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Dey P, Tewari N, Dutta S, Newman RA, Chaudhuri TK. Oleander attenuates hepatic inflammation in a TLR4-independent manner and by favorable modulation of hepatocellular global metabolome that supports cytoprotection. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 323:117717. [PMID: 38181937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nerium oleander is used to treat liver-associated chronic metabolic diseases in traditional medicinal systems across the globe. The hepatoprotective effects of oleander are mentioned in Indian and Chinese traditional medicinal literature. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to investigate the cellular mechanisms behind the hepatoprotective effects of a non-toxic dose of oleander (NO). MATERIALS AND METHODS The hepatoprotective effects of NO were tested against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated HepG2 cells. Oxidative stress response was studied using cellular enzymatic assays, and gene expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR. HepG2 cells were pretreated with TAK-242 (pharmacological inhibitor of TLR4) to decipher the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of NO. Cell-free metabolites were analyzed using GCMS and were subjected to pathway enrichment analysis. RESULTS NO reduced systemic inflammation, serum lipid peroxidation byproducts, and glucose without affecting serum transaminase levels and hepatic histopathological features. NO attenuated the inflammation-induced loss of antioxidant enzyme activities and mRNA expressions of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor κβ (NFκβ)-dependent inflammatory genes. In TAK-242 pretreated cells, LPS was unable to induce inflammatory and oxidative responses. However, NO treatment in TAK-242 pretreated cells with LPS stimulation further reduced the signs of inflammation and improved hepatoprotective activities. A comparative analysis of the intracellular global metabolome from HepG2 cells with and without NO treatment indicated NO-mediated favorable modulation of intracellular metabolic pathways that support cytoprotective activities. CONCLUSION NO protects HepG2 cells from LPS-induced oxidative and inflammatory injury. The hepatoprotective effects of NO are mediated by a TLR4-independent process and through a favorable modulation of the intracellular global metabolome that supports cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Nisha Tewari
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Somit Dutta
- Department of Development Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Robert A Newman
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India.
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Paul S, Modak D, Chattaraj S, Nandi D, Sarkar A, Roy J, Chaudhuri TK, Bhattacharjee S. Aloe vera gel homogenate shows anti-inflammatory activity through lysosomal membrane stabilization and downregulation of TNF-α and Cox-2 gene expressions in inflammatory arthritic animals. Futur J Pharm Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Aloe vera leaf gel has proven efficacious roles in the amelioration of several human diseases and illness-conditions. Specific purified gel-derived bio-constituents as well as the naturally harvested unprocessed A. vera gel have shown promise in modifying systemic inflammation. However, the synergistic role of natural herbal remedies, a mainstay of traditional Indian Ayurveda, has not been evaluated rigorously in this plant. In this study, the prevention of membrane lysis and protein denaturation in the presence of A. vera gel homogenate up to the concentration of 1000 μg/ml of gel has been assessed in vitro. Also, regulation of expression of inflammation-mediator genes (TNF-α and Cox-2) has been investigated in vivo in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced inflammatory arthritic Wistar albino rats in a 28-day long study following the daily oral supplementation of Aloe vera gel homogenate doses up to 0.40 and 0.80 g/kg body weight (low-dose and high-dose groups respectively).
Results
Our results indicated that A. vera gel homogenate inhibits hypotonicity-induced (74.89 ± 1.26%) and heat-induced (20.86 ± 0.77%) RBC membrane lyses respectively at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml, compared to indomethacin standard (80.52 ± 0.65% and 43.98 ± 1.52% respectively at 200 μg/ml concentration). The similar concentration of gel also showed 39.35 ± 4.25% inhibition of protein denaturation compared to standard diclofenac sodium (46.74 ± 1.84% at 100 μg/ml concentration) in vitro. When assessed in vivo, TNF-α expression was found to be decreased by 35.88% and 38.52%, and Cox-2 expression was found to be decreased by 31.65% and 34.96%, in low-dose and high-dose groups respectively, when compared to the arthritic controls.
Conclusions
Our findings justify the role of unprocessed A. vera gel homogenate in preventing tissue damage and in the downregulation of TNF-α and Cox-2 gene expressions for the immune-modulation of inflammatory arthritis condition.
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Ning T, Ling Y, Hu S, Ardalan A, Li J, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Guan W, Zhao Q, Ma Y, Savolainen P, Zhang Y. Local origin or external input: modern horse origin in East Asia. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:217. [PMID: 31775623 PMCID: PMC6882189 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite decades of research, the horse domestication scenario in East Asia remains poorly understood. RESULTS The study identified 16 haplogroups with fine-scale phylogenetic resolution using mitochondrial genomes of 317 horse samples. The time to the most recent common ancestor of the 16 haplogroups ranges from [0.8-3.1] thousand years ago (KYA) to [7.9-27.1] KYA. With combined analyses of the mitochondrial control region for 35 extant Przewalski's horses, 3544 modern and 203 ancient horses across the world, researchers provide evidence for that East Asian prevalent haplogroups Q and R were indigenously domesticated or they were involved in numerous distinct genetic components from wild horses in the southern part of East Asia. These events of haplotypes Q and R occurred during 4.7 to 16.3 KYA and 2.1 to 11.5 KYA, respectively. The diffusion of preponderant European haplogroups L from west to East Asia is consistent with the external gene input. Furthermore, genetic differences were detected between northern East Asia and southern East Asia cohorts by Principal Component Analysis, Analysis of Molecular Variance test, the χ2 test and phylogeographic analyses. CONCLUSIONS All results suggest a complex picture of horse domestication, as well as geographic pattern in East Asia. Both local origin and external input occurred in East Asia horse populations. And besides, there are at least two different domestication or hybridization centers in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiao Ning
- College of Agriculture, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China. .,Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yinghui Ling
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shaoji Hu
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China
| | - Arman Ardalan
- Department of Gene Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jing Li
- College of Agriculture, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China.,The Research Center for Urban Modern Agricultural Engineering of Yunnan Tertiary Education, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, Yunnan, China
| | - Bikash Mitra
- Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Siliguri, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Weijun Guan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qianjun Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuehui Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Peter Savolainen
- Department of Gene Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution Kunming, Yunnan, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhua, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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Dey P, Sarkar I, Dutta S, Saha MR, Chaudhuri TK. Correlative metabolomic fingerprinting and molecular docking studies of dermatological phytotherapeutics of South-Eastern Himalaya. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 9:243-248. [PMID: 31453118 PMCID: PMC6701957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viburnum erubescens Wall., Rhododendron arboretum Sm., Eurya japonica Thumb., Symplocos lucida (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc, and Symplocos pyrifolia Wall. ex G. Don are extensively used by the native and ethnic populations of the South-Eastern Himalayan region for several dermatological conditions, yet their phytochemical composition remained largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the therapeutically relevant volatile phytochemical compositions and study the molecular interactions against intracellular cytoregulatory transcription factors. Leaves of the five plants were subjected to Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GCMS) post silylation derivation. The results were further analyzed using multivariate statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). A total of 115 compounds were identified in the five plants. Multivariate analysis revealed optimum metabolomic correlation between S. pyrifolia and S. lucida (0.876), whereas lowest correlation was found between E. japonica and V. erubescens (−0.242). Arbutin, β-amyrin, betulin, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol demonstrated highest interaction with the molecular targets. Collectively, the present study revealed the bioactive volatile phytochemicals responsible the therapeutic uses against diverse skin conditions.
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Kar P, Chakraborty AK, Dutta S, Bhattacharya M, Chaudhuri TK, Sen A. Fruit juice of silverberry (Elaeagnus) and bayberry (Myrica) may help in combating against kidney dysfunctions. Clin Phytosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-019-0117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kar P, Dutta S, Chakraborty AK, Roy A, Sen S, Kumar A, Lee J, Chaudhuri TK, Sen A. The antioxidant rich active principles of Clerodendrum sp. controls haloalkane xenobiotic induced hepatic damage in murine model. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:1539-1547. [PMID: 31762623 PMCID: PMC6864299 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clerodendrum is a plant with potent antioxidant activity and has been frequently employed as a traditional remedy against bronchitis, asthma, liver and stomach disorders. Three species of genus Clerodendrum namely Clerodendrum indicum, C. colebrookianum and C. inerme (Syn. Volkameria inermis) were investigated for their possible activity against oxidative stress induced liver injury. Apart from generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the WRL-68 cell line (human hepatic cell line), in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant assays were also assessed. Features of immune cell proliferation (MTT) were analyzed thoroughly. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses have been performed to identify the active biological compounds. These active biological compounds were further subjected to molecular docking. The antioxidant activity of three Clerodendrum sp. was significantly high in DPPH, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide etc. Biochemical parameters like catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were generated in excess due to CCl4 administration, which was ameliorated by treating with Clerodendrum extract. The phytochemical 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D shows excellent binding affinity in Autodock Vina. The present study provided convincing evidences that C. indicum and C. inerme showed good result but C. colebrookianum performed better by almost all means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Kar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Somit Dutta
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Arnab Kumar Chakraborty
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Ayan Roy
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Subhajit Sen
- OMICS Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- ANMOL Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Joongku Lee
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India.,Department of Zoology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
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Gurung J, Chamlagai D, Bera NK, Chaudhuri TK, Singh B. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and IL-6 among the antipsychotic medicating schizophrenia patients of Siliguri, West Bengal, India. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:311-317. [PMID: 29464976 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1441438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic, low-grade inflammation is a proposed etiological factor associated with schizophrenia. Thus, various studies have been conducted to understand the role of inflammatory process in schizophrenia by using inflammatory maker C-reactive protein (CRP) with conflicting findings. Inadvertently, studies of CRP among the Indian schizophrenia patients are very few. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the role of inflammatory process among Indian Bengalee schizophrenia patients of Siliguri, using the marker CRP and its stimulating cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, the study also intended to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of antipsychotic medication on serum levels of CRP and IL-6. MATERIALS AND METHODS The serum levels of CRP and IL-6 were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) among 67 antipsychotic medicating, 28 psychotropic medication-free schizophrenia patients, and it was compared with 72 age, sex and ethnicity-matched controls. RESULTS A significantly higher level of CRP and IL-6 were recorded among the antipsychotic medicating patients. Although CRP was found to be higher among the psychotropic medication-free patients than the controls, it was not found to be significant. However, a significantly higher level of IL-6 was observed in this group. CONCLUSIONS The results provide the evidence for a possible immunomodulatory effect of antipsychotic drugs on CRP. Future investigations including the study of antipsychotics separately may help to understand the differential effects of individual antipsychotics on CRP level. Additional studies with a larger sample size of psychotropic medication-free patients may help to verify the role of inflammation in schizophrenia patients of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Gurung
- a Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences , Sikkim University , Sikkim , India
| | - Dependra Chamlagai
- a Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences , Sikkim University , Sikkim , India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Bera
- b Department of Psychiatry , North Bengal Medical College, and Hospital , Siliguri , India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- c Department of Zoology, Cellular Immunology Laboratory , University of North Bengal , Siliguri , India
| | - Bisu Singh
- a Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences , Sikkim University , Sikkim , India
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Dutta S, Chakraborty AK, Dey P, Kar P, Guha P, Sen S, Kumar A, Sen A, Chaudhuri TK. Amelioration of CCl4 induced liver injury in swiss albino mice by antioxidant rich leaf extract of Croton bonplandianus Baill. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196411. [PMID: 29709010 PMCID: PMC5927454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The progress in industrialization has blessed mankind with a technologically superior lifestyle but poor management of industrial waste has in turn poisoned nature. One such chemical is carbon tetra chloride (CCl4), which is a potent environmental toxin emitted from chemical industries and its presence in the atmosphere is increasing at an alarming rate. Presence of CCl4 in human body is reported to cause liver damage through free radical mediated inflammatory processes. Kupffer cells present in the liver are potentially more sensitive to oxidative stress than hepatocytes. Kuffer cells produced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), that might further cause inflammation or apoptosis. In this study hepatoprotective capacity of antioxidant rich extract of Croton bonplandianus Baill. (CBL) was evaluated on CCl4 induced acute hepatotoxicity in murine model. Hydro-methanolic extract of C. bonplandianus leaf was used for evaluation of free radical scavenging activity. Liver cells of experimental mice were damaged using CCl4 and subsequently hepatoprotective potential of the plant extract was evaluated using series of in-vivo and in-vitro studies. In the hepatoprotective study, silymarin was used as a positive control. Antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory markers, liver enzymatic and biochemical parameters were studied to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of Croton bonplandianus leaf extract. Free radical scavenging activity of CBL extract was also observed in WRL-68 cell line. The phytochemicals identified by GCMS analysis were scrutinized using in-silico molecular docking procedure. The results showed that CBL extract have potent free radical scavenging capacity. The biochemical parameters were over expressed due to CCl4 administration, which were significantly normalized by CBL extract treatment. This finding was also supported by histopathological evidences showing less hepatocellularnecrosis, inflammation and fibrosis in CBL and silymarin treated group, compared to CCl4 group. ROS generated due to H2O2 in WRL-68 cell line were normalize in the highest group (200 μg/ml) when compared with control and negative control (CCl4) group. After molecular docking analysis, it was observed that the compound α-amyrin present in the leaf extract of C. bonplandianus has better potentiality to protect hepatocellular damages than the standard drug Silymarin. The present study provided supportive evidence that CBL extract possesses potent hepatoprotective capacity by ameliorating haloalkane induced liver injury in the murine model. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities also affirm the same. The synergistic effects of the phytochemicals present in CBL are to be credited for all the hepatoprotective activity claimed above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somit Dutta
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Kumar Chakraborty
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal,Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Pallab Kar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal,Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Pokhraj Guha
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Sen
- OMICS Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- ANMOL Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal,Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
- Visiting Professor, Department of Zoology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India
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Saha MR, Dey P, Sarkar I, De Sarker D, Haldar B, Chaudhuri TK, Sen A. Acacia nilotica leaf improves insulin resistance and hyperglycemia associated acute hepatic injury and nephrotoxicity by improving systemic antioxidant status in diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 210:275-286. [PMID: 28859934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile is used as a traditional anti-diabetic remedy in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, Nigeria and is mentioned in Ayurveda as well. AIM The objective of the study was to evaluate the ethnomedicinal claim of A. nilotica leaf (ANL) extract for its efficiency in ameliorating diabetic complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS ANL was orally administrated (50 and 200mg/kg) to alloxanized mice (blood glucose > 200mg/dL) for 20d. Parameters of glucose metabolism, hepatotoxicity, hyperlipidemia and nephrotoxicity were measured with emphasis on elevated oxidative stress. ANL was chemically characterized using GC-MS. Further, docking studies were employed to predict molecular interactions. RESULTS ANL lowered (65%, P< 0.001) systemic glucose load in diabetic mice, which was otherwise 398% higher than control. ANL lowered (35%) insulin resistance, without any significant effect on insulin sensitivity (P> 0.05). Anti-hyperglycemic properties of ANL was further supported by lowering of HbA1c (34%; P< 0.001) and improved glucose utilization (OGTT). Overall diabetic complications were mitigated as reflected by lowered hepatic (ALT, AST) and renal (creatinine, BUN) injury markers and normalization of dyslipidemia. Elevated systemic oxidative stress was lowered by increased catalase and peroxidase activities in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle, resulting in 32% decrease of serum MDA levels. Apart from high phenolic and flavonoid content, tocopherol, catechol and β-sitosterol, identified in ANL, demonstrated substantial binding affinity with Nrf2 protein (5FNQ) reflecting possible crosstalk with intracellular antioxidant defense pathways. CONCLUSION The present study revealed the potentials of A. nilotica to alleviate diabetes-related systemic complications by limiting oxidative stress which justified the ethnopharmacological antidiabetic claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ranjan Saha
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India; Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Indrani Sarkar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dilip De Sarker
- Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Raiganj 733134, West Bengal, India.
| | - Biswajit Haldar
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College, Sushrutnagar, Siliguri 734012, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arnab Sen
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
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Dutta S, Dey P, Saha MR, Sarkar I, Sarkar R, Mardi JA, Barman J, Sen A, Chaudhuri TK. Differential interaction with O 2 and N 2 free-radicals, phytochemical fingerprinting and molecular docking reveals potent antioxidant activities of three major recreational foods of the Indian subcontinent. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Das A, Guha P, Sen D, Chaudhuri TK. Role of toll like receptors in bacterial and viral diseases – A systemic approach. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Singh B, Mallick GC, Bandopadhyay S, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Study of Selected HLA-A and-B Antigens by PCR-SSP Method in Bengali Population of Siliguri and Adjoining Areas of West Bengal. INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2009.11886074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bisu Singh
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of NorthBengal, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Mallick
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of NorthBengal, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India
| | - Sikta Bandopadhyay
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of NorthBengal, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India
| | - Chitta R. Nayak
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of NorthBengal, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of NorthBengal, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India
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Bandopadhyay S, Bera NK, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Dopamine Receptor Gene D1 Reveals No Significant Association with Delusional Disorder on the Basis of SSP Analysis. INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2010.11886115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sikta Bandopadhyay
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Nirmal K. Bera
- Department of Psychiatry, North Bengal Medical College, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Chitta R. Nayak
- Computer Centre, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
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Dey P, Dutta S, Chowdhury A, Das AP, Chaudhuri TK. Variation in Phytochemical Composition Reveals Distinct Divergence of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. From Other Aloe Species: Rationale Behind Selective Preference of Aloe vera in Nutritional and Therapeutic Use. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 22:624-631. [PMID: 29228808 PMCID: PMC5871271 DOI: 10.1177/2156587217698292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have phytochemically characterized 5 different abundant
Aloe species, including Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., using
silylation followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique and compared the
data using multivariate statistical analysis. The results demonstrated clear distinction
of the overall phytochemical profile of A vera, highlighted by its
divergent spatial arrangement in the component plot. Lowest correlation of the
phytochemical profiles were found between A vera and A
aristata Haw. (−0.626), whereas highest correlation resided between A
aristata and A aspera Haw. (0.899). Among the individual
phytochemicals, palmitic acid was identified in highest abundance cumulatively, and
carboxylic acids were the most predominant phytochemical species in all the
Aloe species. Compared to A vera, linear correlation
analysis revealed highest and lowest correlation with A aspera
(R2 = 0.9162) and A aristata (R2 = 0.6745), respectively. Therefore, A vera demonstrated
distinct spatial allocation, reflecting its greater phytochemical variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- 1 University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India.,2 Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Somit Dutta
- 1 University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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Guha P, Das A, Dutta S, Chaudhuri TK. A rapid and efficient DNA extraction protocol from fresh and frozen human blood samples. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32. [PMID: 28233351 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different methods available for extraction of human genomic DNA suffer from one or more drawbacks including low yield, compromised quality, cost, time consumption, use of toxic organic solvents, and many more. Herein, we aimed to develop a method to extract DNA from 500 μL of fresh or frozen human blood. METHODS Five hundred microliters of fresh and frozen human blood samples were used for standardization of the extraction procedure. Absorbance at 260 and 280 nm, respectively, (A260 /A280 ) were estimated to check the quality and quantity of the extracted DNA sample. Qualitative assessment of the extracted DNA was checked by Polymerase Chain reaction and double digestion of the DNA sample. RESULTS Our protocol resulted in average yield of 22±2.97 μg and 20.5±3.97 μg from 500 μL of fresh and frozen blood, respectively, which were comparable to many reference protocols and kits. CONCLUSION Besides yielding bulk amount of DNA, our protocol is rapid, economical, and avoids toxic organic solvents such as Phenol. Due to unaffected quality, the DNA is suitable for downstream applications. The protocol may also be useful for pursuing basic molecular researches in laboratories having limited funds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pokhraj Guha
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Avishek Das
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Somit Dutta
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
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Tiwary BK, Dutta S, Dey P, Hossain M, Kumar A, Bihani S, Nanda AK, Chaudhuri TK, Chakraborty R. Radical Scavenging Activities of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Petal Extracts and its hepato-protection in CCl 4-intoxicated mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017; 17:55. [PMID: 28100224 PMCID: PMC5241977 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. has medicinal importance. Bioactive phytochemicals isolated from different parts of L. speciosa, have revealed hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepato protective properties. Despite one report from Philippines detailing the use of L. speciosa as curative for fever and as well as diuretic, there is no experimental evidence about the hepatoprotective activity of the flower extracts. METHODS Several spectroscopic methods, including GC-MS, were used to characterize phytochemicals present in the petal extract of L. speciosa. Ethanol extract of petals was evaluated for anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging properties by using methods related to hydrogen atom transfer, single electron transfer, reducing power, and metal chelation. This study has also revealed the in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective properties of petal extract against carbon tetra chloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in Swiss albino mice. Hepatoprotection in CCl4 -intoxicated mice was studied with the aid of histology and different enzymatic and non-enzymatic markers of liver damage. Cytotoxicity tests were done using murein spleenocytes and cancareous cell lines, MCF7 and HepG2. RESULT GCMS of the extract has revealed the presence of several potential antioxidant compounds, of them γ-Sitosterol and 1,2,3-Benzenetriol (Pyrogallol) were the predominant ones. The antioxidants activities of the flower-extract were significantly higher than curcumin (in terms of Nitric oxide scavenging activity; p = 0.0028) or ascorbic acid (in terms of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay; p = 0.0022). The damage control by the flower extract can be attributed to the reduction in lipid peroxidation and restoration of catalase activity. In vitro cytotoxicity tests have shown that the flower extract did not affect growth and survivability of the cell lines. It left beyond doubt that a flower of L. speciosa is a reservoir of antioxidant and hepatoprotective agents capable of reversing the damage inflicted by CCl4-intoxication. CONCLUSION Results from the present study may be used in developing a potential hepato-protective health drink enriched with antioxidants from Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.
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Das A, Guha P, Chaudhuri TK. Environmental selection influences the diversity of TLR genes in ethnic Rajbanshi population of North Bengal Region of India. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2016; 14:241-245. [PMID: 30647621 PMCID: PMC6299856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors are the mediators of the innate immune response to pathogens. In human, this gene family regulates the inflammatory pathways and is associated with the susceptibility to infection. Subjects and methods The distribution and the diversity patterns of TLR genes in Rajbanshi population (n = 85) who are the inhabitants of the Northern part of West Bengal, have been investigated in the present study. PCR-SSP was done for all the ten TLR genes. We have also constructed the phylogenetic tree principal component analysis and genetic distance for all the four populations. Results It has been observed that in Rajbanshi population, the frequency of TLR8 (0.894) is higher and the frequency of TLR2 (0.176) is very low. Dendrogram based analysis, as well as the PCA plot, documented the closeness of Rajbanshi and Gurkha population. However, Rabha is distantly related to Rajbanshi population though evidences suggest their emergence from the same East-Asian lineage. Genetic distances between Rajbanshi–Gurkha and Rajbanshi–Muslim are very much smaller than that of Rajbanshi–Rabha populations. Interpretations & conclusions Therefore, it may be concluded that Rajbanshi, Gurkha and Muslims are very much mixed populations and have genetic closeness due to exposure to similar environmental conditions. On the other hand, the Rabhas strictly follow the endogamy and are restricted to a particular region and therefore maintain considerable distances with the other three populations. The data showed some interesting observations which deviate the contemporary thought in respect to the population genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Das
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohaunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Pokhraj Guha
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohaunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohaunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
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Dutta S, Guha P, Dey P, Chaudhuri TK. Comparative phytochemical profiling of Clerodendrum infortunatum with some selected medicinal plants predominant in the Sub-Himalayan region of West Bengal. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:547-555. [PMID: 27226098 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to quantify the phytochemicals of Clerodendrum infortunatum root and correlate on the basis of phytochemicals present with other medicinal plants belonging to different families. METHODS Various standard biochemical and spectrophotometric methods were employed to study the phytochemical status of the root of C. infortunatum. All the analysis was performed in multiple sets. Various statistical methods like principal component analysis, dendogram, Euclidean distance and correlation study were done to compare the phytochemical profile of C. infortunatum with different selected medicinal plants belonging to different families. RESULTS Results indicated the presence of various phytochemicals like phenol, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, thiamine, riboflavin, etc. Among the estimated phytochemicals, phenol had the highest quantity (65.59±1.26 mg/g) followed by lipid (27.51±0.23 mg/g) and tannin (16.40±0.07 mg/100 g). The phytochemical contents of C. infortunatum are much higher than those of the other reference plants. CONCLUSIONS It may be concluded from the present study that the root of C. infortunatum contains very high amount of phytochemicals which are chiefly responsible for various medicinal properties. Therefore, the presence of the bioactive compounds in high quantity may lead to the potent medicinal value of C. infortunatum root.
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Dey P, Dutta S, Biswas-Raha A, Sarkar MP, Chaudhuri TK. Haloalkane induced hepatic insult in murine model: amelioration by Oleander through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, an in vitro and in vivo study. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:280. [PMID: 27516209 PMCID: PMC4982413 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerium oleander L. (syn. Nerium indicum Mill, Nerium odorum Aiton) belongs to the family Apocynaceae. It is used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective activities in traditional medicine. Previous pharmacognostic studies suggested that 70 % hydro-methanolic extracts of oleander possess potent free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities, both of which are helpful against hepatotoxicity. METHODS Hydro-methanolic extracts of oleander stem and root were evaluated for their hepatoprotective activities in acute CCl4 intoxicated mouse through in vitro and in vivo studies. Silymarin was used as positive reference. Antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory markers and liver enzymatic and biochemical parameters were studied. The extracts were further chemically characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS CCl4 toxicity caused fatty liver formation by increase of relative liver weight (32.53 g) compared to control group (16.08 g). The elevated liver enzymatic and biochemical parameters due to CCl4 toxicity were considerably normalized by the extracts treatment under both in vivo and in vitro models. Oleander stem (NOSE) and root (NORE) extracts increased the reduced hepatic catalase activity 27.37 and 25.25 %, whereas peroxidase activity was increased 18.19 and 22.78 %, respectively. The extent of lipid peroxidation was significantly (p < 0.01) lowered 20.76 % (NOSE) and 21.12 % (NORE) compared to CCl4 group. The levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was lowered 71.33 % (NOSE) and 61.60 % (NORE). Histopathological study demonstrated substantial reduction of hepatocellular necrosis, fatty infiltration, sinusoidal dilation, bile duct proliferation, vascular congestion, leukocyte infiltration in the silymarin and extract treated groups. Furthermore, various bioactive compounds were identified in the extracts such as apocynin, tocopherol, squalene, vanillin, isoeugenol, amyrin, lupeol etc. CONCLUSION The present study provided convincing evidence that oleander extracts possess potent hepatoprotective capacity which was primarily governed by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The collegial bioactivities of the phytochemicals may be accredited behind the hepatoprotective activity of oleander.
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Dey P, Roy Chowdhuri S, Sarkar MP, Chaudhuri TK. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity and standardisation of hydro-methanol extract of underground tuber of Dioscorea alata. Pharm Biol 2016; 54:1474-1482. [PMID: 26864460 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context The underground edible tuber of Dioscorea alata L. (Dioscoreaceae) is a functional food with high nutritive value and therapeutic potential. The tuber is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties in traditional medicine. Objective The present study explores the anti-inflammatory activity and standardisation of D. alata tuber hydromethanol extract. Materials and methods Hydromethanol extract (70%) of D. alata tuber was chemically characterised using HPLC and GC-MS techniques. Murine lymphocytes were cultured for 48 h with six different concentrations (0-80 μg/mL) of the extract. The expression of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, COX-1, COX-2, and PGE2 were evaluated using colorimetric and ELISA methods. Results Dioscorea alata extract inhibited the expression of NO and TNF-α with an IC50 value of 134.51 ± 6.75 and 113.30 ± 7.44 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values for inhibition of total COX, COX-1, COX-2 activities and PGE2 level were 41.96 ± 3.07, 141.41 ± 8.99, 32.50 ± 1.69, and 186.34 ± 15.36 μg/mL, respectively. Inhibition of PGE2 level and COX-2 activity was positively correlated (R(2) = 0.9393). Gallic acid (GA), 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (4HBA), syringic acid (SYA), p-coumaric acid (PCA), and myricetin (MY) were identified and quantified using HPLC. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 13 different phytocompounds such as hexadecanoic acid, methyl stearate, cinnamyl cinnamate, and squalene. Conclusion The D. alata extract significantly down-regulated the pro-inflammatory signals in a gradual manner compared with control (0 μg/mL). Different bioactive phytocompounds individually possessing anti-inflammatory activities contributed to the overall bioactivity of the D. alata tuber extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- a Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology , University of North Bengal , Siliguri , West Bengal , India
| | - Sumedha Roy Chowdhuri
- b Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Mousumi Poddar Sarkar
- b Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- a Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology , University of North Bengal , Siliguri , West Bengal , India
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajyoti Roy
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India and
- Immunopharmacology and Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India and
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Dey P, Chaudhuri TK. Anti-inflammatory activity of Nerium indicum by inhibition of prostaglandin E2 in murine splenic lymphocytes. Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 47:447-50. [PMID: 26288481 PMCID: PMC4527071 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.161275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nerium indicum Mill (syn. N. oleander L. and N. odorum Aiton; family: Apocynaceae) is a medicinal plant, used in the treatment of diverse ailments including various chronic inflammatory diseases in traditional medicine. We have previously demonstrated the immunomodulatory activity of a bioactive fraction of Nerium indicum leaf (NILE) by studying up-regulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, interferon-gamma and down regulation of IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 activities. Therefore, this study aimed to confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of NILE by inhibition of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) activity in murine splenic lymphocytes in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine lymphocytes were isolated from spleen and stimulated with 5 ΅g/mL concanavalin A in RPMI-1640, supplemented with 50 U/mL penicillin, 50 U/mL streptomycin, 50 U/mL nystatin and 10% fetal bovine serum. Different concentrations (0-80 μg/mL) of NILE were added and the cells were cultured for 48 h. The culture supernatants were thereafter collected by centrifugation and assayed for expression of PGE₂ level. The data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS The results demonstrated a 2.26-fold inhibition of PGE2 level at 80 μg/mL of NILE. Half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was calculated to be 44.95 ± 0.45 ΅g/mL. Linear correlation analysis of the dose-dependent PGE₂ inhibition with other pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators demonstrated high inter-correlation between the parameters. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the present study remains in accordance with our previous report and confirms the anti-inflammatory claim of N. indicum, mentioned in the traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Zoology, Cellular Immunology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Department of Zoology, Cellular Immunology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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Dey P, Ray S, Chaudhuri TK. Immunomodulatory activities and phytochemical characterisation of the methanolic extract of Dioscorea alata aerial tuber. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Saha MR, Dey P, Chaudhuri TK, Goyal AK, Sarker DD, Sen A. Assessment of haemolytic, cytotoxic and free radical scavenging activities of an underutilized fruit, Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Roxb.) Muell. Arg. Indian J Exp Biol 2016; 54:115-125. [PMID: 26934779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Roxb.) Muell. Arg. is an underutilized juicy fruit bearing plant found in sub-Himalayan area, South China, Indo-Burma region, etc. The fruit is considered to be nutritive, and in this study, we evaluated its antioxidant, haemolytic and cytotoxic properties. The juice was examined for the quenching activity of hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, total antioxidant activity (TAA), erythrocyte membrane stabilizing activity (EMSA) along with quantification of phenolic and flavonoid contents and also tested for its potential activity as iron chelator, inhibitor of lipid peroxidation and total reducing power. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were also performed to correlate antioxidant capacities with the phenolic and flavonoid content. Haemolytic activity on murine erythrocyte and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxic test was performed on murine splenocytes, thymocytes, hepatocytes and peritoneal exudates macrophage to examine the cytotoxic effect of its juice. The result exhibited its potent free radical scavenging activity. In case of TAA, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), EMSA and lipid peroxidation, the fruit juice was found to have significant (P < 0.001) antioxidant capacity, which is evident from low IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value. Results obtained from haemolytic inhibition assay and MTT cytotoxic test confirms that the juice does not contain any cytotoxic effect and the fruit is safe for consumption. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analysis exhibited high possibility of presence of flavonoid compounds in the juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology; University of North Bengal; Siliguri 734013 West Bengal India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology; University of North Bengal; Siliguri 734013 West Bengal India
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Guha P, Das A, Dutta S, Bhattacharjee S, Chaudhuri TK. Study of genetic diversity of KIR and TLR in the Rabhas, an endogamous primitive tribe of India. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:789-94. [PMID: 26429322 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Rabha tribe is a little known small endogamous population belonging to Indo-mongoloid group of north-eastern India. We have analyzed 16 KIR and 5 TLR gene polymorphisms in the Rabha population of northern West Bengal, India for the first time. The observed frequencies of the KIR genes (except framework and pseudogene loci) ranged between 0.26 (KIR2DS3) and 0.96 (KIR2DL1). Comparisons based on KIR polymorphism have revealed that although the Rabhas are of Indian origin the presence of mongoloid component in their gene pool cannot be denied. The frequencies of the 5 TLR genes ranged between 0.90 (TLR4) and 0.46 (TLR5). TLR variations found in the Rabhas may play a synergistic role in fighting against the bacterial invasions. Our results may contribute to the understanding of (1) genetic background and extent of genetic admixture in the Rabhas, (2) population migration events and (3) KIR-disease-TLR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pokhraj Guha
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Avishek Das
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Somit Dutta
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India.
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Dey P, Ray S, Sarkar MP, Chaudhuri TK. Chemical characterization and assessment of antioxidant potentiality of Streptocaulon sylvestre Wight, an endangered plant of sub-Himalayan plains of West Bengal and Sikkim. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:107. [PMID: 25888746 PMCID: PMC4396540 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background S. sylvestre Wright is an extremely rare plant, found only in the sub-Himalayan Terai region of West Bengal and neighboring Sikkim foot-hills. The plant has never been evaluated for any pharmaceutical properties. The phytochemical status of the plant is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities and analysis of bioactive compounds present in S. sylvestre. Methods S. sylvestre methanolic extract (SSME) was evaluated for different free radical scavenging activities such as hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, singlet oxygen, hypochlorous acid, peroxynitrite, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging etc. Iron chelating capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation were studied in addition to the assessment of haemolytic activity and erythrocyte membrane stabilizing activity (EMSA). Chemical characterization of SSME were performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results The results indicate that SSME possess potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 113.06 ± 5.67 μg/ml, 63.93 ± 4.16 μg/ml and 142.14 ± 6.13 μg/ml for hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and hypochlorous acid, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed presence of different phenolic secondary metabolites such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, myricetin, quercetin etc. GC-MS analysis displayed the predominance of γ-sitosterol, vitamin E and squalene in SSME. Conclusion The present study provides a convincing evidence that S. sylvestre not only possess potent antioxidant activity but also can be used as a source of natural bioactive phytochemicals in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0629-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Palanichamy MG, Mitra B, Zhang CL, Debnath M, Li GM, Wang HW, Agrawal S, Chaudhuri TK, Zhang YP. West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system. Hum Genet 2015; 134:637-47. [PMID: 25832481 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is no indication from the previous mtDNA studies that west Eurasian-specific subclades have evolved within India and played a role in the spread of languages and the origins of the caste system. To address these issues, we have screened 14,198 individuals (4208 from this study) and analyzed 112 mitogenomes (41 new sequences) to trace west Eurasian maternal ancestry. This has led to the identification of two autochthonous subhaplogroups--HV14a1 and U1a1a4, which are likely to have originated in the Dravidian-speaking populations approximately 10.5-17.9 thousand years ago (kya). The carriers of these maternal lineages might have settled in South India during the time of the spread of the Dravidian language. In addition to this, we have identified several subsets of autochthonous U7 lineages, including U7a1, U7a2b, U7a3, U7a6, U7a7, and U7c, which seem to have originated particularly in the higher-ranked caste populations in relatively recent times (2.6-8.0 kya with an average of 5.7 kya). These lineages have provided crucial clues to the differentiation of the caste system that has occurred during the recent past and possibly, this might have been influenced by the Indo-Aryan migration. The remaining west Eurasian lineages observed in the higher-ranked caste groups, like the Brahmins, were found to cluster with populations who possibly arrived from west Asia during more recent times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliya Gounder Palanichamy
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650 091, Yunnan, China,
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Roy S, Dutta S, Chaudhuri TK. In vitro assessment of anticholinesterase and NADH oxidase inhibitory activities of an edible fern, Diplazium esculentum. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 26:395-401. [PMID: 25719308 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diplazium esculentum is the most commonly consumed edible fern throughout Asia and Oceania. Several studies have been performed so far to determine different functional properties of this plant, but there have been no reports on the anticholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase inhibitory activities of this plant. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the anticholinesterase and NADH oxidase inhibitory activities of 70% methanolic extract of D. esculentum. METHODS The D. esculentum extract was investigated for its acetylcholinesterase and NADH oxidase inhibitory activities as well as its free radical scavenging and total antioxidant activities in the linoleic acid system. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method. The total antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. RESULTS The D. esculentum extract inhibited acetylcholinesterase and NADH oxidase in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 272.97±19.38 and 265.81±21.20 μg/mL, respectively. The extract also showed a potent DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 402.88±12.70 μg/mL. Moreover, the extract showed 27.41% and 33.22% of total antioxidant activities determined by FTC and TBA methods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that 70% methanolic extract of D. esculentum effectively inhibited the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and NADH oxidase and acted as a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger. These in vitro assays indicate that this plant extract is a significant source of natural antioxidants, which may be helpful in preventing the progression of various neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress.
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Dey P, Saha MR, Chowdhuri SR, Sen A, Sarkar MP, Haldar B, Chaudhuri TK. Assessment of anti-diabetic activity of an ethnopharmacological plant Nerium oleander through alloxan induced diabetes in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 161:128-137. [PMID: 25498854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nerium oleander L. (syn. Nerium indicum Mill. and Nerium odorum Aiton.) is used for its anti-diabetic properties in Pakistan, Algeria, Morocco and is also recognized in Ayurveda. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-diabetic capacity of a standardized hydromethanolic extract of Nerium oleander in alloxan induced diabetes in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nerium oleander leaf extract (NOLE) was orally administered at 50 and 200mg/kg body weight (BW) dose to alloxanized mice (blood glucose >200mg/dl). After 20 consecutive days of treatment, various diabetic parameters were studied and compared with untreated mice. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was employed to reveal the phytochemical composition of the plant extract. RESULTS NOLE demonstrated antihyperglycaemic activity by reducing 73.79% blood glucose level after 20 days of treatment. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revealed increase in glucose tolerance as evident by 65.72% decrease in blood glucose in 3h post treatment. Percentage decrease in different liver marker enzymes were significant along with decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels, displaying potent antihyperlipidemic activity. Peroxidase and catalase activity in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle were significantly restored besides marked reduction in lipid peroxidation and normalization of hepatic glycogen level in the NOLE treated alloxanized mice. Different bioactive phytocompounds with potent anti-diabetic activity were identified by GC-MS and HPLC analysis. CONCLUSION The present investigation revealed that Nerium oleander possess potent anti-diabetic activity as claimed in different ethnopharmacological practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Manas Ranjan Saha
- Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sumedha Roy Chowdhuri
- Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
| | - Arnab Sen
- Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.
| | - Mousumi Poddar Sarkar
- Chemical Signal and Lipidomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
| | - Biswajit Haldar
- Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal, India.
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Abstract
Recent analyses of ancient Mesopotamian mitochondrial genomes have suggested a genetic link between the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamian civilization. There is no consensus on the origin of the ancient Mesopotamians. They may be descendants of migrants, who founded regional Mesopotamian groups like that of Terqa or they may be merchants who were involved in trans Mesopotamia trade. To identify the Indian source population showing linkage to the ancient Mesopotamians, we screened a total of 15,751 mitochondrial DNAs (11,432 from the literature and 4,319 from this study) representing all major populations of India. Our results although suggest that south India (Tamil Nadu) and northeast India served as the source of the ancient Mesopotamian mtDNA gene pool, mtDNA of these ancient Mesopotamians probably contributed by Tamil merchants who were involved in the Indo-Roman trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliya gounder Palanichamy
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (MgP); (YPZ)
| | - Bikash Mitra
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Suraksha Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling, India
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (MgP); (YPZ)
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Guha P, Bhattacharjee S, Chaudhuri TK. Diversity of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in the Bengali population of northern West Bengal, India. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:441-51. [PMID: 25205074 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Indian Subcontinent exhibits extensive diversity in its culture, religion, ethnicity and linguistic heritage, which symbolizes extensive genetic variations within the populations. The highly polymorphic Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) family plays an important role in tracing genetic differentiation in human population. In this study, we aimed to analyse the KIR gene polymorphism in the Bengali population of northern West Bengal, India. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the KIR gene polymorphism in the Bengalis of West Bengal, India. Herein, we have studied the distribution of 14 KIR genes (KIR3DL1-3DL3, KIR2DL1-2DL5, KIR2DS1-2DS5 AND KIR3DS1) and two pseudogenes (KIR3DP1 and 2DP1) in the Bengalis. Apart from the framework genes (KIR2DL4, 3DL2, 3DL3 and 3DP1), which are present in all the individuals, the gene frequencies of other KIR genes varied between 0.34 and 0.88. Moreover, upon comparing the KIR polymorphism of the Bengalis with the available published data of other world populations, it has been found that the Indo-European-speaking Bengalis from the region share both Dravidian and Indo-Aryan gene pool with considerable influences of mongoloid and European descents. Furthermore, evidences from previously published data on human leucocyte antigen and Y-chromosome haplogroup diversity support the view. Our results will help to understand the genetic background of the Bengali population, in illustrating the population migration events in the eastern and north-eastern part of India, in explaining the extensive genetic admixture amongst the different linguistic groups of the region and also in KIR-related disease researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guha
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, India
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Dey P, Chaudhuri TK. Pharmacological aspects of Nerium indicum Mill: A comprehensive review. Pharmacogn Rev 2014; 8:156-62. [PMID: 25125887 PMCID: PMC4127823 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.134250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytomedicine is the oldest medical practice known to man. Since the dawn of mankind, various plant resources are used to cure different diseases and also for a long and healthy life. The ancient knowledge of plant based medicine has transferred from generations to generations and accumulated as ethnopharmacological knowledge among different ethnic groups. India is the spanning bed of traditional phytomedicinal system where Ayurveda was born out of the knowledge of traditional medicine. In various other countries of South-Eastern Asia, South America, and in Arabian countries, still today, a great number of people rely primarily on phytomedicines to cure diseases. In the complementary and alternative medicinal systems, Nerium indicum is one such plant which is famed for its therapeutic efficiency in different diseases globally. In the present time, when the pharmaceutical companies are concentrating more toward the plant based traditional medicines to avoid the side-effects and resistance against synthetic drugs, N. indicum has proved its efficiency in different disease models. Therefore, this review comprehensively covers the medicinal and pharmacological activities of different parts of the plant N. indicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Zoology, Cellular Immunology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Department of Zoology, Cellular Immunology Laboratory, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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Lama M, Chatterjee M, Chaudhuri TK. A study of the association of childhood asthma with HLA alleles in the population of Siliguri, West Bengal, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:316-20. [PMID: 24962747 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease for which a strong genetic basis is firmly established. It is a complex disorder influenced by gene-environment interaction. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been shown to be consistently associated with asthma and its related phenotypes in various populations. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the selected HLA classes I and II allelic groups in asthmatic and control groups. HLA typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific typing (PCR-SSP) method. The allele frequency was estimated by direct counting. Frequency of each HLA allelic group was compared between asthmatic group and control group using χ(2) test. P-value was corrected by multiplying with the number of the allelic groups studied. Odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for each allelic group were calculated using graphpad instat 3.10. The results of this study showed a significantly higher frequency of HLA-DRB1*03 in asthmatics than in controls (11.43% vs 3.64%, OR = 3.78, 95% CI = 1.61-8.85, P = 0.0025, Pcorr < 0.05). Analysis of HLA alleles in low and high total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in asthmatics revealed no significant association. HLA-DRB1*03 may be implicated in the susceptibility to asthma in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lama
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India; Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, West Bengal, India
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Abstract
Over the years, schizophrenia is speculated to be associated with immune or inflammatory reactions mediated by cytokines. It is proposed that chronic inflammation might damage the micro-vascular system of brain and hamper cerebral blood flow. Scientific evidence suggests that an increase of stress hormone like norepinephrine may activate the inflammatory arm of the immune system and trigger the expression of genes that cause chronic, low-grade inflammation. Thus, studies were conducted to decipher the potentiality of CRP as a marker for inflammation in schizophrenia. This article reviews the findings of CRP in schizophrenia, and the limitations of the previous studies have been discussed. The importance of simultaneous study of CRP modulating cytokines and CRP gene polymorphism in the study of serum or plasma level of CRP has been emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisu Singh
- Department of Zoology, Balurghat College, Blaurghat, Dakshin Dinajpur, 733101, West Bengal, India; Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734013, West Bengal, India.
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Dey P, Roy S, Chaudhuri TK. Stimulation of Murine Immune Response by the Tubers of Dioscorea alata L. of North-Eastern Region of India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-013-0082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Roy S, Hazra B, Mandal N, Chaudhuri TK. Assessment of the Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Methanolic Extract ofDiplazium esculentum. International Journal of Food Properties 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2011.587382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Roy S, Tamang S, Dey P, Chaudhuri TK. Assessment of the immunosuppressive and hemolytic activities of an edible fern, Diplazium esculentum. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:365-72. [PMID: 23672523 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.775588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diplazium esculentum is the most commonly consumed fern throughout Asia and Oceania. Systemic toxicity and pathological effects on its consumption have already been demonstrated. But, the immunosuppressive and hemolytic activities of the boiled Diplazium esculentum (BDE), the form in which human consumes it, have not yet been studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate the immunosuppressive as well as hemolytic activities, if any, of BDE in Swiss albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Body weight, relative spleen weight, plaque forming cell assay, hemaggutination antibody (HA) titer assay and macrophage counting were performed in BDE treated mice and respective control groups within a span of 180 days, and in vitro assays such as counting of cultured splenocytes, splenocytes proliferation assay and hemolytic assay were performed to justify the immunomodulatory as well as hemolytic activities of D. esculentum. RESULTS Body weight and relative spleen weight were significantly decreased in BDE fed mice. Significant decreases were observed in the number of plaques formed, HA titer value and in the number of peritoneal macrophages within a span of 180 d. Significant dose-dependent decrease was observed in the number of cultured splenocytes. Significant dose-dependent increases in the percentage inhibition of splenocyte proliferation as well as percentage of hemolysis were evident by in vitro assays. DISCUSSION These results suggest that the intake of D. esculentum may evoke immune dysfunction as well as may cause destruction of erythrocytes even after cooking. CONCLUSION Therefore, the consumption of D. esculentum is alarming and may act as immunosuppressive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajyoti Roy
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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Debnath M, Mitra B, Bera NK, Chaudhuri TK, Zhang YP. Lack of association of IL-6 (−174 G>C) and TNF-α (−238 G>A) variants with paranoid schizophrenia in Indian Bengalee population. Cytokine 2013; 61:455-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wang HW, Li YC, Sun F, Zhao M, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Regmi P, Wu SF, Kong QP, Zhang YP. Revisiting the role of the Himalayas in peopling Nepal: insights from mitochondrial genomes. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:228-34. [PMID: 22437208 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Himalayas was believed to be a formidably geographical barrier between South and East Asia. The observed high frequency of the East Eurasian paternal lineages in Nepal led some researchers to suggest that these lineages were introduced into Nepal from Tibet directly; however, it is also possible that the East Eurasian genetic components might trace their origins to northeast India where abundant East Eurasian maternal lineages have been detected. To trace the origin of the Nepalese maternal genetic components, especially those of East Eurasian ancestry, and then to better understand the role of the Himalayas in peopling Nepal, we have studied the matenal genetic composition extensively, especially the East Eurasian lineages, in Nepalese and its surrounding populations. Our results revealed the closer affinity between the Nepalese and the Tibetans, specifically, the Nepalese lineages of the East Eurasian ancestry generally are phylogenetically closer with the ones from Tibet, albeit a few mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, likely resulted from recent gene flow, were shared between the Nepalese and northeast Indians. It seems that Tibet was most likely to be the homeland for most of the East Eurasian in the Nepalese. Taking into account the previous observation on Y chromosome, now it is convincing that bearer of the East Eurasian genetic components had entered Nepal across the Himalayas around 6 kilo years ago (kya), a scenario in good agreement with the previous results from linguistics and archeology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Singh B, Bera NK, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Immunomodulation in schizophrenia: A study among the Indian schizophrenia patients of Siliguri, West Bengal. Asian J Psychiatr 2011; 4:277-83. [PMID: 23051162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Authors investigated the circumstantial evidence for autoimmunity in schizophrenia patients of Siliguri by considering the immune parameters like HLA Class I genes, IL-2 and IL6 and T cell subsets. Low resolution PCR-SSP method was applied for typing the HLA genes. Serum levels of IL-2 and IL-6 were measured by ELISA method. The CD4+ and CD8+ subset count were done using flow cytometry. A significant increase in HLA A*03 gene was observed in patients along with the significant decrease of HLA-A*31 and HLA-B*51. Both IL-2 and IL-6 were found to have decreased levels in the patients. Although the mean percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was higher in patients but not significantly higher than controls. These cumulative preliminary findings are suggestive of alterations in the immune system of schizophrenia patients of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisu Singh
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734 430, West Bengal, India
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Singh B, Bera NK, De S, Nayak C, Chaudhuri TK. Study of HLA Class I gene in Indian schizophrenic patients of Siliguri, West Bengal. Psychiatry Res 2011; 189:215-9. [PMID: 21459456 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors studied the prevalence of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class I gene in 136 (85 male, 51 female) India-born schizophrenia patients residing in and around the Siliguri subdivision of West Bengal by the PCR-SSP method. The control group consisted of 150 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals from the same ethnic group as the patients. Increased frequency of HLA A*03 as well as decreased frequencies of HLA A*31 and HLA B*51, was noted. The study suggests the possible existence of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia within the HLA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisu Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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Lama M, Chatterjee M, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Increased interleukin-4 and decreased interferon-γ levels in serum of children with asthma. Cytokine 2011; 55:335-8. [PMID: 21658970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Immune and inflammatory responses, mediated by cytokines, play important roles in the pathophysiology of asthma. These responses are associated with over expression of T helper (Th)-2 cytokine, particularly interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5, and decreased expression of Th-1 cytokine, IL-2 and IFN-γ. We hypothesized that there would be an imbalance in the levels of circulating IL-4 and IFN-γ in the asthmatic subjects. METHOD We investigated serum levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ among eighty children (18 steroid-naïve, 30 steroid-treated children with asthma and 32 healthy controls) using commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS Serum level of IL-4 was significantly higher in steroid-naïve group of asthmatic children compared to the healthy control subjects and was lower in steroid-treated group though the level was statistically not significant. In contrast, serum levels of IFN-γ were significantly lower in both steroid-naïve and steroid-treated groups of asthmatic children compared to healthy control subjects. CONCLUSION The results of our study suggest that serum level of IL-4 may be elevated in concert with decreased level of IFN-γ in asthma. Determination of serum levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ may be a useful tool for understanding the disease processes in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Lama
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohanpur, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India
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Wang HW, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Palanichamy MG, Kong QP, Zhang YP. Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:117-22. [PMID: 21477783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of the geographically closest location to Andaman archipelago, Myanmar was suggested to be the origin place of aboriginal Andamanese. However, for lacking any genetic information from this region, which has prevented to resolve the dispute on whether the aboriginal Andamanese were originated from mainland India or Myanmar. To solve this question and better understand the origin of the aboriginal Andamanese, we screened for haplogroups M31 (from which Andaman-specific lineage M31a1 branched off) and M32 among 846 mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) sampled across Myanmar. As a result, two Myanmar individuals belonging to haplogroup M31 were identified, and completely sequencing the entire mtDNA genomes of both samples testified that the two M31 individuals observed in Myanmar were probably attributed to the recent gene flow from northeast India populations. Since no root lineages of haplogroup M31 or M32 were observed in Myanmar, it is unlikely that Myanmar may serve as the source place of the aboriginal Andamanese. To get further insight into the origin of this unique population, the detailed phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed by including additional 7 new entire mtDNA genomes and 113 M31 mtDNAs pinpointed from South Asian populations, and the results suggested that Andaman-specific M31a1 could in fact trace its origin to northeast India. Time estimation results further indicated that the Andaman archipelago was likely settled by modern humans from northeast India via the land-bridge which connected the Andaman archipelago and Myanmar around the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a scenario in well agreement with the evidence from linguistic and palaeoclimate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Wang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan Province, China
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Peng MS, Palanichamy MG, Yao YG, Mitra B, Cheng YT, Zhao M, Liu J, Wang HW, Pan H, Wang WZ, Zhang AM, Zhang W, Wang D, Zou Y, Yang Y, Chaudhuri TK, Kong QP, Zhang YP. Inland post-glacial dispersal in East Asia revealed by mitochondrial haplogroup M9a'b. BMC Biol 2011; 9:2. [PMID: 21219640 PMCID: PMC3027199 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Archaeological studies have revealed a series of cultural changes around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Asia; whether these changes left any signatures in the gene pool of East Asians remains poorly indicated. To achieve deeper insights into the demographic history of modern humans in East Asia around the Last Glacial Maximum, we extensively analyzed mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M9a'b, a specific haplogroup that was suggested to have some potential for tracing the migration around the Last Glacial Maximum in East Eurasia. Results A total of 837 M9a'b mitochondrial DNAs (583 from the literature, while the remaining 254 were newly collected in this study) pinpointed from over 28,000 subjects residing across East Eurasia were studied here. Fifty-nine representative samples were further selected for total mitochondrial DNA sequencing so we could better understand the phylogeny within M9a'b. Based on the updated phylogeny, an extensive phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the differentiation of haplogroup M9a'b and to reconstruct the dispersal histories. Conclusions Our results indicated that southern China and/or Southeast Asia likely served as the source of some post-Last Glacial Maximum dispersal(s). The detailed dissection of haplogroup M9a'b revealed the existence of an inland dispersal in mainland East Asia during the post-glacial period. It was this dispersal that expanded not only to western China but also to northeast India and the south Himalaya region. A similar phylogeographic distribution pattern was also observed for haplogroup F1c, thus substantiating our proposition. This inland post-glacial dispersal was in agreement with the spread of the Mesolithic culture originating in South China and northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Palanichamy MG, Zhang CL, Mitra B, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Chaudhuri TK, Zhang YP. Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography, with implication to the origin of European farmers. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:304. [PMID: 20939899 PMCID: PMC2964711 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tracing the genetic origin of central European farmer N1a lineages can provide a unique opportunity to assess the patterns of the farming technology spread into central Europe in the human prehistory. Here, we have chosen twelve N1a samples from modern populations which are most similar with the farmer N1a types and performed the complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequencing analysis. To assess the genetic and phylogeographic relationship, we performed a detailed survey of modern published N1a types from Eurasian and African populations. RESULTS The geographic origin and expansion of farmer lineages related N1a subclades have been deduced from combined analysis of 19 complete sequences with 166 N1a haplotypes. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that the central European farmer lineages have originated from different sources: from eastern Europe, local central Europe, and from the Near East via southern Europe. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained emphasize that the arrival of central European farmer lineages did not occur via a single demic diffusion event from the Near East at the onset of the Neolithic spread of agriculture into Europe. Indeed these results indicate that the Neolithic transition process was more complex in central Europe and possibly the farmer N1a lineages were a result of a 'leapfrog' colonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malliya Gounder Palanichamy
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan University, 2 North Green Lake Street, Kunming 650091, China.
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Singh B, Bera NK, Nayak CR, Chaudhuri TK. Decreased serum levels of interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in Indian Bengalee schizophrenic patients. Cytokine 2009; 47:1-5. [PMID: 19502081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Autoimmune process is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology in some cases of schizophrenia. Alteration in interleukin (IL) regulation is regarded as additional proof of autoimmunological background in schizophrenia. Most of the research in interleukin activity in schizophrenia has been in Caucasian and some Mongoloid patients. We have studied the serum IL-2 and IL-6 level in psychotropic medication free and antipsychotic medicating schizophrenic patients who are Indian Bengalee by ethnicity. METHOD Twenty psychotropic medication free and 30 antipsychotic medicating schizophrenic patients who fulfilled DSM-IV-TR criteria and 30 of the same age and sex matched controls were recruited. Serum level of IL-2 and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULT There was a significant decrease of IL-2 and IL-6 in both antipsychotic medicating and psychotropic medication free patients. Further the medicating patients showed lower level of IL-2 and IL-6 than the psychotropic medication free patients. CONCLUSION This is the first study to describe a decrease serum level of IL-6 in schizophrenic patients. The study provides the evidence that some kind of immune dysregulation is involved in pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The study also provides the evidence for the immunosuppressive effect of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisu Singh
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India
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Sen A, Chaudhuri TK. Synthesis and evaluation of dimethyl tin 4-cyclohexyl thiosemicarbazone as a novel antitumor agent. Exp Oncol 2009; 31:22-26. [PMID: 19300412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To develop a rationally designed new organotin compound namely dimethyl tin 4-cyclohexyl thiosemicarbazone (D4-t) and evaluate its putative antitumor activity. METHODS Starting from 4-cyclohexyl thiosemicarbazone, a three step synthetic procedure was followed to obtain the title compound. In vivo lymphocyte activation property of the compound at three different doses was assayed by measuring the blastogenesis. Concanavalin A (ConA) was used as standard mitogen for murine T cells stimulation in vivo . Also, the synthesis of DNA by the activated lymphocytes was measured after injecting the D4-t. The lymphocyte activation property and antitumor efficacy of D4-t were assessed in Sarcoma-180 (S-180) bearing mice. The organization of lymphoid cells was studied in the histological preparations of spleen and mesenteric lymph node. Tumor neutralization assay (Winn assay) was conducted to examine whether immune responses were associated with the manifestation of antitumor efficacies of this compound in S-180 in vivo . The DNA synthesis inhibitory effect of the compound in S-180 cells was studied in vitro, and was found significant (P < 0.001). RESULTS Different doses of the new compound caused differential response of blastogenesis and DNA synthesis. In comparison to ConA, the title compound showed a good number of blast cells at its optimum dose of 5 mg/kg. It caused maximum synthesis of DNA by the lymphoid cells. In histological preparations, the gradual transformation of lymphocytes into blasts was observed without any visible toxicity. Winn assay revealed that 5 mg/kg of D4-t was able to reduce tumor mass without severe toxicity. This organotin compound also inhibits the synthesis of DNA in S-180 tumor cells in comparison to Platin10 and ConA. CONCLUSION The title compound has the lymphocyte activation property and stimulates immune response of the lymphoid cells, which in turn express the antitumor activity without any significant toxicity. Results indicate promising therapeutic potential of D4-t.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sen
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal 734013, India
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Agrawal S, Srivastava SK, Borkar M, Chaudhuri TK. Genetic affinities of north and northeastern populations of India: inference from HLA-based study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:120-30. [PMID: 18721272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
India is like a microcosm of the world in terms of its diversity; religion, climate and ethnicity which leads to genetic variations in the populations. As a highly polymorphic marker, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system plays an important role in the genetic differentiation studies. To assess the genetic diversity of HLA class II loci, we studied a total of 1336 individuals from north India using DNA-based techniques. The study included four endogamous castes (Kayastha, Mathurs, Rastogies and Vaishyas), two inbreeding Muslim populations (Shias and Sunnis) from north India and three northeast Indian populations (Lachung, Mech and Rajbanshi). A total of 36 alleles were observed at DRB1 locus in both Hindu castes and Muslims from north, while 21 alleles were seen in northeast Indians. At the DQA1 locus, the number of alleles ranged from 11 to 17 in the studied populations. The total number of alleles at DQB1 was 19, 12 and 20 in the studied castes, Muslims and northeastern populations, respectively. The most frequent haplotypes observed in all the studied populations were DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201-DQB1*0201 and DRB1*1501-DQA1*0103-DQB1*0601. Upon comparing our results with other world populations, we observed the presence of Caucasoid element in north Indian population. However, differential admixturing among Sunnis and Shias with the other north Indians was evident. Northeastern populations showed genetic affinity with Mongoloids from southeast Asia. When genetic distances were calculated, we found the north Indians and northeastern populations to be markedly unrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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