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Sun B, Jiang T, Yong J, Peng J, Dong S, Gu Y, Ji X, Luo L, Chang WL. MiR-135b-5p targets ADAM12 to suppress invasion and accelerate trophoblast apoptosis in preeclampsia. Placenta 2023; 143:69-79. [PMID: 37864886 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preeclampsia was a serious complication often leaded to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Abnormal placental miR-135b-5p expression in preeclampsia was observed in our preliminary investigation. However, the role of miR-135b-5p in preeclampsia was unclear. METHODS We determined the miR-135b-5p expression pattern at the fetomaternal interface and levels in placental tissue and exosomes. MiR-135b-5p expression in the trophoblast cell line HTR8/SVneo was manipulated by transient agomir or antagomir transfection or establishment of HTR8/SVneo cell line stably overexpressing miR-135b or miR-135b-5p-sponger. Then the function of miR-135b-5p on the motility of HTR8/SVneo cells, and its effects on cell viability was determined. Finally, we confirmed the relationship between miR-135b-5p and ADAM12. RESULTS MiR-135b-5p exclusively expressed in the villous cytotrophoblast, and extravillous trophoblast. Significant miR-135b-5p upregulation was observed in the placenta and peripheral plasma exosomes in preeclampsia, and could be a highly sensitive molecular marker for preeclampsia. Elevated miR-135b-5p expression significantly promoted apoptosis and inhibited HTR8/SVneo cell invasion and migration. Binding of miR-135b-5p to the ADAM12 mRNA 3'-untranslated region was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. High miR-135-5p levels inhibit the invasion and migration of trophoblastic cells, possibly by directly binding to the 3'-UTR of DADM12 and suppressing its translation efficiency, thereby nullifying the promotion of trophoblast invasion and migration via ADAM12. DISCUSSION Abnormal upregulation of miR-135b-5p may be involved in preeclampsia through triggering trophoblast apoptosis and impeding trophoblast invasion and migration by targeting ADAM12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518101, China; Department of Obstetrics, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Taotao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Jiayao Yong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 510086, China
| | - Julan Peng
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Shangkun Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518109, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yanli Gu
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Xinmei Ji
- Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Liqiong Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Wen-Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518109, China; Department of Gynaecology, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University (Longhua People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518109, China.
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Park EG, Lee YJ, Huh JW, Park SJ, Imai H, Kim WR, Lee DH, Kim JM, Shin HJ, Kim HS. Identification of microRNAs Derived from Transposable Elements in the Macaca mulatta (Rhesus Monkey) Genome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1984. [PMID: 38002927 PMCID: PMC10671384 DOI: 10.3390/genes14111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA entities that can move within the host genome. Over long periods of evolutionary time, TEs are typically silenced via the accumulation of mutations in the genome, ultimately resulting in their immobilization. However, they still play an important role in the host genome by acting as regulatory elements. They influence host transcription in various ways, one of which as the origin of the generation of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are so-called miRNAs derived from TEs (MDTEs). miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are involved in many biological processes by regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Here, we identified MDTEs in the Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) genome, which is phylogenetically close species to humans, based on the genome coordinates of miRNAs and TEs. The expression of 5 out of 17 MDTEs that were exclusively registered in M. mulatta from the miRBase database (v22) was examined via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Moreover, Gene Ontology analysis was performed to examine the functional implications of the putative target genes of the five MDTEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gyung Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (E.G.P.); (Y.J.L.); (W.R.K.); (D.H.L.); (J.-m.K.)
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ju Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (E.G.P.); (Y.J.L.); (W.R.K.); (D.H.L.); (J.-m.K.)
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.H.); (S.-J.P.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.H.); (S.-J.P.)
| | - Hiroo Imai
- Molecular Biology Section, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan;
| | - Woo Ryung Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (E.G.P.); (Y.J.L.); (W.R.K.); (D.H.L.); (J.-m.K.)
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyeong Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (E.G.P.); (Y.J.L.); (W.R.K.); (D.H.L.); (J.-m.K.)
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-min Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (E.G.P.); (Y.J.L.); (W.R.K.); (D.H.L.); (J.-m.K.)
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Shin
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (E.G.P.); (Y.J.L.); (W.R.K.); (D.H.L.); (J.-m.K.)
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Gebrie A. Transposable elements as essential elements in the control of gene expression. Mob DNA 2023; 14:9. [PMID: 37596675 PMCID: PMC10439571 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-023-00297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interspersed repetitions called transposable elements (TEs), commonly referred to as mobile elements, make up a significant portion of the genomes of higher animals. TEs contribute in controlling the expression of genes locally and even far away at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, which is one of their significant functional effects on gene function and genome evolution. There are different mechanisms through which TEs control the expression of genes. First, TEs offer cis-regulatory regions in the genome with their inherent regulatory features for their own expression, making them potential factors for controlling the expression of the host genes. Promoter and enhancer elements contain cis-regulatory sites generated from TE, which function as binding sites for a variety of trans-acting factors. Second, a significant portion of miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to have TEs that encode for regulatory RNAs, revealing the TE origin of these RNAs. Furthermore, it was shown that TE sequences are essential for these RNAs' regulatory actions, which include binding to the target mRNA. By being a member of cis-regulatory and regulatory RNA sequences, TEs therefore play essential regulatory roles. Additionally, it has been suggested that TE-derived regulatory RNAs and cis-regulatory regions both contribute to the evolutionary novelty of gene regulation. Additionally, these regulatory systems arising from TE frequently have tissue-specific functions. The objective of this review is to discuss TE-mediated gene regulation, with a particular emphasis on the processes, contributions of various TE types, differential roles of various tissue types, based mostly on recent studies on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemu Gebrie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
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Mustafin RN, Khusnutdinova E. Perspective for Studying the Relationship of miRNAs with Transposable Elements. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3122-3145. [PMID: 37185728 PMCID: PMC10136691 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements are important sources of miRNA, long non-coding RNAs genes, and their targets in the composition of protein-coding genes in plants and animals. Therefore, the detection of expression levels of specific non-coding RNAs in various tissues and cells in normal and pathological conditions may indicate a programmed pattern of transposable elements' activation. This reflects the species-specific composition and distribution of transposable elements in genomes, which underlie gene regulation in every cell division, including during aging. TEs' expression is also regulated by epigenetic factors (DNA methylation, histone modifications), SIRT6, cytidine deaminases APOBEC3, APOBEC1, and other catalytic proteins, such as ERCC, TREX1, RB1, HELLS, and MEGP2. In evolution, protein-coding genes and their regulatory elements are derived from transposons. As part of non-coding regions and introns of genes, they are sensors for transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of expression, using miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, that arose from transposable elements in evolution. Methods (Orbld, ncRNAclassifier) and databases have been created for determining the occurrence of miRNAs from transposable elements in plants (PlanTE-MIR DB, PlaNC-TE), which can be used to design epigenetic gene networks in ontogenesis. Based on the data accumulated in the scientific literature, the presence of 467 transposon-derived miRNA genes in the human genome has been reliably established. It was proposed to create an updated and controlled online bioinformatics database of miRNAs derived from transposable elements in healthy individuals, as well as expression changes of these miRNAs during aging and various diseases, such as cancer and difficult-to-treat diseases. The use of the information obtained can open new horizons in the management of tissue and organ differentiation to aging slow down. In addition, the created database could become the basis for clarifying the mechanisms of pathogenesis of various diseases (imbalance in the activity of transposable elements, reflected in changes in the expression of miRNAs) and designing their targeted therapy using specific miRNAs as targets. This article provides examples of the detection of transposable elements-derived miRNAs involved in the development of specific malignant neoplasms, aging, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustam Nailevich Mustafin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Ufa Federal Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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Park EG, Ha H, Lee DH, Kim WR, Lee YJ, Bae WH, Kim HS. Genomic Analyses of Non-Coding RNAs Overlapping Transposable Elements and Its Implication to Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168950. [PMID: 36012216 PMCID: PMC9409130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that up to 80% of the human genome is transcribed into RNA molecules but less than 2% of the genome encodes the proteins, and the rest of the RNA transcripts that are not translated into protein are called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Many studies have revealed that ncRNAs have biochemical activities as epigenetic regulators at the post-transcriptional level. Growing evidence has demonstrated that transposable elements (TEs) contribute to a large percentage of ncRNAs’ transcription. The TEs inserted into certain parts of the genome can act as alternative promoters, enhancers, and insulators, and the accumulation of TEs increases genetic diversity in the human genome. The TEs can also generate microRNAs, so-called miRNA-derived from transposable elements (MDTEs), and are also implicated in disease progression, such as infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we analyzed the origin of ncRNAs and reviewed the published literature on MDTEs related to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Gyung Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hongseok Ha
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Du Hyeong Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Woo Ryung Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yun Ju Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Woo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Kim WR, Park EG, Lee HE, Park SJ, Huh JW, Kim JN, Kim HS. Hsa-miR-422a Originated from Short Interspersed Nuclear Element Increases ARID5B Expression by Collaborating with NF-E2. Mol Cells 2022; 45:465-478. [PMID: 35444070 PMCID: PMC9260135 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of target messenger RNA (mRNA) complementary to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) at the post-transcriptional level. Hsa-miR-422a, which is commonly known as miRNA derived from transposable element (MDTE), was derived from short interspersed nuclear element (SINE). Through expression analysis, hsa-miR-422a was found to be highly expressed in both the small intestine and liver of crab-eating monkey. AT-Rich Interaction Domain 5 B (ARID5B) was selected as the target gene of hsa-miR-422a, which has two binding sites in both the exon and 3'UTR of ARID5B. To identify the interaction between hsa-miR-422a and ARID5B, a dual luciferase assay was conducted in HepG2 cell line. The luciferase activity of cells treated with the hsa-miR-422a mimic was upregulated and inversely downregulated when both the hsa-miR-422a mimic and inhibitor were administered. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 (NF-E2) was selected as the core transcription factor (TF) via feed forward loop analysis. The luciferase expression was downregulated when both the hsa-miR-422a mimic and siRNA of NF-E2 were treated, compared to the treatment of the hsa-miR-422a mimic alone. The present study suggests that hsa-miR-422a derived from SINE could bind to the exon region as well as the 3'UTR of ARID5B. Additionally, hsa-miR-422a was found to share binding sites in ARID5Bwith several TFs, including NF-E2. The hsa-miR-422a might thus interact with TF to regulate the expression of ARID5B, as demonstrated experimentally. Altogether, hsa-miR-422a acts as a super enhancer miRNA of ARID5Bby collaborating with TF and NF-E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Ryung Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Eun Gyung Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28199, Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28199, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28199, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jeong Nam Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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Santoro G, Lapucci C, Giannoccaro M, Caporilli S, Rusin M, Seidenari A, Ferrari M, Farina A. Abnormal Circulating Maternal miRNA Expression Is Associated with a Low (<4%) Cell-Free DNA Fetal Fraction. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11112108. [PMID: 34829454 PMCID: PMC8625387 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present pilot study investigates whether an abnormal miRNA profile in NIPT plasma samples can explain the finding of a low cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fetal fraction (cfDNAff) in euploid fetuses and non-obese women. Twelve women who underwent neoBona® NIPT with a normal fetal karyotype were studied. Six with a cfDNAff < 4% were matched with a control group with normal levels of cfDNAff > 4%. Samples were processed using the nanostring nCounter® platform with a panel of 800 miRNAs. Four of the maternal miRNAs, miR-579, miR-612, miR-3144 and miR-6721, had a significant abnormal expression in patients. A data filtering analysis showed that miR-579, miR-612, miR-3144 and miR-6721 targeted 169, 1, 48 and 136 placenta-specific genes, respectively. miR-579, miR-3144 and miR-6721 shared placenta-specific targeted genes involved in trophoblast invasion and migration pathways (IGF2R, PTCD2, SATB2, PLAC8). Moreover, the miRNA target genes encoded proteins localized in the placenta and involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, including chorion-specific transcription factor GCMa, PRG2, Lin-28 Homolog B and IGFBP1. In conclusion, aberrant maternal miRNA expression in circulating plasma could be a source of dysregulating trophoblast invasion and migration and could represent a novel cause of a low cfDNAff in the sera of pregnant women at the time of NIPT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Santoro
- Genetic Unit, Synlab, Via B. L. Pavoni 18, Castenedolo, 25014 Brescia, Italy; (G.S.); (C.L.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Cristina Lapucci
- Genetic Unit, Synlab, Via B. L. Pavoni 18, Castenedolo, 25014 Brescia, Italy; (G.S.); (C.L.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Marco Giannoccaro
- Genetic Unit, Synlab, Via B. L. Pavoni 18, Castenedolo, 25014 Brescia, Italy; (G.S.); (C.L.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Caporilli
- Genetic Unit, Synlab, Via B. L. Pavoni 18, Castenedolo, 25014 Brescia, Italy; (G.S.); (C.L.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Martina Rusin
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (A.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Anna Seidenari
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (A.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- IRCCS, SDN, Via Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Farina
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (A.S.); (A.F.)
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8
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Genetic Polymorphisms in miR-604A>G, miR-938G>A, miR-1302-3C>T and the Risk of Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116127. [PMID: 34200157 PMCID: PMC8201216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in five microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-604A>G, miR-608C>G, 631I/D, miR-938G>A, and miR-1302-3C>T, are associated with the risk of idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Blood samples were collected from 388 patients with idiopathic RPL (at least two consecutive spontaneous abortions) and 227 control participants. We found the miR-604 AG and AG + GG genotypes of miR-604, the miR-938 GA and GA + AA genotypes of miR-938, and the miR-1302-3CT and CT + TT genotypes of miR-1302-3 are less frequent than the wild-type (WT) genotypes, miR-604AA, miR-938GG, and miR-1302-3CC, respectively, in RPL patients. Using allele-combination multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis, we found that eight haplotypes conferred by the miR-604/miR-608/miR-631/miR-938/miR-1302-3 allele combination, A-C-I-G-T, A-C-I-A-C, G-C-I-G-C, G-C-I-G-T, G-G-I-G-C, G-G-I-G-T, G-G-I-A-C, G-G-D-G-C, three from the miR-604/miR-631/miR-938/miR-1302-3 allele combination, A-I-G-T, G-I-G-C, G-I-A-T, one from the miR-604/miR-631/miR-1302-3 allele combination, G-I-C, and two from the miR-604/miR-1302-3 allele combination, G-C and G-T, were less frequent in RPL patients, suggesting protective effects (all p < 0.05). We also identified the miR-604A>G and miR-938G>A polymorphisms within the seed sequence of the mature miRNAs and aligned the seed sequences with the 3′UTR of putative target genes, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), respectively. We further found that the binding affinities between miR-604/miR-938 and the 3′UTR of their respective target genes (MTHFR, GnRHR) were significantly different for the common (miR-604A, miR-938G) and variant alleles (miR-604G, miR-938A). These results reveal a significant association between the miR-604A>G and miR-938G>A polymorphisms and idiopathic RPL and suggest that miRNAs can affect RPL in Korean women.
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Ali A, Han K, Liang P. Role of Transposable Elements in Gene Regulation in the Human Genome. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:118. [PMID: 33557056 PMCID: PMC7913837 DOI: 10.3390/life11020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs), also known as mobile elements (MEs), are interspersed repeats that constitute a major fraction of the genomes of higher organisms. As one of their important functional impacts on gene function and genome evolution, TEs participate in regulating the expression of genes nearby and even far away at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. There are two known principal ways by which TEs regulate the expression of genes. First, TEs provide cis-regulatory sequences in the genome with their intrinsic regulatory properties for their own expression, making them potential factors for regulating the expression of the host genes. TE-derived cis-regulatory sites are found in promoter and enhancer elements, providing binding sites for a wide range of trans-acting factors. Second, TEs encode for regulatory RNAs with their sequences showed to be present in a substantial fraction of miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), indicating the TE origin of these RNAs. Furthermore, TEs sequences were found to be critical for regulatory functions of these RNAs, including binding to the target mRNA. TEs thus provide crucial regulatory roles by being part of cis-regulatory and regulatory RNA sequences. Moreover, both TE-derived cis-regulatory sequences and TE-derived regulatory RNAs have been implicated in providing evolutionary novelty to gene regulation. These TE-derived regulatory mechanisms also tend to function in a tissue-specific fashion. In this review, we aim to comprehensively cover the studies regarding these two aspects of TE-mediated gene regulation, mainly focusing on the mechanisms, contribution of different types of TEs, differential roles among tissue types, and lineage-specificity, based on data mostly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsala Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Microbiology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Centre of Biotechnologies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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10
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Czernek L, Düchler M. Exosomes as Messengers Between Mother and Fetus in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4264. [PMID: 32549407 PMCID: PMC7352303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of exosomes to transport different molecular cargoes and their ability to influence various physiological factors is already well known. An exciting area of research explores the functions of exosomes in healthy and pathological pregnancies. Placenta-derived exosomes were identified in the maternal circulation during pregnancy and their contribution in the crosstalk between mother and fetus are now starting to become defined. In this review, we will try to summarize actual knowledge about this topic and to answer the question of how important exosomes are for a healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Düchler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 112, Sienkiewicza Street, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
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11
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Hemmatzadeh M, Shomali N, Yousefzadeh Y, Mohammadi H, Ghasemzadeh A, Yousefi M. MicroRNAs: Small molecules with a large impact on pre-eclampsia. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3235-3248. [PMID: 31595979 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As critical mediators in biological processes, microRNAs (miRNAs) which are small and endogenous noncoding RNAs have been associated with disease progression, cell proliferation, and development. Pre-eclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-related disorder with no early markers or symptoms is recognized as the main reason for fetal and maternal mortality and morbidity in the initial steps or even during pregnancy, worldwide. Clinical symptoms usually appear in the third trimester of the pregnancy. Although numerous research have unraveled several aspects of placenta development abnormalities associated with abnormal trophoblastic invasion and angiogenesis modification, many questions about the PE pathogenesis remains unanswered. A large number of studies have shown the important role of miRNAs as potential biomarkers in the PE prognosis and diagnosis. Here, the latest investigations about the PE and placental miRNAs expression, as well as, the crucial role of miRNA molecules including miR-210 and miR-155 which are deregulated in patients with PE, will be argued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Yousefzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Aliyeh Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Jo A, Lee HE, Kim HS. Identification and expression analysis of a novel miRNA derived from ERV-E1 LTR in Equus caballus. Gene 2018; 687:238-245. [PMID: 30453070 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Horses (Equus caballus) have been domesticated and bred to enhance speed, strength, and agility. Members of the Equus caballus Endogenous Retrovirus (EqERV) family affect several of these abilities in horses. EqERV elements have been integrated in the horse genome during evolution and generate repeat elements such as long terminal repeats (LTRs). LTR sequences are involved in retrovirus replication and play an essential function in post-transcriptional control mechanisms, such as by providing binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs) or generating miRNA precursors. In this study, we identified a novel miRNA derived from EqERV-E1 LTR using various bioinformatics tools. To examine the relationship between EqERV-E1 LTR and similar elements, we used BLAST2seq and phylogenetic analysis. LTR sequences were located in the untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs and also formed the stem-loop secondary structure. The sequence was registered in the DDBJ database as LTR derived miRNA under the accession number corresponding to LC383797 (referred to eca-miR-1804). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to confirm the expression of eca-miR-1804 and the similar miR-1255a, showed an almost identical expression pattern in eight different equine tissues. Therefore, these data imply that the LTR could function as an miRNA, which is expressed in the examined equine tissues. In addition, the current study provides inputs for additional functional studies concerning the LTR of other EqERV families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Lee HA, Ahn EH, Jang HG, Kim JO, Kim JH, Lee YB, Lee WS, Kim NK. Association Between miR-605A>G, miR-608G>C, miR-631I>D, miR-938C>T, and miR-1302-3C>T Polymorphisms and Risk of Recurrent Implantation Failure. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:469-475. [PMID: 29739285 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118773413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is diagnosed when pregnancy failure occurs after 2 consecutive in vitro fertilization-embryo transfers (IVF-ET) to the endometrium using at least 4 high-quality embryos. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA and reported to play an important role in cell proliferation as well as implantation process. Recently, it has been reported that miRNA can regulate RIF occurrence. So, we were to examine the association between the specific miRNA polymorphisms and RIF in Korean women. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay to determine the frequency of the following polymorphisms: miR-605A>G, miR-608G>C, miR-631I>D, miR-938C>T, and miR-1302-3C>T. Our results demonstrate a decreased incidence of RIF in patients with the miR-1302-3C>T polymorphism (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.234; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.089-0.618; P = .003). Based on our allele combination analysis, the C-T ( miR-938/ miR-1302-3: OR = 0.259; 95% CI, 0.100-0.674; P = .003) allele was also associated with decreased RIF risk. From our interaction analysis with miR-1302-3, the miR-1302-3CC genotype (AOR = 43.332; 95% CI, 5.576-336.745) showed an association with RIF prevalence in participants with an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≤22.6. We found that the miR-1302-3C>T polymorphism is significantly associated with RIF development in Korean women. Specifically, our study suggests that the T allele of miR-1302-3 may decrease the risk of RIF in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Lee
- 1 Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hyo Geun Jang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Oh Kim
- 1 Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyang Kim
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- 3 Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sik Lee
- 3 Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Keun Kim
- 1 Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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14
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Mustafin RN, Khusnutdinova EK. The Role of Transposable Elements in Emergence of Metazoa. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:185-199. [PMID: 29625540 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791803001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Systems initially emerged for protecting genomes against insertions of transposable elements and represented by mechanisms of splicing regulation, RNA-interference, and epigenetic factors have played a key role in the evolution of animals. Many studies have shown inherited transpositions of mobile elements in embryogenesis and preservation of their activities in certain tissues of adult organisms. It was supposed that on the emergence of Metazoa the self-regulation mechanisms of transposons related with the gene networks controlling their activity could be involved in intercellular cell coordination in the cascade of successive divisions with differentiated gene expression for generation of tissues and organs. It was supposed that during evolution species-specific features of transposons in the genomes of eukaryotes could form the basis for creation of dynamically related complexes of systems for epigenetic regulation of gene expression. These complexes could be produced due to the influence of noncoding transposon-derived RNAs on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and processing of alternative splicing variants, whereas the mobile elements themselves could be directly involved in the regulation of gene expression in cis and in trans. Transposons are widely distributed in the genomes of eukaryotes; therefore, their activation can change the expression of specific genes. In turn, this can play an important role in cell differentiation during ontogenesis. It is supposed that transposons can form a species-specific pattern for control of gene expression, and that some variants of this pattern can be favorable for adaptation. The presented data indicate the possible influence of transposons in karyotype formation. It is supposed that transposon localization relative to one another and to protein-coding genes can influence the species-specific epigenetic regulation of ontogenesis.
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15
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Mustafin RN, Khusnutdinova EK. The Role of Transposons in Epigenetic Regulation of Ontogenesis. Russ J Dev Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Pomatto MAC, Gai C, Deregibus MC, Tetta C, Camussi G. Noncoding RNAs Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in Endocrine Diseases. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4302096. [PMID: 29808089 PMCID: PMC5902008 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4302096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA molecules are essential and fine regulators of important biological processes. Their role is well documented also in the endocrine system, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Increasing interest is arising about the function and the importance of noncoding RNAs shuttled by extracellular vesicles (EVs). In fact, EV membrane protects nucleic acids from enzyme degradation. Nowadays, the research on EVs and their cargoes, as well as their biological functions, faces the lack of standardization in EV purification. Here, the main techniques for EV isolation are discussed and compared for their advantages and vulnerabilities. Despite the possible discrepancy due to methodological variability, EVs and their RNA content are reported to be key mediators of intercellular communication in pathologies of main endocrine organs, including the pancreas, thyroid, and reproductive system. In particular, the present work describes the role of RNAs contained in EVs in pathogenesis and progression of several metabolic dysfunctions, including obesity and diabetes, and their related manifestations. Their importance in the establishment and progression of thyroid autoimmunity disorders and complicated pregnancy is also discussed. Preliminary studies highlight the attractive possibility to use RNAs contained in EVs as biomarkers suggesting their exploitation for new diagnostic approaches in endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Gai
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- 2i3T Scarl, Univerity of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Unicyte AG, Oberdorf, Nidwalden, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- 2i3T Scarl, Univerity of Turin, Turin, Italy
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17
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Lee D, Nam JW, Shin C. DROSHA targets its own transcript to modulate alternative splicing. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:1035-1047. [PMID: 28400409 PMCID: PMC5473138 DOI: 10.1261/rna.059808.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear RNase III enzyme DROSHA interacts with its cofactor DGCR8 to form the Microprocessor complex, which initiates microRNA (miRNA) maturation by cleaving hairpin structures embedded in primary transcripts. Apart from its central role in the biogenesis of miRNAs, DROSHA is also known to recognize and cleave miRNA-like hairpins in a subset of transcripts without apparent small RNA production. Here, we report that the human DROSHA transcript is one such noncanonical target of DROSHA. Mammalian DROSHA genes have evolved a conserved hairpin structure spanning a specific exon-intron junction, which serves as a substrate for the Microprocessor in human cells but not in murine cells. We show that it is this hairpin element that decides whether the overlapping exon is alternatively or constitutively spliced. We further demonstrate that DROSHA promotes skipping of the overlapping exon in human cells independently of its cleavage function. Our findings add to the expanding list of noncanonical DROSHA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanseok Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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18
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Cai M, Kolluru GK, Ahmed A. Small Molecule, Big Prospects: MicroRNA in Pregnancy and Its Complications. J Pregnancy 2017; 2017:6972732. [PMID: 28713594 PMCID: PMC5496128 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6972732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate target gene expression in the posttranscriptional level. Unlike siRNA, microRNAs are "fine-tuners" rather than "switches" in the regulation of gene expression; thus they play key roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The aberrant microRNA expression is implicated in the disease process. To date, numerous studies have demonstrated the regulatory roles of microRNAs in various pathophysiological conditions. In contrast, the study of microRNA in pregnancy and its associated complications, such as preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and preterm labor, is a young field. Over the last decade, the knowledge of pregnancy-related microRNAs has increased and the molecular mechanisms by which microRNAs regulate pregnancy or its associated complications are emerging. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the research of pregnancy-related microRNAs, especially their function in pregnancy-associated complications and the potential clinical applications. Here microRNAs that associate with pregnancy are classified as placenta-specific, placenta-associated, placenta-derived circulating, and uterine microRNA according to their localization and origin. MicroRNAs offer a great potential for developing diagnostic and therapeutic targets in pregnancy-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cai
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Gopi K. Kolluru
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Asif Ahmed
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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19
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Gim JA, Kim HS. Identification and Expression of Equine MER-Derived miRNAs. Mol Cells 2017; 40:262-270. [PMID: 28320202 PMCID: PMC5424272 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, small RNAs (21-23 nucleotides) that function in gene silencing and translational inhibition via the RNA interference mechanism. Most miRNAs originate from host genomic regions, such as intergenic regions, introns, exons, and transposable elements (TEs). Here, we focused on the palindromic structure of medium reiteration frequencies (MERs), which are similar to precursor miRNAs. Five MER consensus sequences (MER5A1, MER53, MER81, MER91C, and MER117) were matched with paralogous transcripts predicted to be precursor miRNAs in the horse genome (equCab2) and located in either intergenic regions or introns. The MER5A1, MER53, and MER91C sequences obtained from RepeatMasker were matched with the eca-miR-544b, eca-miR-1302, and eca-miR-652 precursor sequences derived from Ensembl transcript database, respectively. Each precursor form was anticipated to yield two mature forms, and we confirmed miRNA expression in six different tissues (cerebrum, cerebellum, lung, spleen, adrenal gland, and duodenum) of one thorough-bred horse. MER5A1-derived miRNAs generally showed significantly higher expression in the lung than in other tissues. MER91C-derived miRNA-5p also showed significantly higher expression in the duodenum than in other tissues (cerebellum, lung, spleen, and adrenal gland). The MER117-overlapped expressed sequence tag generated polycistronic miRNAs, which showed higher expression in the duodenum than other tissues. These data indicate that horse MER transposons encode miR-NAs that are expressed in several tissues and are thought to have biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-An Gim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- The Genomics Institute, Life Sciences Department, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919,
Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
- Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
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20
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Evolution of Fish Let-7 MicroRNAs and Their Expression Correlated to Growth Development in Blunt Snout Bream. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030646. [PMID: 28300776 PMCID: PMC5372658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lethal-7 (let-7) miRNA, known as one of the first founding miRNAs, is present in multiple copies in a genome and has diverse functions in animals. In this study, comparative genomic analysis of let-7 miRNAs members in fish species indicated that let-7 miRNA is a sequence conserved family in fish, while different species have the variable gene copy numbers. Among the ten members including let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j, the let-7a precursor sequence was more similar to ancestral sequences, whereas other let-7 miRNA members were separate from the late differentiation of let-7a. The mostly predicted target genes of let-7 miRNAs are involved in biological process, especially developmental process and growth through Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. In order to identify the possible different functions of these ten miRNAs in fish growth development, their expression levels were quantified in adult males and females of Megalobrama amblycephala, as well as in 3-, 6-, and 12-months-old individuals with relatively slow- and fast-growth rates. These ten miRNAs had similar tissue expression patterns between males and females, with higher expression levels in the brain and pituitary than that in other tissues (p < 0.05). Among these miRNAs, the relative expression level of let-7a was the highest among almost all the tested tissues, followed by let-7b, let-7d and let-7c/e/f/g/h/i/j. As to the groups with different growth rates, the expression levels of let-7 miRNAs in pituitary and brain from the slow-growth group were always significantly higher than that in the fast-growth group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that let-7 miRNA members could play an important role in the regulation of growth development in M. amblycephala through negatively regulating expression of their target genes.
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21
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Ramsay L, Marchetto MC, Caron M, Chen SH, Busche S, Kwan T, Pastinen T, Gage FH, Bourque G. Conserved expression of transposon-derived non-coding transcripts in primate stem cells. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:214. [PMID: 28245871 PMCID: PMC5331655 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant portion of expressed non-coding RNAs in human cells is derived from transposable elements (TEs). Moreover, it has been shown that various long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which come from the human endogenous retrovirus subfamily H (HERVH), are not only expressed but required for pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). RESULTS To identify additional TE-derived functional non-coding transcripts, we generated RNA-seq data from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of four primate species (human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and rhesus) and searched for transcripts whose expression was conserved. We observed that about 30% of TE instances expressed in human iPSCs had orthologous TE instances that were also expressed in chimpanzee and gorilla. Notably, our analysis revealed a number of repeat families with highly conserved expression profiles including HERVH but also MER53, which is known to be the source of a placental-specific family of microRNAs (miRNAs). We also identified a number of repeat families from all classes of TEs, including MLT1-type and Tigger families, that contributed a significant amount of sequence to primate lncRNAs whose expression was conserved. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results describe TE families and TE-derived lncRNAs whose conserved expression patterns can be used to identify what are likely functional TE-derived non-coding transcripts in primate iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn Ramsay
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Lab of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxime Caron
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1A4, Canada
| | - Shu-Huang Chen
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1A4, Canada
| | - Stephan Busche
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1A4, Canada
| | - Tony Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1A4, Canada
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1A4, Canada
| | - Fred H Gage
- Lab of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guillaume Bourque
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada.
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, H3A 1A4, Canada.
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22
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Peiris HN, Vaswani K, Almughlliq F, Koh YQ, Mitchell MD. Review: Eicosanoids in preterm labor and delivery: Potential roles of exosomes in eicosanoid functions. Placenta 2016; 54:95-103. [PMID: 27988062 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preterm delivery is a major obstetric health problem contributing to poor neonatal outcome including low birth weight, respiratory distress syndrome, gastrointestinal, immunologic, central nervous system, hearing, and vision problems. Worldwide, approximately 15 million babies are born prematurely each year. The critical question which remains is how to identify women destined to deliver preterm from those who will achieve a term delivery. Prostaglandins, in all mammals, are important in the parturient process. Increased intrauterine prostaglandin production is associated with labor and in fact prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or analogs are widely used clinically for cervical ripening and labor induction. Measurements of circulating eicosanoids have been problematic because of the rapid and major clearance by the lungs and then kidneys resulting in very low concentrations in plasma. Moreover, since eicosanoids are produced by all mammalian tissues, the sources of the measured eicosanoids are unknown. Our understanding of how cells communicate has undergone a paradigm shift with the recognition of the role of exosomes in intercellular signaling. Recent publications have identified enzymes and products of arachidonic acid metabolism (eicosanoids) within exosomes. This review will explore the potential roles of exosomes in eicosanoid functions that are critical in preterm labor and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Peiris
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Vaswani
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - F Almughlliq
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Q Koh
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M D Mitchell
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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23
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Wei G, Qin S, Li W, Chen L, Ma F. MDTE DB: a database for microRNAs derived from Transposable element. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 13:1155-1160. [PMID: 28055900 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2015.2511767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Understanding origin and evolution of miRNAs and their functions. Transposable elements (TEs) provide a natural mechanism for the origin of new miRNAs derived from TEs (MDTEs) were collected to contruct a database named MDTE database (MDTE DB) for storing, searching and analyzing MDTEs. The database proveds a convenient source for studying the origin and evolution of miRNAs.
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Warren IA, Naville M, Chalopin D, Levin P, Berger CS, Galiana D, Volff JN. Evolutionary impact of transposable elements on genomic diversity and lineage-specific innovation in vertebrates. Chromosome Res 2016; 23:505-31. [PMID: 26395902 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, a growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that transposable elements are important drivers of species diversity. These mobile elements exhibit a great variety in structure, size and mechanisms of transposition, making them important putative actors in organism evolution. The vertebrates represent a highly diverse and successful lineage that has adapted to a wide range of different environments. These animals also possess a rich repertoire of transposable elements, with highly diverse content between lineages and even between species. Here, we review how transposable elements are driving genomic diversity and lineage-specific innovation within vertebrates. We discuss the large differences in TE content between different vertebrate groups and then go on to look at how they affect organisms at a variety of levels: from the structure of chromosomes to their involvement in the regulation of gene expression, as well as in the formation and evolution of non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes. In the process of doing this, we highlight how transposable elements have been involved in the evolution of some of the key innovations observed within the vertebrate lineage, driving the group's diversity and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Warren
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Magali Naville
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Domitille Chalopin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Perrine Levin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Suzanne Berger
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Galiana
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Daniel C, Behm M, Öhman M. The role of Alu elements in the cis-regulation of RNA processing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4063-76. [PMID: 26223268 PMCID: PMC11113721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The human genome is under constant invasion by retrotransposable elements. The most successful of these are the Alu elements; with a copy number of over a million, they occupy about 10 % of the entire genome. Interestingly, the vast majority of these Alu insertions are located in gene-rich regions, and one-third of all human genes contains an Alu insertion. Alu sequences are often embedded in gene sequence encoding pre-mRNAs and mature mRNAs, usually as part of their intron or UTRs. Once transcribed, they can regulate gene expression as well as increase the number of RNA isoforms expressed in a tissue or a species. They also regulate the function of other RNAs, like microRNAs, circular RNAs, and potentially long non-coding RNAs. Mechanistically, Alu elements exert their effects by influencing diverse processes, such as RNA editing, exonization, and RNA processing. In so doing, they have undoubtedly had a profound effect on human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chammiran Daniel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Behm
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Öhman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mitchell MD, Peiris HN, Kobayashi M, Koh YQ, Duncombe G, Illanes SE, Rice GE, Salomon C. Placental exosomes in normal and complicated pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:S173-81. [PMID: 26428497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While there is considerable contemporary interest in elucidating the role of placenta-derived extracellular vesicles in normal and complicated pregnancies and their utility as biomarkers and therapeutic interventions, progress in the field is hindered by a lack of standardized extracellular vesicle taxonomy and isolation protocols. The term "extracellular vesicle" is nonspecific and refers to all membrane-bound vesicles from nanometer to micrometer diameters and of different biogenic origins. To meaningfully ascribe biological function and/or diagnostic and therapeutic utility to extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, greater specificity and vesicle characterization is required. The current literature relating to exosome biology must be interpreted in this context. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicle that are specifically defined by an endosomal biogenesis and particle size (40-120 nm) and density (1.13-1.19 g/mL(-1)). Exosomes are specifically package with signaling molecules (including protein, messenger RNA, microRNA, and noncoding RNA) and are released by exocytosis into biofluid compartments. Exosomes regulate the activity of both proximal and distal target cells, including translational activity, angiogenesis, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. As such, exosomal signaling represents an integral pathway mediating intercellular communication. During pregnancy, the placenta releases exosomes into the maternal circulation from as early as 6 weeks of gestation. Release is regulated by factors that include both oxygen tension and glucose concentration and correlates with placental mass and perfusion. The concentration of placenta-derived exosomes in maternal plasma increases progressively during gestation. Exosomes isolated from maternal plasma are bioactive in vitro and are incorporated into target cells by endocytosis. While the functional significance of placental exosomes in pregnancy remains to be fully elucidated, available data support a role in normal placental development and maternal immunotolerance. Similarly, the role of exosomes in the etiology and progression of complications of pregnancy remains in a formative stage. Changes in the release of placenta- and nonplacenta-derived exosomes, their concentration in maternal plasma, composition, and bioactivity have been reported in association with pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. The data, however, are confounded by the use of different isolation methodologies and vesicle subpopulations. The application of specific and well-characterized isolation methodologies is requisite to resolving the precise role of exosomes in complications of pregnancies and their ultimate clinical utility.
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Hoffman Y, Pilpel Y, Oren M. microRNAs and Alu elements in the p53-Mdm2-Mdm4 regulatory network. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 6:192-7. [PMID: 24868102 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mju020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that governs numerous stress response pathways within the cell. Maintaining the right levels of p53 is crucial for cell survival and proper cellular homeostasis. The tight regulation of p53 involves many cellular components, most notably its major negative regulators Mdm2 and Mdm4, which maintain p53 protein amount and activity in tight check. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that target specific mRNAs to translational arrest and degradation. miRNAs are also key components of the normal p53 pathway, joining forces with Mdm2 and Mdm4 to maintain proper p53 activity. Here we review the current knowledge of miRNAs targeting Mdm2 and Mdm4, and their importance in different tissues and in pathological states such as cancer. In addition, we address the role of Alu sequences-highly abundant retroelements spread throughout the human genome, and their impact on gene regulation via the miRNA machinery. Alus occupy a significant portion of genes' 3'UTR, and as such they have the potential to impact mRNA regulation. Since Alus are primate-specific, they introduce a new regulatory layer into primate genomes. Alus can influence and alter gene regulation, creating primate-specific cancer-preventive regulatory mechanisms to sustain the transition to longer life span in primates. We review the possible influence of Alu sequences on miRNA functionality in general and specifically within the p53 network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Pilpel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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28
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Evolutional and functional analysis of four microRNAs derived from transposable elements. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gim JA, Ha HS, Ahn K, Kim DS, Kim HS. Genome-Wide Identification and Classification of MicroRNAs Derived from Repetitive Elements. Genomics Inform 2014; 12:261-7. [PMID: 25705168 PMCID: PMC4330264 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2014.12.4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known for their role in mRNA silencing via interference pathways. Repetitive elements (REs) share several characteristics with endogenous precursor miRNAs. In this study, 406 previously identified and 1,494 novel RE-derived miRNAs were sorted from the GENCODE v.19 database using the RepeatMasker program. They were divided into six major types, based on their genomic structure. More novel RE-derived miRNAs were confirmed than identified as RE-derived miRNAs. In conclusion, many miRNAs have not yet been identified, most of which are derived from REs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-An Gim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Ha
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kung Ahn
- TBI, Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon 443-270, Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Genome Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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30
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Evolution of the mir-181 microRNA family. Comput Biol Med 2014; 52:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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31
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Hirano T, Iwasaki YW, Lin ZYC, Imamura M, Seki NM, Sasaki E, Saito K, Okano H, Siomi MC, Siomi H. Small RNA profiling and characterization of piRNA clusters in the adult testes of the common marmoset, a model primate. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 20:1223-1237. [PMID: 24914035 PMCID: PMC4105748 DOI: 10.1261/rna.045310.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Small RNAs mediate gene silencing by binding Argonaute/Piwi proteins to regulate target RNAs. Here, we describe small RNA profiling of the adult testes of Callithrix jacchus, the common marmoset. The most abundant class of small RNAs in the adult testis was piRNAs, although 353 novel miRNAs but few endo-siRNAs were also identified. MARWI, a marmoset homolog of mouse MIWI and a very abundant PIWI in adult testes, associates with piRNAs that show characteristics of mouse pachytene piRNAs. As in other mammals, most marmoset piRNAs are derived from conserved clustered regions in the genome, which are annotated as intergenic regions. However, unlike in mice, marmoset piRNA clusters are also found on the X chromosome, suggesting escape from meiotic sex chromosome inactivation by the X-linked clusters. Some of the piRNA clusters identified contain antisense-orientated pseudogenes, suggesting the possibility that pseudogene-derived piRNAs may regulate parental functional protein-coding genes. More piRNAs map to transposable element (TE) subfamilies when they have copies in piRNA clusters. In addition, the strand bias observed for piRNAs mapped to each TE subfamily correlates with the polarity of copies inserted in clusters. These findings suggest that pachytene piRNA clusters determine the abundance and strand-bias of TE-derived piRNAs, may regulate protein-coding genes via pseudogene-derived piRNAs, and may even play roles in meiosis in the adult marmoset testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Hirano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuka W Iwasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Zachary Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masanori Imamura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Naomi M Seki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mikiko C Siomi
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Siomi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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32
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Conservation of intronic minisatellite polymorphisms in the SCK1/SHC2 gene of Hominidae. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Roberts JT, Cardin SE, Borchert GM. Burgeoning evidence indicates that microRNAs were initially formed from transposable element sequences. Mob Genet Elements 2014; 4:e29255. [PMID: 25054081 PMCID: PMC4091103 DOI: 10.4161/mge.29255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a recently discovered class of noncoding RNAs that play key roles in the regulation of gene expression. Despite being only ~20 nucleotides in length, these highly versatile molecules have been shown to play pivotal roles in development, basic cellular metabolism, apoptosis, and disease. While over 24,000 miRNAs have been characterized since they were first isolated in mammals in 2001, the functions of the majority of these miRNAs remain largely undescribed. That said, many now suggest that characterization of the relationships between miRNAs and transposable elements (TEs) can help elucidate miRNA functionality. Strikingly, over 20 publications have now reported the initial formation of thousands of miRNA loci from TE sequences. In this review we chronicle the findings of these reports, discuss the evolution of the field along with future directions, and examine how this information can be used to ascertain insights into miRNA transcriptional regulation and how it can be exploited to facilitate miRNA target prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of South Alabama; Mobile, AL USA
| | - Sara E Cardin
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of South Alabama; Mobile, AL USA
| | - Glen M Borchert
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of South Alabama; Mobile, AL USA
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34
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The intertwining of transposable elements and non-coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13307-28. [PMID: 23803660 PMCID: PMC3742188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows a close association of transposable elements (TE) with non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), and a significant number of small ncRNAs originate from TEs. Further, ncRNAs linked with TE sequences participate in a wide-range of regulatory functions. Alu elements in particular are critical players in gene regulation and molecular pathways. Alu sequences embedded in both long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) and mRNAs form the basis of targeted mRNA decay via short imperfect base-pairing. Imperfect pairing is prominent in most ncRNA/target RNA interactions and found throughout all biological kingdoms. The piRNA-Piwi complex is multifunctional, but plays a major role in protection against invasion by transposons. This is an RNA-based genetic immune system similar to the one found in prokaryotes, the CRISPR system. Thousands of long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are associated with endogenous retrovirus LTR transposable elements in human cells. These TEs can provide regulatory signals for lincRNA genes. A surprisingly large number of long circular ncRNAs have been discovered in human fibroblasts. These serve as "sponges" for miRNAs. Alu sequences, encoded in introns that flank exons are proposed to participate in RNA circularization via Alu/Alu base-pairing. Diseases are increasingly found to have a TE/ncRNA etiology. A single point mutation in a SINE/Alu sequence in a human long non-coding RNA leads to brainstem atrophy and death. On the other hand, genomic clusters of repeat sequences as well as lncRNAs function in epigenetic regulation. Some clusters are unstable, which can lead to formation of diseases such as facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. The future may hold more surprises regarding diseases associated with ncRNAs andTEs.
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35
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Liu C, Zhang F, Li T, Lu M, Wang L, Yue W, Zhang D. MirSNP, a database of polymorphisms altering miRNA target sites, identifies miRNA-related SNPs in GWAS SNPs and eQTLs. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:661. [PMID: 23173617 PMCID: PMC3582533 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex diseases have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) studies. However, few of these SNPs have explicit biological functions. Recent studies indicated that the SNPs within the 3'UTR regions of susceptibility genes could affect complex traits/diseases by affecting the function of miRNAs. These 3'UTR SNPs are functional candidates and therefore of interest to GWAS and eQTL researchers. DESCRIPTION We developed a publicly available online database, MirSNP (http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/mirsnp), which is a collection of human SNPs in predicted miRNA-mRNA binding sites. We identified 414,510 SNPs that might affect miRNA-mRNA binding. Annotations were added to these SNPs to predict whether a SNP within the target site would decrease/break or enhance/create an miRNA-mRNA binding site. By applying MirSNP database to three brain eQTL data sets, we identified four unreported SNPs (rs3087822, rs13042, rs1058381, and rs1058398), which might affect miRNA binding and thus affect the expression of their host genes in the brain. We also applied the MirSNP database to our GWAS for schizophrenia: seven predicted miRNA-related SNPs (p < 0.0001) were found in the schizophrenia GWAS. Our findings identified the possible functions of these SNP loci, and provide the basis for subsequent functional research. CONCLUSION MirSNP could identify the putative miRNA-related SNPs from GWAS and eQTLs researches and provide the direction for subsequent functional researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
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Genome-wide analysis of mir-548 gene family reveals evolutionary and functional implications. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:679563. [PMID: 23091353 PMCID: PMC3468316 DOI: 10.1155/2012/679563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
mir-548 is a larger, poorly conserved primate-specific miRNA gene family. 69 human mir-548 genes located in almost all human chromosomes whose widespread distribution pattern implicates the evolutionary origin from transposable elements. Higher level of nucleotide divergence was detected between these human miRNA genes, which mainly derived from divergence of multicopy pre-miRNAs and homologous miRNA genes. Products of mir-548, miR-548-5p, and miR-548-3p showed inconsistent evolutionary patterns, which partly contributed to larger genetic distances between pre-miRNAs. “Seed shifting” events could be detected among miR-548 sequences due to various 5′ ends. The events led to shift of seed sequences and target mRNAs, even generated to new target mRNAs. Additionally, the phenomenon of miRNA:miRNA interaction in the miRNA gene family was found. The potential interaction between miRNAs may be contributed to dynamic miRNA expression profiles by complementarily binding events to form miRNA:miRNA duplex with 5′-/3′-overhangs. The miRNA gene family had important roles in multiple biological processes, including signaling pathways and some cancers. The potential abundant roles and functional implication further led to the larger and poorly conserved gene family with genetic variation based on transposable elements. The evolutionary pattern of the primate-specific gene family might contribute to dynamic expression profiles and regulatory network.
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37
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Mallick B, Ghosh Z. Probing Evolutionary Biography of MicroRNAs and Associated Factors. Curr Genomics 2012; 13:144-52. [PMID: 23024606 PMCID: PMC3308325 DOI: 10.2174/138920212799860634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intergenic DNA, often described as “playground of evolution”, harbors a plethora of cis and trans regulatory elements in the form of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The evolution of the silencing mechanism mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs), an important class of ncRNA, involves the proliferation of miRNA biogenesis and effector proteins, continuing innovation of novel families by the diversification of established families and spawning additional paralogous family members. Such evolving miRNA pathways for spatiotemporal regulation of the transcriptome have shaped the evolution of eukaryotic genomes and contributed to the complexity of multicellular organisms. Here, we focus on the emergence of new target specificity of the miRNAs along with the proliferation of core biogenesis and effector modules and show how this has contributed to generate diverse miRNA regulatory pathways.
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Ahn K, Gim JA, Ha HS, Han K, Kim HS. The novel MER transposon-derived miRNAs in human genome. Gene 2012; 512:422-8. [PMID: 22926102 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules (~20-30 nucleotides) that generally act in gene silencing and translational repression through the RNA interference pathway. They generally originate from intergenic genomic regions, but some are found in genomic regions that have been characterized such as introns, exons, and transposable elements (TE). To identify the miRNAs that are derived from palindromic MERs, we analyzed MER paralogs in human genome. The structures of the palindromic MERs were similar to the hairpin structure of miRNA in humans. Three miRNAs derived from MER96 located on chromosome 3, and MER91C paralogs located on chromosome 8 and chromosome 17 were identified in HeLa, HCT116, and HEK293 cell lines. The interactions between these MER-derived miRNAs and AGO1, AGO2, and AGO3 proteins were validated by immunoprecipitation assays. The data suggest that miRNAs derived from transposable elements could widely affect various target genes in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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39
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Powder KE, Ku YC, Brugmann SA, Veile RA, Renaud NA, Helms JA, Lovett M. A cross-species analysis of microRNAs in the developing avian face. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35111. [PMID: 22523571 PMCID: PMC3327661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher vertebrates use similar genetic tools to derive very different facial features. This diversity is believed to occur through temporal, spatial and species-specific changes in gene expression within cranial neural crest (NC) cells. These contribute to the facial skeleton and contain species-specific information that drives morphological variation. A few signaling molecules and transcription factors are known to play important roles in these processes, but little is known regarding the role of micro-RNAs (miRNAs). We have identified and compared all miRNAs expressed in cranial NC cells from three avian species (chicken, duck, and quail) before and after species-specific facial distinctions occur. We identified 170 differentially expressed miRNAs. These include thirty-five novel chicken orthologs of previously described miRNAs, and six avian-specific miRNAs. Five of these avian-specific miRNAs are conserved over 120 million years of avian evolution, from ratites to galliforms, and their predicted target mRNAs include many components of Wnt signaling. Previous work indicates that mRNA gene expression in NC cells is relatively static during stages when the beak acquires species-specific morphologies. However, miRNA expression is remarkably dynamic within this timeframe, suggesting that the timing of specific developmental transitions is altered in birds with different beak shapes. We evaluated one miRNA:mRNA target pair and found that the cell cycle regulator p27KIP1 is a likely target of miR-222 in frontonasal NC cells, and that the timing of this interaction correlates with the onset of phenotypic variation. Our comparative genomic approach is the first comprehensive analysis of miRNAs in the developing facial primordial, and in species-specific facial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E. Powder
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yuan-Chieh Ku
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Samantha A. Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rose A. Veile
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. Renaud
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Helms
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Lovett
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Characterization and evolution of microRNA genes derived from repetitive elements and duplication events in plants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34092. [PMID: 22523544 PMCID: PMC3327684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a major class of small non-coding RNAs that act as negative regulators at the post-transcriptional level in animals and plants. In this study, all known miRNAs in four plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa, Oryza sativa and Sorghum bicolor) have been analyzed, using a combination of computational and comparative genomic approaches, to systematically identify and characterize the miRNAs that were derived from repetitive elements and duplication events. The study provides a complete mapping, at the genome scale, of all the miRNAs found on repetitive elements in the four test plant species. Significant differences between repetitive element-related miRNAs and non-repeat-derived miRNAs were observed for many characteristics, including their location in protein-coding and intergenic regions in genomes, their conservation in plant species, sequence length of their hairpin precursors, base composition of their hairpin precursors and the minimum free energy of their hairpin structures. Further analysis showed that a considerable number of miRNA families in the four test plant species arose from either tandem duplication events, segmental duplication events or a combination of the two. However, comparative analysis suggested that the contribution made by these two duplication events differed greatly between the perennial tree species tested and the other three annual species. The expansion of miRNA families in A. thaliana, O. sativa and S. bicolor are more likely to occur as a result of tandem duplication events than from segmental duplications. In contrast, genomic segmental duplications contributed significantly more to the expansion of miRNA families in P. trichocarpa than did tandem duplication events. Taken together, this study has successfully characterized miRNAs derived from repetitive elements and duplication events at the genome scale and provides comprehensive knowledge and deeper insight into the origins and evolution of miRNAs in plants.
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Abstract
In the past decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been uncovered as key regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The ancient origin of miRNAs, their dramatic expansion in bilaterian animals and their function in providing robustness to transcriptional programmes suggest that miRNAs are instrumental in the evolution of organismal complexity. Advances in understanding miRNA biology, combined with the increasing availability of diverse sequenced genomes, have begun to reveal the molecular mechanisms that underlie the evolution of miRNAs and their targets. Insights are also emerging into how the evolution of miRNA-containing regulatory networks has contributed to organismal complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Berezikov
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Yuan Z, Sun X, Liu H, Xie J. MicroRNA genes derived from repetitive elements and expanded by segmental duplication events in mammalian genomes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17666. [PMID: 21436881 PMCID: PMC3059204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene
expression by targeting mRNAs for translation repression or mRNA degradation.
Many miRNAs are being discovered and studied, but in most cases their origin,
evolution and function remain unclear. Here, we characterized miRNAs derived
from repetitive elements and miRNA families expanded by segmental duplication
events in the human, rhesus and mouse genomes. We applied a comparative genomics
approach combined with identifying miRNA paralogs in segmental duplication pair
data in a genome-wide study to identify new homologs of human miRNAs in the
rhesus and mouse genomes. Interestingly, using segmental duplication pair data,
we provided credible computational evidence that two miRNA genes are located in
the pseudoautosomal region of the human Y chromosome. We characterized all the
miRNAs whether they were derived from repetitive elements or not and identified
significant differences between the repeat-related miRNAs (RrmiRs) and
non-repeat-derived miRNAs in (1) their location in protein-coding and intergenic
regions in genomes, (2) the minimum free energy of their hairpin structures, and
(3) their conservation in vertebrate genomes. We found some lineage-specific
RrmiR families and three lineage-specific expansion families, and provided
evidence indicating that some RrmiR families formed and expanded during
evolutionary segmental duplication events. We also provided computational and
experimental evidence for the functions of the conservative RrmiR families in
the three species. Together, our results indicate that repetitive elements
contribute to the origin of miRNAs, and large segmental duplication events could
prompt the expansion of some miRNA families, including RrmiR families. Our study
is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of evolution and function of
non-coding region in genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School
of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing,
China
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of
Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School
of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing,
China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hongde Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School
of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing,
China
| | - Jianming Xie
- School of Life Science, Hunan University of
Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
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