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Chatterjee M, Roschitzki B, Grossmann J, Rathinam M, Kunz L, Wolski W, Panse C, Yadav J, Schlapbach R, Rao U, Sreevathsa R. Developmental stage-specific proteome analysis of the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata provides insights on relevant proteins. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127666. [PMID: 37890743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a destructive insect pest that inflicts significant productivity losses on important leguminous crops. Unravelling insect proteomes is vital to comprehend their fundamental molecular mechanisms. This research delved into the proteome profiles of four distinct stages -three larval and pupa of M. vitrata, utilizing LC-MS/MS label-free quantification-based methods. Employing comprehensive proteome analysis with fractionated datasets, we mapped 75 % of 3459 Drosophila protein orthologues out of which 2695 were identified across all developmental stages while, 137 and 94 were exclusive to larval and pupal stages respectively. Cluster analysis of 2248 protein orthologues derived from MaxQuant quantitative dataset depicted six clusters based on expression pattern similarity across stages. Consequently, gene ontology and protein-protein interaction network analyses using STRING database identified cluster 1 (58 proteins) and cluster 6 (25 proteins) associated with insect immune system and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, qRT-PCR-based expression analyses of ten selected proteins-coding genes authenticated the proteome data. Subsequently, functional validation of these chosen genes through gene silencing reduced their transcript abundance accompanied by a marked increase in mortality among dsRNA-injected larvae. Overall, this is a pioneering study to effectively develop a proteome atlas of M. vitrata as a potential resource for crop protection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Chatterjee
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bernd Roschitzki
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maniraj Rathinam
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Laura Kunz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Witold Wolski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Panse
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Amphipole, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ralph Schlapbach
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India; Engrave Bio Labs Pvt.Ltd., Shanthipuram, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, India.
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Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of developmental features in the immune system of Plutella xylostella during larva-to-adult metamorphosis. Genomics 2022; 114:110381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chan SF, Wen QQ, Ao CM, Wang W, Wang CG, Zhao YF. Transcriptome responses of RNAi-mediated ETH knockdown in Scylla paramamosain at different premolt substages. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:917088. [PMID: 35966071 PMCID: PMC9370559 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.917088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) plays an important role in molting, reproduction, and courtship behavior in insects. To investigate the potential downstream pathways and genes of ETH in Scylla paramamosain, RNA interference (RNAi) was conducted on crabs at early (D0) and late (D2) premolt substages, and the transcriptome profiles of each group were compared by RNA sequencing. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results showed a significant knockdown of ETH at D0 stage, whereas a significant increase was shown conversely in crabs at D2 substage after the injection of dsETH. A total of 242,979 transcripts were assembled, and 44,012 unigenes were identified. Transcriptomic comparison between crabs at D2 and D0 substages showed 2,683 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); these genes were enriched in ribosome and pathways related to transcription factor complex and cell part. Twenty DEGs were identified between dsETH-injected and dsGFP-injected crabs at D0 substage; these DEGs were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, one carbon pool by folate, and chitin binding. Twenty-six DEGs were identified between dsETH-injected and dsGFP-injected crabs at D2 substage; these DEGs were involved in calcium channel inhibitor activity, fat digestion and absorption, and cardiac muscle contraction. RT-qPCR verified the differential expression of the selected genes. In conclusion, crabs at D0 substage are more active in preparing the macromolecular complex that is needed for molting. Moreover, ETH has potential roles in carbohydrate metabolism, one carbon pool by folate, and chitin binding for crabs at D0 substage, while the role of ETH turns to be involved in calcium channel inhibitor activity, fat digestion and absorption, and cardiac muscle contraction at D2 substage to facilitate the occurrence of molting. The selected DEGs provide valuable insight into the role of ETH in the regulation of crustacean molting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi-Qiao Wen
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chun-Mei Ao
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Gui Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan-Fei Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Fei Zhao,
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Does Differential Receptor Distribution Underlie Variable Responses to a Neuropeptide in the Lobster Cardiac System? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168703. [PMID: 34445418 PMCID: PMC8395929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Central pattern generators produce rhythmic behaviors independently of sensory input; however, their outputs can be modulated by neuropeptides, thereby allowing for functional flexibility. We investigated the effects of C-type allatostatins (AST-C) on the cardiac ganglion (CG), which is the central pattern generator that controls the heart of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, to identify the biological mechanism underlying the significant variability in individual responses to AST-C. We proposed that the presence of multiple receptors, and thus differential receptor distribution, was at least partly responsible for this observed variability. Using transcriptome mining and PCR-based cloning, we identified four AST-C receptors (ASTCRs) in the CG; we then characterized their cellular localization, binding potential, and functional activation. Only two of the four receptors, ASTCR1 and ASTCR2, were fully functional GPCRs that targeted to the cell surface and were activated by AST-C peptides in our insect cell expression system. All four, however, were amplified from CG cDNAs. Following the confirmation of ASTCR expression, we used physiological and bioinformatic techniques to correlate receptor expression with cardiac responses to AST-C across individuals. Expression of ASTCR1 in the CG showed a negative correlation with increasing contraction amplitude in response to AST-C perfusion through the lobster heart, suggesting that the differential expression of ASTCRs within the CG is partly responsible for the specific physiological response to AST-C exhibited by a given individual lobster.
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Transcriptional Responses of the Trichoplusia ni Midgut to Oral Infection by the Baculovirus Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00353-19. [PMID: 31043536 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00353-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculoviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that are virulent pathogens of certain insect species. In a natural host, Trichoplusia ni, infection by the model baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) begins when the occluded form of the virus disassembles in the midgut and virions infect midgut epithelial cells to establish the primary phase of the infection. To better understand the primary phase of the AcMNPV infection cycle, newly molted 5th-instar T. ni larvae were orally infected with AcMNPV occlusion bodies and the transcriptional responses of the T. ni midgut were analyzed at various times from 0 to 72 h postinfection, using transcriptome sequencing analysis and a T. ni reference genome. The numbers of differentially expressed host genes increased as the infection progressed, and we identified a total of 3,372 differentially expressed T. ni transcripts in the AcMNPV-infected midgut. Genes encoding orthologs of HMG176, atlastin, and CPH43 were among the most dramatically upregulated in response to AcMNPV infection. A number of cytochrome P450 genes were downregulated in response to infection. We also identified the effects of AcMNPV infection on a large variety of genes associated with innate immunity. This analysis provides an abundance of new and detailed information on host responses to baculovirus infection during the primary phase of the infection in the midgut and will be important for understanding how baculoviruses establish productive infections in the organism.IMPORTANCE Baculoviruses are virulent pathogens of a number of important insect pest species. In the host Trichoplusia ni, infection begins in the midgut when infectious virions of the occlusion-derived virus (ODV) phenotype enter and subsequently replicate in cells of the midgut epithelium. A second virion phenotype (budded virus [BV]) is produced there, and BV mediates systemic infection of the animal. Most prior detailed studies of baculovirus infections have focused on BV infections of cultured cells. In this study, we examined the transcriptional responses of the T. ni midgut to infection by ODV of the baculovirus AcMNPV and identified a variety of host genes that respond dramatically to viral infection. Understanding the transcriptional responses of the host midgut to viral infection is critically important for understanding the biphasic infection in the animal as a whole.
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Song Y, Villeneuve DL, Toyota K, Iguchi T, Tollefsen KE. Ecdysone Receptor Agonism Leading to Lethal Molting Disruption in Arthropods: Review and Adverse Outcome Pathway Development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4142-4157. [PMID: 28355071 PMCID: PMC6135102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molting is critical for growth, development, reproduction, and survival in arthropods. Complex neuroendocrine pathways are involved in the regulation of molting and may potentially become targets of environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Based on several known ED mechanisms, a wide range of pesticides has been developed to combat unwanted organisms in food production activities such as agriculture and aquaculture. Meanwhile, these chemicals may also pose hazards to nontarget species by causing molting defects, and thus potentially affecting the health of the ecosystems. The present review summarizes the available knowledge on molting-related endocrine regulation and chemically mediated disruption in arthropods (with special focus on insects and crustaceans), to identify research gaps and develop a mechanistic model for assessing environmental hazards of these compounds. Based on the review, multiple targets of EDCs in the molting processes were identified and the link between mode of action (MoA) and adverse effects characterized to inform future studies. An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) describing ecdysone receptor agonism leading to incomplete ecdysis associated mortality was developed according to the OECD guideline and subjected to weight of evidence considerations by evolved Bradford Hill Criteria. This review proposes the first invertebrate ED AOP and may serve as a knowledge foundation for future environmental studies and AOP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding Author: Knut Erik Tollefsen, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Tlf.: 02348, Fax: (+47) 22 18 52 00, , You Song, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Tlf.: 02348, Fax: (+47) 22 18 52 00,
| | | | - Kenji Toyota
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Department of Basic Biology, Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Section of Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV). P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Corresponding Author: Knut Erik Tollefsen, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Tlf.: 02348, Fax: (+47) 22 18 52 00, , You Song, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway. Tlf.: 02348, Fax: (+47) 22 18 52 00,
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Toprak U, Erlandson M, Baldwin D, Karcz S, Wan L, Coutu C, Gillott C, Hegedus DD. Identification of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) peritrophic matrix proteins and enzymes involved in peritrophic matrix chitin metabolism. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:656-674. [PMID: 25846407 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is essential for insect digestive system physiology as it protects the midgut epithelium from damage by food particles, pathogens, and toxins. The PM is also an attractive target for development of new pest control strategies due to its per os accessibility. To understand how the PM performs these functions, the molecular architecture of the PM was examined using genomic and proteomic approaches in Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of cruciferous oilseed crops in North America. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of the PM identified 82 proteins classified as: (i) peritrophins, including a new class with a CBDIII domain; (ii) enzymes involved in chitin modification (chitin deacetylases), digestion (serine proteases, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, lipases and α-amylase) or other reactions (β-1,3-glucanase, alkaline phosphatase, dsRNase, astacin, pantetheinase); (iii) a heterogenous group consisting of polycalin, REPATs, serpin, C-Type lectin and Lsti99/Lsti201 and 3 novel proteins without known orthologs. The genes encoding PM proteins were expressed predominantly in the midgut. cDNAs encoding chitin synthase-2 (McCHS-2), chitinase (McCHI), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (McNAG) enzymes, involved in PM chitin metabolism, were also identified. McCHS-2 expression was specific to the midgut indicating that it is responsible for chitin synthesis in the PM, the only chitinous material in the midgut. In contrast, the genes encoding the chitinolytic enzymes were expressed in multiple tissues. McCHS-2, McCHI, and McNAG were expressed in the midgut of feeding larvae, and NAG activity was present in the PM. This information was used to generate an updated model of the lepidopteran PM architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin Erlandson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Doug Baldwin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Steve Karcz
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lianglu Wan
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cedric Gillott
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Ji MM, Liu AQ, Sima YH, Xu SQ. 20-Hydroxyecdysone stimulates nuclear accumulation of BmNep1, a nuclear ribosome biogenesis-related protein in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:617-628. [PMID: 27329527 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathway of communication between endocrine hormones and ribosome biogenesis critical for physiological adaptation is largely unknown. Nucleolar essential protein 1 (Nep1) is an essential gene for ribosome biogenesis and is functionally conserved in many in vertebrate and invertebrate species. In this study, we cloned Bombyx mori Nep1 (BmNep1) due to its high expression in silk glands of silkworms on day 3 of the fifth instar. We found that BmNep1 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in silk glands during fourth-instar ecdysis and larval-pupal metamorphosis. By immunoprecipitation with the anti-BmNep1 antibody and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses, it was shown that BmNep1 probably interacts with proteins related to ribosome structure formation. Immunohistochemistry, biochemical fractionation and immunocytochemistry revealed that BmNep1 is localized to the nuclei in Bombyx cells. Using BmN cells originally derived from ovaries, we demonstrated that 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) induced BmNep1 expression and stimulated nuclear accumulation of BmNep1. Under physiological conditions, BmNep1 was also upregulated in ovaries during larval-pupal metamorphosis. Overall, our results indicate that the endocrine hormone 20E facilitates nuclear accumulation of BmNep1, which is involved in nuclear ribosome biogenesis in Bombyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-M Ji
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - A-Q Liu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Y-H Sima
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - S-Q Xu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NESER), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Hou Y, Zhang Y, Gong J, Tian S, Li J, Dong Z, Guo C, Peng L, Zhao P, Xia Q. Comparative proteomics analysis of silkworm hemolymph during the stages of metamorphosis via liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2016; 16:1421-31. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Sha Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Li Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology; Southwest University; Beibei, Chongqing P. R. China
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Wang JL, Chen L, Tang L, Zhao HB, Liu XS, Wang YF. 20-hydroxyecdysone transcriptionally regulates humoral immunity in the fat body of Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:842-856. [PMID: 25224836 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) increases its titre level during the wandering stage and influences innate immunity in many holometabolous insects. However, the function of 20E as an immune-activator or -suppressor needs to be determined. Here, the transcriptome of the peptidoglycan-challenged fat body of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, was analysed using Illumina sequencing technology. Overall, 32 073 unigenes were assembled with a mean length of 643 nucleotides. Gene expression dynamics in the fat body during the wandering stage and of peptidoglycan-challenged individuals were investigated by the digital gene expression system. Pattern recognition receptors [such as peptidoglycan recognition protein B (PGRP B), PGRP S2 precursor, C-type lectin 5, hemolin and β-1,3-glucan recognition protein 2a] and antimicrobial peptides (namely attacin, gloverin, gloverin precursor, gloverin-like, cecropin 2, cecropin D, cecropin D-like and i-type lysozyme) significantly increased their mRNA levels during the wandering stage. 20E treatment significantly induced the expression of these genes. Antibacterial activities were also enhanced during the wandering stage and after 20E injections. Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan induced the expression of PGRP D, PGRP B, PGRP S2 precursor, gloverin, gloverin precursor, gloverin-like, cecropin 2, cecropin D and lebocin-like genes. These results demonstrate that 20E acts by enhancing humoral immunity in H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Zhang W, Xia Y. ER type I signal peptidase subunit (LmSPC1) is essential for the survival of Locusta migratoria manilensis and affects moulting, feeding, reproduction and embryonic development. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:269-285. [PMID: 24467622 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum type I signal peptidase complex (ER SPC) is a conserved enzyme that cleaves the signal peptides of secretory or membrane preproteins. The deletion of this enzyme leads to the accumulation of uncleaved proteins in biomembranes and cell death. However, the physiological functions of ER SPC in insects are not fully understood. Here, a catalytic subunit gene of ER SPC, LmSPC1, was cloned from Locusta migratoria manilensis and its physiological functions were analysed by RNA interference (RNAi). The LmSPC1 open reading frame encoded a protein of 178 amino acids with all five conserved regions of signal peptidases. RNAi-mediated knockdown of LmSPC1 resulted in high mortality. Sixty-nine per cent of dead nymphs died of abnormal moulting, corresponding to decreased activity of moulting fluid protease. Moreover, insects in the RNAi group experienced a decline in food intake, and a decrease in the secretion of total protein and digestive enzymes from midgut tissues to the midgut lumen. Furthermore, the females produced fewer eggs and eggs with disrupted embryogenesis. These results indicate that LmSPC1 is required for the secretion of secretory proteins, affects physiological functions, including moulting, feeding, reproduction and embryonic development, and is essential for survival. Therefore, LmSPC1 may be a potential target for locust control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, The Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Expression Regulation, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Dong DJ, Liu W, Cai MJ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone regulation of the very-high-density lipoprotein (VHDL) receptor phosphorylation for VHDL uptake. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:328-335. [PMID: 23416133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the metamorphic stage of holometabolous insects, the biosynthetic precursors needed for the synthesis of a large number of adult proteins are acquired from the selective absorption of storage proteins. The very-high-density lipoprotein (VHDL), a non-hexameric storage protein, is consumed by the fat body from the hemolymph through VHDL receptor (VHDL-R)-mediated endocytosis. However, the mechanism of the uptake of VHDL by a VHDL-R remains unclear. In this study, a VHDL-R from Helicoverpa armigera was found to be involved in 20E-regulated VHDL uptake through the regulation of steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The transcripts of VHDL-R were detected mainly in the fat body and integument during the wandering stage. The transcription of VHDL-R was upregulated by 20E through the ecdysteroid receptor (EcRB1) and Ultraspiracle (USP1). In addition, 20E stimulates the phosphorylation of VHDL-R through protein kinase C for ligand binding. VHDL-R knockdown in larvae results the inhibition of development to adulthood. These data imply that 20E regulates VHDL-R on both transcriptional and posttranslational levels for VHDL absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Juan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 Shandong, China
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Gala A, Fang Y, Woltedji D, Zhang L, Han B, Feng M, Li J. Changes of proteome and phosphoproteome trigger embryo–larva transition of honeybee worker (Apis mellifera ligustica). J Proteomics 2013; 78:428-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mod(mdg4) participates in hormonally regulated midgut programmed cell death during metamorphosis. Apoptosis 2012; 17:1327-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Nguyen Q, Palfreyman RW, Chan LCL, Reid S, Nielsen LK. Transcriptome sequencing of and microarray development for a Helicoverpa zea cell line to investigate in vitro insect cell-baculovirus interactions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36324. [PMID: 22629315 PMCID: PMC3356360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Heliothine insect complex contains some of the most destructive pests of agricultural crops worldwide, including the closely related Helicoverpa zea and H. armigera. Biological control using baculoviruses is practiced at a moderate level worldwide. In order to enable more wide spread use, a better understanding of cell-virus interactions is required. While many baculoviruses have been sequenced, none of the Heliothine insect genomes have been available. In this study, we sequenced, assembled and functionally annotated 29,586 transcripts from cultured H. zea cells using Illumina 100 bps and paired-end transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). The transcript sequences had high assembly coverage (64.5 times). 23,401 sequences had putative protein functions, and over 13,000 sequences had high similarities to available sequences in other insect species. The sequence database was estimated to cover at least 85% of all H. zea genes. The sequences were used to construct a microarray, which was evaluated on the infection of H. zea cells with H. Armigera single-capsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV). The analysis revealed that up-regulation of apoptosis genes is the main cellular response in the early infection phase (18 hours post infection), while genes linked to four major immunological signalling pathways (Toll, IMD, Jak-STAT and JNK) were down-regulated. Only small changes (generally downwards) were observed for central carbon metabolism. The transcriptome and microarray platform developed in this study represent a greatly expanded resource base for H. zea insect- HearNPV interaction studies, in which key cellular pathways such as those for metabolism, immune response, transcription and replication have been identified. This resource will be used to develop better cell culture-based virus production processes, and more generally to investigate the molecular basis of host range and susceptibility, virus infectivity and virulence, and the ecology and evolution of baculoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Nguyen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robin W. Palfreyman
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leslie C. L. Chan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven Reid
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars K. Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Transcriptional changes in Teladorsagia circumcincta upon encountering host tissue of differing immune status. Parasitology 2012; 139:387-405. [PMID: 22216973 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011002010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate transcriptional changes in the parasitic nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta upon encountering either naïve or immune ovine hosts. Pools of 100 000 exsheathed 3rd- stage T. circumcincta larvae were exposed in vitro to either an immune or naïve ovine abomasal environment, RNA was extracted from the larvae and sequenced using the Roche 454 platform. Each sample produced approximately 82 000 reads that assembled to give approximately 5500 Isotigs (contigs). The two sequence datasets were clustered together to give a total of 6969 clusters of which 18 were differentially expressed (P<0·001) between the two groups. Clusters with a predominance of reads in larvae exposed to the immune abomasal environment encoded homologues of peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, heat shock-protein 16-2 and IDA-1, a tyrosine phosphatase-like receptor protein. Clusters with a predominance of reads in the naïve environment encoded homologues of cytochrome b, EGg Laying defective family member 21 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5. Gene ontology analyses indicated that larvae exposed to the immune environment showed an increase in expression of genes involved in 'carbon utilization', 'response to stimulus' and 'developmental process'. These data suggest that T. circumcincta modulates gene expression in response to the immune status of the host.
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The apoptosis inhibitor survivin prevents insect midgut from cell death during postembryonic development. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1691-9. [PMID: 21633890 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The programmed cell death (PCD) is important in maintaining the cell number homoeostasis of tissues and organs in metazoan. This process is regulated by the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). The function and mechanism of IAPs have been well studied in animal embryonic development and human cancers. However, the roles and hormonal regulation of IAPs in the postembryonic development are not well understood. We report that an IAP survivin (Ha-survivin) played roles in the postembryonic development of the midgut in a lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. Ha-survivin was transcribed not only in the embryo, but also in the haemocytes, fat body and midgut during larval molting or pupal adulting. The transcription of Ha-survivin was upregulated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Ha-survivin was located in the embryonic cells around the periplasm of the eggs during embryonic development. It was also located in the epithelium cells of the midgut in the fifth molting larvae and later pupae. Knockdown of Ha-survivin by RNAi in the epidermal cell line caused cell apoptosis. These results indicated that Ha-survivin played roles not only in the embryonic development, but also in the postembryonic tissue development by preventing cell death.
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Broehan G, Arakane Y, Beeman RW, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H. Chymotrypsin-like peptidases from Tribolium castaneum: a role in molting revealed by RNA interference. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:274-283. [PMID: 19897036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin-like peptidases (CTLPs) of insects are primarily secreted into the gut lumen where they act as digestive enzymes. We studied the gene family encoding CTLPs in the genome of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Using an extended search pattern, we identified 14 TcCTLP genes that encode peptidases with S1 specificity pocket residues typically found in chymotrypsin-like enzymes. We further analyzed the expression patterns of seven TcCTLP genes at various developmental stages. While some TcCTLP genes were exclusively expressed in feeding larval and adult stages (TcCTLP-5A/B, TcCTLP-6A), others were also detected in non-feeding embryonic (TcCTLP-5C, TcCTLP-6D) and pupal stages (TcCTLP-5C, TcCTLP-6C/D/E). TcCTLP genes were expressed predominantly in the midgut, where they presumably function in digestion. However, TcCTLP-6C and TcCTLP-5C also showed considerable expression in the carcass. The latter two genes might therefore encode peptidases that act as molting fluid enzymes. To test this hypothesis, we performed western blots using protein extracts from larval exuviae. The extracts reacted with antibodies to TcCTLP-5C and TcCTLP-6E suggesting that the corresponding peptidases are secreted into the molting fluid. Finally, we performed systemic RNAi experiments. While injections of five TcCTLP-dsRNAs into penultimate larvae did not affect growth or development, injection of dsRNA for TcCTLP-5C and TcCTLP-6C resulted in severe molting defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Broehan
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Division of Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Zheng WW, Yang DT, Wang JX, Song QS, Gilbert LI, Zhao XF. Hsc70 binds to ultraspiracle resulting in the upregulation of 20-hydroxyecdsone-responsive genes in Helicoverpa armigera. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:282-91. [PMID: 19897013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To probe the specific functions of the chaperone protein Hsc70 in 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling, we report on the roles of the Hsc70 from Helicoverpa armigera. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the genes for HaEcRB1 and HaUSP1 were upregulated in 5th molting and metamorphic molting larvae, whereas HaHsc70 maintained a constitutive expression level throughout larval development. Silencing HaEcRB1, HaUSP1 or HaHsc70 by RNAi inhibited the expression of a set of 20E-responsive genes. Immunocytochemical assay demonstrated that HaHsc70 is located predominantly in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells and partially translocated to the nucleus after stimulation by 20E. Knockdown of HaHsc70 by RNAi decreased the amount of both HaEcRB1 and HaUSP1 in the nucleus. HaHsc70 was capable of binding to HaUSP1 in pull-down assays. These data suggest that Hsc70 participates in the 20E signal transduction pathway via binding to USP1 and mediating the expression of EcRB1, USP1 and then a set of 20E-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Shanda Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
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Wang LF, Chai LQ, He HJ, Wang Q, Wang JX, Zhao XF. A cathepsin L-like proteinase is involved in moulting and metamorphosis in Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19:99-111. [PMID: 20002797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Holometabolous insects undergo larval moulting and metamorphosis within their life cycle. A cDNA encoding the cathepsin L-like proteinase Ha-cathL has been cloned from Helicoverpa armigera. It has a sequence of 1826 bp and encodes a 550-residue protein with a molecular mass of 63 kDa. Northern blot analysis indicated that Ha-cathL is specifically expressed in haemocytes, with increased expression during larval moulting and metamorphosis. In vivo experimentation revealed that Ha-cathL is up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone. Meanwhile, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry revealed that Ha-cathL mRNA is mainly expressed in granulocytes and plasmatocytes. Knock down of cathepsin L by RNA interference results in larvae death before pupation or the formation of a chimeric pupa containing a larval head and thorax, abnormal wings and the pupal abdomen. The reason for this is that the affected haemocytes cannot become granulated, and therefore cannot participate in fat body remodelling and wing development. These facts suggest that Ha-cathL is involved in larval moulting and metamorphosis by participating in the functioning of haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-F Wang
- School of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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22
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He HJ, Wang Q, Zheng WW, Wang JX, Song QS, Zhao XF. Function of nuclear transport factor 2 and Ran in the 20E signal transduction pathway in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:1. [PMID: 20044931 PMCID: PMC2830935 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear transport factor 2 and small GTPase Ran participate in the nucleo-cytoplasm transport of macromolecules, but their function in the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signal transduction pathway are not well known. Results A 703 bp encoding Ntf2 and a 1233 bp encoding Ran full-length cDNAs were cloned from Helicoverpa armigera, and named Ha-Ntf2 and Ha-Ran, respectively. Northern blot and immunoblotting revealed that Ha-Ntf2 had an obviously higher expression levels in the head-thorax and integument of the metamorphically committed larvae. In contrast, the expression of Ha-Ran did not show obvious variation at various developmental stages in four tissues by immunoblotting analysis, except in the midgut, which showed increased expression from 5th-36 h (molting) to 6th-48 h. Both expressions of Ha-Ntf2 and Ha-Ran could be upregulated by 20E in vitro. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Ha-Ntf2 and Ha-Ran were primarily localized in the nucleus of various tissues. Protein binding assay and co-immunoprecipitation indicated that Ha-Ntf2 and Ha-Ran can combine with each other in vitro and in vivo. Knock down of Ha-Ntf2 or Ha-Ran by RNAi resulted in the suppression of other 20E regulated genes including EcR-B1, USP1, E75B, BR-CZ2, HHR3 and Ha-eIF5c. In addition, the knockdown of Ha-Ntf2 resulted in Ha-Ran being prevented in the cytoplasm. The nuclear location of the ecdysone receptor b1 (EcR-B1) was also blocked after the knockdown of Ha-Ntf2 and Ha-Ran. Conclusion These evidences suggested that Ha-Ntf2 and Ha-Ran participated in the 20E signal transduction pathway by regulating the location of EcR-B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Juan He
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
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Fu Q, Liu PC, Wang JX, Song QS, Zhao XF. Proteomic identification of differentially expressed and phosphorylated proteins in epidermis involved in larval-pupal metamorphosis of Helicoverpa armigera. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:600. [PMID: 20003373 PMCID: PMC2806347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metamorphosis is an important process in the life cycle of holometabolous insects and is regulated by insect hormones. During metamorphosis, the epidermis goes through a significant transformation at the biochemical and molecular levels. RESULTS To identify proteins and phosphoproteins involved in this process, we separated and compared epidermal protein profiles between feeding larvae and metamorphically committed larvae using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Pro-Q Diamond Phosphoprotein Staining. Sixty-one spots showing differential expression and/or phosphorylation were analyzed by mass spectrometry and eighteen proteins were proved related to larval-pupal transformation. Eight of them were further examined at the mRNA level by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and two of them were examined at the protein level by Western blot. Calponin was highly expressed in the metamorphic epidermis and phosphorylated by protein kinase C. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the expression and phosphorylation of these proteins may play important roles in coordinating the biochemical processes involved in larval-pupal metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- School of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Peng-Cheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
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Expressed sequence tags from larval gut of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis): exploring candidate genes potentially involved in Bacillus thuringiensis toxicity and resistance. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:286. [PMID: 19558725 PMCID: PMC2717985 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lepidoptera represents more than 160,000 insect species which include some of the most devastating pests of crops, forests, and stored products. However, the genomic information on lepidopteran insects is very limited. Only a few studies have focused on developing expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries from the guts of lepidopteran larvae. Knowledge of the genes that are expressed in the insect gut are crucial for understanding basic physiology of food digestion, their interactions with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, and for discovering new targets for novel toxins for use in pest management. This study analyzed the ESTs generated from the larval gut of the European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis), one of the most destructive pests of corn in North America and the western world. Our goals were to establish an ECB larval gut-specific EST database as a genomic resource for future research and to explore candidate genes potentially involved in insect-Bt interactions and Bt resistance in ECB. Results We constructed two cDNA libraries from the guts of the fifth-instar larvae of ECB and sequenced a total of 15,000 ESTs from these libraries. A total of 12,519 ESTs (83.4%) appeared to be high quality with an average length of 656 bp. These ESTs represented 2,895 unique sequences, including 1,738 singletons and 1,157 contigs. Among the unique sequences, 62.7% encoded putative proteins that shared significant sequence similarities (E-value ≤ 10-3)with the sequences available in GenBank. Our EST analysis revealed 52 candidate genes that potentially have roles in Bt toxicity and resistance. These genes encode 18 trypsin-like proteases, 18 chymotrypsin-like proteases, 13 aminopeptidases, 2 alkaline phosphatases and 1 cadherin-like protein. Comparisons of expression profiles of 41 selected candidate genes between Cry1Ab-susceptible and resistant strains of ECB by RT-PCR showed apparently decreased expressions in 2 trypsin-like and 2 chymotrypsin-like protease genes, and 1 aminopeptidase genes in the resistant strain as compared with the susceptible strain. In contrast, the expression of 3 trypsin- like and 3 chymotrypsin-like protease genes, 2 aminopeptidase genes, and 2 alkaline phosphatase genes were increased in the resistant strain. Such differential expressions of the candidate genes may suggest their involvement in Cry1Ab resistance. Indeed, certain trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like proteases have previously been found to activate or degrade Bt protoxins and toxins, whereas several aminopeptidases, cadherin-like proteins and alkaline phosphatases have been demonstrated to serve as Bt receptor proteins in other insect species. Conclusion We developed a relatively large EST database consisting of 12,519 high-quality sequences from a total of 15,000 cDNAs from the larval gut of ECB. To our knowledge, this database represents the largest gut-specific EST database from a lepidopteran pest. Our work provides a foundation for future research to develop an ECB gut-specific DNA microarray which can be used to analyze the global changes of gene expression in response to Bt protoxins/toxins and the genetic difference(s) between Bt- resistant and susceptible strains. Furthermore, we identified 52 candidate genes that may potentially be involved in Bt toxicity and resistance. Differential expressions of 15 out of the 41 selected candidate genes examined by RT-PCR, including 5 genes with apparently decreased expression and 10 with increased expression in Cry1Ab-resistant strain, may help us conclusively identify the candidate genes involved in Bt resistance and provide us with new insights into the mechanism of Cry1Ab resistance in ECB.
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Sui YP, Liu XB, Chai LQ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Characterization and influences of classical insect hormones on the expression profiles of a molting carboxypeptidase A from the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:353-363. [PMID: 19523067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molting is a very important physiological behavior to arthropods. During molting, integument apolysis occurs, which is the digestion and absorption of the old endocuticle for new cuticle formation. Proteases play critical roles in this process. Molting carboxypeptidase A (Ha-CPA) is characterized from Helicoverpa armigera. The Ha-CPA transcript was mainly present in the integument from the 5th instar larvae. In the integument, the transcription level of the gene reached its peak at the 5th instar molting stage and the 6th instar prepupal stage, respectively. The examination of immunohistochemistry revealed that Ha-CPA could distribute into the molting fluid in the molting- and prepupal-stage larvae. The expression of Ha-CPA could be up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). These facts indicate that Ha-CPA participates in the apolysis of the integument during larval molting and metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-P Sui
- Shandong University, Jinan, China
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26
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Dong DJ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. A eukaryotic initiation factor 5C is upregulated during metamorphosis in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:19. [PMID: 19267937 PMCID: PMC2667495 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The orthologs of eukaryotic initiation factor 5C (eIF5C) are essential to the initiation of protein translation, and their regulation during development is not well known. Results A cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 419 amino acids containing an N-terminal leucine zipper motif and a C-terminal eIF5C domain was cloned from metamorphic larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. It was subsequently named Ha-eIF5C. Quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) revealed a high expression of the mRNA of Ha-eIF5C in the head-thorax, integument, midgut, and fat body during metamorphosis. Immunohistochemistry suggested that Ha-eIF5C was distributed into both the cytoplasm and the nucleus in the midgut, fat body and integument. Ha-eIF5C expression was upregulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Furthermore, the transcription of Ha-eIF5C was down regulated after silencing of ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) or Ultraspiracle protein (USP) by RNAi. Conclusion These results suggested that during metamorphosis of the cotton bollworm, Ha-eIF5C was upregulated by 20E through the EcR and USP transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Juan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China.
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WILLIAMS ELIZABETHA, DEGNAN BERNARDM, GUNTER HELEN, JACKSON DANIELJ, WOODCROFT BENJ, DEGNAN SANDIEM. Widespread transcriptional changes pre-empt the critical pelagic-benthic transition in the vetigastropodHaliotis asinina. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:1006-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shao HL, Zheng WW, Liu PC, Wang Q, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Establishment of a new cell line from lepidopteran epidermis and hormonal regulation on the genes. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3127. [PMID: 18769621 PMCID: PMC2518862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When an insect molts, old cuticle on the outside of the integument is shed by apolysis and a new cuticle is formed under the old one. This process is completed by the epidermal cells which are controlled by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone. To understand the molecular mechanisms of integument remolding and hormonal regulation on the gene expression, an epidermal cell line from the 5th instar larval integument of Helicoverpa armigera was established and named HaEpi. The cell line has been cultured continuously for 82 passages beginning on June 30, 2005 until now. Cell doubling time was 64 h. The chromosomes were granular and the chromosome mode was from 70 to 76. Collagenase I was used to detach the cells from the flask bottom. Non-self pathogen AcMNPV induced the cells to apoptosis. The cell line was proved to be an epidermal cell line based on its unique gene expression pattern. It responded to 20E and the non-steroidal ecdysone agonist RH-2485. Its gene expression could be knocked down using RNA interference. Various genes in the cell line were investigated based on their response to 20E. This new cell line represents a platform for investigating the 20E signaling transduction pathway, the immune response mechanism in lepidopteran epidermis and interactions of the genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lian Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Sui YP, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Effects of classical insect hormones on the expression profiles of a lipase gene from the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 17:523-529. [PMID: 18828838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A 967-bp cDNA, encoding a 31 kDa lipase with an isoelectric point of 8.8, was cloned from Helicoverpa armigera. The gene was named Ha-lipase. The Ha-lipase transcript was present in the head-thorax, midgut and fat body but not in integument and haemocytes from 5th instar larvae, with higher expression levels in feeding larvae than that in molting larvae. In the midgut, transcription of the gene during the 5th instar larval period was lower than during the 6th instar period. While in the fat body, lipase was not found at the 6th instar stage but only at the 5th instar stage. The expression of Ha-lipase could be up-regulated by methoprene and down-regulated by methoxyfenozide (RH-2485) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Sui
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
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Identification and expression profile of a putative basement membrane protein gene in the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:76. [PMID: 17597546 PMCID: PMC1925069 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The midgut undergoes histolysis and remodeling during the larval to adult transition in holometabolous insects, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood. RESULTS Using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH), we identified a 531 bp cDNA predicted to encode a 176 amino acid protein, which we call hmg176. Northern and western blot analysis suggested that high levels of hmg176 are expressed in the midgut during molting, but not during metamorphosis. HMG176 protein was detected by immunofluorescence within the membrane of fat bodies and the basement membrane of the midgut of both molting and feeding larvae, but not in metamorphically committed larvae. In situ hybridization revealed that hmg176 transcripts mainly localized to the columnar cells of the midgut. Interestingly, a non-steroidal ecdysone agonist, RH-2485, significantly upregulated expression of hmg176. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that hmg176 encodes a larval-specific protein that may participate in sustaining larval midgut during larval development, possibly in response to ecdysteroid in vivo. This study will enlighten our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tissue histolysis during metamorphosis.
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