumi Y, Katsuki H, Nakagawa T, Kaneko S, Niidome T, Takada-Takatori Y, Akaike A. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP induces differentiation of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells into a noradrenergic phenotype. Neurosci Lett 2008; 443:199-203. [PMID: 18691633 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) and retinoic acid (RA) have been demonstrated to be the inducers of morphological differentiation in SH-SY5Y cells, a human catecholaminergic neuroblastoma cell line. However, it remains unclear whether morphologically differentiated SH-SY5Y cells by these compounds acquire catecholaminergic properties. We focused on the alteration of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and intracellular content of noradrenaline (NA) as the indicators of functional differentiation. Three days treatment with dbcAMP (1mM) and RA (10microM) induced morphological changes and an increase of TH-positive cells using immunocytochemical analysis in SH-SY5Y cells. The percentage of TH-expressing cells in dbcAMP (1mM) treatment was larger than that in RA (10microM) treatment. In addition, dbcAMP increased intracellular NA content, whereas RA did not. The dbcAMP-induced increase in TH-expressing cells is partially inhibited by KT5720, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. We also investigated the effect of butyrate on SH-SY5Y cells, because dbcAMP is enzymatically degraded by intracellular esterase, thereby resulting in the formation of butyrate. Butyrate induced the increase of NA content at lower concentrations than dbcAMP, although the increase in TH-expressing cells by butyrate was smaller than that by dbcAMP. The dbcAMP (1mM)- and butyrate (0.3mM)-induced increase in NA content was completely suppressed by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (1mM), an inhibitor of TH. These results suggest that dbcAMP induces differentiation into the noradrenergic phenotype through both PKA activation and butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Osakada F, Ikeda H, Mandai M, Wataya T, Watanabe K, Yoshimura N, Akaike A, Akaike A, Sasai Y, Takahashi M. Toward the generation of rod and cone photoreceptors from mouse, monkey and human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:215-24. [PMID: 18246062 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into retinal progenitors. However, these progenitors rarely differentiate into photoreceptors unless they are cultured with embryonic retinal tissues. Here we show the in vitro generation of putative rod and cone photoreceptors from mouse, monkey and human ES cells by stepwise treatments under defined culture conditions, in the absence of retinal tissues. With mouse ES cells, Crx+ photoreceptor precursors were induced from Rx+ retinal progenitors by treatment with a Notch signal inhibitor. Further application of fibroblast growth factors, Shh, taurine and retinoic acid yielded a greater number of rhodopsin+ rod photoreceptors, in addition to default cone production. With monkey and human ES cells, feeder- and serum-free suspension culture combined with Wnt and Nodal inhibitors induced differentiation of Rx+ or Mitf+ retinal progenitors, which produced retinal pigment epithelial cells. Subsequent treatment with retinoic acid and taurine induced photoreceptor differentiation. These findings may facilitate the development of human ES cell-based transplantation therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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