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Tayyeh AM, Sequeira JJ, Kumar L, Babu I, van Driem G, Mustak MS. The maternal ancestry of the Kavaratti islanders and the last glacial maximum aftermath. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:1467-1477. [PMID: 37823939 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The prehistoric human settlement of the Lakshadweep islands remains a mystery for various reasons. Uncertainty about the existence of indigenous tribes in these islands and the lack of folklore records present major obstacles to the reconstruction of Lakshadweep ancestry. However, with extant population data, we seek to understand the maternal ancestry of the Kavaratti islanders. Mitochondrial control region variation analysis of 80 individuals from this island shows maternal links with the populations in the northwestern region of the South Asian mainland. The founder clade R30b2, observed in the Kavaratti islanders, is so far present only in the Scheduled Castes from the Punjab region, Jat Sikhs and Nairs. All other mainland populations carry basal R30 or R30a subclades. The presence of a specific Uralic U4 lineage in our samples, in addition to the Indo-European affinity observed in the phylogeny tree, substantiates a northwestern maternal ancestry of the Kavaratti islanders and implies an ancestral admixture with early humans in the Near East at the time of the last glacial maximum (LGM). Based on our Bayesian analysis, we furthermore propose that a group bearing mostly R30b2 during the LGM recovery, moved eastward and southward, where they received Indian-specific M haplogroups. Hence, the maternal ancestry of the Kavaratti islanders is evidently a consequence of the demographic changes in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent caused by the Last Glacial Maximum. The haplogroup distribution pattern and nucleotide sequence data produced in this study will enrich the forensic database of the Lakshadweep islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alnoman Mundher Tayyeh
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199, India
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology Unit, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199, India
| | | | - Lomous Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Idrees Babu
- Department of Science and Technology, Lakshadweep Administration, Kavaratti, 682555, India
| | - George van Driem
- Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Bern, Länggassstrasse 49, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Ahlawat B, Kumar L, Cherian PJ, Sehrawat JS, Rai N, Thangaraj K. Deciphering the West Eurasian Genetic Footprints in Ancient South India. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050963. [PMID: 37239323 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, Pattanam coastal village of the Ernakulam District in Kerala, India, has witnessed multi-disciplinary archaeological investigations in collaboration with leading research institutions across the world. The results confirm that the Pattanam site could be an integral part of the lost ancient port of Muziris, which, as per the material evidence from Pattanam and its contemporary sites, played an important role in the transoceanic exchanges between 100 BCE (Before Common Era) and 300 CE (Common Era). So far, the material evidence with direct provenance to the maritime exchanges related to ancient cultures of the Mediterranean, West Asian, Red Sea, African, and Asian regions have been identified at Pattanam. However, the genetic evidence supporting the impact of multiple cultures or their admixing is still missing for this important archaeological site of South India. Hence, in the current study, we tried to infer the genetic composition of the skeletal remains excavated from the site in a broader context of South Asian and worldwide maternal affinity. We applied the MassArray-based genotyping approach of mitochondrial makers and observed that ancient samples of Pattanam represent a mixed maternal ancestry pattern of both the West Eurasian ancestry and the South Asian ancestry. We observed a high frequency of West Eurasian haplogroups (T, JT, and HV) and South Asian-specific mitochondrial haplogroups (M2a, M3a, R5, and M6). The findings are consistent with the previously published and ongoing archaeological excavations, in which material remains from over three dozen of sites across the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Mediterranean littoral regions have been unearthed. This study confirms that people belonging to multiple cultural and linguistic backgrounds have migrated, probably settled, and eventually died on the South-western coast of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Ahlawat
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Lomous Kumar
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Parayil John Cherian
- PAMA Institute for the Advancement of Transdisciplinary Archaeological Sciences, Pattanam Archaeological Site, Ernakulam 683522, India
- Kerala Council for Historical Research & Director Pattanam Excavations, Thiruvananthapuram 695003, India
| | | | - Niraj Rai
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Sikdar M. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence tries to settle hitherto putative history of Kayastha population of India. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 35:e23851. [PMID: 36571462 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Indian caste system is unique as it has an inimitable type of class system where the social ordering is done based on birth. Within the caste system, there is a distinct endogamous population known as the Kayastha, who have had inconclusive stratification records due to unidentified historical records. METHODS To gain a more inclusive view on the history and genetic affinities of Kayastha people, complete mitochondrial genomes from 15 individuals of a Kayastha population from North-western India have been sequenced. RESULTS Interestingly, three novel sub-clades (U2b2a, M3d2, and M33a3b) have been identified that represent unique Kayastha motifs. CONCLUSION The haplotype-based analysis suggests that the Kayastha population shares genetic affinities with the Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan populations found in the trans-Himalayan region. The FST based population comparison and the MDS plot indicates that Kayastha people have close maternal genetic affinity with the available genetic database of Brahmins, Kashmiris, and Tharus. The maternal genetic lineages among Kayastha population shows deep in situ origin that emerged much before settled life developed on this sub-continent. Both mtDNA and Y-chromosome markers, trace the genetic lineages of Kayastha population with Tharus, who regard themselves Kshatriya, corroborated by the oral history of the Kayasthas for their Kshatriya affiliation. It also validates genetic heritage of earliest settlers of India in both indigenous tribal and caste populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Sikdar
- DNA Laboratory Unit, Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Center, Mysore, India
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Recent population expansion in wild gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus) as revealed by microsatellite markers. Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jain A, Sharma D, Bajaj A, Gupta V, Scaria V. Founder variants and population genomes-Toward precision medicine. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:121-152. [PMID: 33641745 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human migration and community specific cultural practices have contributed to founder events and enrichment of the variants associated with genetic diseases. While many founder events in isolated populations have remained uncharacterized, the application of genomics in clinical settings as well as for population scale studies in the recent years have provided an unprecedented push towards identification of founder variants associated with human health and disease. The discovery and characterization of founder variants could have far reaching implications not only in understanding the history or genealogy of the disease, but also in implementing evidence based policies and genetic testing frameworks. This further enables precise diagnosis and prevention in an attempt towards precision medicine. This review provides an overview of founder variants along with methods and resources cataloging them. We have also discussed the public health implications and examples of prevalent disease associated founder variants in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Jain
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Disha Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Bajaj
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishu Gupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Bhaskaran SP, Huang T, Rajendran BK, Guo M, Luo J, Qin Z, Zhao B, Chian J, Li S, Wang SM. Ethnic-specific BRCA1/2 variation within Asia population: evidence from over 78 000 cancer and 40 000 non-cancer cases of Indian, Chinese, Korean and Japanese populations. J Med Genet 2020; 58:752-759. [PMID: 32963034 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutation in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) is genetic predisposition for breast and ovarian cancer. Identification of mutation carriers is a critical step to prevent and treat the cancer in the mutation carriers. Human BRCA variation has been well determined as ethnic-specific by studies in Ashkenazi Jewish, Polish and Icelandic populations in the 1990s. However, sufficient evidence is lacking to determine if ethnic-specific BRCA variation is also present in Asia population, which is the largest and the most diversified in modern humans. Our current study aims to investigate ethnic-specific BRCA variation in Asian population. METHODS We performed a comprehensive data mining to collect BRCA variation data in Indian, Chinese, Korean and Japanese populations derived from over 78 000 cancer and 40 000 non-cancer cases. We standardised all BRCA variation data following the international standard. We made a systematic comparison between the datasets including variant composition, variation spectrum, variant type, clinical class, founder mutation and high-frequent variants. RESULTS Our analysis showed that over half of the Asian BRCA variants were Asian-specific, and significant differences were present between the four Asia populations in each category analysed. CONCLUSION Data from our study reveal that ethnic-specific BRCA variation is commonly present in Asia population as existing in non-Asian populations. Our study indicates that ethnicity should be an important factor to consider in prevention and treatment of BRCA mutation-related cancer in the Asia population. We recommend that the current BRCA variation databases should include ethnic variation information in order to function as true global BRCA references.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teng Huang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | | | - Maoni Guo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jiangtao Luo
- Healthcare Analytics Institute, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Zixin Qin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Bojin Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jiasheng Chian
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Suicheng Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - San Ming Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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Atkulwar A, Farah S, Gadhikar Y, Baig M. Mitochondrial DNA diversity in wild gaur ( Bos gaurus gaurus): evidence from extant and historical samples. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1742589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Atkulwar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Conservation Genetics, Department of Zoology, Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, India
| | - Sameera Farah
- Laboratory of Molecular and Conservation Genetics, Department of Zoology, Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, India
| | - Yashashree Gadhikar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Conservation Genetics, Department of Zoology, Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, India
| | - Mumtaz Baig
- Laboratory of Molecular and Conservation Genetics, Department of Zoology, Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, India
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Sylvester C, Krishna MS, Rao JS, Chandrasekar A. Neolithic phylogenetic continuity inferred from complete mitochondrial DNA sequences in a tribal population of Southern India. Genetica 2018; 146:383-389. [PMID: 30032461 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-018-0030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The subsequent human migrations that dispersed out of Africa, both prehistoric and historic and colonization of India by modern humans is unanimous, and phylogeny of major mitochondrial DNA haplogroups have played a key role in assessing the genetic origin of people of India. To address more such events, complete mitogenomes of 113 Melakudiya tribe of Southern India were sequenced and 46 individuals showed the presence of west Eurasian autochthonous haplogroups HV14 and U7. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two novel subclades HV14a1b and HV14a1b1 and sequences representing haplogroup U7 were included under previously described subclade U7a3a1a2* specific to India. Moreover, the present analysis on complete mtDNA reveals addition information of the spread and distribution of west Eurasian haplogroups in southern India, in tracing an unexplored genetic link between Melakudiya tribe with the people of Iranian Plateau, South Caucasus, and Central Asia. Coalescence ages of HV14 and U7a3a1a2* trees in the present study dates ~ 16.1 ± 4.3 and ~ 13.4 ± 5.6 kya respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Sylvester
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India.,Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Center, Mysore, India
| | | | - Jaya Sankar Rao
- Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Center, Mysore, India
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9
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Li YC, Wang HW, Tian JY, Liu LN, Yang LQ, Zhu CL, Wu SF, Kong QP, Zhang YP. Ancient inland human dispersals from Myanmar into interior East Asia since the Late Pleistocene. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9473. [PMID: 25826227 PMCID: PMC4379912 DOI: 10.1038/srep09473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the existence of plenty of river valleys connecting Southeast and East Asia, it is possible that some inland route(s) might have been adopted by the initial settlers to migrate into the interior of East Asia. Here we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) HVS variants of 845 newly collected individuals from 14 Myanmar populations and 5,907 published individuals from 115 populations from Myanmar and its surroundings. Enrichment of basal lineages with the highest genetic diversity in Myanmar suggests that Myanmar was likely one of the differentiation centers of the early modern humans. Intriguingly, some haplogroups were shared merely between Myanmar and southwestern China, hinting certain genetic connection between both regions. Further analyses revealed that such connection was in fact attributed to both recent gene flow and certain ancient dispersals from Myanmar to southwestern China during 25-10 kya, suggesting that, besides the coastal route, the early modern humans also adopted an inland dispersal route to populate the interior of East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Chun-Ling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Shi-Fang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qing-Peng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
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Majumder PP, Basu A. A genomic view of the peopling and population structure of India. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a008540. [PMID: 25147176 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular and statistical genetics have enabled the reconstruction of human history by studying living humans. The ability to sequence and study DNA by calibrating the rate of accumulation of changes with evolutionary time has enabled robust inferences about how humans have evolved. These data indicate that modern humans evolved in Africa about 150,000 years ago and, consistent with paleontological evidence, migrated out of Africa. And through a series of settlements, demographic expansions, and further migrations, they populated the entire world. One of the first waves of migration from Africa was into India. Subsequent, more recent, waves of migration from other parts of the world have resulted in India being a genetic melting pot. Contemporary India has a rich tapestry of cultures and ecologies. There are about 400 tribal groups and more than 4000 groups of castes and subcastes, speaking dialects of 22 recognized languages belonging to four major language families. The contemporary social structure of Indian populations is characterized by endogamy with different degrees of porosity. The social structure, possibly coupled with large ecological heterogeneity, has resulted in considerable genetic diversity and local genetic differences within India. In this essay, we provide genetic evidence of how India may have been peopled, the nature and extent of its genetic diversity, and genetic structure among the extant populations of India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Analabha Basu
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani 741251, India
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Ali M, Liu X, Pillai EN, Chen P, Khor CC, Ong RTH, Teo YY. Characterizing the genetic differences between two distinct migrant groups from Indo-European and Dravidian speaking populations in India. BMC Genet 2014; 15:86. [PMID: 25053360 PMCID: PMC4120727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background India is home to many ethnically and linguistically diverse populations. It is hypothesized that history of invasions by people from Persia and Central Asia, who are referred as Aryans in Hindu Holy Scriptures, had a defining role in shaping the Indian population canvas. A shift in spoken languages from Dravidian languages to Indo-European languages around 1500 B.C. is central to the Aryan Invasion Theory. Here we investigate the genetic differences between two sub-populations of India consisting of: (1) The Indo-European language speaking Gujarati Indians with genome-wide data from the International HapMap Project; and (2) the Dravidian language speaking Tamil Indians with genome-wide data from the Singapore Genome Variation Project. Results We implemented three population genetics measures to identify genomic regions that are significantly differentiated between the two Indian populations originating from the north and south of India. These measures singled out genomic regions with: (i) SNPs exhibiting significant variation in allele frequencies in the two Indian populations; and (ii) differential signals of positive natural selection as quantified by the integrated haplotype score (iHS) and cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH). One of the regions that emerged spans the SLC24A5 gene that has been functionally shown to affect skin pigmentation, with a higher degree of genetic sharing between Gujarati Indians and Europeans. Conclusions Our finding points to a gene-flow from Europe to north India that provides an explanation for the lighter skin tones present in North Indians in comparison to South Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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SARASWATHY KALLURNAVA, MEITEI SANJENBAMYAIPHABA, SINGH HUIDROMSURAJ, JOSEPH ANTONETATERESA, MONDAL PRAKASHRANJAN, MURRY BENRITHUNG, SACHDEVA MOHINDERPAL, GHOSH PRADEEPKUMAR. Dopaminergic D4 receptor polymorphism among 24 populations of India: an anthropological insight. ANTHROPOL SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.130609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KALLUR NAVA SARASWATHY
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | | | - HUIDROM SURAJ SINGH
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | | | - PRAKASH RANJAN MONDAL
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - BENRITHUNG MURRY
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - MOHINDER PAL SACHDEVA
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - PRADEEP KUMAR GHOSH
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
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MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time. Sci Rep 2012; 2:745. [PMID: 23082240 PMCID: PMC3475341 DOI: 10.1038/srep00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture resulted in extensive population growths and human activities. However, whether major human expansions started after Neolithic Time still remained controversial. With the benefit of 1000 Genome Project, we were able to analyze a total of 910 samples from 11 populations in Africa, Europe and Americas. From these random samples, we identified the expansion lineages and reconstructed the historical demographic variations. In all the three continents, we found that most major lineage expansions (11 out of 15 star lineages in Africa, all autochthonous lineages in Europe and America) coalesced before the first appearance of agriculture. Furthermore, major population expansions were estimated after Last Glacial Maximum but before Neolithic Time, also corresponding to the result of major lineage expansions. Considering results in current and previous study, global mtDNA evidence showed that rising temperature after Last Glacial Maximum offered amiable environments and might be the most important factor for prehistorical human expansions.
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Khan N, Chittoria A, Pande V, Jaiswal YK, Das A. Development of multilocus putatively neutral DNA markers in the X-chromosome for population genetic studies in humans. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 39:281-9. [PMID: 22656191 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.689326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has now been well documented that the type (coding, non-coding) and location (nuclear, mitochondrial etc.) of genetic markers heavily influence evolutionary inferences; realistic assumptions can be drawn if multiple putatively neutral DNA fragments spread across the genome are used. AIM To infer human population history, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), located in the non-coding regions of different genes in the X-chromosome have been developed as 'putatively neutral markers'. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A population sample consisting of 16 male individuals from the western part of India was utilized for sequencing eight DNA fragments located in introns of three genes (Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Factor IX and Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 sub-unit) on the human X-chromosome. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing confirmed the polymorphic status of all the fragments. RESULTS Twenty nine SNPs were found to be segregating in the Western Indian population samples. Using these SNPs the nucleotide diversity and demographic parameters of the Western Indian population were estimated. Several tests of neutrality ascertained that all eight fragments evolve putatively neutrally. Further, linkage disequilibrium analyses confirmed this fact. CONCLUSION All eight DNA fragments seem to bear the characteristics to be considered as 'putatively neutral genetic markers' and thus, could be utilized for inference of human population and demographic histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naazneen Khan
- Evolutionary Genomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110077, India
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15
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MEITEI SANJENBAMYAIPHABA, MEITEI KHANGEMBAMSOMIBABU, MURRY BENRITHUNG, MONDAL PRAKASHRANJAN, SARASWATHY KALLURNAVA, GHOSH PRADEEPKUMAR, SACHDEVA MOHINDERPAL. Common genetic heritage and admixture among Indian population groups as revealed by mtDNA markers. ANTHROPOL SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.120730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - KHANGEMBAM SOMIBABU MEITEI
- Biochemical and Molecular Anthropological Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - BENRITHUNG MURRY
- Biochemical and Molecular Anthropological Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - PRAKASH RANJAN MONDAL
- Biochemical and Molecular Anthropological Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - KALLUR NAVA SARASWATHY
- Biochemical and Molecular Anthropological Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - PRADEEP KUMAR GHOSH
- Biochemical and Molecular Anthropological Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
| | - MOHINDER PAL SACHDEVA
- Biochemical and Molecular Anthropological Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi
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Peng MS, Zhang YP. Inferring the population expansions in peopling of Japan. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21509. [PMID: 21747908 PMCID: PMC3126835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive studies in different fields have been performed to reconstruct the prehistory of populations in the Japanese archipelago. Estimates the ancestral population dynamics based on Japanese molecular sequences can extend our understanding about the colonization of Japan and the ethnogenesis of modern Japanese. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) with a dataset based on 952 Japanese mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes to depict the female effective population size (N(ef)) through time for the total Japanese and each of the major mtDNA haplogroups in Japanese. Our results revealed a rapid N(ef) growth since ∼5 thousand years ago had left ∼72% Japanese mtDNA lineages with a salient signature. The BSP for the major mtDNA haplogroups indicated some different demographic history. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results suggested that the rapid population expansion acted as a major force in shaping current maternal pool of Japanese. It supported a model for population dynamics in Japan in which the prehistoric population growth initiated in the Middle Jomon Period experienced a smooth and swift transition from Jomon to Yayoi, and then continued through the Yayoi Period. The confounding demographic backgrounds of different mtDNA haplogroups could also have some implications for some related studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Stager JC, Ryves DB, Chase BM, Pausata FSR. Catastrophic drought in the Afro-Asian monsoon region during Heinrich event 1. Science 2011; 331:1299-302. [PMID: 21350124 DOI: 10.1126/science.1198322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Between 15,000 and 18,000 years ago, large amounts of ice and meltwater entered the North Atlantic during Heinrich stadial 1. This caused substantial regional cooling, but major climatic impacts also occurred in the tropics. Here, we demonstrate that the height of this stadial, about 16,000 to 17,000 years ago (Heinrich event 1), coincided with one of the most extreme and widespread megadroughts of the past 50,000 years or more in the Afro-Asian monsoon region, with potentially serious consequences for Paleolithic cultures. Late Quaternary tropical drying commonly is attributed to southward drift of the intertropical convergence zone, but the broad geographic range of the Heinrich event 1 megadrought suggests that severe, systemic weakening of Afro-Asian rainfall systems also occurred, probably in response to sea surface cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Curt Stager
- Natural Sciences, Paul Smith's College, Paul Smiths, NY 12970, USA.
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18
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Peng MS, Palanichamy MG, Yao YG, Mitra B, Cheng YT, Zhao M, Liu J, Wang HW, Pan H, Wang WZ, Zhang AM, Zhang W, Wang D, Zou Y, Yang Y, Chaudhuri TK, Kong QP, Zhang YP. Inland post-glacial dispersal in East Asia revealed by mitochondrial haplogroup M9a'b. BMC Biol 2011; 9:2. [PMID: 21219640 PMCID: PMC3027199 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Archaeological studies have revealed a series of cultural changes around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Asia; whether these changes left any signatures in the gene pool of East Asians remains poorly indicated. To achieve deeper insights into the demographic history of modern humans in East Asia around the Last Glacial Maximum, we extensively analyzed mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M9a'b, a specific haplogroup that was suggested to have some potential for tracing the migration around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Eurasia. Results A total of 837 M9a'b mitochondrial DNAs (583 from the literature, while the remaining 254 were newly collected in this study) pinpointed from over 28,000 subjects residing across East Eurasia were studied here. Fifty-nine representative samples were further selected for total mitochondrial DNA sequencing so we could better understand the phylogeny within M9a'b. Based on the updated phylogeny, an extensive phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the differentiation of haplogroup M9a'b and to reconstruct the dispersal histories. Conclusions Our results indicated that southern China and/or Southeast Asia likely served as the source of some post-Last Glacial Maximum dispersal(s). The detailed dissection of haplogroup M9a'b revealed the existence of an inland dispersal in mainland East Asia during the post-glacial period. It was this dispersal that expanded not only to western China but also to northeast India and the south Himalaya region. A similar phylogeographic distribution pattern was also observed for haplogroup F1c, thus substantiating our proposition. This inland post-glacial dispersal was in agreement with the spread of the Mesolithic culture originating in South China and northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Thangaraj K, Naidu BP, Crivellaro F, Tamang R, Upadhyay S, Sharma VK, Reddy AG, Walimbe SR, Chaubey G, Kivisild T, Singh L. The influence of natural barriers in shaping the genetic structure of Maharashtra populations. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15283. [PMID: 21187967 PMCID: PMC3004917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The geographical position of Maharashtra state makes it rather essential to study the dispersal of modern humans in South Asia. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the cultural, linguistic and geographical affinity of the populations living in Maharashtra state with other South Asian populations. The genetic origin of populations living in this state is poorly understood and hitherto been described at low molecular resolution level. Methodology/Principal Findings To address this issue, we have analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 185 individuals and NRY (non-recombining region of Y chromosome) of 98 individuals belonging to two major tribal populations of Maharashtra, and compared their molecular variations with that of 54 South Asian contemporary populations of adjacent states. Inter and intra population comparisons reveal that the maternal gene pool of Maharashtra state populations is composed of mainly South Asian haplogroups with traces of east and west Eurasian haplogroups, while the paternal haplogroups comprise the South Asian as well as signature of near eastern specific haplogroup J2a. Conclusions/Significance Our analysis suggests that Indian populations, including Maharashtra state, are largely derived from Paleolithic ancient settlers; however, a more recent (∼10 Ky older) detectable paternal gene flow from west Asia is well reflected in the present study. These findings reveal movement of populations to Maharashtra through the western coast rather than mainland where Western Ghats-Vindhya Mountains and Narmada-Tapti rivers might have acted as a natural barrier. Comparing the Maharastrian populations with other South Asian populations reveals that they have a closer affinity with the South Indian than with the Central Indian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federica Crivellaro
- Leverhulme Centre of Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rakesh Tamang
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Alla G. Reddy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - S. R. Walimbe
- Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Leverhulme Centre of Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu and Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lalji Singh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (KT); (LS)
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20
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Xing J, Watkins WS, Hu Y, Huff CD, Sabo A, Muzny DM, Bamshad MJ, Gibbs RA, Jorde LB, Yu F. Genetic diversity in India and the inference of Eurasian population expansion. Genome Biol 2010; 11:R113. [PMID: 21106085 PMCID: PMC3156952 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2010-11-11-r113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic studies of populations from the Indian subcontinent are of great interest because of India's large population size, complex demographic history, and unique social structure. Despite recent large-scale efforts in discovering human genetic variation, India's vast reservoir of genetic diversity remains largely unexplored. Results To analyze an unbiased sample of genetic diversity in India and to investigate human migration history in Eurasia, we resequenced one 100-kb ENCODE region in 92 samples collected from three castes and one tribal group from the state of Andhra Pradesh in south India. Analyses of the four Indian populations, along with eight HapMap populations (692 samples), showed that 30% of all SNPs in the south Indian populations are not seen in HapMap populations. Several Indian populations, such as the Yadava, Mala/Madiga, and Irula, have nucleotide diversity levels as high as those of HapMap African populations. Using unbiased allele-frequency spectra, we investigated the expansion of human populations into Eurasia. The divergence time estimates among the major population groups suggest that Eurasian populations in this study diverged from Africans during the same time frame (approximately 90 to 110 thousand years ago). The divergence among different Eurasian populations occurred more than 40,000 years after their divergence with Africans. Conclusions Our results show that Indian populations harbor large amounts of genetic variation that have not been surveyed adequately by public SNP discovery efforts. Our data also support a delayed expansion hypothesis in which an ancestral Eurasian founding population remained isolated long after the out-of-Africa diaspora, before expanding throughout Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Abstract
South Asia--comprising India, Pakistan, countries in the sub-Himalayan region and Myanmar--was one of the first geographical regions to have been peopled by modern humans. This region has served as a major route of dispersal to other geographical regions, including southeast Asia. The Indian society comprises tribal, ranked caste, and other populations that are largely endogamous. As a result of evolutionary antiquity and endogamy, populations of India show high genetic differentiation and extensive structuring. Linguistic differences of populations provide the best explanation of genetic differences observed in this region of the world. Within India, consistent with social history, extant populations inhabiting northern regions show closer affinities with Indo-European speaking populations of central Asia that those inhabiting southern regions. Extant southern Indian populations may have been derived from early colonizers arriving from Africa along the southern exit route. The higher-ranked caste populations, who were the torch-bearers of Hindu rituals, show closer affinities with central Asian, Indo-European speaking, populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha P Majumder
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, India.
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A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:605. [PMID: 20003445 PMCID: PMC2808327 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current models propose that mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroups M and N evolved from haplogroup L3 soon after modern humans left Africa. Increasingly, however, analysis of isolated populations is filling in the details of, and in some cases challenging, aspects of this general model. Results Here, we present the first comprehensive study of three such isolated populations from Madagascar: the Mikea hunter-gatherers, the neighbouring Vezo fishermen, and the Merina central highlanders (n = 266). Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences reveal several unresolved lineages, and a new, deep branch of the out-of-Africa founder clade M has been identified. This new haplogroup, M23, has a limited global distribution, and is restricted to Madagascar and a limited range of African and Southwest Asian groups. Conclusions The geographic distribution, phylogenetic placement and molecular age of M23 suggest that the colonization of Madagascar was more complex than previously thought.
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Yao YG, Salas A, Logan I, Bandelt HJ. mtDNA data mining in GenBank needs surveying. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:929-33; author reply 933. [PMID: 20004768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chandrasekar A, Kumar S, Sreenath J, Sarkar BN, Urade BP, Mallick S, Bandopadhyay SS, Barua P, Barik SS, Basu D, Kiran U, Gangopadhyay P, Sahani R, Prasad BVR, Gangopadhyay S, Lakshmi GR, Ravuri RR, Padmaja K, Venugopal PN, Sharma MB, Rao VR. Updating phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup m in India: dispersal of modern human in South Asian corridor. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7447. [PMID: 19823670 PMCID: PMC2757894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To construct maternal phylogeny and prehistoric dispersals of modern human being in the Indian sub continent, a diverse subset of 641 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes belonging to macrohaplogroup M was chosen from a total collection of 2,783 control-region sequences, sampled from 26 selected tribal populations of India. On the basis of complete mtDNA sequencing, we identified 12 new haplogroups - M53 to M64; redefined/ascertained and characterized haplogroups M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M8′C′Z, M9, M10, M11, M12-G, D, M18, M30, M33, M35, M37, M38, M39, M40, M41, M43, M45 and M49, which were previously described by control and/or coding-region polymorphisms. Our results indicate that the mtDNA lineages reported in the present study (except East Asian lineages M8′C′Z, M9, M10, M11, M12-G, D ) are restricted to Indian region.The deep rooted lineages of macrohaplogroup ‘M’ suggest in-situ origin of these haplogroups in India. Most of these deep rooting lineages are represented by multiple ethnic/linguist groups of India. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) shows substantial subdivisions among the tribes of India (Fst = 0.16164). The current Indian mtDNA gene pool was shaped by the initial settlers and was galvanized by minor events of gene flow from the east and west to the restricted zones. Northeast Indian mtDNA pool harbors region specific lineages, other Indian lineages and East Asian lineages. We also suggest the establishment of an East Asian gene in North East India through admixture rather than replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satish Kumar
- Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Bogadi, Mysore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pinuma Barua
- Anthropological Survey of India, Northeast Regional Centre, Shillong, India
| | - Subihra Sankar Barik
- Anthropological Survey of India, Andaman & Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Debasish Basu
- Anthropological Survey of India, Northeast Regional Centre, Shillong, India
| | - Uttaravalli Kiran
- Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Bogadi, Mysore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Koneru Padmaja
- Anthropological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Bogadi, Mysore, India
| | | | - Madhu Bala Sharma
- Anthropological Survey of India, Central Regional Centre, Nagpur, India
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Dubut V, Murail P, Pech N, Thionville MD, Cartault F. Inter- and extra-Indian admixture and genetic diversity in reunion island revealed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Ann Hum Genet 2009; 73:314-34. [PMID: 19397558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reunion Island is a French territory located in the western Indian Ocean. The genetic pattern of the Reunionese population has been shaped by contributions from highly contrasting regions of the world. Over the last 350 years, several migration waves and cultural and socio-economic factors have led to the emergence of six main ethnic groups in Reunion. India is one of the principal regions that contributed to the setting up of the Reunionese population. Diversity, demographic and admixture analyses were performed on mtDNA variation of the Reunionese of Indian ancestry, including the Malbar and Zarab ethnic groups, in order to question their history. Using a phylogeographical approach, we generated and analysed quantitative data on the contribution of the Indian parental populations. Furthermore, we showed that the settlement of Reunion Island by Indians did not involve a founder effect, except in the very beginning of the Reunionese settlement (at the end of the 17(th) century). The accuracy of our results was optimised by a re-evaluation of the classification of the Southern Asian mtDNA haplogroups. Finally, by comparing our results to a previous study dealing with the Reunionese population, we highlighted how ethno-historical data are critical for reconstructing the complex history of multiethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dubut
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, UMR 5199 - PACEA, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie des Populations du Passé, Talence, France.
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Abstract
A recent report in BMC Biology indicates that modern humans first arrived in southern East Asia 60,000 years ago and settled the rest of East Asia from there. This early date and migration route has significant implications for our understanding of the origins of present-day human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roscoe Stanyon
- University of Florence, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Italy.
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