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Zarlenga DS, Hoberg EP, Thompson P, Rosenthal B. Trichinella: Becoming a parasite. Vet Parasitol 2024:110220. [PMID: 38910035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Phylogenetic evidence indicates that free-living nematodes gave rise to parasitic nematodes where parasitism evolved independently at least 15 times. The high level of genetic and biological diversity among parasites dictates an equally high level of diversity in the transition to parasitism. We previously hypothesized that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) played an important role in the evolution of parasitism among early ancestors of Trichinella, mediated by an interplay of ecological and evolutionary pathways that contributed to persistence and diversification. We propose that host selection may have been associated with the metabolism of ammonia and engender a new paradigm whereby the reprogrammed nurse cell is capable of generating cyanate thereby enabling the importance of the Trichinella cyanase in the longevity of the cell. Parasites and parasitism have revealed considerable resilience against a backdrop of climate change and environmental perturbation. Here we provide a putative link between key periods in the evolution of Trichinella and major geological and climatological events dating back 500 million years. A useful lens for exploring such ideas, the Stockholm Paradigm, integrates Ecological Fitting (a foundation for host colonization and diversification), the Oscillation Hypothesis (recurring shifts between trends in generalization and specialization relative to host range), the Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution (microevolutionary co-adaptive processes), and the Taxon Pulse Hypothesis (alternating events of biotic expansion i.e., exploitation in evolutionary and ecological time). Here we examine how one or more of these interactive theories, in a phylogenetic-historical context and in conjunction with HGT, may help explain the scope and depth of diversity among Trichinella genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante S Zarlenga
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peter Thompson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, MD, USA
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2
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Zarlenga D, Thompson P, Pozio E. Trichinella species and genotypes. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:289-296. [PMID: 33199264 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis has historically been deemed "the pig parasite" owing to its initial classification within a monospecific genus. However, in recent years, the genus has expanded to include 10 distinct species and at least 3 different genotypes whose taxonomic status remains unstipulated. In contrast to T. spiralis, however, most of these sylvatic species and genotypes do not infect pigs well. Inasmuch as morphological characters cannot be used to define species within this genus, earlier classifications were based upon host and geographical ranges, biological characters, and the presence or absence of a collagen capsule that surrounds the muscle stage larvae. Later, isoenzymes, DNA gel fragmentation patterns and DNA probes were used to help in identification and classification. Today, amidst the "-omics" revolution, new molecular and biochemical-based methodologies have improved detection, differentiation and characterization at all levels including worm populations. These efforts have discernably expanded immunological, epidemiological, and genetic studies resulting in better hypotheses on the evolution of the genus, and on global events, transmission cycles, host associations, and biogeographical histories that contributed to its cosmopolitan distribution. Reviews of this sort are best begun with a background on the genus; however, efforts will divert to the most recent knowledge available on the taxonomy, phylogeny, epidemiology and biochemistry that define this genus in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Zarlenga
- Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Peter Thompson
- Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Wang X, Lin Y, Zheng Y. Antitumor effects of aconitine in A2780 cells via estrogen receptor β‑mediated apoptosis, DNA damage and migration. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2318-2328. [PMID: 32705198 PMCID: PMC7411431 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OVCA) is the deadliest type of malignant gynecological disease, and previous studies have demonstrated that estrogen receptor β (ERβ) serves important roles in this disease. Aconitine, a toxin produced by the Aconitum plant, displays potent effects against cancers. The aim of the study was to investigate the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of aconitum on OVCA. In the present study, the activity of aconitine in the human OVCA A2780 cell line was investigated. The results revealed that aconitine suppressed cell viability, colony formation and motility. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, mitochondria membrane potential and comet assays showed that aconitine induced mitochondria apoptosis and DNA damage in A2780 cells. Investigation of the mechanism revealed that a high expression of ERβ and prolyl hydroxylase 2 was detected after aconitine treatment, and aconitine significantly suppressed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α to activate ERβ signaling. Moreover, the expression levels of p53, Bax, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1, cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3/9 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were upregulated, and the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and phosphorylated ATM serine/threonine kinase were downregulated by aconitine. Interestingly, aconitine also markedly downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9, which are associated with tumor invasion. In addition, a molecular docking assay revealed that aconitine exerted strong affinity towards ERβ mainly through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effects. Collectively, these results suggested that aconitine suppressed OVCA cell growth by adjusting ERβ-mediated apoptosis, DNA damage and migration, which should be considered a potential option for the future treatment of OVCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Wang
- Pharmaceutical Preparation Section, People's Hospital of Weifang High‑tech Zone, Weifang, Shangdong 261205, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Lin
- Department of Nursing, Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Comparative Genomic Analysis of Trichinella spiralis Reveals Potential Mechanisms of Adaptive Evolution. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2948973. [PMID: 31240209 PMCID: PMC6556364 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2948973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis caused by parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichinella may result in human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Deciphering processes that drive species diversity and adaptation are key to understanding parasitism and developing effective control strategies. Our goal was to identify genes that are under positive selection and possible mechanisms of adaptive evolution of Trichinella spiralis genes using a comparative genomic analysis with the genomes of Brugia malayi, Trichuris suis, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, and Caenorhabditis elegans. The CODEML program derived from the PAML package was used to deduce the most probable dN/dS ratio, a measurement to detect genes/proteins undergoing adaptation. For each pair of sequences, those with a dN/dS ratio > 1 were considered positively selected genes (PSGs). Altogether, 986 genes were positively selected (p-value < 0.01). Genes involved in metabolic pathways, signaling pathways, and cytosolic DNA-sensing pathways were significantly enriched among the PSGs. Several PSGs are associated with exploitation of the host: modification of the host's metabolism, creation of new parasite-specific morphological structures between T. spiralis and the host interface, xenobiotic metabolism to combat low oxygen concentrations and host toxicity, muscle cell transformation, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair processes during nurse cell formation, antiapoptotic factors, immunomodulation, and regulation of epigenetic processes. Some of the T. spiralis PSGs have C. elegans orthologs that confer severe or lethal RNAi phenotypes. Fifty-seven PSGs in T. spiralis were analyzed to encode differentially expressed proteins. The present study utilized an overall comparative genomic analysis to discover PSGs within T. spiralis and their relationships with biological function and organism fitness. This analysis adds to our understanding of the possible mechanism that contributes to T. spiralis parasitism and biological adaptation within the host, and thus these identified genes may be potential targets for drug and vaccine development.
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A tale of three kingdoms: members of the Phylum Nematoda independently acquired the detoxifying enzyme cyanase through horizontal gene transfer from plants and bacteria. Parasitology 2018; 146:445-452. [PMID: 30301483 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played an important role in the evolution of nematodes. Among candidate genes, cyanase, which is typically found only in plants, bacteria and fungi, is present in more than 35 members of the Phylum Nematoda, but absent from free-living and clade V organisms. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the cyanases of clade I organisms Trichinella spp., Trichuris spp. and Soboliphyme baturini (Subclass: Dorylaimia) represent a well-supported monophyletic clade with plant cyanases. In contrast, all cyanases found within the Subclass Chromadoria which encompasses filarioids, ascaridoids and strongyloids are homologous to those of bacteria. Western blots exhibited typical multimeric forms of the native molecule in protein extracts of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae, where immunohistochemical staining localized the protein to the worm hypodermis and underlying muscle. Recombinant Trichinella cyanase was bioactive where gene transcription profiles support functional activity in vivo. Results suggest that: (1) independent HGT in parasitic nematodes originated from different Kingdoms; (2) cyanase acquired an active role in the biology of extant Trichinella; (3) acquisition occurred more than 400 million years ago (MYA), prior to the divergence of the Trichinellida and Dioctophymatida, and (4) early, free-living ancestors of the genus Trichinella had an association with terrestrial plants.
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Booker MA, DeLong A. Atypical Protein Phosphatase 2A Gene Families Do Not Expand via Paleopolyploidization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1283-1300. [PMID: 28034953 PMCID: PMC5291013 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) presents unique opportunities for analyzing molecular mechanisms of functional divergence between gene family members. The canonical PP2A holoenzyme regulates multiple eukaryotic signaling pathways by dephosphorylating target proteins and contains a catalytic (C) subunit, a structural/scaffolding (A) subunit, and a regulatory (B) subunit. Genes encoding PP2A subunits have expanded into multigene families in both flowering plants and mammals, and the extent to which different isoform functions may overlap is not clearly understood. To gain insight into the diversification of PP2A subunits, we used phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary histories of PP2A gene families in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Genes encoding PP2A subunits in mammals represent ancient lineages that expanded early in vertebrate evolution, while flowering plant PP2A subunit lineages evolved much more recently. Despite this temporal difference, our data indicate that the expansion of PP2A subunit gene families in both flowering plants and animals was driven by whole-genome duplications followed by nonrandom gene loss. Selection analysis suggests that the expansion of one B subunit gene family (B56/PPP2R5) was driven by functional diversification rather than by the maintenance of gene dosage. We also observed reduced expansion rates in three distinct B subunit subclades. One of these subclades plays a highly conserved role in cell division, while the distribution of a second subclade suggests a specialized function in supporting beneficial microbial associations. Thus, while whole-genome duplications have driven the expansion and diversification of most PP2A gene families, members of functionally specialized subclades quickly revert to singleton status after duplication events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Booker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Alison DeLong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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McNulty SN, Strübe C, Rosa BA, Martin JC, Tyagi R, Choi YJ, Wang Q, Hallsworth Pepin K, Zhang X, Ozersky P, Wilson RK, Sternberg PW, Gasser RB, Mitreva M. Dictyocaulus viviparus genome, variome and transcriptome elucidate lungworm biology and support future intervention. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20316. [PMID: 26856411 PMCID: PMC4746573 DOI: 10.1038/srep20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine lungworm, Dictyocaulus viviparus (order Strongylida), is an important parasite of livestock that causes substantial economic and production losses worldwide. Here we report the draft genome, variome, and developmental transcriptome of D. viviparus. The genome (161 Mb) is smaller than those of related bursate nematodes and encodes fewer proteins (14,171 total). In the first genome-wide assessment of genomic variation in any parasitic nematode, we found a high degree of sequence variability in proteins predicted to be involved host-parasite interactions. Next, we used extensive RNA sequence data to track gene transcription across the life cycle of D. viviparus, and identified genes that might be important in nematode development and parasitism. Finally, we predicted genes that could be vital in host-parasite interactions, genes that could serve as drug targets, and putative RNAi effectors with a view to developing functional genomic tools. This extensive, well-curated dataset should provide a basis for developing new anthelmintics, vaccines, and improved diagnostic tests and serve as a platform for future investigations of drug resistance and epidemiology of the bovine lungworm and related nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N McNulty
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Christina Strübe
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - John C Martin
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | | | - Xu Zhang
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Philip Ozersky
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- HHMI, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63108, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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8
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Wang Q, Rosa BA, Jasmer DP, Mitreva M. Pan-Nematoda Transcriptomic Elucidation of Essential Intestinal Functions and Therapeutic Targets With Broad Potential. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1079-89. [PMID: 26501106 PMCID: PMC4587998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode intestine is continuous with the outside environment, making it easily accessible to anthelmintics for parasite control, but the development of new therapeutics is impeded by limited knowledge of nematode intestinal cell biology. We established the most comprehensive nematode intestinal functional database to date by generating transcriptional data from the dissected intestines of three parasitic nematodes spanning the phylum, and integrating the results with the whole proteomes of 10 nematodes (including 9 pathogens of humans or animals) and 3 host species and 2 outgroup species. We resolved 10,772 predicted nematode intestinal protein families (IntFams), and studied their presence and absence within the different lineages (births and deaths) among nematodes. Conserved intestinal cell functions representing ancestral functions of evolutionary importance were delineated, and molecular features useful for selective therapeutic targeting were identified. Molecular patterns conserved among IntFam proteins demonstrated large potential as therapeutic targets to inhibit intestinal cell functions with broad applications towards treatment and control of parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Douglas P. Jasmer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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9
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New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:983-97. [PMID: 23816802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to our understanding of just a few decades ago, the genus Trichinella now consists of a complex assemblage of no less than nine different species and three additional genotypes whose taxonomic status remains in flux. New data and methodologies have allowed advancements in detection and differentiation at the population level which in turn have demonstrably advanced epidemiological, immunological and genetic investigations. In like manner, molecular and genetic studies have permitted us to hypothesise biohistorical events leading to the worldwide dissemination of this genus, and to begin crystalising the evolution of Trichinella on a macro scale. The identification of species in countries and continents otherwise considered Trichinella-free has raised questions regarding host adaptation and associations, and advanced important findings on the biogeographical histories of its members. Using past reviews as a backdrop, we have ventured to present an up-to-date assessment of the taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships and epidemiology of the genus Trichinella with additional insights on host species, survival strategies in nature and the shortcomings of our current understanding of the epidemiology of the genus. In addition, we have begun compiling information available to date on genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and population studies of consequence in the hope we can build on this in years to come.
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Giri J, Dansana PK, Kothari KS, Sharma G, Vij S, Tyagi AK. SAPs as novel regulators of abiotic stress response in plants. Bioessays 2013; 35:639-48. [PMID: 23640876 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress associated proteins (SAPs), novel A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain-containing proteins, are fast emerging as potential candidates for biotechnological approaches in order to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants - the ultimate aim of which is crop-yield protection. Until relatively recently, such proteins had only been identified in humans, where they had been shown to be key regulators of innate immunity. Their phylogenetic relationship and recruitment of diverse protein domains reflect an architectural and mechanistic diversity. Emerging evidence suggests that SAPs may act as ubiquitin ligase, redox sensor, and regulator of gene expression during stress. Here, we evaluate the new knowledge on SAPs with a view to understand their mechanism of action. Furthermore, we set an agenda for investigating hitherto unexplored roles of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Giri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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