1
|
Liadaki K, Zafiriou E, Giannoulis T, Alexouda S, Chaidaki K, Gidarokosta P, Roussaki-Schulze AV, Tsiogkas SG, Daponte A, Mamuris Z, Bogdanos DP, Moschonas NK, Sarafidou T. PDE4 Gene Family Variants Are Associated with Response to Apremilast Treatment in Psoriasis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:369. [PMID: 38540428 PMCID: PMC10970167 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Moderate-to-severe psoriasis (Ps) treatment includes systemic drugs and biological agents. Apremilast, a small molecule primarily metabolized by cytochrome CYP3A4, modulates the immune system by specifically inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) isoforms and is currently used for the treatment of Ps and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Clinical trials and real-world data showed variable efficacy in response among Ps patients underlying the need for personalized therapy. This study implements a candidate-gene and a network-based approach to identify genetic markers associated with apremilast response in forty-nine Greek Ps patients. Our data revealed an association of sixty-four SNPs within or near PDE4 and CYP3A4 genes, four SNPs in ncRNAs ANRIL, LINC00941 and miR4706, which influence the abundance or function of PDE4s, and thirty-three SNPs within fourteen genes whose protein products either interact directly with PDE4 proteins or constitute components of the cAMP signaling pathway which is modulated by PDE4s. Notably, fifty-six of the aforementioned SNPs constitute eQTLs for the respective genes in relevant to psoriasis tissues/cells implying that these variants could be causal. Our analysis provides a number of novel genetic variants that, upon validation in larger cohorts, could be utilized as predictive markers regarding the response of Ps patients to apremilast treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Liadaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Efterpi Zafiriou
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (E.Z.); (K.C.); (P.G.); (A.-V.R.-S.)
| | | | - Sofia Alexouda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Kleoniki Chaidaki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (E.Z.); (K.C.); (P.G.); (A.-V.R.-S.)
| | - Polyxeni Gidarokosta
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (E.Z.); (K.C.); (P.G.); (A.-V.R.-S.)
| | - Angeliki-Viktoria Roussaki-Schulze
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (E.Z.); (K.C.); (P.G.); (A.-V.R.-S.)
| | - Sotirios G. Tsiogkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (S.G.T.); (A.D.); (D.P.B.)
| | - Athina Daponte
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (S.G.T.); (A.D.); (D.P.B.)
| | - Zissis Mamuris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (S.G.T.); (A.D.); (D.P.B.)
| | - Nicholas K. Moschonas
- School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Theologia Sarafidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.L.); (Z.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schepers M, Paes D, Tiane A, Rombaut B, Piccart E, van Veggel L, Gervois P, Wolfs E, Lambrichts I, Brullo C, Bruno O, Fedele E, Ricciarelli R, Ffrench-Constant C, Bechler ME, van Schaik P, Baron W, Lefevere E, Wasner K, Grünewald A, Verfaillie C, Baeten P, Broux B, Wieringa P, Hellings N, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T. Selective PDE4 subtype inhibition provides new opportunities to intervene in neuroinflammatory versus myelin damaging hallmarks of multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:1-22. [PMID: 36584795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by focal inflammatory lesions and prominent demyelination. Even though the currently available therapies are effective in treating the initial stages of disease, they are unable to halt or reverse disease progression into the chronic progressive stage. Thus far, no repair-inducing treatments are available for progressive MS patients. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of new therapeutic strategies either targeting the destructive immunological demyelination or boosting endogenous repair mechanisms. Using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, we demonstrate that selective inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), a family of enzymes that hydrolyzes and inactivates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), reduces inflammation and promotes myelin repair. More specifically, we segregated the myelination-promoting and anti-inflammatory effects into a PDE4D- and PDE4B-dependent process respectively. We show that inhibition of PDE4D boosts oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) differentiation and enhances (re)myelination of both murine OPCs and human iPSC-derived OPCs. In addition, PDE4D inhibition promotes in vivo remyelination in the cuprizone model, which is accompanied by improved spatial memory and reduced visual evoked potential latency times. We further identified that PDE4B-specific inhibition exerts anti-inflammatory effects since it lowers in vitro monocytic nitric oxide (NO) production and improves in vivo neurological scores during the early phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast to the pan PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast, the therapeutic dose of both the PDE4B-specific inhibitor A33 and the PDE4D-specific inhibitor Gebr32a did not trigger emesis-like side effects in rodents. Finally, we report distinct PDE4D isoform expression patterns in human area postrema neurons and human oligodendroglia lineage cells. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we confirmed that pde4d1/2 and pde4d6 are the key targets to induce OPC differentiation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that gene specific PDE4 inhibitors have potential as novel therapeutic agents for targeting the distinct disease processes of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schepers
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Dean Paes
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Piccart
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lieve van Veggel
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gervois
- Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Olga Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Charles Ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh bioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marie E Bechler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Pauline van Schaik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Evy Lefevere
- Rewind Therapeutics NV, Gaston Geenslaan 2, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kobi Wasner
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paulien Baeten
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paul Wieringa
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Complex Tissue Regeneration department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Hellings
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen L, Ye T, Wang X, Han L, Wang T, Qi D, Cheng X. The Mechanisms Underlying the Pharmacological Effects of GuiPi Decoction on Major Depressive Disorder based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023; 26:1701-1728. [PMID: 36045534 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220831152959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common affective disorder. GuiPi decoction (GPD) is used to treat depression in China, Japan, and Korea. However, its effective ingredients and antidepressant mechanisms remain unclear. We attempted to reveal the potential mechanisms of GPD in the treatment of MDD by network pharmacology and molecular docking. In addition, we conducted an enzymatic activity assay to validate the results of molecular docking. METHODS GPD-related compounds and targets, and MDD-related targets were retrieved from databases and literature. The herb-compound-target network was constructed by Cytoscape. The protein- protein interaction network was built using the STRING database to find key targets of GPD on MDD. Enrichment analysis of shared targets was analyzed by MetaCore database to obtain the potential pathway and biological process of GPD on MDD. The main active compounds treating MDD were screened by molecular docking. The PDE4s inhibitors were screened and verified by an enzyme activity assay. RESULTS GPD contained 1222 ingredients and 190 potential targets for anti-MDD. Possible biological processes regulated by GPD were neurophysiological processes, blood vessel morphogenesis, Camp Responsive Element Modulator (CREM) pathway, and Androgen Receptor (AR) signaling crosstalk in MDD. Potential pathways in MDD associated with GPD include neurotransmission, cell differentiation, androgen signaling, and estrogen signaling. Fumarine, m-cresol, quercetin, betasitosterol, fumarine, taraxasterol, and lupeol in GPD may be the targets of SLC6A4, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), DRD2, OPRM1, HTR3A, Albumin (ALB), and NTRK1, respectively. The IC50 values of trifolin targeting Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4A and girinimbine targeting PDE4B1 were 73.79 μM and 31.86 μM, respectively. The IC50 values of girinimbine and benzo[a]carbazole on PDE4B2 were 51.62 μM and 94.61 μM, respectively. CONCLUSION Different compounds in GPD may target the same protein, and the same component in GPD can target multiple targets. These results suggest that the effects of GPD on MDD are holistic and systematic, unlike the pattern of one drug-one target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Tianyuan Ye
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tongxing Wang
- GeneNet Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang W, Zhou H, Sun L, Li M, Gao F, Sun A, Zou X. Osthole-Mediated Inhibition of Neurotoxicity Induced by Ropivacaine via Amplification of the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signaling Pathway. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221088092. [PMID: 35392264 PMCID: PMC8980408 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221088092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Ropivacaine is widely used for clinical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. However, the neurotoxicity induced by ropivacaine in a concentration- and duration-dependent manner, and it is difficult to prevent neurotoxicity. Osthole inhibits phosphodiesterase-4 activity by binding to its catalytic site to prevent cAMP hydrolysis. The aim of this present study is to explore the precise molecular mechanism of osthole-mediated inhibition of neurotoxicity induced by ropivacaine. Methods: SH-SY5Y cell viability and apoptosis were measured in different concentration and duration. Protein concentration was determined in each signaling pathway. The molecular mechanism of osthole-mediated inhibition of ropivacaine-caused neurotoxicity was evaluated. Results The study demonstrated that osthole inhibits SH-SY5Y cells neurotoxicity in a duration- and concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, ropivacaine significantly increased the expression of caspase-3 by promoting the phosphorylation of p38. Osthole-induced upregulation of cAMP activated cAMP-dependent signaling pathway, sequentially leading to elevated cyclic nucleotide response element-binding protein levels, which inhibits P38-dependent signaling and decreases apoptosis of SH-SY5Y. Conclusions This study display the evidence confirmed the molecular mechanism by which osthole amplification of cAMP-dependent signaling pathway, and overexpression of cyclic nucleotide response element-binding protein inhibits P38-dependent signaling and decreases ropivacaine-induced SH-SY5Y apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WeiBing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated AnQing Municipal Hospitals of Anhui Medical University, AnQing, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated AnQing Municipal Hospitals of Anhui Medical University, AnQing, China
| | - LaiBao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospitals of Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - MeiNa Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospitals of Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - FengJiao Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospitals of Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - AiJiao Sun
- Department of Cardiovascularology, The Affiliated AnQing Municipal Hospital of Anhui Medical University, AnQing, China
| | - XueNong Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospitals of Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangZhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garcia-Concejo A, Larhammar D. Protein kinase C family evolution in jawed vertebrates. Dev Biol 2021; 479:77-90. [PMID: 34329618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) was one of the first kinases identified in human cells. It is now known to constitute a family of kinases that respond to diacylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and for some family members, Ca2+. They have a plethora of different functions, such as cell cycle regulation, immune response and memory formation. In mammals, 12 PKC family members have been described, usually divided into 4 different subfamilies. We present here a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the PKC genes in jawed vertebrates with special focus on the impact of the two tetraploidizations (1R and 2R) before the radiation of jawed vertebrates and the teleost tetraploidization (3R), as illuminated by synteny and paralogon analysis including many neighboring gene families. We conclude that the vertebrate predecessor had five PKC genes, as tunicates and lancelets still do, and that the PKC family should therefore ideally be organized into five subfamilies. The 1R and 2R events led to a total of 12 genes distributed among these five subfamilies. All 12 genes are still present in some of the major lineages of jawed vertebrates, including mammals, whereas birds and cartilaginous fishes have lost one member. The 3R event added another nine genes in teleosts, bringing the total to 21 genes. The zebrafish, a common experimental model animal, has retained 19. We have found no independent gene duplications. Thus, the genome doublings completely account for the complexity of this gene family in jawed vertebrates and have thereby had a huge impact on their evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Garcia-Concejo
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 593, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paes D, Schepers M, Rombaut B, van den Hove D, Vanmierlo T, Prickaerts J. The Molecular Biology of Phosphodiesterase 4 Enzymes as Pharmacological Targets: An Interplay of Isoforms, Conformational States, and Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1016-1049. [PMID: 34233947 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) enzyme family plays a pivotal role in regulating levels of the second messenger cAMP. Consequently, PDE4 inhibitors have been investigated as a therapeutic strategy to enhance cAMP signaling in a broad range of diseases, including several types of cancers, as well as in various neurologic, dermatological, and inflammatory diseases. Despite their widespread therapeutic potential, the progression of PDE4 inhibitors into the clinic has been hampered because of their related relatively small therapeutic window, which increases the chance of producing adverse side effects. Interestingly, the PDE4 enzyme family consists of several subtypes and isoforms that can be modified post-translationally or can engage in specific protein-protein interactions to yield a variety of conformational states. Inhibition of specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, or conformational states may lead to more precise effects and hence improve the safety profile of PDE4 inhibition. In this review, we provide an overview of the variety of PDE4 isoforms and how their activity and inhibition is influenced by post-translational modifications and interactions with partner proteins. Furthermore, we describe the importance of screening potential PDE4 inhibitors in view of different PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and conformational states rather than testing compounds directed toward a specific PDE4 catalytic domain. Lastly, potential mechanisms underlying PDE4-mediated adverse effects are outlined. In this review, we illustrate that PDE4 inhibitors retain their therapeutic potential in myriad diseases, but target identification should be more precise to establish selective inhibition of disease-affected PDE4 isoforms while avoiding isoforms involved in adverse effects. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the PDE4 enzyme family is a therapeutic target in an extensive range of disorders, clinical use of PDE4 inhibitors has been hindered because of the adverse side effects. This review elaborately shows that safer and more effective PDE4 targeting is possible by characterizing 1) which PDE4 subtypes and isoforms exist, 2) how PDE4 isoforms can adopt specific conformations upon post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions, and 3) which PDE4 inhibitors can selectively bind specific PDE4 subtypes, isoforms, and/or conformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Paes
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (D.P, M.S., B.R., D.v.d.H., T.V., J.P.); Department of Neuroscience, Neuro-Immune Connect and Repair laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium (D.P., M.S., B.R., T.V.); and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (D.v.d.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The PDE-Opathies: Diverse Phenotypes Produced by a Functionally Related Multigene Family. Trends Genet 2021; 37:669-681. [PMID: 33832760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase (PDE)-opathies, an expanding set of disorders caused by germline mutations in cyclic nucleotide PDEs, present an intriguing paradox. The enzymes encoded by the PDE family all hydrolyze cAMP and/or cGMP, but mutations in different family members produce very divergent phenotypes. Three interacting factors have been shown recently to contribute to this phenotypic diversity: (i) the 21 genes encode over 80 different isoforms, using alternative mRNA splicing and related mechanisms; (ii) the various isoforms have different regulatory mechanisms, mediated by their unique amino-terminal regulatory domains; (iii) the isoforms differ widely in their pattern of tissue expression. These mechanisms explain why many PDE-opathies are gain-of-function mutations and how they exemplify uniqueness and redundancy within a multigene family.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dominant-Negative Attenuation of cAMP-Selective Phosphodiesterase PDE4D Action Affects Learning and Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165704. [PMID: 32784895 PMCID: PMC7460819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases reduce 3′, 5′ cAMP levels in the CNS and thereby regulate PKA activity and the phosphorylation of CREB, fundamental to depression, cognition, and learning and memory. The PDE4 isoform PDE4D5 interacts with the signaling proteins β-arrestin2 and RACK1, regulators of β2-adrenergic and other signal transduction pathways. Mutations in PDE4D in humans predispose to acrodysostosis, associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits. To target PDE4D5, we developed mice that express a PDE4D5-D556A dominant-negative transgene in the brain. Male transgenic mice demonstrated significant deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning, as assayed in the Morris water maze. In contrast, associative learning, as assayed in a fear conditioning assay, appeared to be unaffected. Male transgenic mice showed augmented activity in prolonged (2 h) open field testing, while female transgenic mice showed reduced activity in the same assay. Transgenic mice showed no demonstrable abnormalities in prepulse inhibition. There was also no detectable difference in anxiety-like behavior, as measured in the elevated plus-maze. These data support the use of a dominant-negative approach to the study of PDE4D5 function in the CNS and specifically in learning and memory.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pharmacological and molecular dynamics analyses of differences in inhibitor binding to human and nematode PDE4: Implications for management of parasitic nematodes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214554. [PMID: 30917179 PMCID: PMC6436744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel chemical controls are needed that selectively target human, animal, and plant parasitic nematodes with reduced adverse effects on the host or the environment. We hypothesize that the phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme family represents a potential target for development of novel nematicides and anthelmintics. To test this, we identified six PDE families present in the nematode phylum that are orthologous to six of the eleven human PDE families. We characterized the binding interactions of family-selective PDE inhibitors with human and C. elegans PDE4 in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate differences in binding interactions of these inhibitors within the PDE4 catalytic domain. We observed that roflumilast (human PDE4-selective inhibitor) and zardaverine (selective for human PDE3 and PDE4) were 159- and 77-fold less potent, respectively, in inhibiting C. elegans PDE4. The pan-specific PDE inhibitor isobutyl methyl xanthine (IBMX) had similar affinity for nematode and human PDE4. Of 32 residues within 5 Å of the ligand binding site, five revealed significant differences in non-bonded interaction energies (van der Waals and electrostatic interaction energies) that could account for the differential binding affinities of roflumilast and zardaverine. One site (Phe506 in the human PDE4D3 amino acid sequence corresponding to Tyr253 in C. elegans PDE4) is predicted to alter the binding conformation of roflumilast and zardaverine (but not IBMX) into a less energetically favorable state for the nematode enzyme. The pharmacological differences in sensitivity to PDE4 inhibitors in conjunction with differences in the amino acids comprising the inhibitor binding sites of human and C. elegans PDE4 catalytic domains together support the feasibility of designing the next generation of anthelmintics/nematicides that could selectively bind to nematode PDEs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hansen RT, Zhang HT. The Past, Present, and Future of Phosphodiesterase-4 Modulation for Age-Induced Memory Loss. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 17:169-199. [PMID: 28956333 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the state of progress for phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) modulation as a potential therapeutic for psychiatric illness, and to draw attention to particular hurdles and obstacles that must be overcome in future studies to develop PDE4-mediated therapeutics. Pathological and non-pathological related memory loss will be the focus of the chapter; however, we will at times also touch upon other psychiatric illnesses like anxiety and depression. First, we will provide a brief background of PDE4, and the rationale for its extensive study in cognition. Second, we will explore fundamental differences in individual PDE4 subtypes, and then begin to address differences between pathological and non-pathological aging. Alterations of cAMP/PDE4 signaling that occur within normal vs. pathological aging, and the potential for PDE4 modulation to combat these alterations within each context will be described. Finally, we will finish the chapter with obstacles that have hindered the field, and future studies and alternative viewpoints that need to be addressed. Overall, we hope this chapter will demonstrate the incredible complexity of PDE4 signaling in the brain, and will be useful in forming a strategy to develop future PDE4-mediated therapeutics for psychiatric illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf T Hansen
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry and Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9137, USA
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA. .,Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Campbell SL, van Groen T, Kadish I, Smoot LHM, Bolger GB. Altered phosphorylation, electrophysiology, and behavior on attenuation of PDE4B action in hippocampus. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:77. [PMID: 29197324 PMCID: PMC5712142 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases regulate 3′, 5′ cAMP abundance in the CNS and thereby regulate PKA activity and phosphorylation of CREB, which has been implicated in learning and memory, depression and other functions. The PDE4 isoform PDE4B1 also interacts with the DISC1 protein, implicated in neural development and behavioral disorders. The cellular functions of PDE4B1 have been investigated extensively, but its function(s) in the intact organism remained unexplored. Results To specifically disrupt PDE4B1, we developed mice that express a PDE4B1-D564A transgene in the hippocampus and forebrain. The transgenic mice showed enhanced phosphorylation of CREB and ERK1/2 in hippocampus. Hippocampal neurogenesis was increased in the transgenic mice. Hippocampal electrophysiological studies showed increased baseline synaptic transmission and enhanced LTP in male transgenic mice. Behaviorally, male transgenic mice showed increased activity in prolonged open field testing, but neither male nor female transgenic mice showed detectable anxiety-like behavior or antidepressant effects in the elevated plus-maze, tail-suspension or forced-swim tests. Neither sex showed any significant differences in associative fear conditioning or showed any demonstrable abnormalities in pre-pulse inhibition. Conclusions These data support the use of an isoform-selective approach to the study of PDE4B1 function in the CNS and suggest a probable role of PDE4B1 in synaptic plasticity and behavior. They also provide additional rationale and a refined approach to the development of small-molecule PDE4B1-selective inhibitors, which have potential functions in disorders of cognition, memory, mood and affect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Campbell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Thomas van Groen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Inga Kadish
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lisa High Mitchell Smoot
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2501, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA
| | - Graeme B Bolger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2501, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA. .,Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bolger GB. The PDE4 cAMP-Specific Phosphodiesterases: Targets for Drugs with Antidepressant and Memory-Enhancing Action. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:63-102. [PMID: 28956330 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are essential regulators of cAMP abundance in the CNS through their ability to regulate PKA activity, the phosphorylation of CREB, and other important elements of signal transduction. In pre-clinical models and in early-stage clinical trials, PDE4 inhibitors have been shown to have antidepressant and memory-enhancing activity. However, the development of clinically-useful PDE4 inhibitors for CNS disorders has been limited by variable efficacy and significant side effects. Recent structural studies have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular configuration of PDE4 enzymes, especially the "long" PDE4 isoforms that are abundant in the CNS. The new structural data provide a rationale for the development of a new generation of PDE4 inhibitors that specifically act on long PDE4 isoforms. These next generation PDE4 inhibitors may also be capable of targeting the interactions of select long forms with their "partner" proteins, such as RACK1, β-arrestin, and DISC1. They would therefore have the ability to affect cAMP levels in specific cellular compartments and target localized cellular functions, such as synaptic plasticity. These new agents might also be able to target PDE4 populations in select regions of the CNS that are implicated in learning and memory, affect, and cognition. Potential therapeutic uses of these agents could include affective disorders, memory enhancement, and neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme B Bolger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, NP 2501, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Young RS, Hayashizaki Y, Andersson R, Sandelin A, Kawaji H, Itoh M, Lassmann T, Carninci P, Bickmore WA, Forrest AR, Taylor MS. The frequent evolutionary birth and death of functional promoters in mouse and human. Genome Res 2015; 25:1546-57. [PMID: 26228054 PMCID: PMC4579340 DOI: 10.1101/gr.190546.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Promoters are central to the regulation of gene expression. Changes in gene regulation are thought to underlie much of the adaptive diversification between species and phenotypic variation within populations. In contrast to earlier work emphasizing the importance of enhancer evolution and subtle sequence changes at promoters, we show that dramatic changes such as the complete gain and loss (collectively, turnover) of functional promoters are common. Using quantitative measures of transcription initiation in both humans and mice across 52 matched tissues, we discriminate promoter sequence gains from losses and resolve the lineage of changes. We also identify expression divergence and functional turnover between orthologous promoters, finding only the latter is associated with local sequence changes. Promoter turnover has occurred at the majority (>56%) of protein-coding genes since humans and mice diverged. Tissue-restricted promoters are the most evolutionarily volatile where retrotransposition is an important, but not the sole, source of innovation. There is considerable heterogeneity of turnover rates between promoters in different tissues, but the consistency of these in both lineages suggests that the same biological systems are similarly inclined to transcriptional rewiring. The genes affected by promoter turnover show evidence of adaptive evolution. In mice, promoters are primarily lost through deletion of the promoter containing sequence, whereas in humans, many promoters appear to be gradually decaying with weak transcriptional output and relaxed selective constraint. Our results suggest that promoter gain and loss is an important process in the evolutionary rewiring of gene regulation and may be a significant source of phenotypic diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Young
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Robin Andersson
- Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Albin Sandelin
- Department of Biology and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Copenhagen University, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Timo Lassmann
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair R Forrest
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan; Systems Biology and Genomics, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Martin S Taylor
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|